Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: El Niño, IOD, Climate change, Water stress
Mains level: Water and climate change crises in India and food, water, and ecological security
What’s the news?
- Disruptive weather events, including El Niño and changing precipitation patterns, are impacting India’s agriculture, resulting in reduced crop yields, water stress, and rising food prices.
Central idea
- India has experienced a series of disruptive weather and climate phenomena in recent times, highlighting the complexity of our precipitation system. This complexity poses significant challenges to the sustainability and resilience of development projects in the mountains and floodplains.
How do western disturbances influence India’s climate?
- Origin: Western disturbances are weather systems that originate in the Mediterranean region and travel eastward towards South Asia, including India.
- Winter and Spring Impact: During the winter and spring seasons, these disturbances bring much-needed moisture to the western Himalayan region and parts of northern India. This moisture contributes to rainfall and snowfall in these areas, which are essential for agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems.
- Unusual Behavior: The Western disturbance typically follows a seasonal pattern, but in some years, it can exhibit unusual behavior. For example, it may persist late into the summer months, affecting weather patterns beyond its usual timeframe.
- Impact on Southwest Monsoon: When a Western disturbance lingers into the summer, it can influence the southwest monsoon, which is crucial for India’s agriculture. The interaction between these weather systems can lead to unpredictable and sometimes extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall, landslides, and flooding.
- Concerns: The unusual behavior of the Western disturbance can raise concerns about the sustainability and resilience of development projects in regions affected by these weather events, such as the western Himalayan region and northern India.
El Niño’s Influence on Monsoons
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- El Niño is a climate phenomenon characterized by the warming of sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central tropical Pacific Oceans.
- This warming disrupts normal atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to significant climatic impacts worldwide.
- Impact on the Southwest Monsoon:
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- El Niño events can influence the Indian Southwest Monsoon, which is responsible for the majority of India’s annual rainfall.
- While not all El Niño events have adverse effects on the monsoon, their intensification can lead to drier conditions in some parts of India.
- El Niño tends to weaken the monsoon, reducing the amount and distribution of rainfall.
- Interaction with Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):
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- The relationship between El Niño and the monsoon has evolved over time.
- In some cases, when El Niño affects the monsoon, another climate phenomenon in the Indian Ocean, known as the positive-phase IOD, can balance the consequences.
- The IOD can influence monsoon variability and rainfall patterns, either mitigating or exacerbating the impact of El Niño.
- Predictive Value of Models:
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- Dynamic regression models have suggested that a significant portion of the inter-annual variability of the Southwest Monsoon can be attributed to the combined effects of El Niño and the IOD.
- This indicates the predictive value of these models in understanding and forecasting monsoon behavior during El Niño events.
- Food Security Implications:
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- El Niño’s influence on the monsoon has direct implications for food security in India.
- Reduced monsoon rainfall can delay the onset of rains, affect crop sowing, and result in hot temperatures that negatively impact crop growth and soil moisture.
- Crop yields, especially for water-intensive crops like rice and soybean, can be significantly affected during El Niño years, leading to food production challenges.
How are agriculture and water dependency intricately linked in India?
- Two Types of Water for Agriculture:
- Agriculture in India relies on two primary sources of water: green water and blue water.
- Green water refers to rain-fed soil moisture that is utilized by crops and eventually transpires into the atmosphere.
- Blue water includes the water found in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater, which is essential for irrigation as well as drinking and industrial use.
- Importance of Green Water:
- Despite significant investments in dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems, approximately half of the cultivated area in India depends on green water.
- Green water is crucial for rainfed agriculture, as it provides moisture for crops and contributes to the overall water availability for agriculture.
- Water Requirements for the Daily Diet:
- The daily diet of individuals in India, from cooking oil to diverse foods, is associated with a substantial water footprint.
- On average, an individual’s daily diet in India requires approximately 3,268 liters of water per day, subject to regional variability.
- A significant portion (about 75%) of this water footprint is attributed to green water, highlighting the importance of rainfed agriculture to food and nutritional security.
- Dependency on Green Water in Irrigated Areas:
- Even in areas with access to irrigation, many dominant crops still depend on green water to varying degrees.
- For example, during the kharif season, rice paddy under irrigation uses green water for about 35% of its water requirements.
- Staple crops like tur dal, soybean, groundnut, and maize also rely considerably on green water, particularly during specific growing seasons.
- Impact of Climate Phenomena on Green Water:
- Climate phenomena like El Niño can disrupt the availability of green water by delaying the start of rains and affecting sowing schedules.
- Higher temperatures during El Niño events may negatively influence plant growth and soil moisture, impacting crop yields.
- Food Production Challenges:
- During El Niño years, when green water availability may be compromised, crop production can be significantly affected.
- For instance, there was a 28% decline in soybean production in India during the 2015–2016 El Niño year compared to the average
Central India’s vulnerability
- Geographic Region:
- Central India comprises 36 districts across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra.
- This region is characterized by diverse landscapes, including highlands and urban centers.
- Climate Change Hotspot:
- Central India is identified as a climate change hotspot due to its critical role in water, food, and ecological security.
- The region includes headwaters for five of India’s 10 major river basins, making it crucial for water resources.
- Water Stress:
- Central India experiences significant and persistent water stress.
- Water stress is driven primarily by the demand for irrigation, particularly during the rabi season, which relies on blue water sources such as rivers and reservoirs.
- Extent of Water Stress:
- Approximately 70–78% of the landscape in Central India experiences water stress for four or more months each year.
- Among the 17 urban centers in the region, 11 face water stress for six to eight months, with Nagpur enduring water stress for the longest duration.
- Changing precipitation patterns, including declining monsoon precipitation since the 1950s, have exacerbated water stress in Central India.
Adaptation Strategies
- Diversifying Agro-Food Systems:
- To adapt to changing precipitation patterns and water availability, there’s an emphasis on diversifying agro-food systems.
- This includes shifting away from water-intensive crops to alternative, less water-dependent crops like millets.
- Reducing Dependence on Water-Intensive Crops:
- A key adaptation strategy is reducing dependence on water-intensive crops, particularly during periods of water stress.
- Crop diversification may involve promoting the cultivation of millets and alternative varieties of dominant cereals.
- Shorter growing cycles:
- Advisories to farmers may include shifting to crops with shorter growing cycles.
- Shorter growing cycles can help adapt to changing precipitation patterns and mitigate the risks associated with extended dry periods.
- Improved Forecasting and Early Warning Systems:
- Adaptation efforts are aided by advancements in short-term weather forecasting and early warning systems.
- Timely weather forecasts and warnings for intense rain and dry spells can help farmers make informed decisions.
- Enhancing Reservoir and Dam Management:
- Given the risks associated with extreme rain events, adaptive strategies include improved management of dams and reservoirs.
- Effective reservoir and dam management can reduce the risk of dam-based flood disasters.
- Balancing Water Demands:
- Sustainable water-sharing practices between humans and nature are crucial for adaptation.
- Balancing the needs of agriculture, industry, and ecosystems while maintaining ecological flows in rivers is a priority.
- Government Initiatives:
- Both the central and state governments are involved in implementing adaptation strategies.
- Government efforts may include policy support, incentives for farmers, and investments in infrastructure.
Conclusion
- The water and climate change crises in India, intertwined with food, water, and ecological security, require a multifaceted response. Diversifying agro-food systems, reducing dependence on blue water, rejuvenating rivers, and sustainable water sharing between humans and nature are essential for the well-being of India’s 1.4 billion people.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: floodplains
Mains level: floodplains management, challenges and strategies
What’s the news?
- Indian cities are projected to contribute significantly to the country’s GDP by 2030. Flooding in these urban centers has a substantial economic impact, underscoring the importance of effective flood management.
Central idea
- The world is grappling with a dual challenge of water scarcity and excess as climate change intensifies. The frequency and intensity of floods are on the rise, with devastating consequences. The urgency of addressing this issue cannot be overstated.
Recent catastrophic floods
- Last year, Pakistan witnessed catastrophic floods that claimed lives and affected millions.
- India has faced its share of calamities, such as the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, the 2014 Kashmir Valley deluge, the 2015 Chennai floods, and the 2017 Gujarat floods.
- This year, Himachal Pradesh experienced rain-induced floods and landslides.
Why is India prone to flooding?
- Geographical Vulnerability: The article mentions that over 40 million hectares, which is nearly 12% of India’s total land area, are prone to floods, as indicated by the Geological Survey of India. This vulnerability is due to India’s diverse geography, including extensive river systems, coastal regions, and mountainous areas.
- Climate Change: Floods are increasing in frequency and intensity, and this trend is expected to continue due to climate change. Extreme precipitation events are becoming more common, contributing to flooding.
- Urbanization Challenges: Rapid and haphazard urbanization is one of the factors that makes Indian cities vulnerable to floods. The expansion of cities, often without proper consideration of natural topography, increases the risk of flooding in urban areas.
- Inadequate Legal Framework: India primarily relies on the Disaster Management Act of 2005 for flood management, but this law is not specifically focused on flood risk management and assumes that disasters cannot be predicted, which may not be entirely accurate for floods.
- Large-Scale Encroachments: India faces challenges due to extensive encroachments on floodplains, including illegal construction and mining activities. These encroachments reduce the natural capacity of rivers and floodplains to handle excess water during heavy rainfall.
- Chennai Floods Example: The 2015 Chennai floods were attributed to these encroachments, and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India labeled it a man-made disaster.
- Weak Enforcement of Environmental Laws: The environmental protection laws in India are often not effectively implemented. Central policies related to floodplain protection lack binding power over states, allowing encroachments to persist.
Flood Plains and their Significance
- Flood plains adjacent to rivers serve as natural defences against inland flooding. Maintained without concrete encroachments, they absorb excess water, safeguarding other regions.
- Properly managed flood plains also aid in recharging groundwater levels and maintaining the water table.
Key issues related to occupying floodplains and the challenges it poses in India
- Reduced River Capacity: Illegal construction in floodplains diminishes the natural capacity of rivers to contain high water levels within their banks. This becomes especially problematic during periods of heavy rainfall when water from upper catchment areas flows downstream.
- Neglect of Eco-Sensitive Areas: In Uttarakhand, there has been a disregard for eco-sensitive floodplains with the construction of guest houses and hotels along riverfronts to promote tourism and economic growth. This neglect has contributed to increased flood risks.
- Regulatory Efforts: Following the massive floods in 2013, the National Green Tribunal issued a directive in 2015, essentially barring construction within 200 meters of the Ganga’s banks. However, attempts to bypass this directive have been made, raising questions about the proper implementation of environmental impact assessments.
- Ineffective Legislation: The Uttaranchal River Valley (Development and Management) Act of 2005 was established to regulate mining and construction in river valleys. However, reports suggest rampant mining and construction activities with little consideration for environmental protection.
- Weak Implementation of Environmental Laws: Despite having environmental protection laws in place, India faces issues with their implementation. Central policy measures to protect floodplains are often non-binding on states, and there is a lack of effective enforcement.
Strategies to preserve ecosystems
- Examples from around the world include Germany’s Federal Water Act, which underwent a significant change in 1996 following a massive flood.
- The law now prioritizes the protection of the original retention capacity of water bodies during reconstruction.
- This change reflects the value of preserving floodplains and enhancing water retention as effective measures against flooding.
- Climate change adaptation is described as a cross-sectoral issue that involves various areas of legislation, including land use, water body preservation, coastal regulations, and environmental impact assessment.
- A comprehensive and integrated approach is necessary to address the complexities of climate change adaptation effectively.
- Coherent Legal Framework:
- To tackle climate change and its associated risks, it is crucial to integrate multiple laws into a coherent framework.
- Passing climate-related legislation alone may not be sufficient if other laws related to land use and environmental protection are not aligned with climate goals.
- Strong political will is identified as a critical factor in achieving effective climate change adaptation strategies.
- Populist leaders may be hesitant to implement green policies, so there is a need for a shift in political priorities to prioritize environmental protection and climate resilience.
Conclusion
- India’s approach to flood management must evolve to embrace integrated flood risk management, learning from global examples. By prioritizing ecosystem preservation and adopting a holistic approach to climate change adaptation, India can better safeguard lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure from the growing threat of floods.
Also read:
Why Zoning of Flood Plains is important?
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biofuels, Global Biofuels Alliance
Mains level: Biofuels, challenges in India, Sustainable Biofuels, and Global Biofuels Alliance
What’s the news?
- In recent years, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has dominated discussions on decarbonizing the transportation sector.
