Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
Mains level: India-Saudi Arabia partnership, India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
What’s the news?
- Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s India visit showcased a significant infrastructure project linking India to Europe. It also bolstered economic, energy, and defense cooperation through crucial agreements, underscoring his influential role in shaping the India-Saudi Arabia relationship.
Central idea
- During his New Delhi visit, Prince Mohammed’s announcement of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, challenging China’s Belt and Road Initiative, marked a significant milestone in bilateral ties. His extended stay for a state visit and the inaugural India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council meeting underscored the relationship’s growing significance.
Historical Foundations
- Diplomatic relations between India and Saudi Arabia date back to 1947, reflecting centuries of socio-cultural and economic ties.
- The watershed moment in their relationship occurred during King Abdullah’s visit to India in 200, which led to the Delhi Declaration.
- Subsequently, the Riyadh Declaration in 2010 elevated their ties to a strategic partnership. Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Riyadh in 2016 marked enhanced cooperation in various domains, highlighted by the conferment of Saudi Arabia’s highest civilian honor upon him.
Economic Ties: Driving India-Saudi Arabia Relations
- In the fiscal year 2022–23, India and Saudi Arabia recorded a remarkable bilateral trade value of $52.76 billion, underscoring the depth of their economic engagement.
- This bilateral trade figure accounted for 4.53% of India’s total trade during the same period, reflecting the significance of Saudi Arabia as a trade partner.
- Investments in Saudi Arabia:
- As of January 2022, a total of 2,783 Indian companies had registered as joint ventures or 100% owned entities in Saudi Arabia.
- These investments collectively amounted to approximately $2 billion, showcasing the strong presence of Indian corporate giants such as L&T, Tata, Wipro, TCS, TCIL, and Shapoorji Pallonji in the Saudi market.
- Saudi Investments in India:
- Saudi Arabia reciprocates India’s economic overtures with substantial investments in various sectors.
- Notable Saudi investors in India include Aramco, SABIC, Zamil, e-holidays, and the Al Batterjee Group, with a cumulative investment reaching $3.15 billion as of March 2022.
- Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF):
- The Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF) has emerged as a pivotal player in strengthening economic ties between the two nations.
- PIF has strategically invested in several Indian startups, including Delhivery, FirstCry, Grofers, Ola, OYO, Paytm, and PolicyBazaar, through the SoftBank Vision Fund.
- In June 2020, PIF announced a substantial investment of $1.49 billion (equating to a 2.32% stake) in Reliance Industries’ Jio Platforms, followed by a $1.3 billion investment (2.04% stake) in Reliance Retail Ventures Ltd. in November 2020.
- PIF’s interest in the Indian market extends to the agriculture and food sectors, with the acquisition of a 29.91% stake in Daawat Foods Ltd. in May 2020, with an investment of $17.23 million.
- West Coast Refinery and Petrochemicals Project:
- Among the most significant proposed investments is the $44 billion West Coast Refinery and Petrochemicals Project in Maharashtra.
- This mega project is a collaborative effort between Saudi Aramco, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, and an Indian consortium comprising Indian Oil Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, and Bharat Petroleum Corporation.
Energy Cooperation: India’s Vital Link with Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Arabia stood as India’s third-largest source of crude oil and petroleum products in FY23.
- India imported a substantial 39.5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of crude oil from Saudi Arabia during the fiscal year, constituting a significant 16.7% of India’s total crude oil imports.
- Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a vital component of India’s energy mix, and Saudi Arabia contributes significantly to this sector.
- India imported 7.85 MMT of LPG from Saudi Arabia in FY23, accounting for a noteworthy 11.2% of India’s total petroleum product imports during the same period.
Defence Partnership: Strengthening India-Saudi Arabia Security Ties
- A pivotal moment in the strengthening of defence ties was the landmark visit of General Manoj Mukund Naravane, the then Chief of the Indian Army, to Saudi Arabia in December 2020.
- This visit underscored the commitment of both nations to enhancing their defence cooperation.
