Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fertilizer Subsidy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet has announced revisions to the per-kilogram subsidy rates for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur fertilizers under the nutrient-based regime, distinguishing between the October-March and April-September periods.
Subsidy Rate Changes
- Nitrogen (N): The subsidy per kilogram for nitrogen has decreased by 38% between the first half of FY-24 and the October-March period.
- Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus subsidy has been reduced by 49%.
- Potassium (K): Subsidy for potassium has seen an 84% reduction.
- Sulphur (S): Sulphur subsidy has been lowered by 32.5% during the same period.
Why discuss this?
- Fertilizer subsidies have been an integral part of India’s agricultural landscape since the Green Revolution of the 1970s-80s.
- This overview delves into the concept of fertilizer subsidies, their disbursement, and associated challenges.
Understanding Fertilizer Subsidy
- Origins: Fertilizer subsidies emerged during the Green Revolution to boost agricultural productivity.
- Subsidized Pricing: Fertilizer subsidy entails farmers purchasing fertilizers at prices below the Maximum Retail Price (MRP), often lower than market rates.
- Determining Subsidy Rates: Subsidy rates are influenced by the average price of imported fertilizer over the preceding six months.
Recipient and Payment of Subsidy
- Beneficiary: While fertilizer companies receive the subsidy, it ultimately benefits farmers who procure fertilizers at rates lower than market prices.
- Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Since March 2018, the government introduced a DBT system, where subsidy payments to companies occur post-actual sales to farmers via retailers.
- Retailer’s Role: Each of India’s 2.3 lakh retailers is equipped with a point-of-sale (PoS) machine linked to the Department of Fertilizers’ e-Urvarak DBT portal.
- Neem-Coated Urea Illustration: Neem-coated urea serves as an example. The government fixes its MRP at Rs. 5,922.22 per tonne, while domestic production costs about Rs. 17,000 per tonne. The variance is covered by the central government through subsidy disbursement.
Non-Urea Fertilizers
- Decontrolled Pricing: Non-urea fertilizers have pricing determined by companies rather than government intervention.
- Two Categories: These non-urea fertilizers are categorized into DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) and MOP (Muriate of Phosphate).
- Flat Subsidy: The government provides a uniform per-tonne subsidy to maintain soil nutrition levels and ensure the affordability of other fertilizers.
Challenges Associated with Fertilizer Subsidies
- Low Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE): Indian soil exhibits low NUE, primarily found in Urea, leading to excessive use and groundwater pollution.
- Groundwater Contamination: Excessive fertilizer application contributes to groundwater contamination.
- Overuse: Urea applied to the soil results in losses as NH3 (Ammonia) and Nitrogen Oxides, surpassing WHO-prescribed limits, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
- Health Impacts: Nitrate-contaminated water poses health risks, including “blue baby syndrome” in humans.
Conclusion
- Fertilizer subsidies are a crucial aspect of Indian agriculture, aiding farmers by reducing the cost of essential inputs.
- However, challenges such as overuse, groundwater pollution, and health concerns warrant a comprehensive approach to ensure sustainable and responsible fertilizer usage in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Mumbai Air Pollution
Central Idea
- Mumbai, known for its coastal breeze and cleaner air, is grappling with an annual decline in air quality, resembling Delhi’s long-standing pollution woes.
- The city’s coastal location, once considered a safeguard against air pollution, is no longer a reliable defense.
Air Quality Deterioration in Mumbai
- Geographic Advantage Eroded: Mumbai’s coastal location was historically its shield against air pollution, with sea breezes dispersing particles.
- Comparable Pollution Levels: Last year, Mumbai experienced an extended period of poor air quality, overlapping with Delhi’s notorious smog issue.
Meteorological Influence
- Crucial Wind Patterns: Winds’ direction and strength play a pivotal role in shaping Mumbai’s air quality. Despite similar pollutant emissions to Delhi, the city’s coastal nature provides an advantage.
- Sea-Land Wind Cycle: Typically, winds alternate between sea-to-land and land-to-sea movements every few days, aiding natural cleansing. Disruptions in this cycle can impact air quality.
Reasons for such poor air quality
- La Nina’s Role: The recent dip in La Nina, characterized by ocean surface cooling and altered wind patterns, contributed to elevated particulate matter levels in Mumbai.
- Prolonged Pollution: La Nina’s influence delayed the expected strong wind reversal from the sea, trapping pollutants in the lower atmosphere for extended periods.
- Change in Weather Phenomenon: La Nina has given way to El Nino, albeit weaker. Its specific impact on Mumbai’s air quality remains uncertain.
- Prevalent Construction Projects: The city is currently witnessing construction activities at a staggering 6,000 sites, posing a significant challenge to air quality.
- Dust Displacement: Dust particles from roads and vehicles transporting construction debris add to Mumbai’s pollution burden.
- Domestic Sources: Restaurants, dhabas, and eateries using unclean oils for cooking release ultrafine particles, oil droplets, and condensed organic compounds, along with harmful gases such as nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide.
How local weather fuels it?
- Calm Winds and Temperature Gradient: As the monsoon retreated, Mumbai experienced calmer winds. A substantial temperature difference between the city and nearby Sahyadri ranges led to winds carrying dust from construction sites in Navi Mumbai.
- Local Weather Not Sole Culprit: Unfavorable local weather conditions are not solely responsible for Mumbai’s air quality decline.
- Baseline Pollution High: Mumbai’s consistent and escalating pollutant emissions are exceeding its environmental capacity.
- Economic Growth: Increased economic activity, higher vehicle numbers, extensive construction, and elevated consumption contribute to rising emissions.
Conclusion
- Mumbai’s air quality predicament signals the urgency of addressing escalating pollution sources and fortifying mitigation measures.
- While meteorological conditions play a role, the city’s growing economic activity and emissions are the driving forces behind its deteriorating air quality.
- Relevant authorities must take proactive steps to combat this issue and ensure a healthier environment for its residents.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dam Safety Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India boasts nearly 6,000 large dams, but concerns loom over the safety of these structures, with approximately 80% of them being over 25 years old and posing safety risks.
- With numerous large dams and hydropower projects, the Himalayas play a crucial role in meeting India’s energy needs.
- However, the recent incident of a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in North Sikkim has raised alarm bells about the safety of these structures.
Hydropower boom in the Himalayas
- As of November 2022, the Himalayan states and Union territories, excluding West Bengal, had 81 large hydropower projects (above 25 MW) in operation, with 26 more under construction.
- An additional 320 large projects are in the planning stages, according to the Central Electricity Authority under the Union Ministry of Power.
Discussion: Dam Safety in the Himalayas
- Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: The Himalayas are highly susceptible to natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and GLOFs due to their complex geological and topographical features. These hazards can jeopardize the integrity of dams and reservoirs.
- High Population Density: The Himalayan region is densely populated, with communities residing downstream of dams and hydropower projects. A dam failure can have devastating consequences on human lives and property.
- Ecological Sensitivity: The Himalayas are an ecologically fragile region with unique biodiversity. A dam failure can lead to environmental disasters, impacting delicate ecosystems.
Repercussions
- Climate Change: The melting of glaciers due to global warming contributes to the formation of glacial lakes. As these lakes grow, the risk of GLOFs increases, putting downstream infrastructure at risk.
- Snowball Effects: Landslide dams can lead to impounding of lakes, landslide-induced floods, secondary landslides, channel avulsion, and the formation of flood terraces downstream, impacting communities and infrastructure.
- Delayed Impacts: Run-of-the-river projects, which often bypass large-scale displacement and forest diversion, have been promoted as environmentally friendly. However, their underground components can disturb geology and geohydrology, leading to indirect displacement and environmental impacts.
- Aging Infrastructure: Many dams and hydropower projects in the Himalayas are aging, with approximately 80% of them over 25 years old. Proper maintenance and monitoring are essential to ensure their safety.
Dam Safety Act, 2021 and its Provisions
- The DSA was introduced in response to dam failures caused by deficient surveillance and maintenance.
- It establishes key responsibilities and requires the formation of national and state-level bodies for its implementation.
- The Act outlines the following provisions:
- National Committee on Dam Safety: Responsible for overseeing dam safety policies and regulations.
- National Dam Safety Authority: Tasked with implementing and resolving state-level disputes.
- Chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC): Heads dam safety protocols at the national level.
- State Committee on Dam Safety (SCDS) and State Dam Safety Organisation (SDSO): To be established at the state level.
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Challenges in DSA Implementation
- Inadequate Risk Assessment: Experts argue that the DSA does not encourage risk-based decision-making and lacks transparency incentives.
- Transparency Concerns: Dam safety should be a public function, with information readily accessible. However, transparency is impeded when government employees and project engineers dominate national and state bodies, potentially compromising objective decision-making.
Lessons Learned from Recent Incidents
- Comprehensive Risk Assessment: Dam safety protocols must include comprehensive risk assessments that consider factors such as climate change, geological stability, and the potential for GLOFs. Periodic reviews yield updated inundation maps and rule curves for reservoir capacity.
- Hazard Profiling Issues: Hazard risk is influenced by climate change, urbanization, and water usage patterns. Periodic reviews should yield updated inundation maps and rule curves for reservoir capacity. Unfortunately, these reviews are often overlooked or findings are not made publicly available.
- Standardized Safety Evaluation: The DSA mandates comprehensive dam safety evaluations but lacks standardization in how failures are analyzed and reported.
- Transparent Reporting: Transparency in dam safety is paramount. The DSA should be implemented rigorously, with an emphasis on transparent reporting of dam failures and safety assessments.
- Community Involvement: Local communities should be actively engaged in dam safety measures. They can provide valuable insights into the environmental and social impacts of such projects.
Way Forward
- Early Warning Systems: Establishing advanced early warning systems that can detect GLOFs and other potential hazards is crucial. These systems can save lives and minimize damage.
- Regular Maintenance: Aging infrastructure must undergo regular maintenance and upgrades to ensure their continued safety and functionality.
- International Collaboration: Given the transboundary nature of the Himalayan region, international collaboration on dam safety and disaster management is essential. Neighboring countries should work together to mitigate shared risks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Algorithm
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Quantum computers are often heralded as the solution to complex problems that classical computers struggle with.
- However, harnessing the full potential of quantum computing isn’t just about having the hardware; it requires the development of clever quantum algorithms.
Understanding Algorithms
- An algorithm is a logical sequence of mathematical steps designed to solve a specific problem.
- For example, adding three numbers involves two steps: adding the first two numbers and then adding the result to the third number.
Quantum Computing
- Quantum computing is a cutting-edge field of computing that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform certain types of calculations much faster than classical computers.
- Instead of using traditional bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in a superposition of states. Here are some key aspects:
- Superposition: Qubits can represent multiple states simultaneously, enabling quantum computers to explore many solutions in parallel.
- Entanglement: Qubits can be entangled, allowing information to be processed in ways that classical computers cannot replicate efficiently.
- Quantum Gates: Quantum algorithms manipulate qubits using quantum gates, which can perform complex operations on qubits.
- Quantum Advantage: Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers, such as factoring large numbers and simulating quantum systems.
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Quantum vs. Classical Algorithms
- Algorithm Complexity: The efficiency of an algorithm is determined by the number of steps it takes to solve a problem, particularly as the input size increases.
- Quantum Advantage: Quantum algorithms, implemented using quantum gates, can potentially outperform classical algorithms by reducing the number of required steps.
- Superposition in Quantum Bits (Qubits): Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist in states of both 0 and 1 simultaneously, allowing quantum algorithms to exploit superposition for speed-up.
Shor’s Algorithm: Factorization Made Efficient
- Shor’s Breakthrough: Peter Shor’s quantum factorization algorithm significantly outperforms classical methods in identifying factors of large integers.
- Efficiency Comparison: Shor’s algorithm operates with a polynomial increase in steps, while classical algorithms exhibit superpolynomial growth.
- Cryptographic Implications: The efficiency of Shor’s algorithm raises concerns for classical cryptography, as it could potentially challenge the security of large integer-based encryption systems.
Grover’s Algorithm: Quantum Search Mastery
- Quantum Search Algorithm: Lov Grover’s quantum search algorithm excels at identifying numerical patterns in extensive lists of data.
- Classical vs. Quantum: Classical methods may require nearly half the number of steps as there are patterns, while Grover’s quantum algorithm drastically reduces the steps required.
- Scalability: Grover’s algorithm showcases exponential speed-up, requiring only a fraction of additional steps for significantly larger datasets.
Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm: Superposition’s Advantage
- Problem Scenario: Deutsch-Jozsa tackles the identification of a relationship between two sets – one with two-digit binary numbers and another with binary associations.
- Two Types of Relations: The algorithm distinguishes between constant and balanced relations.
- Quantum Efficiency: In classical computing, this task may need up to three steps. Quantum computing, using superposition, achieves the same with just one computation, regardless of input size.
Expanding World of Quantum Algorithms
- Diverse Applications: Quantum algorithms offer efficiency gains in optimization, drug design, pattern search, and more.
- Promise of Quantum Computing: Once reliable, large-scale quantum devices become available, they will revolutionize problem-solving across various fields.
- Interdisciplinary Nature: Quantum algorithm research spans computer science, mathematics, and physics, and it continues to evolve, providing ample opportunities for contributions.
Conclusion
- Quantum algorithms represent the intelligent design that unlocks the immense potential of quantum computers.
- As quantum technology advances and reliable devices emerge, these algorithms will play a pivotal role in tackling complex problems that have long eluded classical computing.
- Quantum algorithm development remains an interdisciplinary frontier with abundant room for innovation and groundbreaking discoveries.
Back2Basics: Quantum Theory
Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics or quantum physics, is a fundamental branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, typically at the level of atoms and subatomic particles. It introduces the following key principles:
- Wave-Particle Duality: Particles like electrons and photons exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties, depending on how they are observed.
- Superposition: Quantum particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, known as superposition, until observed.
- Entanglement: Particles can become entangled, where the state of one particle is dependent on the state of another, even when separated by large distances.
- Quantization: Certain physical properties, such as energy levels in atoms, are quantized, meaning they can only take on specific discrete values.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Laptop Imports Ban
Central Idea
- In August, the centre announced its intention to subject laptops, tablets, computers, and related products to a licensing regime starting from November 1.
- However, it has now clarified that India will not impose licensing requirements on laptop and computer imports but will instead monitor their inbound shipments.
Lapop Import Restrictions: A Backgrounder
- Import Restrictions: In August, India imposed import restrictions on various IT hardware products to promote domestic manufacturing and reduce imports, particularly from countries like China.
- Industry Concerns: The IT hardware industry expressed concerns following the initial licensing announcement.
- Security and Domestic Manufacturing: The government cited security concerns and the desire to stimulate domestic manufacturing as the reasons for the licensing conditions.
Import Statistics
- Import Values: India imports approximately $7-8 billion worth of IT hardware products annually.
- Recent Trends: Import values for personal computers, including laptops, decreased from $7.37 billion in 2021-22 to $5.33 billion in 2022-23. Imports of certain data processing machines also saw a decline.
- Production-Linked Incentive Scheme: In May, the government approved the Production Linked Incentive Scheme 2.0 for IT Hardware with a budgetary outlay of ₹17,000 crore. A similar scheme for IT hardware was approved in February 2021.
India’s Dependency on China
- Critical Dependency: According to a report by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), India has significant dependency on China for various products, including laptops and mobile phones.
- Government Initiatives: To reduce this dependency, the government has introduced measures such as the production-linked incentive scheme and increased customs duties on electronic components.
Conclusion
- India’s decision to shift from a licensing regime to monitoring for laptop and computer imports aims to balance its goals of reducing import dependency and promoting domestic manufacturing.
- However, there is a need to ensure smoother transition for businesses and trade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MRTP Act
Mains level: Abortion vs. Mothers Bodily Rights
Central Idea
- A Division Bench of two judges of the Supreme Court grappled with divergent views regarding the abortion of a 26-week pregnancy and the government’s stance to protect the “unborn child.”
- The judges, unable to reach a consensus, opted to refer the case to the CJI to convene a three-judge Bench for further deliberation.
Woman’s Plight for Abortion
- A mother of two with her youngest child just a one-year-old infant, she asserted her desire for a medically induced abortion due to her mental health condition and her inability to care for a third child.
- Her lawyer stressed the court should prioritize the mother’s well-being.