Central idea
- It is increasingly clear that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions in the race to reduce carbon emissions. While EV adoption has grown substantially, it is essential to recognize that effective decarbonization strategies require a balanced approach.
What are biofuels?
- Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from organic materials, such as plants, crops, and agricultural waste.
- They are considered an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, because they are produced from renewable biomass sources.
Types of biofuels
- Ethanol: It is a biofuel produced by fermenting and distilling sugars or starches found in crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It is commonly used as a blending component in gasoline and can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, known as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline).
- Biodiesel: It is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils. It is typically used as a substitute for diesel fuel and can be blended with petroleum diesel or used in its pure form. Biodiesel has lower emissions of pollutants compared to petroleum diesel and can be used in conventional diesel engines without any modifications.
- Biogas: It is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, and animal manure. It primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for heating, electricity generation, or as a vehicle fuel after purification.
What are sustainable biofuels?
- Sustainable biofuels are those produced from crop residues and other waste materials. These biofuels have a lower environmental impact, including reduced water and greenhouse gas footprints, compared to traditional 1G ethanol derived from food crops.
Challenges related to biofuels in India
- 1G Ethanol Dominance: In India, biofuel production has largely revolved around first-generation (1G) ethanol, primarily sourced from food crops such as sugar cane and foodgrains. This dominance of 1G ethanol poses several challenges, including competition with food production, groundwater depletion due to sugar cane cultivation, and limited potential for scalability.
- Groundwater Depletion: The cultivation of sugar cane, a primary source of 1G ethanol, has been associated with significant groundwater depletion. This poses a serious environmental concern and has long-term sustainability implications, especially in regions with water scarcity.
- Food Security Concerns: Utilizing food crops for ethanol production, particularly in a country like India, raises concerns about food security. Diverting surplus food production toward energy production can lead to potential shortages and affect food prices.
- Yield Stagnation and Global Warming: India’s crop yields have shown signs of stagnation, and the effects of global warming are expected to further reduce crop yields. This means that relying on surplus crop production to meet biofuel blending targets is an unsustainable strategy.
- Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Agriculture is one of the hardest sectors to abate in terms of direct GHG emissions. Increasing GHG emissions from the agricultural sector to produce biofuels for the transport sector can create a counterproductive loop, as it may lead to an overall increase in emissions.
- Supply Chain Challenges for 2G Ethanol: Second-generation (2G) ethanol, which is made from crop wastes and residues, faces challenges related to feedstock supply chains and scaling up production. This can hinder the expansion of 2G ethanol as a sustainable alternative.
- Economies of Scale vs. Biomass Collection: Balancing economies of scale with the energy needs and costs associated with collecting and transporting biomass over large distances is a major challenge. This is crucial for efficient biofuel production, especially in the case of decentralized 2G ethanol production units.
Promoting Sustainable Biofuels in India
- Global Biofuels Alliance: The formation of the Global Biofuels Alliance at the G-20 Summit in New Delhi is seen as a significant step in promoting sustainable biofuels. This alliance is expected to strengthen the development of sustainable biofuels and promote ethanol uptake. It reflects India’s commitment to global cooperation in addressing climate change.
- Diversification of Feedstock: Sustainable biofuels often rely on diversifying feedstock sources beyond food crops. 2G ethanol, which is made from crop wastes and residues, is considered a more sustainable option compared to 1G ethanol. India should focus on developing 2G ethanol production capabilities.
- Prioritizing Sectors: The Energy Transitions Commission’s recommendation to prioritize biomass use in sectors with limited low-carbon alternatives is highlighted. Long-haul aviation and road freight segments, where electrification may take longer to achieve, are mentioned as sectors that could benefit from sustainable biofuels.
- 2030 Sustainability Targets: To achieve global net-zero emissions by 2050, sustainable biofuel production needs to triple by 2030. This underscores the urgency of developing and scaling up sustainable biofuel technologies and production methods.
- Decentralized Production: For sustainable 2G ethanol production, a decentralized approach might be more effective. This means that crop residues do not have to be transported over long distances to central manufacturing plants.
- Innovation and Technology Development: The Global Biofuels Alliance is expected to drive innovation and technology development by establishing an efficient biomass supply chain and smaller-scale decentralised biofuel production units. This is seen as a way to address the challenges associated with sustainable biofuel production.
Importance of distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable biofuels
- Resource Management: Using unsustainable biofuels, particularly those sourced from food crops like sugar cane and grains, can lead to resource depletion. This includes issues such as groundwater depletion and competition for arable land. Differentiating between the two categories helps with responsible resource management.
- Food Security: Sustainable biofuels do not rely on food crops for production, reducing the risk of food security issues. When food crops are diverted for energy production, it can lead to food shortages and increased prices, which can be detrimental to vulnerable populations.
- Climate Commitments: Distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable biofuels aligns with global climate commitments. Many international agreements and initiatives emphasize the importance of sustainable bioenergy as a means to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change effectively.
- Efficiency and Cost: Sustainable biofuels often require fewer resources and have lower production costs compared to unsustainable options. This can lead to increased efficiency and long-term cost savings in biofuel production.
- Public Awareness: Making a clear distinction helps inform the public and policymakers. It enables them to make informed choices, support environmentally responsible practices, and direct efforts towards sustainable biofuel solutions.
- Innovation and Development: By identifying sustainable biofuels, it encourages innovation and technology development in the production of eco-friendly fuels. This, in turn, promotes the growth of a sustainable biofuel industry.
- Complexity of Sustainability: Achieving true sustainability in biofuels is complex. Therefore, distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable options is a crucial step to ensuring that biofuel strategies align with broader environmental and societal goals.
Conclusion
- While electric vehicles have their place in the decarbonization journey, biofuels offer a viable and immediate option to reduce carbon emissions in sectors where electrification is more challenging. India’s commitment to sustainable biofuels through the Global Biofuels Alliance demonstrates a forward-looking approach to addressing the intricate challenges of decarbonization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Fraternity and other key concepts
What’s the news?
- In his thought-provoking book Political Fraternity: Democracy Beyond Freedom and Democracy, philosopher Angel Puyol emphasizes the significance of fraternity in the realm of politics.
Central idea
- Despite its historical roots dating back to Plato and its coexistence with liberty and equality in liberal political philosophy, fraternity often remains a neglected concept. However, India’s struggle for independence and the subsequent establishment of constitutional democracy underscored the importance of fraternity in a society marked by hierarchical social inequalities.
Origins of the Concept
- Plato: The concept of fraternity can be traced back to ancient Greece. In Plato’s Lysis, the philosopher introduces the term philia (love) in the context of a strong desire to pursue wisdom. It is suggested that love and friendship among individuals became more meaningful when they shared knowledge. This emphasis on the act of sharing provides an early glimpse into the discourse of fraternity in ancient Greece.
- Aristotle: The emergence of the polis in Aristotle’s philosophy is noted, where the polis (city-state) was seen as the logical location for individuals who were primarily political beings. Within the polis, justice and friendship among citizens became enduring features, laying the foundation for the idea of political fraternity.
- Medieval Christian Society: During the Middle Ages, the article suggests that fraternity found fertile ground within the context of Christian society in Europe. Fraternal bonds often developed within religious institutions and orders, reflecting the communal and moral values of the time.
- The French Revolution:
- The concept of fraternity found its entry into politics with the French Revolution of 1789.
- It was during this revolutionary period that the triptych of liberté, égalité, and fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity) became a foundational slogan.
- Fraternity took on a revolutionary dimension, emphasizing the solidarity of citizens in their pursuit of common goals.
How is fraternity in India different from the idea enshrined in the Constitution?
- Caste-Based Divisions: The Constitution envisions fraternity as a means to bridge social divides and create unity among India’s diverse population. However, the deeply rooted caste system in India continues to influence social interactions, politics, and access to opportunities, making it challenging to achieve a fraternity that transcends these divisions.
- Community vs. Individual: The Indian Constitution prioritizes individual rights and liberties, which can sometimes conflict with the communitarian approach underlying fraternity.
- Social Inequalities: The constitutional concept of fraternity presupposes social and economic equality among citizens. However, India continues to grapple with significant economic disparities and enduring discrimination based on caste, gender, and other factors, hindering the development of genuine fraternity.
- Communal Tensions: Religious and communal tensions in India have, at times, hindered the pursuit of fraternity. The constitutional vision of fraternity should extend across religious and communal boundaries to foster inclusivity. However, divisive politics occasionally exploits religious differences, undermining the spirit of fraternity.
The limits of fraternity in India
- Caste-Based Divisions: The deeply ingrained caste system in India continues to influence social interactions and opportunities, posing a significant challenge to achieving fraternity that transcends these divisions.
- Shared History and Ideological Differences: In India, historical and ideological differences rooted in social inequalities can hinder the development of fraternity. Ideological motivations can also hamper political fraternity between individuals, particularly when rooted in social inequalities among different communities.
- Secular Conception of Fraternity: Given the communal nature of India’s traditional civic life and the predominance of communal ties, the article suggests that a secular conception of fraternity is necessary. To overcome the challenges posed by ideological and communal differences, fraternity in India needs to be rooted in politics, where caste privileges can be challenged.
- Affirmative Actions and Equality: The introduction of affirmative action, including the reservation system, aimed to address inequality and promote fraternity. However, these policies have sometimes resulted in fraternity primarily within specific caste communities rather than fostering unity across caste lines.
- Religious and Communal Tensions: Religious and communal tensions have, at times, overshadowed the pursuit of fraternity in India. Fraternity should ideally extend across religious and communal boundaries, but divisive politics can exploit religious differences and hinder the spirit of fraternity.
The role of equality as a prerequisite
- Both Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and philosopher John Rawls stressed the importance of equality as a prerequisite for fraternity.
- While affirmative actions, such as the reservation system, were introduced to address historical inequalities, they have often resulted in fraternity primarily within specific caste or community groups rather than fostering unity across these boundaries.
Conclusion
- In India, the coexistence of caste and political fraternity is a challenging endeavor due to the country’s unique social landscape. Achieving political fraternity that transcends caste boundaries requires addressing these complex issues. The future of Indian politics will determine whether fraternity or caste prevails, and this choice will shape the country’s destiny.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20 and global missions
Mains level: Benefits of the AU's inclusion in the G20
What’s the news?
- India’s 18th G20 Summit, held under the dynamic leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, made history by admitting the African Union (AU) into the G20.
Central idea
- The addition of the African Union as the 21st member brings substantial weight to the G20. It significantly enhances the G20’s global economic and financial governance. With Africa’s representation, the G20 becomes a more inclusive and influential body, covering a vast portion of the world’s population, GDP, and trade.
Africa’s Stake and Strength
- Stake in G20 Inclusion:
- Representation: Africa’s inclusion in the G20 through the African Union (AU) provides the continent with a significant voice and presence in global economic and financial governance.
- Global Economic Impact: Africa’s inclusion in the G20 is notable because it represents the continent’s growing economic influence. Africa possesses substantial resources, including agricultural land, minerals, metals (including rare earth minerals), and a young workforce.
- Developmental Challenges: Africa faces numerous developmental challenges, including widespread poverty, conflict, political instability, climate stress, environmental degradation, and socioeconomic devastation from various crises. These challenges underscore the importance of Africa’s participation in the G20 for addressing global public goods (GPGs) and development issues.
- Strengths Leveraged in the G20:
- Resource Abundance: Africa’s wealth of natural resources positions it as a significant contributor to G20 discussions on resource utilization, sustainable development, and global economic growth.
- Economic Integration: Africa’s ongoing economic and political integration, including initiatives like the African Free Trade Area and “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want,” demonstrate its commitment to becoming an economic powerhouse.
- Demographic Advantage: Africa’s large and youthful population presents opportunities for future global economic growth and trade partnerships.
- Alignment with Global Goals: Africa’s role in achieving global goals, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), underscores its importance within the G20 for coordinated efforts to meet these goals.
Benefits of the AU’s inclusion in the G20
- Enhanced Representation and Credibility: The AU’s inclusion makes the G20 more representative and enhances its credibility as a global decision-making body.
- Effective Policy Implementation: AU’s participation is expected to improve the implementation of G20 policies, programs, measures, principles, and initiatives.
- African Voice and Influence: The AU’s presence provides Africa with a voice, participation, and leadership role at the global high table, enabling African countries to influence the global agenda and priorities.
- Cooperation and Leveraging Resources: The AU’s inclusion fosters cooperation within the G20 and allows for the mutual leveraging of Africa’s abundant resources for the benefit of all member nations.