- India and Saudi Arabia have forged extensive naval cooperation, as exemplified by the initiation of the bilateral naval exercise Al Mohed al Hindi.
- Two editions of this exercise have already been successfully conducted, further cementing their maritime partnership.
- Defence Industries and Capacity-Building:
- Both countries have actively engaged in cooperation in the realm of defence industries and capacity-building.
- This signifies their shared interest in fostering self-reliance and enhancing their defence capabilities.
- Joint Development and Production:
- The joint statement issued during Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s visit emphasized the deepening of defence cooperation and expressed mutual interest in exploring avenues for joint development and production of defence equipment.
Indians in Saudi Arabia: A Strong and Respected Community
- A Living Bridge: Comprising more than 2.4 million individuals, this community is not only an essential part of Saudi society but also serves as a living bridge connecting India and Saudi Arabia.
- Contributions to Development:
- The Indian diaspora in Saudi Arabia plays an active and constructive role in the nation’s progress and development.
- Members of this community are engaged in various sectors, including construction, healthcare, education, and services, contributing their expertise and labor to the kingdom’s advancement.
- The joint statement issued during high-level visits and diplomatic interactions highlights the strong bond between India and Saudi Arabia. It acknowledges Saudi Arabia’s commitment to taking excellent care of the Indian diaspora, as exemplified by their support during critical situations.
- In particular, Saudi Arabia’s assistance in the evacuation of Indian nationals stranded in Sudan through Jeddah under Operation Kaveri is a testament to the collaborative spirit and humanitarian approach of both nations.
- Facilitating Religious Pilgrimage:
- Saudi Arabia plays a crucial role in facilitating religious pilgrimages for Indian citizens.
- The support provided to Indian Hajj and Umrah pilgrims underscores the kingdom’s commitment to ensuring a smooth and spiritually fulfilling journey for Indian Muslims.
The Importance of Mohammed bin Salman
- Vision 2030 and Domestic Reforms:
- MBS has introduced Vision 2030, a transformative plan aimed at modernizing Saudi Arabia’s economy and society.
- Notable reforms include granting women the right to drive, opening cinemas, welcoming tourists, and diversifying the economy away from oil.
- Under Vision 2030, MBS has spearheaded efforts to attract foreign investments, boost non-oil sectors, and create jobs.
- The plan has led to substantial investments in technology, entertainment, and tourism.
- MBS has pursued an active foreign policy to enhance Saudi Arabia’s regional influence and stability.
- This includes initiatives to reconcile with regional adversaries like Iran and engage with Israel.
- Strengthened Global Ties:
- MBS has worked to bolster Saudi Arabia’s relationships with global powers, including the United States, India, and China.
- These partnerships encompass economic collaborations, strategic alliances, and military cooperation.
- Controversies and Criticisms:
- MBS has faced criticism and controversy, notably concerning human rights issues and the Jamal Khashoggi case.
- These events have affected Saudi Arabia’s international image and diplomatic relations.
Conclusion
- The India-Saudi Arabia partnership is poised for further growth, fueled by economic, energy, defence, and cultural ties. As Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman continues to navigate the global stage, India is actively engaging with Saudi Arabia to bolster this pragmatic partnership for mutual benefit and regional stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New Post Office Bill (2023)
Mains level: Post Office Bill (2023), Key provisions and changes
What’s the news?
- The Post Office Bill, 2023, was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 10, 2023. It repeals the Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
Central idea
- The recent introduction of the Post Office Bill (2023) in the Rajya Sabha marks a significant shift in India’s postal landscape. The new bill recognizes the evolving role of post offices in the digital age, where they serve as a crucial conduit for a wide range of citizen-centric services.
Key provisions and changes introduced by the bill
- Repealing the Indian Post Office Act, 1898: The Post Office Bill, 2023, seeks to replace the outdated Indian Post Office Act of 1898 and addresses various aspects of the functioning of India Post.
- Exclusive Privileges of the Central Government: Unlike the previous Act, which granted the central government exclusive privileges in establishing posts and conveying letters, the new bill does not contain such privileges. However, it does specify that the Post Office will retain the exclusive privilege of issuing postage stamps.