- He emphasized the threat to her privacy and dignity and her conscious decision to not proceed with the pregnancy.
Government’s Stance
- Legal Argument: The Additional Solicitor General contended that the woman did not possess an “absolute right of autonomy” to exercise her reproductive rights in a manner that would compromise the rights of the unborn child.
- MTP Act of 2021: Reference was made to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act of 2021, which extended the abortion deadline to 24 weeks in “exceptional circumstances,” primarily to save the mother’s life or in the case of fatal foetal deformity.
Legal Debate
- Bodily Autonomy vs. Foetal Rights: The core of the debate centred on whether, once a viable baby exists, the woman’s right to bodily autonomy or integrity should yield to the Act, curbing her fundamental right to choose.
- Court’s Earlier Decision: On October 9, the Bench had initially permitted the medical termination in line with the woman’s wishes, following a report from an All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) medical board.
Government’s Reversal
- Government’s Appeal: Subsequently, the Union government filed an application, citing an expert doctor’s opinion received on October 10, which advocated for giving the child a chance to survive.
- State’s Responsibility: The argument was that a categorical medical opinion had emerged, offering hope for the child’s survival, and placing a responsibility on the state.
Judicial Opinions
- Justice Kohli’s Stance: One judge aligned with the government’s position that the woman should not be allowed to terminate the pregnancy.
- Justice Nagarathna’s Dissent: In contrast, the other judge dissented, asserting that the woman’s decision should be respected, considering her socio-economic circumstances, mental health, and the young age of her second child.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s divided opinion on this intricate abortion case underscores the challenging balance between a woman’s right to make decisions about her body and the state’s interest in protecting the unborn.
- As the case proceeds to a three-judge Bench, it raises broader questions about the legal and ethical complexities surrounding reproductive rights and foetal interests in India’s legal landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Scheduled Areas
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s diverse landscape is home to 705 Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities, constituting 8.6% of the nation’s population.
- These communities reside across 26 States and six Union Territories.
- A crucial constitutional provision, Article 244, governs the administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas, significantly impacting the lives of STs.
Constitutional Framework for STs
- Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)): This provision applies the Fifth Schedule’s provisions to Scheduled Areas in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- Sixth Schedule (Article 244(2)): In the mentioned states, the Sixth Schedule governs the administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas.
Geographical Scope of Scheduled Areas
- Coverage: Scheduled Areas span 11.3% of India’s land area, designated in 10 States: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Himachal Pradesh. Kerala has proposed additional areas for notification, pending government approval.
- Exclusions: Despite demands from Adivasi organizations, numerous villages in Scheduled Areas and other regions with ST populations have been excluded from Article 244’s purview. Consequently, 59% of India’s STs lack the rights conferred by Scheduled Areas-related laws.
Historical Recommendations
- Bhuria Committee (1995): This committee recommended extending panchayat raj to Scheduled Areas, including the villages, a suggestion yet to be implemented.
- Denotification Debate: Some argue for the denotification of parts of Scheduled Areas where non-tribal individuals have increased, citing the absence of viable ST-majority administrative units.
Governance of Scheduled Areas
- Notification: The President of India designates Scheduled Areas.
- Tribal Advisory Council: States with Scheduled Areas must establish a Tribal Advisory Council with up to 20 ST members to advise the Governor on ST welfare matters.
- Governor’s Role: The Governor reports annually to the President regarding Scheduled Areas’ administration. They can also repeal or amend laws applicable to the Scheduled Area, regulate tribal land transfer, and control money-lending activities.
- Underutilized Provisions: These extensive powers granted to Governors and the President have remained largely inactive, with notable exceptions in Maharashtra from 2014 to 2020.
Defining a Scheduled Area
- Exclusive Presidential Power: The Fifth Schedule exclusively grants the President the authority to declare Scheduled Areas.
- Empirical Basis: A 2006 Supreme Court ruling upheld the executive function of identifying Scheduled Areas and stated that it lacks the expertise to scrutinize this process.
- Criteria: Neither the Constitution nor any law specifies criteria for identifying Scheduled Areas. However, based on the Dhebar Commission Report (1961), key considerations include tribal population predominance, area compactness, administrative viability, and economic backwardness relative to neighboring regions.
Settlement of Ambiguity
- PESA Act (1996): The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, empowered gram sabhas within Scheduled Areas, reinvigorating the intent of the Constitution and the Constituent Assembly. This law enabled direct democracy and recognized the gram sabhas as primary authorities.
- Village Definition: PESA defines a village as a habitation or group of habitations managed by a community according to traditions and customs. This definition extended beyond Scheduled Areas to forest fringes and villages.
- Unresolved Issues: Gram sabhas have yet to demarcate traditional boundaries on revenue lands. FRA 2006 requires the demarcation of “community forest resource” areas within traditional boundaries.
Conclusion
- Understanding and expanding Scheduled Areas in India necessitates the notification of all habitations or groups of habitations with ST majorities outside existing Scheduled Areas.
- Furthermore, geographical boundaries should encompass “community forest resource” areas where applicable and extend to customary boundaries within revenue lands.
- These steps are essential for ensuring equitable governance and preserving the rights and welfare of India’s Scheduled Tribes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNFPA report on Ageing
Mains level: Elderly woes in India
Central Idea
- The world’s elderly population is larger than ever before, with 1.1 billion people aged 60 and above in 2022, constituting 13.9% of the population (UNFPA report).
- By 2050, this number is projected to rise to 2.1 billion, accounting for 22% of the global population.
Why discuss this?
- India’s Scenario: India is no exception to this trend, with 149 million older adults (10.5%) in 2022, expected to increase to 347 million (20.8%) by 2050.
- Longevity: People are living longer lives than ever before, underscoring the need to understand healthy ageing and address mental health issues in the elderly.
Misconceptions about Ageing and Mental Health
- Ageing as a Process: Ageing is a natural physiological process encompassing physical, social, and psychological dimensions. However, misconceptions and fears about ageing, particularly mental health concerns like depression, anxiety, and dementia, persist.
- Heterogeneity: The ageing process varies among individuals, influenced by factors such as genetics, lifestyle, environment, and diseases. Not all older adults experience the same physical or mental changes.
Social Challenges Faced by the Elderly
- Social Isolation and Dependency: Many elderly individuals grapple with increased dependency, social isolation, poverty, ageism, and feelings of pessimism and nihilism.
- Abuse and Neglect: Elderly individuals are vulnerable to emotional, physical, sexual, and financial abuse, often perpetrated by family members.
- Inaccessible Infrastructure: India’s towns and cities often lack elder-friendly infrastructure, including ramps, handrails, pavements, and adequate public transport, making healthcare access a challenge.
- Lack of Purpose: Many elderly men, especially after retirement, may feel unproductive and lost. Developing diverse interests earlier in life can mitigate the sense of purposelessness in retirement, reducing the risk of depression.
Psychological Aspects of Ageing
- Psychological Growth: As individuals age, they are expected to gain wisdom and a broader understanding of life’s challenges through personal or vicarious experiences.
- Erik Erikson’s Theory: Erik Erikson proposed ‘Ego integrity versus Despair’ as the final psychosocial development stage in human life. It emphasizes viewing one’s life accomplishments positively to avoid despair.
- Indian Cultural Emphasis: Indian culture underscores the importance of accepting the limitations that come with old age and renouncing responsibilities without suffering.
Mental Health Challenges
- Prevalence: Approximately 15% of elders in India (22 million individuals) experience serious mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, dementia, and substance use disorders.
- Treatment Gap: A significant treatment gap of 90% exists, largely due to a lack of awareness among the public and healthcare professionals.
- Stigmatization: Stigma associated with both ageing and mental illness often leads to reluctance to admit mental health issues and seek treatment.
- Poverty and Access: Many elderly individuals lack access to mental healthcare services due to poverty and limited availability of interventions, particularly in rural areas.
Case Study: SCARF Partnership
- Community Initiatives: The Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF) has partnered with the Azim Premji Foundation to raise awareness about elder mental health in rural areas of Tamil Nadu, benefiting over 350 villages.
- Indian Tradition of Joint Families: While joint families are becoming rarer, they offer advantages in terms of multi-generational interactions and support for elders.