Strategic Benefits for India
- Deepened Partnerships: India can strengthen its strategic, political, economic, technological, trade, and people-to-people partnerships with African nations. AU’s inclusion provides India with a unique opportunity to foster deeper relationships across various sectors.
- Regional and Sub-Regional Engagement: India can engage with African countries on both regional and sub-regional levels. This enables India to extend its influence and cooperation beyond individual nations and into larger African regions.
- Collaboration with Like-Minded Partners: India can collaborate with like-minded partners from the North, such as Japan and the United States, to further its interests in Africa. These partnerships can lead to joint initiatives and investments in the continent.
- Diplomatic Trust: Prime Minister Modi’s successful efforts to secure the AU’s inclusion in the G20 have earned the trust and gratitude of African nations. This trust can translate into diplomatic goodwill and cooperation on various global issues.
- A Counterbalance: The AU’s presence in the G20 can serve as a counterbalance to China’s efforts to influence African countries, especially in matters related to UN Security Council reform. India’s alignment with African interests can bolster its position.
- Economic Opportunities: Africa’s economic growth and integration present opportunities for Indian businesses to invest and trade in the region. India can leverage its participation in the G20 to facilitate economic engagement with African partners.
- Global Influence: By actively engaging with African nations within the G20, India can enhance its global influence and stature as a country that promotes inclusive development and cooperation.
G20’s global mission
- Conclusion Global Economic and Financial System: The G20 plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economic, financial, and monetary system. It strives to establish a framework that is fair and adheres to established rules and principles.
- Providing Global Public Goods (GPGs): The G20 is committed to providing global public goods, which can encompass shared resources, technologies, and knowledge that benefit all nations. These may include international tax packages and initiatives in areas like digital health.
- Addressing Global Public Bads (GPBs): Beyond providing public goods, the G20 addresses global public bads—issues and threats that transcend national borders. This involves taking concerted actions against challenges such as money laundering, counterterrorism financing, and other transnational risks.
- Supporting Developing Countries:
- A significant aspect of the G20’s mission is to create a level playing field for developing countries. It involves taking affirmative measures to assist those nations facing the most significant challenges.
- Key areas of focus include reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), providing stimulus for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), financing initiatives related to green development and climate transition, issuing Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) during crises, and addressing food security and supply chain disruptions.
Conclusion
- Admitting the African Union into the G20 during India’s presidency is a historic achievement that enhances the G20’s credibility and inclusivity. AU’s inclusion adds a valuable perspective to the G20’s discussions and decisions, making it a more powerful and representative body on the world stage.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20
Mains level: India in the G20: Analysis
What’s the news?
- The 18th G20 Summit, hosted by India in New Delhi from September 9 to 10, revolved around the theme One Earth, One Family, One Future. This global forum convened to deliberate on crucial issues encompassing food security, climate change, energy, development, healthcare, and digitalization.
Central idea
- The G20 Summit marked a successful conclusion as India transferred the G20 Presidency to Brazil. India’s performance across various socioeconomic metrics within the G20 context reveals a mixed picture of progress and challenges.
GDP per capita comparison (1970–2022)
- 1970: India’s GDP per capita was $111.97, ranking 18th out of 19 regions analyzed. India had one of the lowest GDP per capita figures among the group.
- 2022: By 2022, India’s GDP per capita had risen significantly to $2,388.62. However, despite this growth, India had moved to the last position among the 19 regions, indicating that other regions had experienced more substantial economic growth during this period.
Human Development Index (HDI) comparison (1990–2021)
- 1990: In 1990, India’s HDI stood at 0.43, indicating a relatively low level of human development. At that time, India ranked towards the lower end of the list among the 19 countries and regions analyzed.
- 2021: By 2021, India’s HDI had improved to 0.63, signifying significant progress in terms of human development over the decades. However, despite this improvement, India still ranked at the bottom of the list among the 19 regions, highlighting the need for further advancements in various aspects of human development, including life expectancy, education, and living standards.
Health Metrics Comparison
- Life Expectancy (1990-2021):
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- In 1990, India had an average life expectancy of 45.22 years.
- China, at the same time, had a lower average life expectancy of 33.27 years.
- By 2021, India’s life expectancy had increased to 67.24 years.
- Despite this improvement, India’s ranking remained the same, and China surpassed India in terms of life expectancy.
- Infant Mortality Rate (1990-2021):
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- In 1990, India had an infant mortality rate of 88.8 per 1,000 live births, ranking it at the bottom of the 20 regions analyzed.
- By 2021, India’s infant mortality rate had improved to 25.5 per 1,000 live births.
- India’s ranking improved to 19th place, just ahead of South Africa (26.4), but it still lags behind many other regions in terms of infant mortality.
Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Comparison (1990-2021-22)
- 1990:
- In 1990, India’s LFPR for individuals above 15 years of age was 54.2%.
- This LFPR ranking placed India at the 18th position among the 20 regions analyzed.
- India was ahead of Italy (49.7%) and Saudi Arabia (53.3%) in LFPR.
- 2021-22:
- By 2021-22, India’s LFPR had decreased to 49.5%.
- This decline resulted in a slip in India’s ranking to 19th place.
- India was now only ahead of Italy (49.4%) among the 20 regions in terms of LFPR.
Women’s Representation in Parliament (1998-2022)
- 1998:
- In 1998, women constituted 8.1% of the Indian Parliament.
- At that time, India ranked 15th out of the 19 regions analyzed in terms of women’s representation in Parliament.
- While there were women in leadership positions, India’s representation was relatively low compared to some other regions.
- 2022:
- By 2022, women’s representation in the Indian Parliament had nearly doubled to 14.9%.
- However, despite this increase, India’s ranking had slipped to the 18th position among the 19 regions.
- India was just ahead of Japan (9.9%) in terms of women’s representation in Parliament.
Environmental Progress
- Carbon Emissions (1990 and 2020):
- In 1990, India was the lowest emitter of CO2 among the 20 regions analyzed.
- This demonstrated India’s relatively low carbon emissions at that time.
- In 2020, India maintained its status as the lowest emitter of CO2 among the same regions, indicating a consistent trend of relatively low carbon emissions.
- Renewable Energy Adoption (1990 and 2015):
- In 1990, most G20 nations, excluding the U.S. and Mexico, generated less than 2% of their electricity from renewables.
- By 2015, India had made some progress, with 5.36% of its electricity coming from renewable sources.
- However, India’s ranking in this regard was 13th out of the 20 regions analyzed, suggesting relatively slow progress in adopting eco-friendly energy sources compared to some other G20 nations.
Conclusion
- As India hands over the G20 Presidency to Brazil, there is an opportunity for the nation to build on its successes and address areas that require further attention to achieve a more balanced and equitable socioeconomic landscape
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Generative AI
Mains level: AI's potential and challenges and steps towards Responsible AI
What’s the news?
- In the digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a guiding light, illuminating the path to progress and offering vast untapped potential. However, the central concern revolves around maintaining control as AI’s capabilities continue to expand.
Central idea
- The recent G20 Delhi Declaration and the G7’s commitment to draft an international AI code of conduct underscore the pressing need to prioritize responsible artificial intelligence (AI) practices. With over 700 policy instruments under discussion for regulating AI, there is a consensus on principles, but implementation remains a challenge.
The Beacon of AI: Progress and Potential
Progress in AI:
- Investment Surge: Private investments in AI have skyrocketed, as indicated by Stanford’s Artificial Index Report of 2023. Over the past decade, investments have grown an astonishing 18-fold since 2013, underscoring the growing confidence in AI’s capabilities.
- Widespread Adoption: AI’s influence is not limited to tech giants; its adoption has doubled since 2017 across industries. It’s becoming an integral part of healthcare, finance, manufacturing, transportation, and more, promising efficiency gains and innovative solutions.
- Economic Potential: McKinsey’s projections hint at the staggering economic potential of AI, estimating its annual value to range from $17.1 trillion to $25.6 trillion. These figures underscore the transformative power of AI in generating economic growth and prosperity.
The Potential of AI:
- Diverse Applications: AI’s potential knows no bounds. Its ability to process vast amounts of data, make predictions, and automate complex tasks opens doors to countless applications. From enhancing healthcare diagnosis to optimizing supply chains, AI is a versatile tool.
- Accessible Technology: AI is becoming increasingly accessible. Open-source frameworks and cloud-based AI services enable businesses and individuals to harness its power without the need for extensive technical expertise.
- Solving Complex Problems: AI holds promise in tackling some of humanity’s most pressing challenges, from climate change to healthcare disparities. Its data-driven insights and predictive capabilities can drive evidence-based decision-making in these critical areas.
AI’s Challenges
- Biased Models: AI systems often exhibit bias in their decision-making processes. This bias can arise from the data used to train these systems, reflecting existing societal prejudices. Consequently, AI can perpetuate and even exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices.
- Privacy Issues: AI’s data-intensive nature raises significant concerns about privacy. The collection, analysis, and utilization of vast amounts of personal data can lead to breaches of individual privacy. As AI systems become more integrated into our lives, safeguarding personal information becomes increasingly challenging.
- Opaque Decision-Making: The inner workings of many AI systems are often complex and difficult to interpret. This opacity can make it challenging to understand how AI arrives at its decisions, particularly in high-stakes contexts like healthcare or finance. Lack of transparency can lead to mistrust and hinder accountability.
- Impact Across Sectors: AI’s challenges are not confined to a single sector. They permeate diverse industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. The ramifications of biased AI or privacy breaches are felt across society, making these challenges highly consequential.
The Menace of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
- Towering Danger: AGI is portrayed as a looming threat. This refers to the potential development of highly advanced AI systems with human-like general intelligence capable of performing tasks across various domains.
- Rogue AI Systems: Concerns revolve around AGI systems going rogue. These systems, if not controlled, could act independently and unpredictably, causing harm or acting against human interests.
- Hijacked by Malicious Actors: There’s a risk of malicious actors gaining control over AGI systems. This could enable them to use AGI for harmful purposes, such as cyberattacks, misinformation campaigns, or physical harm.
- Autonomous Evolution: AGI’s alarming aspect is its potential for self-improvement and adaptation without human oversight. This unchecked evolution could lead to unforeseen consequences and risks.
- Real Possibility: These dangers associated with AGI are not hypothetical but represent a real and immediate concern. As AI research advances and AGI development progresses, the risks of uncontrolled AGI become more tangible.
Pivotal Global Interventions
- EU AI Act: In 2023, the European Union (EU) took a significant step by introducing the draft EU AI Act. This legislative initiative aims to provide a framework for regulating AI within the EU. It sets out guidelines and requirements for AI systems, focusing on ensuring safety, fairness, and accountability in AI development and deployment.
- US Voluntary Safeguards Framework: The United States launched a voluntary safeguards framework in collaboration with seven leading AI firms. This initiative is designed to encourage responsible AI practices within the private sector. It involves AI companies voluntarily committing to specific guidelines and principles aimed at preventing harm and promoting ethical AI development.
Key Steps Toward Responsible AI
- Establishing Worldwide Consensus: It is imperative to foster international consensus regarding AI’s risks. Even a single vulnerability could enable malicious actors to exploit AI systems. An international commission dedicated to identifying AI-related risks should be established.
- Defining Standards for Public AI Services: Conceptualizing standards for public AI services is critical. Standards enhance safety, quality, efficiency, and interoperability across regions. These socio-technical standards should describe ideals and the technical mechanisms to achieve them, adapting as AI evolves.
- State Participation in AI Development: Currently dominated by a few companies, AI’s design, development, and deployment should involve substantial state participation. Innovative public-private partnership models and regulatory sandbox zones can balance competitive advantages with equitable solutions to societal challenges.
Conclusion
- AI’s journey is marked by immense potential and formidable challenges. To navigate this era successfully, we must exercise creativity, humility, and responsibility. While AI’s potential is undeniable, its future must be guided by caution, foresight, and, above all, control to ensure that it remains a force for good in our rapidly evolving world.
Also read:
Generative AI systems
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Simultaneous elections
Mains level: One nation one election analysis, impact on the federal structure
What’s the news?
- The next Lok Sabha election is scheduled to be held before June 16, 2024. Should the concept of simultaneous elections be realized and implemented, it would necessitate the shortening of the terms of legislative assemblies across many states. This alignment could potentially require term extensions or curtailments in 2029.
Central idea
- The recent move by the Union government to establish a committee to explore the feasibility of conducting simultaneous elections to various tiers of governance in India has sparked a significant debate. While the idea of simultaneous elections promises cost savings, it also raises crucial questions about its impact on the federal structure of Indian democracy and the unique roles of different governance tiers.