- Services to be prescribed: While the old Act specified the services provided by the Post Office, such as delivering postal articles and money orders, the new bill allows the central government to prescribe the services to be offered by the Post Office.
- Powers to Intercept Shipments: The bill introduces new grounds for intercepting shipments transmitted through the post, including security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, emergency, public safety, and contravention of the provisions of the Bill or any other law. An officer empowered by the central government may carry out an interception.
- Director General’s Regulations: The Director General of Postal Services, as provided in both the old Act and the new bill, may make regulations regarding various activities necessary for providing postal services. This includes specifying charges, supply, and sale of postage stamps and postal stationery.
- Examination of Shipments: The bill removes the powers of examination of shipments by Post Office officers. Instead, it allows the central government to empower an officer of the Post Office to deliver the shipment to customs authorities or other specified authorities for handling.
- Removal of Offenses and Penalties: Unlike the old Act, which specified various offences and penalties, the new bill does not provide for many offences or consequences. However, it does state that amounts not paid or neglected by a user will be recoverable as arrears of land revenue.
- Exemptions from Liability: Both the old Act and the new bill maintain provisions that exempt the government and officers from liability related to the loss, misdelivery, delay, or damage to a postal article. The bill allows the Post Office to prescribe liability regarding its services instead of the central government.
What changes?
- Flexibility in Pricing and Service Regulation:
- The new bill grants the postal department the flexibility to determine the prices of its services.
- This flexibility is seen as crucial in a highly competitive industry, enabling the postal department to respond quickly to market demands.
- It also allows the department to adapt to changing economic conditions while offering a variety of citizen-centric services.
- Enhanced Security Measures:
- The bill empowers the central government to take action in cases where the security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, emergencies, public safety, or contraventions of the law are at stake.
- Specifically, any item in the course of transmission by the Post Office can be intercepted, opened, or detained under these circumstances.
- This provision is seen as a response to modern challenges, including the smuggling and unlawful transmission of drugs and contraband goods through postal parcels.
- Generic Provisions for Intercepting Items:
- Unlike the existing Act (1898), which specifically mentioned intercepting postal articles containing explosive dangerous, filthy, noxious or deleterious substances, the new bill contains more generic language.
- This change is intended to address a broader range of potential security threats and criminal activities involving postal parcels.
- Limited Jurisdiction over Courier Firms:
- The bill’s provisions for intercepting, opening, or detaining items in the course of postal transmission are applicable to the Post Office. However, there is no similar legislation mentioned for courier firms.
- Given that India Post holds less than 15% of the market share in the courier/express/parcels (CEP) industry, the bill’s effectiveness in intercepting items for national security and public service reasons has limitations.
- Potential Inclusion of Medium and Small Courier Players:
- The bill could have been strengthened by including provisions for medium and small courier operators to register with a designated authority.
- Such provisions would have given the bill more control over the movement of contraband goods in parcels, even in the courier industry.
Futuristic Postal Delivery
- The new Bill introduces standards for addressing items, address identifiers, and postcodes.
- These standards may enable the use of digital codes based on geo-spatial coordinates instead of traditional physical addresses.
- Benefits include improved sorting efficiency and accurate delivery of mail and parcels.
- The adoption of digital addressing could potentially facilitate parcel deliveries by drones, similar to experiments in some other countries.
- The transition to these futuristic concepts is acknowledged to be a gradual process.
Removal of Exclusive Privilege
- A significant aspect of the Bill is the removal of a provision from the 1898 Act that granted the central government exclusive privileges in postal services.
- These privileges included conveying letters by post and performing related services.
- The provision had lost its relevance with the emergence of courier services in India since the 1980s.
- The absence of a clear definition of letter versus document in the Act and subsequent rules had led to legal ambiguity.
- The removal of this exclusive privilege is viewed as a positive step, aligning the legal framework with the changing communication landscape.