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Preserving Cultural Traditions
- Importance of Festivals and Rituals: Cultural traditions, including festivals and rituals, encourage socialization and cognitive engagement among elders.
- Risk of Tradition Loss: Neglecting these traditions risks losing their potential protective effects on elderly mental health.
Way forward
- Individual Planning: Planning for old age with financial savings and lifestyle adjustments is crucial.
- Educational Initiatives: Introducing the concept of healthy ageing in school curricula can promote awareness.
- Community Services: Accessible mental health services for elders should be available at the community level.
- Role of Retirement Homes: Retirement homes and elder care facilities, while providing care and reducing social isolation, need to address mental health issues urgently.
- Collective Responsibility: Caring for the elderly is a collective responsibility that requires the concerted efforts of individuals, families, civic society, private organizations, NGOs, and the government.
Conclusion
- The ageing world presents both opportunities and challenges, with a growing elderly population that demands a holistic approach to mental health care, community support, and cultural preservation.
- Addressing the mental health needs of the elderly is not only a matter of compassion but also a responsibility that encompasses various stakeholders and sectors of society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Israel-Palestine Conflict
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent attack by Hamas (Arab sponsored Jihadist outfit) on Israel has prompted PM Modi to express solidarity with Israel, highlighting the complex nature of India’s relations with both Israel and Palestine.
- Over the past seven decades, India’s stance on these nations has undergone significant shifts, reflecting its evolving foreign policy priorities and diplomatic considerations.
About Israel-Palestine Conflict
- Historical Background: The land of contention was under the Ottoman Empire and later the British Empire.
- Anti-Semitism as Official Policy: Several Islamic countries, including the Arab world, Turkiye and Pakistan, have officially expressed hatred against Jews citing reference to religious scriptures.
- Denial of Access: Jews, as a micro-minority of the world, have been denied access to their historic homeland.
- Arab Resistance: Arabs resisted, claiming the land as their own, known as Palestine at the time.
- Balfour Declaration: In 1917, the United Kingdom expressed support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
- Violent Resistance: Arab resistance to the declaration led to violence and further tensions.
India’s quest for Balancing Relations
India’s Post-Independence Stance
- Nehru and Gandhi’s Stand: Post-independence, India was staunchly pro-Palestine as Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi opposed religious exclusivity and supported the Palestinian cause.
- UN Votes: India voted against the partition of Palestine and Israel’s admission to the UN but recognized Israel in 1950 after Turkey and Iran did so.
Era of Indira and Rajiv Gandhi
- Support for Palestine: During Indira Gandhi’s rule, India continued its support for the Palestinian struggle, elevating the PLO to the sole legitimate representative of Palestine.
- Solidarity and Diplomacy: Strong ties were forged with Yasser Arafat, and India hosted the NAM summit in 1983, emphasizing solidarity with Palestine.
Changing Dynamics
- Critics and Shifts: Critics within India raised concerns about its pro-Arab stance, given Arab countries’ neutrality during India’s wars with China and Pakistan.
- Indian-Israeli Relations: India recognized Israel in 1992, establishing full diplomatic relations after the end of the Cold War and BJP’s rise to power.
- Kargil Conflict: During the Kargil conflict in 1999, Israel provided crucial military support, strengthening bilateral ties.
Recent Developments
- PM Modi’s Approach: Prime Minister Modi’s approach has balanced India’s ties with Israel and Palestine. He visited Israel in 2017, signaling a shift in focus.
- De-hyphenation: Modi achieved a de-hyphenation of the relationship by separately visiting Palestine in 2018.
- Wider Regional Engagement: India has deepened ties with Israel and West Asian nations like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Qatar, and Iran over the past decade.
Current Dilemma
- Diplomatic Tight Spot: Recent hostilities in the region have placed India in a diplomatic dilemma. The conflict tests India’s relations with Israel and Palestine against the backdrop of the Abraham Accords and shifting Middle East dynamics.
- Dividends at Stake: India had hoped to benefit from the newfound peace in the region, given its significant diaspora, connectivity, and energy imports from West Asia.
Conclusion
- India’s relationship with Israel and Palestine has evolved significantly since independence, influenced by domestic politics, global shifts, and regional considerations.
- While India continues to support the Palestinian cause, it has also strengthened its strategic ties with Israel.
- The recent escalation in hostilities in the region poses challenges for India’s diplomatic balancing act and its aspirations in the Middle East.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Money Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- CJI announced that a seven-judge bench will be established to address a series of petitions challenging the government’s use of the money bill route to pass significant legislations.
- This move aims to provide clarity on the interpretation and application of money bills under Article 110 of the Constitution and their validity.
Understanding the Money Bill Issue
- The PMLA Challenge: CJI Chandrachud’s statement came during the hearing of challenges against amendments made to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
- Previous Judgment: In July 2022, a three-judge bench upheld the PMLA and the extensive powers of the Enforcement Directorate (ED). However, the validity of amendments to the PMLA passed as money bills remained open for review by a larger Constitution bench.
- Finance Acts’ Impact: Key amendments to the PMLA were introduced through Finance Acts passed in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019, which are presented as money bills during the budget sessions under Article 110 of the Constitution.
Challenges beyond PMLA
[A] Aadhaar Controversy:
- The issue of whether a bill qualifies as a money bill under Article 110 was first raised during the Aadhaar case.
- In a 4:1 majority ruling in 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the Aadhaar Act as a valid money bill.
- Notably, Justice Chandrachud dissented, criticizing the government’s passage of the Aadhaar Act as a money bill, labelling it a “fraud on the Constitution.”
[B] Tribunal Reform:
- In the case of Roger Matthew vs. Union of India (2019), the Supreme Court addressed challenges related to changes in the service conditions of tribunal members, introduced as a money bill in the Finance Act of 2017.
- While declaring the law unconstitutional for interfering with judicial independence, the court referred the money bill aspect to a larger constitution bench, expressing doubts about the correctness of its 2018 verdict upholding the Aadhaar Act.
Understanding a Money Bill
- Article 110(1): A bill is considered a money bill if it exclusively pertains to matters specified in Article 110(1)(a) to (g), such as taxation, government borrowing, and appropriation of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- Lok Sabha Exclusive: Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and do not require Rajya Sabha’s consent.
- Role of Speaker: According to Article 110(3), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final say in determining whether a bill is a money bill. However, the court in the Aadhaar case emphasized that the Speaker’s decision is subject to judicial scrutiny.
Conclusion
- The formation of a seven-judge bench signifies a significant step towards resolving controversies surrounding money bills and their passage, ensuring a clearer understanding of their application under the Constitution.
- This move underscores the importance of judicial review in upholding the constitutional principles of parliamentary proceedings and ensuring transparency and accountability in legislative processes involving money bills.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Delhi Excise Policy Scam
Central Idea
- A Delhi court has remanded a member of Rajya Sabha in Enforcement Directorate (ED) custody in the Delhi Excise Policy Scam.
- This has created a big furore among people over the alleged involvement of a hardliner political party which was established solely to fight political corruption.
About Delhi Excise Policy Scam
- Background: Both individuals face corruption allegations related to the formulation and implementation of the Delhi Excise Policy 2021-22, which came into effect but was later scrapped.
- Procedural Lapses: The allegations stemmed from a report submitted by Delhi Chief Secretary to the Lieutenant Governor in July 2022. The report pointed to procedural lapses in the policy’s formulation.
- Financial Losses: The report claimed that “arbitrary and unilateral decisions” led to estimated “financial losses to the exchequer.”
- Alleged Irregularities: It alleged that leaders received “kickbacks” from businesses for preferential treatment, such as discounts, license fee waivers, and relief due to disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. These funds were purportedly used for electoral influence.
Involvement of the Enforcement Directorate (ED)
- ED’s Role: Following the CBI’s FIR, the ED asserted that the alleged proceeds of crime required investigation to establish the modus operandi.
- Investigation Details: The ED alleged that the “scam” involved irregularities in the wholesale liquor business, margin-fixing, and receiving kickbacks. It claimed that the policy was designed with “deliberate loopholes” to benefit key figures.
- Financial Transactions: The ED also alleged that individuals, acting as intermediaries, received substantial sums from a group, allowing them access to various businesses.