The Specificity of Governance Tiers
- India’s governance structure involves multiple tiers, each with distinct roles and responsibilities.
- Representatives in Indian Governance Tiers:
- Lok Sabha Representatives: 543
- Assembly Legislators: Over 4,100
- Urban Local Ward Representatives: 89,194
- Elected Panchayat Representatives: Nearly 31.89 lakh (across village panchayats, panchayat unions, and district panchayats)
The cost-saving argument for simultaneous elections
- Cost Parity: The 2018 Law Commission report claims that the expenses for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections in any state are approximately equal, forming the basis for the cost-saving argument.
- Reduced Duplication: Simultaneous elections aim to reduce duplication of administrative efforts, such as voter registration, setting up polling booths, and deploying security personnel, which can lead to cost savings by optimizing resource utilization.
- Efficient Resource Allocation: Holding elections together allows for more efficient allocation of resources like electoral staff, transportation, and security, as they can be shared across different levels of elections.
- Streamlined Campaigns: Political parties and candidates can potentially save on campaign costs when elections are synchronized, as they need to conduct campaigns once for multiple levels of government rather than separately.
- Economies of Scale: The argument posits that simultaneous elections could leverage economies of scale, leading to cost savings across various aspects of the electoral process.
Implications for Federalism
- Subsuming Governance Tiers: Simultaneous elections could lead to various governance tiers’ issues being bundled into a single electoral mandate. This might require voters to prioritize a wide range of concerns within a single election, potentially blurring the roles and responsibilities of each governance tier.
- Federalism Undermined: Such subsumption has the potential to undermine the principles of federalism in India, which involve a clear division of powers between central and state governments, each addressing specific issues.
- Distinct Roles of Tiers: Federalism recognizes that local issues are best addressed locally, while national issues are the central government’s domain. Simultaneous elections may blur these distinctions, forcing voters to prioritize certain issues due to the single-mandate nature of the elections.
- Local Autonomy: Local self-governance through municipalities and panchayats could face challenges as simultaneous elections combine local and national issues. This may dilute the focus on local governance.
- Unique Needs Ignored: India’s governance structure is designed to address the unique needs of citizens at different levels. For instance, local concerns like garbage management are meant to be handled locally. Simultaneous elections might not allow voters to adequately prioritize such local concerns.
Way forward
- In-Depth Federalism Assessment: Prioritize a comprehensive assessment of the federal aspects of Indian democracy before proceeding with simultaneous elections. This assessment should analyze the potential impact on federalism, the distinct roles of governance tiers, and the preservation of local autonomy.
- Transparent Public Discourse: Encourage transparent public discourse and awareness campaigns to ensure that citizens are well-informed about the implications of simultaneous elections. Engage with citizens, experts, and political parties to gather diverse perspectives and concerns.
- Consultation with State Governments: Conduct extensive consultations with state governments and political parties to understand how simultaneous elections may affect state autonomy and governance. Address the concerns and feedback of state-level stakeholders.
- Pilot Projects: Consider implementing simultaneous elections on a trial basis in select regions or states to assess the practical challenges and benefits. Pilot projects can provide valuable insights into the feasibility and impact of such a significant electoral reform.
- Legal and Constitutional Framework: Develop a robust legal and constitutional framework that explicitly accommodates the principles of federalism and the unique roles of different governance tiers. Ensure that the framework safeguards the autonomy of local bodies and addresses the specific needs of each governance level.
Conclusion
- While the idea of simultaneous elections in India offers the promise of cost savings, it should be approached with careful consideration of its impact on federalism and the specificity of governance tiers. The committee, led by former President Ramnath Kovind, must conduct a thorough analysis of these federal aspects to ensure that the essence of Indian democracy, with its multifaceted governance structure, is preserved and enhanced.
Also Read:
Govt forms committee on simultaneous elections: What is the idea, and the arguments around it?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Food-price inflation in India, food security, impacts and solutions
What’s the news?
- India, touted as the world’s fastest-growing large economy, is grappling with a formidable challenge: soaring food-price inflation.
Central Idea
- The rise in the price of food first accelerated sharply in 2019 and has climbed in most years thereafter. In July this year, annual inflation exceeded 11%, the highest in a decade. An implication of continuing high food-price inflation is that a section of the population could face hardship in consuming food of adequate nutritional value.
The grim reality
- The FAO’s State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report reveals a staggering figure: an estimated 74% of India’s population cannot afford a healthy diet as of 2021, encompassing roughly one billion individuals.
- Given a population of 1,400 million, this makes for approximately one billion Indians.
Factors contributing to the failure to control food-price inflation in India
- Supply-side Challenges: Weather disruptions, infrastructure gaps, and supply chain inefficiencies hinder food production and distribution.
- Rising Input Costs: Increased expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, and labor raise production costs, leading to higher food prices.
- Government Policies: Distortionary policies like minimum support prices (MSPs) and export restrictions affect market dynamics and prices.
- Ineffectiveness of Macroeconomic Policy: Traditional macroeconomic policies, which have been relied upon to control inflation, have proven ineffective in addressing food-price inflation.
- Failure of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI): The RBI, responsible for monetary policy in India, has consistently failed to control inflation, with rates exceeding the target for four years.
- Inadequacy of Inflation Targeting: The RBI’s approach of “inflation targeting,” involving output contraction during inflation spikes, is considered misleading and unsuitable for managing food inflation driven by supply-side issues.
- Limitation of Central Banks: Central banks, including the RBI, are perceived as incapable of effectively addressing the problem of food-price inflation, particularly within a reasonable time frame.
A study report: Trend in the price of food in Mumbai over 2018–2023
- Rising Food Prices: The primary factor behind food price inflation is the significant increase in the cost of food items. Specifically, the cost of preparing a traditional thaali meal at home in Mumbai has risen by 65% from 2018 to 2023.
- Wage Growth Lag: Although there has been wage growth for both manual and salaried workers, with manual workers’ wages increasing by 38% and salaried workers’ wages increasing by 28% during the same period, these wage increases have not kept pace with the rapid rise in food prices.
- Purchasing Power Erosion: The households in Mumbai have experienced a substantial reduction in purchasing power. As food prices have risen considerably, households are forced to allocate a larger portion of their income to food expenses, which leaves less for other essential needs and discretionary spending.
- Nutritional Consequences: Food price inflation has led to adverse nutritional consequences, particularly an increase in the prevalence of anemia, especially among adult women in Mumbai. This rise in anemia cases is primarily attributed to nutrient deficiencies caused by reduced access to nutritious food due to escalating prices.
- Validity of the FAO’s Estimate: The FAO’s estimates that over half of India’s population may struggle to afford a healthy diet. Even in the event of a potential 100% overestimation by the FAO, it would still leave a staggering 500 million people in this category, surpassing the populations of most countries globally except China.
The significance of the Green Revolution
- At the time of the Green Revolution, India was grappling with severe food shortages due to consecutive droughts.
- The government’s supply-side response, which included providing farmers with high-yielding seeds, affordable credit, and guaranteed prices through procurement, was highly successful.
- Within a few years, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production and was no longer dependent on food imports.
- Economic and geopolitical significance:
- While some mistakes were made during the Green Revolution, such as the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and a focus on cereals over pulses, the program’s success had significant economic and geopolitical implications.
- It allowed India to assert self-reliance in a polarized Cold War era, a vital geopolitical consideration.
- Poverty Alleviation: The Green Revolution played a pivotal role in reducing poverty in India by increasing agricultural productivity and farm incomes. The increased food production also benefited the poor, as it made food more accessible and affordable.
- Lessons for the Future: While acknowledging past mistakes, the article suggests that the Green Revolution’s lessons can be applied to address the current challenges of food price inflation. Specifically, the focus should be on correcting past errors and launching a second agricultural revolution to lower the cost of food production while ensuring sustainability.
Proposed initiatives to combat food price inflation and ensure access to nutritious food for all
- Increase Public Investment in Irrigation: Address inefficiencies in public expenditure on irrigation to expand irrigated land.
- Facilitate Land Leasing: Lift restrictions on land leasing to encourage productivity-enhancing capital investments.
- Revitalize Agricultural Research: Reinvigorate India’s network of agricultural research institutes to harness innovation.
- Reinstate Extension Services: Restore and strengthen agricultural extension services to disseminate best practices.
- Focus on Protein Production: Develop a program to substantially increase protein production to address India’s protein deficiency.
Conclusion
- Taming India’s food-price inflation crisis demands immediate and concerted efforts. Our past achievements, such as the Green Revolution, serve as a testament to our capabilities when we address food security head-on. Let us seize this moment to launch a second agricultural revolution, ensuring that every Indian has access to affordable, nutritious food and once again reducing poverty and malnutrition on a massive scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Climate crisis, Frequent and severe extreme weather events and Solutions
What’s the news?
- In 2023, the rise in disasters is not an anomaly; it’s a disturbing trend. Headlines have been dominated by a relentless wave of bad news: severe flooding in China, devastating wildfires in Europe and Hawaii, and July marking the hottest month ever recorded.
Central idea
- The world is standing at a precarious crossroads, where the challenges we face are multiplying faster than our ability to mitigate them. The aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with a complex web of crises encompassing war, debt, and food insecurity, have placed our collective resilience to the test. All of this unfolds against the ever-looming backdrop of the climate crisis, which drives increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events.
Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Communities
- Debt crisis: A majority of the 50 countries most vulnerable to climate change also grapple with severe debt issues. India, already one of the world’s most disaster-prone countries, is acutely experiencing this new reality.
- Extreme weather events: In 2022, disasters or extreme weather events battered the country nearly every day, with this year’s severe monsoon causing widespread loss of livelihoods and lives.
Solutions Within Reach
- SDG: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) continue to serve as our most comprehensive blueprint for achieving peace and prosperity.
- Paris Agreement: Additionally, commitments made in the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5°C offer a clear path forward.
- Sendai Framework: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction provides a global framework to reduce disaster risks, although progress in its implementation has been slow.
- Accelerating Resilience Building: One valuable lesson we have learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is the importance of systemic disaster risk reduction, resilience, and adaptation. The crisis has not only exposed our vulnerability to risks but has also catalyzed innovative approaches, such as digital technologies and modeling. India’s proactive efforts in disaster risk reduction, including state-level disaster management plans and early warning systems, have demonstrated tangible results in reducing mortality from extreme weather events.
- Financial Reforms for Disaster Preparedness: India’s 15th Finance Commission has introduced significant reforms for disaster risk financing, allocating substantial resources for preparedness, response, recovery, and capacity development. On the international stage, India is championing disaster resilience and sustainability through initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure and the deployment of its National Disaster Response Force.
The Transformations We Need
- Early detection system: Disaster risk reduction must be integrated at all levels of our societies. This includes how we build, invest, and live. One highly cost-effective method is the establishment of early warning systems for all, with India’s support for this endeavor being noteworthy. Such systems can significantly reduce the damage caused by impending disasters. However, it is crucial to recognize that over a third of the world’s population, primarily in the least developed countries and Small Island Developing States, lacks access to these life-saving systems.
- The Path to a Global Multi-Risk Warning System: Our ultimate goal should be a global multi-risk warning system that covers all types of hazards, be they biological, tectonic, or technological. Improving global data capabilities is essential for better prediction and response to the risks we face. India’s leadership in knowledge sharing, joint data infrastructure, and risk analysis through its G-20 presidency deserves commendation.
- Leaving No One Behind: We must strengthen international cooperation in disaster prevention, response, and recovery, particularly for countries in the Global South. No one should be left behind in our collective efforts to mitigate the impacts of disasters.
Conclusion
- The recent G-20 summit and the outcomes of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group offer a unique opportunity to shape a future where we are equipped to withstand disaster risk. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres wisely noted, Extreme weather events will happen. But they do not need to become deadly disasters. Together, through decisive action and unwavering commitment, we can forge a more resilient and sustainable world for generations to come.
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Central idea
- The G20 summit attracted attention as it started with a clear consensus to invite the African Union (AU) as its member. India’s initiative to include African Union in G20 was unanimously accepted. This was a unique reordering of the global high table.
India’s efforts for inclusion of the African Union
- India’s big bet: Of the AU’s 55 members, 54 are in the United Nations. Only one African country, South Africa, has been an original member of the G20. No presidency has ever risked amending the membership for fear of competing rivalries.
- Global platform for Africa: It has been India’s case that not only must the G20 reflect the priorities of the Global South but must also include those who are underrepresented, particularly from Africa.
- Inviting major African countries: The AU has double the number of countries as the EU. The AU has been invited to G20 meetings, and some presidencies have held African outreach events in a manner of telling them what is good for them. It is India that has actually taken the initiative of talking with them rather than at them.
Importance of AU
- Africa as the road to the global south: India aspires to bring the global south to the center of the G20 agenda. The elevation of the AU is courageous; no presidency has attempted to alter the composition for fear of claims from other regional organizations.
- Branding itself using Africa: The AU fits in with the rebranding of the G20 that India undertook. This is India’s harambee (Swahili word for co-operation) factor—the spirit of developmental cooperation in action.
- AU as a voiceless block: The AU is the largest of regional institutions and the one with a limited voice in most international fora, despite having 54 votes in the United Nations General Assembly.
- Partner for India at the High Table: The prospects of Africa getting a permanent seat in the UN Security Council remain distant. What India has achieved, as always, is to provide Africa with a voice at the high table.
India’s engagement with Arican Nations
- Nigeria: Inviting Nigeria, particularly at this stage, recognizes it as the largest economy in Africa and a consistent friend of India. This is Nigeria’s biggest outing since President Bola Ahmed Tinubu was elected. Nigeria was qualified to be in the BRICS but perhaps did not pursue it hard enough. Nigeria participated with great enthusiasm, with a number of ministers accompanying their president in advance of the G20 Summit.
- Egypt: Egypt is another African powerhouse, representing North Africa. It is also the current chair of AU-NEPAD, which is a permanent invitee to the G20. Egypt is a recent strategic partner of India. India backed it to join the BRICs. Egypt brings balance to the presence of South Africa and Nigeria.
- Mauritius: Mauritius is a close friend of India due to its PIO population, its regular engagement with India, and its strategic location in the Indian Ocean.
- Comoros: Comoros is another Indian Ocean country representing Eastern Africa. With their participation, India ensured two of the four African countries in the Indian Ocean and most of the regions of Africa were represented, making the G20 better balanced.
Conclusion
- The African Union is hot bed for great power rivalry between India and China. Even if India cannot match the deep pockets of Chinese investments in Africa, India has shown that it can deliver on the African Interest at global platform.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: carbon footprint and factors responsible
Mains level: India's digital carbon footprint, concerns, Government intervention and industry initiatives,
What’s the news?
- The UN Environment Programme’s Emissions Gap Report for 2022 highlights a sobering reality: India’s carbon emissions policy, as of 2022, falls short of significantly reducing the national carbon footprint.
Central idea
- India, as one of the world’s major contributors to global warming, is facing a concerning trend with the highest growth rate in carbon emissions. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in electronic device usage, which has given rise to a pressing issue: the digital carbon footprint. To effectively combat this issue, it is imperative to adopt a multipronged approach.
What is meant by carbon footprint?
- A carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2 and other carbon compounds, that are emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, particularly the consumption of goods and services, energy production, transportation, and various industrial processes.
What is meant by digital carbon footprint?
- A digital carbon footprint refers to the environmental impact associated with the use of digital technologies, including electronic devices, software applications, and data centers.
Digital Carbon Footprint: A Growing Concern
- Hardware Production: The production of hardware devices like laptops, smartphones, and microprocessors is a significant contributor to the digital carbon footprint. The machines used in manufacturing these devices emit substantial amounts of carbon dioxide during the process.
- Energy Consumption During Device Use: Electronic devices require electricity for their operation. If the electricity used comes from non-renewable sources, such as coal or natural gas, the emissions generated during each device’s use add to its digital carbon footprint.
- Smartphone Charging Emissions: Research conducted in 2021 revealed that global smartphone charging alone releases more than 8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually.
- Data Centers:
- The software used on electronic devices is typically stored and maintained in large data centers. These data centers demand a constant and intensive supply of electricity to operate efficiently and prevent system failures.
- According to a 2022 report by the International Energy Agency, data centers contribute significantly to global electricity use, accounting for approximately 1–1.5 percent, which is equivalent to the combined electricity consumption of Germany and Japan.
- Data Center Cooling Systems: In addition to the energy consumed for computing operations, data storage facilities require additional electricity to power massive cooling systems. These systems ensure that the servers and storage devices in data centers operate optimally, contributing further to the digital carbon footprint.
- Digital Software Usage:
- Every action in the life cycle of digital entities, whether it’s hardware or software, consumes energy and thereby contributes to the carbon footprint.
- For instance, a seemingly simple action like conducting a Google search results in the creation of 0.2 grams of carbon dioxide emissions.
- Given the scale of online searches, this adds up to a substantial daily contribution, with Google’s operations, cloud services, and devices emitting over 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020.
- Corporate Efforts and Carbon Reduction:
- Companies like Apple are taking steps to reduce their carbon footprint by improving energy efficiency, adopting low-carbon design principles, and striving for carbon neutrality in their operations and supply chains.
- Apple, for example, has reduced its carbon emissions by 40 percent between 2015 and 2022 and aims to achieve a 100 percent carbon-neutral supply chain and products by 2030.
- Global Emission Reduction Goals: Despite commendable efforts by individual organizations, such initiatives alone may not be sufficient to meet the ambitious global emission reduction targets set by agreements like the Paris Agreement, which seeks to reduce emissions by 45 percent by 2030.
Government Intervention and Legislation
- Global Goals and Emission Reductions: Government intervention is a crucial factor in achieving global climate goals. Some nations have implemented legislated emission reduction targets, which play a pivotal role in driving the efforts of technology organizations.
- Inspiration from the United States: For instance, Apple’s initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint draw inspiration from the United States’ National Climate Task Force. This federal task force is dedicated to achieving a net-zero emissions economy by 2050, providing a clear mandate and incentive for companies to align with emission reduction goals.
- Legislation in the Netherlands: Similarly, the Netherlands has enacted climate legislation, including a target of achieving a 49 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
- International Policies: Various other countries, including Denmark and the United Kingdom, have implemented policies and acts addressing carbon footprint reduction. These initiatives underline the global commitment to mitigating climate change and push technology companies to align their practices accordingly.
- Indian Power Savings Guide: In India, the Ministry of Power’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has established the Power Savings Guide. This initiative specifically targets technology emissions and includes an energy efficiency label for electronic devices.
- Eco-Labels and Certifications: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) offer the Energy Star program, which certifies energy-efficient products. These certifications, known as eco-labels, are part of a broader solution called ‘green computing,’ aimed at reducing the digital carbon footprint.
Way forward: Green computing
- Energy Efficiency Focus: Green Computing is dedicated to enhancing the energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of computer systems. This approach aims to lower the digital carbon footprint associated with both hardware and software production and consumption.
- Electricity Source Significance: A critical aspect of reducing the digital carbon footprint is the source of electricity used to power electronic devices. Initiatives aimed at increasing the proportion of renewable energy in a nation’s electricity supply are vital for emissions reduction.
- India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): India, through initiatives like the NAPCC, emphasizes the importance of transitioning to renewable electricity sources to mitigate the carbon footprint attributed to energy consumption.
- Private Sector Initiatives: Private sector players are also actively involved in green computing developments. For instance, Apple’s iOS 16.1 features Clean Energy Charging, a provision that assesses the carbon emissions of the local energy grid and charges the iPhone when the electricity source is greener. This innovation is currently available in the United States as of July 2023.
- Green Software Foundation (GSF): The GSF plays a significant role in the field of green computing. It offers research, tools, and code for building applications with lower carbon footprints. Moreover, it provides frameworks for applications that can adapt their behavior based on the availability of clean, low-carbon electricity sources.
- Government Support: Governmental support for initiatives like GSF is essential, as these organizations provide information tools to enable sustainable software and hardware production.
- Eco-Labels and Certifications: Eco-labels like Energy Star and BEE offer valuable information to developers and users, helping them reduce their digital carbon footprint. Additionally, the private sector has made notable progress with initiatives like the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) and TCO Certified, which focus on both hardware and software sustainability.
- Integration of Eco-Labels: Governments have the opportunity to support these eco-label initiatives or integrate them with their own labeling systems. This integration can provide consumers with comprehensive and accurate information about the environmental footprints of electronic devices.
- Improving Data Center Efficiency: Data centers, known for their high carbon footprints, require attention. Collaborating with initiatives like The Green Grid (TGG), which offer tools and expertise to enhance data center energy efficiency, can be instrumental in reducing their environmental impact.
Conclusion
- India’s digital carbon footprint is a pressing concern that requires immediate attention. Government intervention, industry initiatives, and public awareness are crucial components of the solution. By acknowledging the extent of the issue and framing policies to address it, significant progress can be made in reducing India’s carbon emissions and contributing to global climate goals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: neurotechnology applications
Mains level: neurotechnology, neurowarfare, ethical concerns and considerations
What’s the news?
- The rapid growth of neurotechnology, driven by advances in neuroscience and technology, has given rise to a field with immense potential and profound ethical implications.
Central Idea
- Neurotechnology encompasses various aspects, from Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) to neuroimaging and neurostimulation. As this field expands, it poses challenges to human privacy, autonomy, and dignity. In this context, the need for ethical guidelines and governance becomes paramount.
What is neurotechnology?
- Neurotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that combines neuroscience, engineering, and technology to study, interact with, and manipulate the human nervous system, particularly the brain and its functions.
- It involves the development and application of various techniques, tools, and devices to better understand and interface with the brain and nervous system.
What is neurowarfare?
- Neurowarfare, also known as neurotechnology warfare, refers to the use of advanced neurotechnological tools, techniques, and agents in military operations and conflicts.
- It represents the convergence of neuroscience, neurotechnology, and warfare strategies, with the aim of gaining a tactical or strategic advantage on the battlefield or in intelligence operations.
- Neurowarfare explores the manipulation of the human nervous system, particularly the brain, for various purposes, both offensive and defensive.
The ethics of neurotechnology
- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs): BCIs offer direct communication between the brain and external devices, while BMIs integrate neural signals with machines for various applications, including prosthetics and exoskeletons. Ethical concerns arise regarding privacy, autonomy, and mental influence.
- Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation: Neuroimaging provides access to neurological data, while neurostimulation modulates neural activity for therapeutic purposes. The potential for behavioral changes and privacy invasion necessitates regulation.
- Gathering and Use of Neurological Data: The absence of guidelines for gathering, studying, and using neurological data requires immediate attention, especially in light of private sector developments such as Neuralink’s brain implant chip.
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The Case of Neuralink
- Elon Musk’s company, Neuralink, recently unveiled an upgraded brain implant chip approved for human trials.
- This chip boasts capabilities to potentially alter memories and treat conditions like hearing loss, blindness, paralysis, and depression.
- This development serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for comprehensive regulations, especially when such technology is being explored within the private sector.
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Neurowarfare: The Emerging Threat
- Neurotechnological Agents: Advances in synthetic biology open doors to neurotechnological agents that can impact neurological abilities. This includes neuropharmacological agents like amphetamines and neurotechnological devices.
- Dual-Use Nature: Neurotechnology can have dual-use applications, both civilian and military. Neurowarfare refers to its use in military operations, potentially enhancing soldiers’ cognitive abilities or disrupting the cognitive functions of adversaries.
- Case Study: Havana Syndrome: The mysterious Havana Syndrome experienced by US intelligence personnel raises concerns about directed energy weapons and intentional attacks. Similar cases have been reported in Guangzhou, China.
Ethical Concerns in Neurowarfare
- Informed Consent and Privacy: Ethical use of neurotechnology in warfare requires informed consent for soldiers and civilians. Oversight and restrictions on using such innovations for harm are essential.
- Psychological Harm: Studying the psychological impact of neurotechnology weapons is imperative to establishing limits on their deployment.
- Protection of Non-Combatants: Civilians must be shielded from neurotechnology applications, ensuring their privacy, consent, and protection from manipulation.
Importance of International Cooperation and Responsible Governance
- International Cooperation: Organizations like the OECD and UNESCO have initiated ethical guidelines for neurotechnology. However, global governance must extend to neurowarfare, with disarmament forums incorporating ethical oversight and transparency.
- Accountability: State actors should be held accountable through reporting systems, ensuring responsible research and the use of neurotechnology in warfare.
Conclusion
- Neurotechnology holds immense potential for human advancement but also raises profound ethical challenges in the context of neurowarfare. Striking a balance between technological progress and ethical considerations is crucial to safeguarding human rights and global security in the age of neurotechnology.
Must read:
Implantable Brain-Computer Interface
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) analysis
What’s the news?
- The government recently introduced three key penal bills in a bid to reform the justice system.