Differences in the Delhi Excise Policy
- Policy Goals: The Delhi Excise Policy 2021-22 aimed to exit the state from the liquor business, eliminate black marketing, increase revenue, enhance consumer experiences, and ensure equitable distribution of liquor vends.
- Private Operation: Under the policy, Delhi was divided into zones, each with liquor vends operated by private licensees. Licensees had the freedom to offer discounts and set prices.
Issues and Reversals
- Deviation from Procedures: A report in July 2022 highlighted deviations from established procedures in the policy formulation.
- Market Distortions: The report pointed out that discounts offered by liquor retailers were causing market distortions.
- Policy Reversals: It noted policy reversals, leading to questions about the justification for such changes.
- Blanket Relaxations: The report flagged blanket relaxations granted for default in license fee payments.
ED Chargesheets and Allegations
- Campaign Funding: The ED has alleged financial improprieties related to campaign funding.
- Conduit for Financial Transactions: Individuals are alleged to have acted as intermediaries in financial transactions.
- Involvement of Key Figures: The ED has claimed the involvement of certain individuals in meetings and interactions related to the case.
Conclusion
- The scam has led to arrests and legal proceedings involving corruption allegations and procedural lapses.
- Allegations of financial improprieties and irregularities in the policy’s implementation have created a complex legal landscape.
- The involvement of the Enforcement Directorate adds to the intricacies of the case, while ongoing investigations seek to establish the veracity of the allegations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cape Town Convention
Mains level: Aviation Sector Crisis
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) issued a notification exempting aircraft-related transactions from certain sections of the IBC, aligning Indian regulations with the Cape Town Convention (CTC).
- The notification eliminates the automatic moratorium on aircraft, engines, airframes, and helicopters, allowing lessors to repossess planes during airline insolvency.
Understanding the Go First Crisis
- Bankruptcy: Go First, a prominent budget airline in India, filed for bankruptcy, becoming the second Indian airline to do so in recent years, following Jet Airways’ bankruptcy in 2019.
- Debt and Lessors: Go First faced substantial debt, including over ₹2,600 crore owed to various aircraft lessors.
- Engine Supplier Blame: The airline attributed its crisis to engine supplier Pratt & Whitney, claiming that faulty engines led to flight disruptions and significant financial losses.
Dispute between Indian Airlines and Aircraft Lessors
- Dependency on Foreign Lessors: Indian airlines heavily rely on foreign lessors to finance aircraft acquisitions, with approximately 80% of India’s 800 commercial aircraft under lease.
- Legal Barriers: Legal proceedings in Indian courts have prevented lessors from repossessing Go First’s aircraft, potentially intensifying disputes between lessors and Indian airlines.
- Higher Risk Premiums: Experts anticipate that lessors may charge higher risk premiums to mitigate future turbulence with Indian airlines, leading to increased business costs and potentially higher airfares for passengers.
About Cape Town Convention (CTC)
| Establishment |
2001, Entered into force on March 1, 2006. |
| Purpose |
Facilitates aircraft financing and leasing, establishing global standards and legal framework. |
| Global Registry |
International registry for aircraft and equipment ownership interests, enhancing transparency. |
| Leasing |
CTC simplifies aircraft leasing operations by allowing quick deregistration and repossession. |
| Priority Rules |
Determines the priority of interests in aircraft, crucial in cases of default or insolvency. |
| Default Remedies |
Outlines procedures and remedies in case of default, including repossession rights. |
| Coverage |
Encompasses aircraft and aircraft equipment (engines, avionics), offering comprehensive legal guidelines. |
CTC and India
- India is a signatory to the CTC since 2018.
- Despite being a party to the CTC, Indian laws have often prevailed over CTC provisions in cases of conflict, impacting lessors’ rights.
Government’s Vision for Aircraft Leasing in India
- Hub for Aircraft Leasing: The Indian government aims to establish the country as a hub for aircraft leasing, attracting global lessors.
- Alignment with International Norms: To achieve this vision, alignment with international aviation conventions like the CTC is crucial.
Lessors’ Current Challenges
- Prospective Impact: The MCA notification is effective prospectively and may not immediately assist Go First’s lessors in repossessing aircraft.
- Sub-Judice Matters: The matter of repossession is currently under judicial consideration.
- Previous Attempts: Lessors had applied to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to repossess planes from Go First before the NCLT’s admission of insolvency.
- Pending Legislation: The government had planned legislation to prioritize CTC provisions over conflicting Indian laws, but it has not been tabled in Parliament.
Need for CTC Legislation in India
- Current Status: India is a CTC signatory but lacks the necessary legal protection, resulting in conflicts between existing laws and CTC norms.
- Fueling Aviation Growth: Legalizing CTC provisions is essential to support the aviation market’s growth and facilitate smoother aircraft leasing operations.
- Impact on Passengers: Without proper legislation, higher premiums by lessors could lead to increased airline costs, ultimately affecting passengers through higher ticket prices.
Conclusion
- The urgent enactment of the Cape Town Convention (CTC) Bill in India is crucial to harmonize legal provisions, protect lessors’ rights, and ensure the sustainable growth of the aviation industry without burdening passengers with escalated airfares.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Uterus Transplants
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In the UK, doctors at the Churchill Hospital Oxford conducted the nation’s first uterus transplant.
- The procedure involved removing a uterus from a 40-year-old woman and transplanting it into her 34-year-old sister, who faced reproductive challenges due to a rare medical condition.
Why discuss this?
- While the transplanted womb is functional, its success can only be confirmed by a live birth in the future.
Understanding Uterus Transplants
- Not Life-Saving: Unlike heart or liver transplants, uterus transplants are not life-saving procedures. Instead, they are akin to limb or skin transplants, significantly enhancing individuals’ quality of life.
- Addressing Uterine Infertility: Uterus transplants offer hope to women facing uterine factor infertility, enabling them to fulfill their reproductive aspirations.
Pioneering Success in Sweden
- Historical Context: In 2014, Sweden achieved a milestone by witnessing the first live birth following a uterus transplant. This success paved the way for addressing uterine factor infertility.
- Affordability Challenge: Efforts are ongoing to make uterus transplants more accessible, especially in countries like the UK, where the National Health Service estimates the procedure’s cost at GBP 25,000 (Rs 25.26 lakh).
Uterus Transplants in India
- Indian Achievement: India joined the ranks of countries with successful uterus transplants, alongside Turkey, Sweden, and the United States. The country celebrated its first uterine transplant baby’s birth on October 18, 2018, approximately 17 months after the recipient underwent the procedure.
- Affordable Option: The cost of uterine transplant surgery in India currently ranges from Rs 15-17 lakh, making it a more cost-effective choice for many.
Step-by-Step Procedure
- Recipient Evaluation: Before transplantation, recipients undergo thorough evaluations to assess their physical and mental health.
- Donor Assessment: Whether the donor is living or deceased, their uterus undergoes viability checks before qualifying for donation. Live donors also undergo comprehensive gynecological examinations, including imaging scans and cancer screenings.
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Uterus transplants do not connect the uterus to the fallopian tubes, necessitating IVF to create embryos. These embryos are then cryopreserved until the transplanted uterus is ready for implantation.
- Harvesting and Transplantation: The donor’s uterus is carefully removed, with the procedure becoming less invasive due to advancements in robot-assisted laparoscopy. The uterine vasculature and other critical connections are meticulously re-established during transplantation.
Pregnancy after Transplant
- The success of the transplant is assessed through three stages: the first three months focus on graft viability, followed by six months to one year for monitoring uterine function.
- Only after this period can the recipient attempt conception.
Issues with such transplants
- Challenges and Risks: Pregnancy after a uterine transplant entails a higher risk of rejection, spontaneous abortion, intrauterine complications, low birth weight, and premature birth. Close monitoring and follow-ups are essential.
- Immunosuppressant Use: Recipients must take immune-suppressing drugs to prevent rejection of the transplanted uterus. These drugs are selected to ensure they do not harm foetal development but can cause side effects such as kidney toxicity, bone marrow issues, and an increased risk of diabetes and cancer.
- Long-Term Follow-Ups: Post-uterus removal, recipients are advised to undergo regular follow-ups for at least a decade to monitor potential long-term effects of immunosuppressant drugs.