Central idea
- In August, the central government introduced three significant bills in Parliament – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, and Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill, 2023 – aiming to replace the long-standing Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, and Indian Evidence Act, 1872. These changes warrant a careful examination of their potential impact on law enforcement agencies
Key changes in The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
- Formalizing FIR Registration:
- The BNSS introduces a provision that mandates the registration of cognizable offenses at any police station, regardless of the location where the offense occurred.
- This move, commonly known as recording FIR at Zero, promises easier access for complainants and streamlines the registration process.
- Preliminary Inquiry Dilemma:
- An added provision allows for a preliminary inquiry in cases involving cognizable offenses punishable with more than three but less than seven years of imprisonment.
- This differs from the Supreme Court’s stance in Lalita Kumari versus Govt. of Uttar Pradesh (2013), which emphasized immediate FIR registration.
- In cases of offenses punishable with less than three years of imprisonment, the BNSS permits arrests only with the prior permission of the Deputy Superintendent of Police for individuals over 60 or infirm.
- The BNSS permits handcuffing in specific instances like terrorism, murder, rape, acid attacks, or offenses against the state.
- However, the enabling section retains the requirement that restraints should only be used as necessary to prevent escape.
- Hence, the Supreme Court’s guidelines on handcuffing continue to apply.
At the Scene of the Crime
- Forensic Evidence Collection: The BNSS mandates a forensic expert’s visit to the crime scene and the collection of forensic evidence for offenses punishable with over seven years of imprisonment.
- Use of Audio-Video Means:
- The BNSS encourages the use of audio-video recording in investigations, including searches.
- While the recommended use of smartphones has limitations, progress is underway, following the Supreme Court’s directive in Shafhi Mohammad vs. The State Of Himachal Pradesh (2018).
- Two-Finger Test: Despite the Supreme Court’s ban on the two-finger test in rape cases (Lillu @ Rajesh & Anr vs State Of Haryana, 2013), the BNSS fails to explicitly include this prohibition.
- Disclosure of Rape Victim’s Identity: The provision authorizing the disclosure of a minor victim’s identity to their next of kin may be redundant, given the existing Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act.
Duration of Police Custody
- The BNSS extends the period of police custody beyond the 15-day limit outlined in the CrPC.
- However, this extension can only occur after the initial 40 or 60 days, depending on the offense’s severity, with the accused still eligible for default bail.
- Suspicious Deaths and Statements: While the BNSS broadens the scope of judicial inquiries into suspicious deaths, it relaxes the mandatory recording of statements of women and males under 15 or above 60 at their residence based on their willingness.
- Inquest Enhancements: The BNSS could enhance the inquest process by including provisions for the videography and photography of post-mortems, especially in cases of custodial deaths or deaths in confrontations with authorities.
Potential Impact
- Streamlined FIR Registration: The formalized recording FIR at Zero practice may lead to quicker and more efficient FIR registration. Law enforcement agencies could experience reduced paperwork and administrative burdens, allowing them to focus on investigations promptly.
- Reduced Case Backlog: The provision for preliminary inquiries, while introducing a variation from previous practices, has the potential to reduce the backlog of cases. By addressing non-prima facie cases early or facilitating compromises, law enforcement agencies may clear cases more efficiently.
- Improved Evidence Collection: Mandating forensic expert visits and forensic evidence collection for serious offenses can enhance the quality of evidence presented in court. Law enforcement agencies may see stronger cases and higher conviction rates.
- Enhanced Accountability: Encouraging the use of audio-video means in investigations increases transparency and accountability. Law enforcement agencies may benefit from clearer evidence documentation and reduced allegations of misconduct.
- Modernization through Technology: Embracing audio-video recording and other modern technologies can help law enforcement agencies adapt to contemporary investigative practices. This could lead to more effective and efficient investigations.
Concerns and Challenges
- Arrest Protocol: The BNSS retains all existing provisions of the CrPC regarding arrests, failing to incorporate the Supreme Court’s ruling in Arnesh Kumar versus State of Bihar (2014), which stresses the need for justifiable reasons for arrest and recording them formally.
- Variation in Practice: The introduction of preliminary inquiries may lead to variations in how law enforcement agencies handle cases. Inconsistent practices could pose challenges for standardization and training.
- Resource Allocation: Implementing forensic evidence collection may require additional resources, including forensic experts and equipment. Law enforcement agencies may need adequate funding and training to meet these demands.
- Misuse of Powers: Concerns about potential misuse of provisions, such as handcuffing, need to be addressed through proper training and oversight to ensure responsible use of authority.
- Compliance with Supreme Court Directives: The absence of an explicit ban on the two-finger test in rape cases may raise concerns about compliance with Supreme Court directives. Law enforcement agencies should ensure alignment with established legal standards.
- Privacy and Victim Protection: Authorizing the disclosure of a minor rape victim’s identity to their next of kin requires sensitivity and strict adherence to privacy and protection provisions. Law enforcement agencies should handle such information with care.
Way forward
- Review Preliminary Inquiry Provision: Reevaluate the provision allowing preliminary inquiries to ensure it aligns intelligently with other cognizable cases and stands up to constitutional scrutiny.
- Implement Arrest Justification: Include the Supreme Court’s Arnesh Kumar vs. State of Bihar (2014) judgment to make it mandatory for police officers to justify arrests with reasons supported by justifiable material.
- Enhance Forensic Infrastructure: Commit to providing sufficient resources for developing forensic infrastructure, including technology and manpower, to strengthen evidence collection and analysis.
- Modernize Investigation Techniques: Develop facilities for videography and photography of crime scenes during investigations at the police station level, embracing modern technology for evidence documentation.
- Ban Two-Finger Test: Explicitly include the ban on the two-finger test in rape cases to ensure compliance with the Supreme Court’s directives and protect the dignity and privacy of survivors.
- Comprehensive Police Reformation: Recognize the need for comprehensive police reformation, addressing challenges such as understaffing, poor mobility, insufficient training infrastructure, and inadequate housing facilities, to ensure a more effective and accountable law enforcement system.
Conclusion
- While some proposed changes in the BNSS demonstrate progress, they do not qualify as groundbreaking or radical. It is crucial to remember that police stations face numerous challenges, including understaffing, limited resources, inadequate training infrastructure, and poor housing facilities. To bring about true reform, a comprehensive approach to police reformation, rather than merely tweaking legal provisions, is necessary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Jobless growth, subsidies and safety nets
What’s the news?
- India’s impressive economic growth numbers have not translated into a commensurate increase in employment opportunities.
Central idea
- Despite India’s impressive economic growth numbers, employment has not seen a commensurate increase. With five states heading to the polls at the end of the year, political parties are making various promises to address concerns about rising essential commodity prices. However, the question arises: Are these promises merely distractions from the systemic issue of jobless growth?
Promises vs. Solutions: Are Electoral Promises Diverting Attention from Jobless Growth?
- Unemployment’s Stark Reality: India’s economic growth stands in stark contrast to the persistent issue of unemployment, particularly among educated youth.
- Varied Electoral Promises: Political parties have introduced a range of electoral promises, including measures like providing cheaper gas cylinders and farm loan waivers. These promises often vary in their impact and effectiveness.
- State-specific Examples: In states like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, where unemployment is a significant concern, electoral promises such as the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) may not effectively address the broader issue.
Agriculture’s Predicament: Can Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Non-Remunerative Prices be Effectively Addressed?
- Critical Supply Chain Resilience: The agriculture sector, India’s largest employer, grapples with issues like supply chain vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can be exacerbated by factors such as climate change.
- Transforming Agricultural Output: To tackle the challenge of non-remunerative prices for produce, technological interventions aimed at converting agricultural output into higher-value products are proposed as long-term solutions.
- Palliatives Amidst Inflation Concerns: In some states like Chhattisgarh, promises like providing ₹1,500 a month for women in distress are seen as addressing purchasing power issues. However, concerns about potential inflation due to such measures must be taken into account.
Fiscal Responsibility and Unemployment: Is There a Correlation?
- The Paradox of Fiscal Responsibility: States like Haryana, which strictly adhere to fiscal responsibility guidelines, continue to face high unemployment rates. This paradox highlights the complex relationship between populist policies and fiscal distress.
- Emphasis on Revenue Mobilization: To effectively implement populist policies, a focus on revenue mobilization efforts is crucial. It’s necessary to ensure that such policies do not strain state finances in the long run.
Do subsidies and safety nets take focus away from generating jobs?
- Immediate Relief vs. Long-term Employment:
- Subsidies and safety nets offer immediate relief to vulnerable sections of the population, addressing issues like distress and purchasing power.
- However, there is a concern that an overemphasis on such measures may shift focus away from the more significant task of generating sustainable employment opportunities.
- Balancing the need for immediate relief with the long-term goal of job creation is a complex challenge.
- While subsidies and safety nets serve a critical purpose, they must be complemented with policies and strategies that promote job generation, particularly in sectors that can absorb the workforce effectively.
- Policy Design and Implementation:
- Effective policymaking should aim to strike a balance between providing immediate support and fostering job growth.
- It is essential to design policies that not only address the distress of vulnerable populations but also contribute to sustainable economic development by generating employment opportunities.
Rethinking Economic Growth: Beyond GDP and Toward Employment
- Shifting the Focus from GDP: A Shift away from the Traditional Obsession with GDP Growth It emphasizes that economic growth should be intertwined with employment generation to make a meaningful impact on the lives of citizens.
- Exploring New Avenues: Rather than investing heavily in high-tech industries like semiconductor manufacturing, the article suggests exploring sectors such as mining for the energy transition. Mining can create local jobs, particularly benefiting marginalized communities and addressing unemployment.
Conclusion
- Addressing jobless growth in India requires a nuanced approach. While populist promises serve as palliatives in the absence of structural solutions, the focus should shift towards inclusive growth, technological interventions, and employment-centric policies that tackle supply chain vulnerabilities and promote sustainable economic development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heat index, heat stress, heat waves etc.
Mains level: Climate change and soaring temperatures, impacts and measures
What’s the news?
- In August, the coastal regions of Iran bore witness to an astonishing and potentially life-threatening event: a scorching heat index of 70 degrees Celsius (°C). Public holidays were declared on August 2 and 3 due to what was described as unprecedented heat.
Central idea
- The alarming incidents of rising heat temperatures are not isolated; Iran had already grappled with extreme heat earlier in the year when the Persian Gulf Airport recorded a heat index of 66.7°C. The dire consequences of such soaring temperatures demand our attention and action.
What is the heat index?
- The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature or feels-like temperature, is a measure of how hot it feels to the human body when relative humidity is factored in along with the actual air temperature.
- In essence, it quantifies the discomfort or perceived warmth caused by the combination of high temperatures and high humidity.
How is the heat index calculated?
- Dr. Robert Steadman’s Formula: Dr. Robert Steadman, a professor at Colorado State University, developed a complex formula in 1979 to calculate the heat index. This formula considers various parameters, including air temperature and relative humidity.
- Parameters in the Formula: The formula takes into account the following parameters:
- Air temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit).
- Relative humidity (expressed as a decimal, e.g., 50% RH becomes 0.50).
- Coefficients specific to the formula (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, and c9).
- Nonlinear Relationship: The formula is complex because it accounts for the nonlinear relationship between temperature, humidity, and how humans perceive heat.
- Global Variations: Different countries may have their own variations of heat index calculations, but Dr. Steadman’s formula is widely recognized and used as a standard reference.
Significance of measuring the heat index
- Accurate Perception of Heat: The heat index provides a more accurate representation of how hot it feels to the human body compared to the actual air temperature. It factors in relative humidity, which significantly affects human comfort in hot conditions.
- Health Impact Assessment: Measuring the heat index is crucial for assessing the potential health risks associated with hot weather. It helps identify conditions that may lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
- Preventing Heat Stress: High humidity levels, considered in the heat index, can lead to heat stress. Monitoring the heat index assists in recognizing situations where heat stress is more likely to occur, prompting individuals to take the necessary precautions.
- Issuing Public Warnings: Weather agencies and authorities use the heat index to issue heat advisories and warnings to the public. These warnings inform people about the heightened risks associated with high heat index values, encouraging them to take protective measures.
- Workplace Safety: Measuring the heat index is vital for ensuring workplace safety, particularly in industries involving outdoor work or non-air-conditioned environments. It enables employers and workers to implement safety measures to prevent heat-related illnesses and injuries.
- Emergency Preparedness: Emergency response and preparedness agencies rely on heat index information to anticipate and respond to heat-related emergencies. This includes managing heat-related illnesses and addressing the increased demand for cooling during heatwaves.
- Adapting to Climate Change: With the increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves associated with climate change, monitoring the heat index becomes essential. It assists in adapting to changing climate conditions and developing strategies to mitigate heat-related risks.
- Heat Stress: High humidity can lead to heat stress, where the body struggles to dissipate excess heat. The typical human core temperature range is 36.1 to 37.2°C. When the body can’t effectively shed surplus heat, the core temperature rises, potentially causing symptoms such as heat exhaustion, rashes, and an elevated heart rate.
- Reduced Cooling: In high humidity, the body’s natural cooling mechanism, which relies on sweating and evaporation, becomes less effective. The saturated air makes it challenging for sweat to evaporate, hindering the body’s ability to lose excess heat. This results in discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Perceived Temperature: High humidity can make the air feel significantly hotter than the actual air temperature. This increase in perceived temperature, often reflected in the heat index, contributes to a sense of extreme heat and discomfort.
- Dehydration Risk: To compensate for reduced evaporative cooling in high humidity, individuals may sweat profusely. This increased sweating can raise the risk of dehydration if fluid losses are not replenished adequately.
- Respiratory Discomfort: Humid air can pose challenges for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma. The added moisture in the air may make breathing more difficult, worsening respiratory symptoms.
- Sleep Disturbances: High humidity can disrupt sleep patterns, as sleeping in a warm and muggy environment can be uncomfortable. Restlessness and difficulties falling or staying asleep may occur in such conditions.
- Impact on Physical Activities: High humidity can hinder physical performance and work productivity. People may find it more challenging to engage in physical activities or perform tasks in hot and humid conditions.
Facts for Prelims: Heat-related Terminologies in News
- Heat stroke: Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels, usually above 104°F (40°C). It can lead to organ damage and even death if not treated promptly.
- Heat cramps: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that can occur during physical activity in hot weather.
- Heat wave: A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which can be accompanied by high humidity levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, and the normal minimum temperature is also exceeded.
- Heat index: It is the measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temperature. The higher the heat index, the hotter it feels.
- Thermal stress: It is the stress on the human body caused by high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation.
- Urban Heat Island: It refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities like transportation, industrialization, and construction.
- Wet bulb globe temperature: It is a measure of heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover.
- Diurnal temperature range: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a 24-hour period. A low diurnal temperature range indicates high humidity and poor air quality.
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Way forward: Measures to adapt
- Recognize the Danger: Acknowledge that a heat index value of 67°C or higher can be extremely dangerous for both humans and animals, especially with direct and prolonged exposure.
- Invest in Early Warning Systems: Develop and invest in early warning systems that provide timely alerts and advisories about extreme heat events. This helps individuals and communities prepare for and respond to heatwaves effectively.
- Adjust Work Timings: Consider making changes to work schedules to avoid outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. This can reduce heat exposure and the risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Find Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Identify and implement sustainable cooling solutions, such as the use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling technologies. Ensuring access to air conditioning and promoting better building designs for heat resilience are also important.
- Promote Public Awareness and Education: Raise public awareness about the risks associated with extreme heat, and educate individuals and communities about heat safety measures. Knowledge empowers people to take proactive steps to protect themselves during heatwaves.
Conclusion
- As we confront rising heat index values across the globe, our ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of extreme heat on human health and well-being becomes paramount. Proactive measures, informed by a comprehensive understanding of the heat index, are essential to safeguarding lives and ensuring a sustainable future in the face of escalating climate challenges.
Must read:
Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ISRO missions
Mains level: Rapid commercialization of Space and governance, India's role
What’s the news?
- Chandrayaan 3’s landing on August 23 is a significant development in India’s space exploration efforts. This event prompts reflection on recent developments in outer space activities and their implications for peaceful purposes.
Central idea
- The year 2023 has seen India make significant strides in the realm of outer space activities. From becoming a signatory to the US Artemis Accords, which focus on the responsible use of outer space, to deepening engagements with the United States through initiatives like the US-India Civil Space and Commercial Space Working Groups, India has emerged as a key player in the global space arena.
Evolution of Outer Space Governance
- Historical Initiatives: The journey of outer space governance began with the historic launch of Sputnik in 1957. This event spurred the adoption of UN General Assembly Resolutions 1721 A and B in 1961. These resolutions marked the early acknowledgment of the need for international collaboration in space exploration.
- Consolidation of Principles: Over the years, space-faring nations consistently upheld the principles enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. These principles have gradually evolved into customary international laws. This evolution signifies the transformation of outer space into an inclusive and democratized domain.
- Widespread Participation: Presently, outer space is accessible to more than 80 countries, each deriving various advantages from space-based satellite services. This widespread participation reflects the successful international cooperation that has expanded access to space resources.
Outer Space as a Global Common
- The concept of a global common traditionally applies to areas beyond the sovereignty of any single nation, inspired by ideas like Grotius’s Mare Liberum (free sea).
- In the United Nations framework, outer space is recognized as one of the global commons alongside the high seas, the atmosphere, and Antarctica.
Two Perspectives on Global Commons
- From a geopolitical and military standpoint, considering outer space as a global common facilitates international cooperation and security.
- Nations worldwide recognize that areas beyond their jurisdiction, such as outer space, are vital for maintaining international order and regional security.
- Rejecting the idea of outer space as a global common could undermine the freedom of navigation, a fundamental principle upheld by initiatives like the QUAD.
- Constraining Perspective:
- Alternatively, viewing outer space as a global common can limit the economic and commercial exploitation of its resources.
- It implies shared ownership, public governance, and restrictions on usage, aligning with the concept of the common heritage of mankind concept as expressed in the Moon Agreement of 1979.
- This concept extends beyond outer space, applying to the high seas and deep-sea beds, emphasizing the need for responsible resource management.
Challenges and Complexity in Outer Space Governance
- Commercial Planetary Resource Extraction: Private companies and nations are exploring the potential for mining resources from celestial bodies such as the moon and asteroids. This raises complex questions about property rights, resource allocation, and environmental concerns in outer space.
- Resource Management: As commercial interests grow, the management of outer space resources becomes increasingly intricate. Determining how to allocate resources fairly and sustainably while avoiding overuse or exploitation poses a significant challenge. Balancing the interests of different nations and entities in resource-rich areas like the Moon adds to the complexity.
- Environmental Concerns: Space debris and orbital congestion pose environmental risks to space activities. With an increasing number of satellites and space missions, managing space debris and ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities have become pressing challenges.
- Security and Militarization: The militarization of outer space and concerns about security in space have grown. Nations are developing space-based capabilities for defense and surveillance, raising questions about the potential weaponization of space and the need for arms control measures.
- International Collaboration: Ensuring effective international collaboration in space governance can be challenging due to differing national interests, technological disparities, and political tensions.
- Technological Advancements: Rapid technological advancements in space exploration, including the development of reusable rockets and miniaturized satellites, change the landscape of space activities. Keeping regulatory frameworks up-to-date with these advancements is a constant challenge.
India’s Crucial Role in Space Resource Management
- Involvement in International Agreements: India is both a signatory to the Moon Agreement of 1979 and the Artemis Accords. This dual commitment places India in a unique position to influence and contribute to the development of international frameworks for space governance.
- Complex Decision-Making: The complexity arises from the fact that while India has signed the Artemis Accords, it has not yet ratified the Moon Agreement. This highlights India’s need to carefully evaluate its stance on these agreements and the implications for its future space activities and resource management.
- Global Impact: India’s decisions and actions in the realm of space resource management have global implications. As one of the major space-faring nations, India’s approach will significantly influence the international framework for managing space resources, including lunar and celestial bodies.
- International Cooperation: India’s robust international cooperation in space programs, including multilateral and bilateral engagements, positions it as a key collaborator with advanced space powers and emerging space nations.
- Balancing Competing Objectives: India’s role is vital in striking a balance between competing objectives in the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. This involves ensuring responsible resource utilization, promoting equitable access, and upholding international law and principles.
Conclusion
- India’s growing prominence in the field of outer space activities requires a thoughtful approach to its role in shaping the future of space resource management. Balancing competing objectives, promoting peaceful use of outer space, and contributing to the development of an international framework are essential steps to ensure the responsible and equitable exploration and utilization of space resources for the benefit of all humankind.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change
Mains level: The problem of air pollution, serious threat, efforts in progress and viable solutions
What’s the news?
- According to UN Secretary-General António Guterres, the Earth has entered an era of global boiling, marked by scorching heatwaves, devastating floods, and erratic weather patterns.
Central idea
- With scorching heatwaves, devastating floods, and erratic weather patterns becoming the new normal, the urgency to address the triple-planetary crisis of biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution has never been more apparent. Amidst this global turmoil, it’s crucial to recognize that one silent but deadly adversary is among us: air pollution.
The Silent Killer: Air Pollution
- Global health statistics are grim, with lung cancer claiming 10 million lives worldwide in 2020, a number projected to rise by another 3.2 million by 2050, according to a report by the Indian National Institute of Health.
- South Asia, home to two billion people, is a grim example, hosting nine of the world’s ten most polluted cities, with Delhi topping the list.
- Despite some progress in terms of Air Quality Index (AQI) improvements, Delhi remains in the grip of perilous air pollution, especially during the winter months.
The Looming Threat of Air Pollution
- Lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory ailments, and mental health issues continue to devastate lives.
- Delhi’s air, laden with sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, high particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and ozone, deprives over 30 million residents of their basic human right to breathe clean air.
- Vulnerable groups like immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, children, and the elderly suffer disproportionately.
- In 2019, a Lancet report attributed 1.67 million deaths in India to air pollution, accounting for a staggering 17.8% of total deaths in the country.
Efforts in Progress to Combat Air Pollution
- PUSA Decomposer: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) has developed the PUSA Decomposer, which employs biotechnology to tackle agricultural pollution. This innovative solution addresses the burning of crop residues, a significant contributor to air pollution.
- State-level Policies: Many state governments have implemented policies like GRAP 3 (Graded Rapid Action Plan) to monitor air quality in pollution hotspots. The establishment of Green War Rooms represents a proactive approach to managing and mitigating air pollution in these regions.
- Startups and Innovation: Numerous startups, often led by young entrepreneurs, are actively engaged in finding sustainable solutions to air pollution. These initiatives include the conversion of agricultural waste into valuable products, reducing the environmental impact of farming practices.
International Initiatives and Collaborations to Combat Air Pollution
- UNESCO Initiatives: UNESCO has undertaken various initiatives to address air pollution. One notable initiative is the implementation of an internal carbon tax on all flight tickets. This tax aims to reduce carbon emissions from air travel, a significant contributor to global air pollution.
- World Air Quality Project: The World Air Quality Project provides real-time air quality data, allowing residents to make informed decisions about their activities and travel based on current air quality conditions. This empowers individuals to protect their health by avoiding areas with poor air quality.
- Collaboration with UNEP: UNESCO collaborates with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on environmentally conscious practices. For example, the ‘Virtual Meetings’ project promotes digital working to reduce the need for travel and its associated carbon emissions.
- Clean-Air-For-Schools: UNESCO’s Clean-Air-For-Schools program focuses on spreading education and awareness about clean air among students and the wider community. This initiative aims to engage future generations in the fight against air pollution.
- Promotion of Sustainable Practices: International initiatives also promote sustainable practices in various sectors. This includes the adoption of electric vehicles, the replacement of traditional lighting systems with energy-efficient LED arrangements, and the implementation of solar-powered offices to reduce carbon emissions.
- Protection of Historical Sites: Efforts are underway to protect historical and cultural sites from the harmful effects of air pollution. Developing strategies to curb air pollution in the vicinity of these sites is essential for their preservation.
- Green Solutions: UNESCO encourages the development of green solutions, such as urban forests, parks, and green corridors, to mitigate air pollution in urban areas.
Viable solutions to combat air pollution
- Urban Planning and Design: Cities worldwide are adopting innovative urban planning and design strategies to prioritize human health and environmental sustainability. Car-free zones, green spaces, and smart urban layouts can significantly reduce air pollution by promoting alternative transportation methods and reducing traffic congestion.
- Public Transportation: Electrified public transportation systems, including electric buses and trains, offer a sustainable and low-pollution alternative to traditional fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. These initiatives reduce emissions and contribute to cleaner air in urban areas.
- Nature-Based Solutions: Integrating nature-based solutions, such as urban forests, parks, and green corridors, into urban landscapes can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality. These green spaces also provide additional benefits for public health and well-being.
- Biotechnology: Innovative biotechnology, like the PUSA decomposer mentioned earlier, can play a crucial role in reducing agricultural pollution, a significant contributor to poor air quality.