Exploring Artificial Uteri
- Future Possibilities: Successful uterus transplants have opened doors to exploring artificial uteri. These bioengineered organs, grown from stem cells on 3D scaffolds, could eliminate the need for live donors and ethical concerns. However, research is still in its early stages, and it may take about a decade before artificial uteri becomes efficient and safe for human use.
- Inclusivity Considerations: Artificial uteri could benefit not only women but also members of the LGBTQ+ community. However, certain complications, such as hormone-related considerations for trans-women recipients, remain to be addressed.
Conclusion
- Uterus transplants represent a remarkable medical advancement offering hope and possibilities for individuals facing uterine factor infertility.
- While challenges persist, ongoing research and technological progress continue to expand the horizons of reproductive medicine.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Privacy issues related to Aadhaar
Central Idea
- Moody’s Investor Service released a report titled ‘Decentralised Finance and Digital Assets,’ advocating for decentralized digital identity systems over centralised biometric systems like India’s Aadhaar.
- The report raises concerns about security and privacy vulnerabilities associated with Aadhaar (being managed by Govt of India) and questions its effectiveness.
India’s Response to Moody’s Report
- In response to Moody’s report, the Indian government strongly defended Aadhaar, asserting that it is “the most trusted digital ID in the world.”
- The government highlighted Aadhaar’s integration with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) database, emphasizing that workers can receive payments without biometric authentication.
Aadhaar: Rationale and Objectives
- Unique Identification: Aadhaar is a unique identification number provided to all Indian residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). It collects demographic details, biometric fingerprints, and iris scans during enrolment, aiming to create a unique identity for residents.
- Fighting Corruption: Aadhaar’s primary objectives include curbing corruption in accessing welfare programs by eliminating “ghost” and “fake” individuals who fraudulently claim benefits.
Aadhaar’s Role in Welfare Programs
- Ration Distribution: Aadhaar is used to authenticate individuals accessing rations under the Public Distribution System, ensuring that beneficiaries receive their entitled portions.
- Government-to-Citizen Transfers: The government employs Aadhaar for various cash transfer programs, claiming substantial savings by eliminating fraudulent beneficiaries.
Aadhaar in Cash Withdrawals
- Authentication Process: To enable payments through Aadhaar for MGNREGA, three steps are involved: linking Aadhaar to job cards, linking Aadhaar to bank accounts, and linking Aadhaar correctly with the National Payments Corporation of India for payment processing.
- AePS Platform: Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) allows individuals to withdraw money from Aadhaar-linked bank accounts using biometric authentication.
Concerns Surrounding Aadhaar
- Quantity Fraud: Critics argue that Aadhaar fails to address issues like quantity fraud, where beneficiaries receive less than their entitled share. This type of corruption remains prevalent, with Aadhaar unable to detect or prevent it.
- Authentication Challenges: Rural areas face authentication challenges due to unreliable internet, fading fingerprints, and inadequate phone connectivity for OTPs. Vulnerable groups, such as older women and people with disabilities, face exclusion.
- Lack of Data Transparency: Information regarding authentication attempts and failures is not publicly available, hindering transparency.
- Payment Failures: Errors at any stage of Aadhaar-based payments can lead to payment failures. Mismatches in data between job cards and Aadhaar databases can result in authentication failures.
- Misdirection of Payments: Misdirected payments through Aadhaar are difficult to detect and resolve, creating issues when Aadhaar numbers are linked to the wrong bank accounts.
- Financial Exclusion: Critics argue that Aadhaar-based authentication requirements can lead to financial exclusion for certain groups.
Security Concerns
- AePS Accountability: Banking correspondents using AePS operate without accountability frameworks, leading to potential misuse and unauthorized access to bank accounts.
- Multiple Authentications: Some banking correspondents ask individuals to authenticate multiple times, providing them access to individuals’ bank accounts without consent.
- Fraud and Scams: Several reports highlight instances of money withdrawal and enrollment in government programs without individuals’ knowledge through AePS.
Current Impasse
- Resistance to Mandatory Aadhaar: The government’s efforts to make Aadhaar-based payments mandatory in MGNREGA have faced resistance from workers and field officials.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Reports indicate that the job cards of active rural workers have been deleted on grounds of being “ghosts,” raising concerns about data accuracy.
- Apprehensions: Critics express apprehensions based on their experience with Aadhaar in welfare programs, emphasizing the need for pilots and evidence-based decision-making.
Conclusion
- The debate between centralized biometric systems like Aadhaar and decentralized digital identity solutions remains ongoing, with concerns regarding security, inclusivity, and transparency at the forefront of discussions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Duarte Agostinho Case
Mains level: Climate Justice and Reparations
Central Idea
- On September 27, a historic legal battle in the climate action movement commenced at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France.
- This courtroom showdown featured 32 European governments, including the UK, Russia, and Turkey, facing off against six young individuals from Portugal, aged 11 to 24.
Why discuss this?
- Youth-led climate lawsuits are reshaping climate litigation.
- These lawsuits assert that uncontrolled carbon emissions infringe on fundamental rights, threaten the well-being of young generations.
- This highlight the centrality of climate science in combating misinformation and denialism.
Understanding the Duarte Agostinho Case
[A] Origins of the Lawsuit:
- The Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and Others case was initiated in September 2020.
- It was in response to the devastating wildfires in Portugal’s Leiria region in 2017, resulting in 66 casualties and the loss of 20,000 hectares of forests.
- This legal action highlights the urgency of adhering to the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting global warming to below 1.5°C.
[B] Concerns raised
- The Portuguese youths assert that European nations have failed to meet climate emissions goals, exceeding global carbon budgets compatible with the Paris Agreement’s objectives.
- Scientific evidence will be presented, demonstrating that if current emission trends persist, global temperatures will rise by 3°C during the plaintiffs’ lifetimes.
- Such actions are alleged to breach fundamental rights protected under the European Convention on Human Rights, including the right to life, freedom from inhuman or degrading treatment, privacy, family life, and freedom from discrimination.
Lawsuit’s Demands
- Rapid Emission Reduction: As these 32 countries contributed to climate catastrophes and threatened young people’s futures, the lawsuit contends that these nations must urgently intensify emissions reductions. The recommended measures include curbing fossil fuel production and addressing global supply chain sustainability.
- Emissions Reduction Targets: The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change (ESABCC) suggested that countries should aim for emissions reductions of 75% below 1990 levels, a more ambitious target than the EU’s current 55%. The lawsuit argues that European countries have overstated their carbon budgets, emphasizing the need for greater reductions.
Climate Crisis Impact on Human Rights
- UNICEF characterizes the climate crisis as a “child rights crisis” due to unhindered carbon emissions and extreme weather jeopardizing access to education, health, nutrition, and the future.
- Research links air pollution to adverse birth outcomes and increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
- Heatwaves exacerbate mental health issues, ultimately affecting academic performance and school attendance.
Government Responses and Challenges
- Cause and Effect Denial: Many countries have dismissed any direct relationship between climate change and its impact on human health. Greece, for instance, argued that climate change effects do not directly affect human life or health, despite experiencing massive wildfires.
- Portrayal as Future Fears: Governments like Portugal and Ireland have downplayed climate change concerns as “future fears,” asserting that there is no immediate risk to lives.
- Policy Reversals: Some nations, like the U.K., have showcased proactive climate policies, such as a 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars. However, these policies have been reversed, raising concerns about policy consistency and legality.
Conclusion
- The Duarte Agostinho case represents a pivotal moment in the climate action movement, with young activists challenging their governments to protect their future against the looming climate crisis.
- This legal battle underscores the critical intersection of climate change and human rights, shaping a path toward increased accountability and transformative climate governance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Maldives Presidential Elections
Central Idea
- The Maldives’ presidential election run-off is set to “safeguard the country’s independence and sovereignty” amidst strong ties with India.
- In addition to the presidential election, Maldivians will vote in a referendum next month to decide whether to switch to a parliamentary system of governance.
Key Points and Geopolitical Significance
[A] Electoral System
- French-Style System: The Maldivian electoral system resembles France’s, requiring a candidate to secure over 50% of votes for victory. A runoff occurs if no candidate surpasses this threshold in the first round, with the top two candidates competing.
[B] History of Maldivian Presidency
- Executive Presidency: The Maldives adopted the Executive Presidency in 1968. Initially, it operated as a single-party system until 2008 when political reforms led to a multi-party system.
- Abdul Gayoom’s Era: Maumoon Abdul Gayoom served as President for 30 years, from 1978 to 2008, during which he faced political protests and thwarted a coup attempt with India’s assistance in 1988.
- Political Reforms: In 2004, Gayoom initiated political reforms, leading to the registration of political parties in 2005 and the adoption of a new Constitution in 2008, enabling presidential elections every five years.
India’s Relations with Maldives
- Mixed Relations: India’s engagement with Maldivian politics has seen fluctuations. President Solih’s government has had the most favourable relations with India thus far.
- Gayoom and Nasheed Eras: India closely worked with Abdul Gayoom for three decades. When Nasheed assumed power in 2008, India supported his government initially. However, Nasheed later leaned toward China, cancelling a major infrastructure project with India in 2012.
- Yameen’s Pro-China Stance: Abdulla Yameen, who took office in 2013, pursued a pro-China foreign policy, including joining China’s Belt and Road Initiative. India’s reluctance to provide loans due to human rights concerns led Yameen to turn to Beijing.
- Solih’s Election: President Solih’s victory in the 2018 elections was a relief for India, signifying a shift in bilateral relations. PM Modi attended Solih’s swearing-in ceremony.
- Stronger Ties: India provided rapid assistance, including vaccines, during the COVID-19 pandemic, further strengthening relations. Bilateral projects in Maldives have multiplied, and defense cooperation has expanded, with India training Maldivian security personnel and providing military equipment.
Current Election Landscape
- Solih’s Challengers: President Solih is facing competition from Opposition candidate Mohamed Muizzu, who emerged as the consensus candidate after former President Abdulla Yameen’s disqualification.
- Proxy for Yameen: Muizzu is seen as a proxy for Yameen and has made statements raising concerns for India. He has threatened to terminate agreements with foreign countries and withdraw Indian troops stationed in the Maldives.
- Low Turnout: The election has seen a lower voter turnout compared to previous ones, with 79% participation in the first round. This low turnout is a concern in the context of Maldives’ democratic transition.
Geopolitical Ramifications
- China’s Influence: Under President Abdulla Yameen’s rule from 2013 to 2017, the Maldives aligned with China, participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (i.e. String of Pearls) and receiving substantial loans, including funding for major infrastructure projects.
- India’s Concern: India has a keen interest in maintaining influence in its “backyard” in the Indian Ocean and keeping Chinese influence at bay. India has invested heavily in Maldivian infrastructure and deepened security cooperation, which has raised concerns of establishing a strategic military presence.
- Western Nations’ Watchful Eye: Western nations, including the US, UK, and Australia, are closely monitoring the election as part of their efforts to counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region. The opening of embassies by these countries in the Maldives underscores its strategic significance.
Conclusion
- Geopolitical Implications: The Maldivian presidential runoff and the country’s relationship with India and China hold significant geopolitical implications. The outcome will shape the nation’s foreign policy direction.
- India’s Interests: India’s interests in Maldives include defense cooperation, economic partnerships, and maintaining regional stability. The election’s result will be closely monitored to assess its impact on these interests and the future trajectory of Maldives’ foreign relations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dumpsite Remediation, Methane Pollution
Mains level: Solid Waste Management
Central Idea
- Dumpsite remediation in India holds immense significance due to its profound impact on the environment, public health, and overall quality of life.
- These unregulated dumpsites release harmful gases, pollute air and water, and pose severe health risks to nearby communities.
Dumpsite Remediation: Government Initiatives and Progress
- Govt Commitment: The Indian government aims to remediate all dumpsites in the country by 2025 under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) 2.0.
- Progress Overview: Over 82.7 million tonnes of waste have been remediated, reclaiming 3,477 acres of land.
- State Progress: Mizoram has fully remediated its waste, while states like Chandigarh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat have addressed 50-60% of their legacy waste.
Challenges and Complexities
- Topographical Challenges: States with mountainous terrains like Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir face difficulties in waste transport and utilization.
- Economic Viability: Some states struggle to find economically viable disposal options for combustible fractions and fine soil-like material.
- Waste Composition: Around 8% of legacy waste comprises combustible fractions.
- Limited Co-Processing Units: India has 54 co-processing units, with only 13 states having operational units.
Benefits of Recovered Material
- Construction and Filling Solutions: Repurposed fine soil-like material can be used in road construction and to stabilize flood-prone areas.
- Improving Engineering Properties: Fine soil enhances roadbed engineering.
- Elevation and Stabilization: Fine fraction elevates and stabilizes low-lying areas.
Another aspect: GHGs Emissions from Waste
Methane Emission Sources
- Wastewater’s High Contribution: Wastewater treatment is a major source of methane emissions.
- Organic Matter Decomposition: Methane is produced during organic matter decomposition in wastewater and solid waste disposal.
- Solid Waste Disposal: Methane is generated in landfills, open dumps, and waste disposal sites.
Overall Methane Emissions in India
- India’s Methane Emissions: In 2016, India emitted 409 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent methane.
- Sector-Wise Breakdown: Agriculture contributed 73.96%, waste 14.46%, energy 10.62%, and industrial processes 0.96%.
- Key Contributors: Open dumpsites and landfills are significant sources.
Lost Opportunities and Climate Impact
- Persistent Methane Emissions: Even capped landfills emit methane due to biochemical reactions.
- Untapped Energy Resource: Methane emissions represent missed energy opportunities.
- Biogas Potential: 1 TPD of biodegradable waste can produce 80-100 cubic meters of biogas.
- Environmental Harm: Disposing of biodegradable waste in landfills releases methane, a climate pollutant.
Harnessing Methane for a Sustainable Future
- Bio-Methanation: Implementing bio-methanation processes can capture methane for various applications.
- Beneficial Applications: Captured methane can be converted into bio-CNG, electricity, or other fuels.
- Material Suitability: Recovered material must meet engineering and environmental standards.
- Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with local regulations is essential.
Conclusion
- Navigating Waste Remediation: India faces challenges and opportunities in dumpsite remediation. Addressing topographical barriers, ensuring economic viability, and maximizing material utilization are critical.
- A Missed Opportunity: Dumpsites emit methane, a valuable energy resource. Proper waste management can mitigate climate impacts and unlock economic benefits.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Phosphorus
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Phosphorus scarcity poses a growing challenge to global agriculture, with critical implications for food production and environmental sustainability.
- While the history of land fertilization dates back to ancient agricultural practices, the advent of synthetic fertilizers in the 19th century transformed modern agriculture.
- However, today’s reliance on synthetic fertilizers, particularly phosphorus, raises concerns about its scarcity and environmental impact.
Age-Old Challenge of Soil Fertilization
- Historical Origins: The challenge of fertilizing land dates back to the dawn of agriculture. Early human societies recognized the need to replenish soil nutrients depleted by repeated cycles of cultivation and harvest.
- Ancient Fertilization: Indigenous communities worldwide devised fertilization techniques, including the use of fish remnants and bird droppings (guano), to restore essential nutrients to the soil.
Revolutionizing Agriculture with Synthetic Fertilizers
- 19th Century Advancements: The 19th century witnessed significant progress in chemistry, leading to the creation of synthetic fertilizers. It also marked the identification of key nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the foundation of modern chemical fertilizers.
- Green Revolution’s Impact: The mid-20th-century Green Revolution accelerated the adoption of high-yield crop varieties and intensive fertilizer use, revolutionizing global food production.
About Phosphorus
| Need |
Essential nutrient for plant growth, involved in photosynthesis, energy transfer, and root development. |
| Impact of Deficiency |
Leads to stunted growth, reduced flowering, and poor fruit or seed development in plants. |
| Types |
– Superphosphate
– Triple Superphosphate (TSP)
– Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) |
| Application |
Applied through broadcasting, banding, or direct placement with seeds during planting. |
| Benefits |
Promotes strong root development, better flowering, fruiting, and overall plant health. |
| Environmental Considerations |
Efficient use is required to prevent runoff and environmental issues like eutrophication. |
| Balanced Fertilization |
Maintain a nutrient balance (N-P-K) in soil to avoid both deficiency and excess of phosphorus. |
Phosphorus Predicament
- Phosphorus Scarcity: Phosphorus is a finite resource primarily found in specific geological formations. It’s not only depleting but also causing environmental pollution when it enters water bodies, leading to algal blooms and eutrophication.