- Renewable Energy: Transitioning to clean and renewable energy sources can significantly reduce the air pollution associated with fossil fuel combustion. China’s shift to clean energy and electrified mobility serves as a prime example of this transition’s positive impact.
- Sustainable Farming Practices: Initiatives like Indonesia’s Carbon Efficient Farming Project and efforts in Thailand and Vietnam to reduce open straw burning demonstrate the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices to minimize air pollution.
- International Collaboration: Global initiatives, such as those by UNESCO and the World Air Quality Project, facilitate international cooperation to combat air pollution. These efforts include measures like implementing carbon taxes on flight tickets and promoting environmentally conscious practices.
- Youth-Led Advocacy: Young activists worldwide are actively raising awareness about air pollution and advocating for cleaner air. Their efforts, including real-time air quality data monitoring and environmental education, play a vital role in inspiring change.
Conclusion
- The time for action is now. The problem of air pollution was created by people, and it is people who must find and implement solutions, supported by effective air quality policies and action plans. The choice is ours, and it is one that demands urgency, resolve, and a collective commitment to securing a cleaner, healthier world for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20 Initiatives
Mains level: the complex nexus of food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture for a resilient and sustainable future.
What’s the news?
- The interconnected challenges of food security, climate change, and sustainable agriculture emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach. The G20 Indian Presidency can play a pivotal role in fostering international cooperation to address these issues.
Central idea
- The intricate link between food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture has far-reaching consequences for the Earth and its inhabitants. Climate change threatens food security through erratic weather and extreme events, while agricultural practices exacerbate climate change, creating a damaging feedback loop.
Climate Variability and Food Insecurity
- Climate variability, characterized by erratic weather patterns such as droughts and floods, directly impacts agriculture. It can lead to crop failures, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased food insecurity.
- Erratic weather patterns disrupt traditional farming practices and make it challenging to predict and plan for successful harvests.
- Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by extreme weather events like droughts and floods.
How does land use play a significant role in both climate change and food security?
- Unsustainable land use practices, such as deforestation and the expansion of agriculture, release carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
- On the other hand, practices like reforestation, agroforestry, and land conservation can sequester carbon and improve soil health, benefiting both agriculture and climate change mitigation.
The Role of Sustainable Agriculture
- Mitigating Environmental Impact: Sustainable agriculture focuses on practices that aim to minimize the environmental degradation associated with conventional farming. This includes reducing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm ecosystems and water quality.
- Maintaining or Improving Productivity: Sustainable agricultural practices are designed to maintain or even improve agricultural productivity while reducing environmental harm. This is essential to ensuring a stable and sufficient food supply, particularly in the face of climate change-related disruptions.
- Enhancing Climate Resilience: Sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced pesticide use, can enhance the resilience of farming systems. These practices make agriculture less susceptible to disruptions caused by climate variability, such as extreme weather events.
- Carbon Sequestration: The article suggests that sustainable land use practices, such as reforestation, agroforestry, and land conservation, can sequester carbon from the atmosphere. This not only helps mitigate climate change but also improves soil health, benefiting both agriculture and the environment.
How can agriculture be made more sustainable and resilient in communities in developing countries?
- Increasing Crop Diversity: Encouraging farmers to diversify their crop choices can improve resilience. Growing a variety of crops can increase the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable weather patterns and pests. Crop diversity also enhances nutrient cycling in the soil, improving overall soil health.
- Diversifying Farming Systems: Promoting mixed farming systems that include livestock and aquaculture alongside traditional crops can enhance resilience. These integrated systems can optimize resource use, provide multiple sources of income, and improve nutrient cycling.
- Efficient Irrigation Systems: Investing in efficient irrigation systems can help farmers cope with changing rainfall patterns and water scarcity. These systems can improve soil health and water conservation, reducing vulnerability to climate-related challenges.
- Promoting Organic Farming Practices: Encouraging organic farming practices, which minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, can reduce environmental harm and improve the resilience of agricultural systems. Organic practices often focus on building healthy soils, which can better withstand climate variability.
- Cultivating Climate-Resistant Crops: Promoting the cultivation of climate-resistant crop varieties and drought-resistant seeds, such as millets, can help farmers adapt to changing climate conditions. These crops are often better suited to withstand droughts and extreme temperatures.
- Strengthening Market Links: Facilitating connections between farmers and markets can help ensure that farmers receive fair prices for their produce. This can improve the economic resilience of farming communities and incentivize sustainable practices.
- Microfinance Opportunities: Providing access to microfinance opportunities can assist farmers in investing in sustainable agricultural practices. Financial support can help farmers acquire the resources they need to adopt more resilient and sustainable farming methods.
- Policy Support: Implementing policies that emphasize sustainable agriculture and provide incentives for sustainable practices can create an enabling environment for farmers. These policies can include subsidies for sustainable practices, access to credit, and support for climate adaptation.
Global Prospects through the G20 Indian Presidency
- International Cooperation: The G20 Indian Presidency offers a platform for international cooperation. G20 countries can collaborate and coordinate efforts to address pressing global challenges, including climate change and food security.
- Knowledge Sharing: The G20 provides a forum for knowledge sharing among member nations. Countries can exchange best practices, share research findings, and pool resources to tackle common issues more effectively.
- Policy Advocacy: G20 member countries can use their collective influence to advocate for policies that promote sustainability, resilience, and equity in global food systems. This can include advocating for climate-resilient agricultural practices and sustainable land use.
- Resource Mobilization: The G20 can facilitate resource mobilization to support initiatives aimed at creating a more sustainable and resilient global food system. This includes financial support for sustainable agriculture projects and climate adaptation efforts.
- Innovation and Research: G20 countries can promote international cooperation in agriculture research and innovation. By working together, they can accelerate the development of sustainable crop varieties, pest-resistant crops, and advanced farming technologies.
- Global Food Security: The G20 can play a pivotal role in enhancing global food security. This involves coordinating efforts to improve food distribution systems, reduce food losses and waste, and promote sustainable agriculture to ensure a stable food supply for vulnerable populations worldwide.
- Agricultural and Rural Development: G20 member nations can leverage their resources and expertise to support agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Investments in infrastructure, capacity development, and financial assistance to smallholder farmers can alleviate poverty and promote sustainable farming practices.
Conclusion
- Fostering international cooperation is essential to addressing the complex nexus of food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture for a resilient and sustainable future. The G20, with its potential to drive global strategies, should play a pivotal role in coordinating efforts to mitigate climate change, adapt agricultural practices, and ensure food security on a global scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basic concepts
Mains level: Growing tax base, recent trends, opportunities and challenges
What’s the news?
- India sees a surge in taxpayer base amidst tax policy challenges; a stable tax-to-GDP ratio raises questions on fiscal maneuverability and economic growth prospects.
Central idea
- In the lead-up to each budget, the Union government cites limited tax revenues as a spending constraint. Recent years have seen a surge in direct and indirect tax payers, challenging the idea that only a small segment contributes. This should ideally raise the tax-to-GDP ratio, yet tax rate cuts and pandemic disruptions have limited fiscal gains, hinting at a deliberate shift to a low-tax regime.
What is meant by fiscal maneuverability?
- It refers to the government’s ability to adjust its revenue and expenditure policies in response to changing economic conditions, budget constraints, and policy goals.
What is Tax-to-GDP Ratio?
- The Tax-to-GDP ratio is a financial indicator that measures the total tax revenue collected by a government as a percentage of its overall GDP for a specific period, typically a fiscal year.
- This ratio is used to assess the level of taxation relative to the size of the economy.
- A higher Tax-to-GDP ratio suggests that a larger portion of a nation’s economic output is being collected in the form of taxes.
What Factors Have Led to the Government’s Limited Fiscal Maneuverability Before Budgets?
- The common refrain: Historically, the Union government has often cited its limited tax revenues as a significant constraint on its ability to maneuver effectively in the run-up to budgets.
- Steady increase in tax base: It’s noteworthy that there has been a consistent increase in both direct and indirect tax payers over recent years.
- Economic context: This expansion in the tax base has occurred during a phase of slower, uneven economic growth.
- Impact of tax cuts and disruptions: Despite the increase in taxpayers, cuts in both direct and indirect tax rates (including GST) and pandemic-induced economic disruptions have limited the fiscal gains from this surge in taxpayers.
How Has the Taxpayer Base Evolved in Recent Years?
- Growth in the taxpayer base: The tax base has shown substantial growth in recent years, challenging the belief that only a small section of society pays taxes.
- Direct tax base expansion: The number of companies paying tax grew by about 43 percent, from 7.46 lakh to 10.7 lakh, between the assessment years 2014–15 and 2022–23.
- Individual taxpayers: Individual taxpayers increased by 65 percent over the same period, rising from 5.38 crore to 8.9 crore.
- Role of small taxpayers: It’s important to note that a significant number of these new tax payers have incomes less than Rs 5 lakh.
Trends and Factors in the Expansion of the Indirect Tax Base
- Indirect tax base growth: The number of active GST payers increased from 1.2 crore in 2019 to 1.4 crore by June 2023.
- Composition: About 80 percent of these taxpayers are proprietorships, with another 10 percent being partnerships.
- Incentives for registration: Smaller establishments are incentivized to register under GST to avail of the input tax credit.
- Indirect tax impact: The growth in the indirect tax base may also be influencing the increase in direct tax payers.
Impact of Tax Rate Reductions
- Corporate tax rate reduction: In September 2019, the government announced a cut in the corporate tax rate for existing companies from 30 percent to 22 percent.
- Impact on revenue: As per government figures, the revenue loss on account of this corporate tax reduction was Rs 1.28 lakh crore in 2019–20 and Rs 1 lakh crore in 2020–21.
- Corporate tax-to-GDP ratio: The corporate tax-to-GDP ratio declined from 3.5 percent in 2018–19 to around 3.1 percent by 2022–23.
- Personal income tax rebates: In the interim budget of 2019, the government announced that individual taxpayers with taxable income up to Rs 5 lakh would get a full tax rebate.
- Personal income tax-to-GDP ratio: The personal income tax-to-GDP ratio increased from 2.5 percent in 2018–19 to 3 percent by 2022–23.
- Increase in zero tax liability: Notably, the number of individuals with zero tax liability also increased from 2.9 crore in 2019–20 to 5.16 crore in 2022–23, which may limit the gains from an expansion in the tax base.
What are the challenges?
- Revenue Sustainability: A challenge arises in ensuring that the gains from an expanding tax base translate into sustainable revenue streams. Despite the increase in taxpayers, tax cuts and disruptions may limit the fiscal benefits.
- Tax Evasion and Avoidance: Addressing tax evasion and avoidance remains a significant challenge. Although the formalization of the economy makes tax evasion more complicated, it requires effective measures to combat tax evasion further.
- Balancing Tax Cuts: The reduction in tax rates, such as the corporate tax cut, has implications for government revenue. Striking a balance between encouraging economic growth through lower taxes and maintaining adequate fiscal resources is a constant challenge.
- Targeted Spending: As the government’s fiscal space expands with a growing tax base, it faces the challenge of allocating resources effectively. Prioritizing and targeting spending on key development objectives while avoiding wasteful expenditures is essential.
Future Prospects
- Fiscal Sustainability: With an expanding economy and tax base, there is potential for improved fiscal sustainability. If managed effectively, this can provide the government with more resources to meet its long-term financial commitments.
- Development Opportunities: The growth in the tax base offers opportunities for increased public investment in critical sectors, fostering economic development, and improving the overall quality of life for citizens.
- Reduced Reliance on Borrowing: An increased tax base can reduce the government’s reliance on borrowing to meet budgetary needs, potentially leading to lower interest payments and debt management challenges.
- Incentive for Formalization: As more individuals and businesses enter the tax net, there’s a natural incentive for greater formalization of the economy. This can reduce the size of the informal sector and promote economic stability.
- Policy Flexibility: A broader tax base can provide the government with greater policy flexibility. It can consider adjustments to tax rates, exemptions, and deductions to support specific policy goals, such as promoting investment or addressing income inequality.
- Enhanced Economic Growth: With appropriate fiscal policies, the increased revenue potential from a growing tax base can contribute to sustained economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction.
Conclusion
- The government’s strategic choices regarding tax rates have influenced the country’s tax landscape, expanded the taxpayer base while maintained stable tax-to-GDP ratios. As India’s economy continues to evolve, these gains should not be squandered through excessive giveaways but rather strategically allocated to promote sustainable development and economic growth.
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