Geopolitical Complexities
- Global Phosphorus Reserves: Today, a small group of countries, including Morocco and the Western Sahara region, controls the majority of the world’s phosphorus reserves. This geopolitical control raises concerns.
- Cadmium Contamination: Phosphorus often coexists with cadmium, a heavy metal harmful to health. Cadmium-laden fertilizers can contaminate crops, posing health risks.
- Largest Importer: India is the world’s largest importer of phosphorus, primarily from cadmium-rich deposits in West Africa.
- Cadmium Susceptibility: Staple crops like paddy in India are vulnerable to cadmium absorption, potentially causing health issues.
Challenge of Phosphorus Disposal
- Loss and Wastage: Only a fraction of mined phosphorus is consumed through food; a significant amount is lost to water bodies due to excessive fertilizer application.
- Sewage Contamination: Most phosphorus consumed ends up in sewage. Inadequate sewage treatment allows phosphorus to accumulate in water bodies, fueling algal blooms and depleting oxygen.
Exploring Phosphorus Alternatives
- Precision Agriculture: Reducing chemical fertilizer use through precision agriculture offers one solution to address phosphorus scarcity without compromising yield.
- Circular Water Economies: Urban sewage can become a valuable source of phosphorus. Two key strategies:
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- Source Separation Toilets: Collect urine, a concentrated waste stream rich in phosphorus, and convert it into local fertilizer.
- Recycling Wastewater and Sludge: Recover nutrients, including phosphorus, from sewage sludge through innovative methods like sludge mining.
Incentive Challenges
- Overuse of Fertilizers: In rural India, powerful farmers often sell fertilizers, encouraging smaller farmers to overuse them. This requires better extension services and awareness campaigns.
- Perceptions of Sewage: In urban India, sewage has historically been stigmatized, affecting regulations and wastewater treatment practices.
Rethinking the Approach
- Systemic Change: Fundamental changes are needed, including lowering sewage mining costs, allowing urban-mined phosphorus in agriculture, and shifting utility incentives from discharge standards to nutrient recovery.
- Multi-Beneficial Solution: Such changes can tackle multiple challenges, including geopolitical dependency, affordable fertilizers, improved water bodies, and public health benefits.
Conclusion
- The phosphorus dilemma is a pressing challenge with far-reaching consequences for agriculture, geopolitics, and the environment.
- As we grapple with dwindling phosphorus reserves and its environmental pollution, innovative solutions must be embraced.
- Precision agriculture and circular water economies, including source-separating toilets and sewage recycling, offer promising avenues to alleviate the scarcity issue.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Sikh Diaspora
Central Idea
- Canadian PM recently shared evidence with India, alleging the involvement of Indian agents in the killing of pro-Khalistan leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar.
- This claim triggered a diplomatic stand-off between Canada and India, with India accusing Canada of sheltering Khalistani terrorists and extremists.
Sikh Diaspora in Canada
- Significant Population: According to the 2021 Canadian census, Sikhs account for 2.1% of Canada’s population, making Canada home to the largest Sikh population outside India.
- Historical Migration: Sikhs have been migrating to Canada for over a century, primarily driven by their involvement in the British Empire’s armed services.
- Expansion of the Empire: Wherever the British Empire expanded, Sikhs migrated, including countries in the Far East and East Africa.
Early Years of Sikh Migration
- Queen Victoria’s Jubilee: Sikh migration to Canada began in 1897 during Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. Kesur Singh, a Risaldar Major in the British India Army, is considered one of the first Sikh settlers to arrive in Canada that year.
- Laborers and Sojourners: The first significant wave of Sikh migration to Canada occurred in the early 1900s, with most migrants working as laborers in British Columbia’s logging industry and Ontario’s manufacturing sector.
- Intent to Remit: Many of the early Sikh immigrants were sojourners, intending to stay for only a few years and remit their savings back to India.
Challenges and Pushback
- Hostility and Prejudice: Sikh migrants faced hostility from locals who perceived them as job competitors. They also encountered racial and cultural prejudices.
- Tightened Regulations: Due to mounting public pressure, the Canadian government imposed stringent regulations, such as requiring Asian immigrants to possess a specified sum of money and arrive only via a continuous journey from their country of origin.
- Komagata Maru Incident: In 1914, the Komagata Maru incident occurred, where a ship carrying 376 South Asian passengers, mostly Sikhs, was detained in Vancouver for two months and then forced to return to Asia. This incident resulted in fatalities.
Turning Point after World War II
- Relaxing Immigration Policy: After World War II, Canada’s immigration policy shifted for several reasons, including a commitment to the United Nations’ stance against racial discrimination, economic expansion, and a need for laborers.
- Importance of Human Capital: Canada turned to third-world countries for the import of human capital, leading to a decline in European immigration.
- Points System: In 1967, Canada introduced the ‘points system,’ focusing on skills as the main criterion for non-dependent relatives’ admission, eliminating racial preferences.
Conclusion
- The history of Sikh migration to Canada spans over a century, marked by challenges, prejudice, and policy changes.
- Today, Canada is home to a thriving Sikh community, showcasing the transformative journey from early struggles to a more inclusive and skill-based immigration system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Canada Trade
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India and Canada are currently facing escalating diplomatic tensions, with India suspending visa services in Canada and Canada making adjustments to its staff presence in India.
- Amidst this backdrop, let’s take a closer look at the trade ties between these two nations.
Understanding India-Canada Trade
- Trade Volume: In the last fiscal year (2022-23), India’s total trade with Canada amounted to $8 billion, which represents approximately 0.7% of India’s total global trade valued at $1.1 trillion.
- Balance in Bilateral Trade: Bilateral trade between the two countries has been relatively balanced. For instance, in 2022-23, both imports and exports were approximately $4 billion each, resulting in a modest trade surplus of $58 million for India.
Key Imports from Canada
- Mineral Fuels and Oils: India’s primary imports from Canada include mineral fuels, mineral oils, and related products, which account for nearly half (46%) of the total import value.
- Wood Pulp and Paper Waste: Wood pulp and paper waste are another significant category of imports from Canada.
- Edible Vegetables: Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers also make up a substantial portion of India’s imports from Canada.
Key Exports to Canada
- Pharmaceutical Products: India primarily exports pharmaceutical products to Canada.
- Articles of Iron and Steel: Articles made of iron or steel constitute another major category of exports.
- Machinery and Mechanical Appliances: Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, and mechanical appliances are among India’s top exports to Canada.
Critical Agricultural Imports from Canada
- Muriate of Potash (MOP): Canada is a crucial supplier of muriate of potash (MOP) to India, a widely used fertilizer. Canada’s share in India’s MOP imports has been substantial.
- Masur (Red Lentil): Canada is also India’s largest supplier of masur or red lentil, a significant pulse crop.
- Impact on Masur Imports: The ongoing India-Canada standoff has raised concerns, especially regarding masur imports. Masur has become a substitute for arhar/tur (pigeon-pea), with implications for prices and trade dynamics.
- Yellow/White Peas: India used to import yellow/white peas as a substitute for chana (chickpea), primarily from Canada, until 2017-18.
Current Challenges and Crop Size Concerns
- Geopolitical Worries: The diplomatic tensions have led to concerns about the availability and size of Canada’s masur crop. The 2023 crop is smaller than the previous year’s, impacting landed masur prices.
- Yellow/White Peas: Yellow/white peas, once a significant import, have faced fluctuations in trade volumes with Canada.
Others: Indian Students in Canada
- Since 2018, India has been the largest source country for international students in Canada.
- In 2022, their number rose 47 percent to nearly 320000, accounting for about 40 % of overseas students, according to the Canadian Bureau for International Education.
- It also helps universities and colleges provide subsidised education to domestic students.
Conclusion
- Trade Dynamics: India and Canada maintain a balanced trade relationship, with certain critical imports like MOP and masur playing pivotal roles in India’s agricultural sector.
- Impact of Diplomatic Tensions: The ongoing diplomatic tensions could potentially affect trade dynamics, especially in the case of masur imports, raising concerns about supply and prices.
- Trade Relationships Evolving: India-Canada trade relations continue to evolve, and the resolution of diplomatic tensions will influence the future direction of this trade partnership.
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