- The importance of traditional written personal communication through letters has decreased significantly with the mobile revolution.
- The removal of this provision is seen as a recognition of this reality.
Conclusion
- The new Post Office Bill (2023) represents a vital step toward modernizing India’s postal services to align with contemporary needs. It eliminates the outdated provision of exclusive privileges, adapting to the realities of the digital age and ensuring that India’s postal sector remains relevant and accessible to all citizens.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 16th Finance Commission
Mains level: 16th Finance Commission and India's fiscal federalism
What’s the news?
- India’s fiscal landscape, transformed by GST, calls for a comprehensive reevaluation of fiscal federalism to address tax-sharing challenges and regional disparities.
Central idea
- The 122nd Constitutional Amendment of 2016 and the subsequent introduction of the GST regime in 2017 reshaped India’s fiscal landscape, replacing production-based taxation with a consumption-oriented approach. This shift highlights the importance of reevaluating fiscal federalism as the 16th Finance Commission forms, addressing tax-sharing principles and regional balance in taxation.
What is meant by fiscal federalism?
- Fiscal federalism refers to the division of financial responsibilities and resources between different levels of government within a federal or decentralized system.
- It encompasses the principles and mechanisms by which revenues are generated, collected, shared, and spent by various levels of government, typically at the national (central) and subnational (state or regional) levels.
- India operates as a federal republic with a multi-tiered system of governance, and fiscal federalism is an essential aspect of this arrangement.
Potential challenges faced by the 16th Finance Commission
- Revisiting Tax-sharing Principles: The 16th Finance Commission faces the challenge of reexamining and redesigning tax-sharing principles due to the shift from production-based to consumption-based taxation under the GST regime.
- Efficient Tax Collection: Variations in the cost of tax collection (ranging from 7 to 10 percent) have emerged as a challenge, given the joint collection of taxes by the Union and states under GST.
- Redesigning Horizontal Distribution: The Commission must address the challenge of redesigning criteria for distributing the divisible pool among states to ensure equitable distribution of tax revenues and grants.
- Reviewing the Compensation Scheme: The necessity, viability, and desirability of the GST compensation scheme must be reviewed by the Commission, considering the performance of GST revenues over the past six years.
- Institutional Relationships: Establishing formalized institutional relationships between the GST Council and the Finance Commission presents a challenge in the evolving federal financial structure.
The need for a comprehensive reevaluation of India’s fiscal federalism
- Shift to the GST Regime: The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime represents a monumental shift in India’s taxation system. This change from a production-based tax system to a consumption-based one necessitates a reevaluation of fiscal federalism to align with this new tax paradigm.
- Impact on Vertical and Horizontal Imbalances: The transition from a production-based to a consumption-based tax system has the potential to rectify historical vertical imbalances in tax revenue distribution. However, it also introduces new horizontal imbalances among states due to varying consumption patterns and economic development levels.
- Equitable Resource Allocation: To ensure a fair distribution of resources among states, it is imperative to revisit the criteria for resource allocation. The reevaluation should consider the principles of fiscal federalism and the specific needs of each state within the GST framework.
- Efficiency and Transparency: An updated fiscal federalism framework can lead to increased efficiency and transparency in revenue collection, sharing, and utilization. This can help streamline fiscal processes and reduce inefficiencies.
- Adaptation to Changing Economic Realities: India’s economic landscape is dynamic, with evolving challenges and opportunities. A comprehensive reevaluation allows fiscal policies to adapt to these changes, ensuring they remain relevant and effective.
- Fiscal Responsibility: To ensure fiscal sustainability, a reevaluation should assess the long-term fiscal health of both the central government and state governments. It can recommend measures to manage fiscal deficits and public debt responsibly.
Way forward
- Mandate of the 16th Finance Commission: The government should promptly constitute the 16th Finance Commission with a clear mandate to reexamine the tax-sharing principles and other related fiscal matters.
- Define Comprehensive Terms of Reference (ToR): The ToR for the 16th Finance Commission should be carefully formulated to guide the Commission in addressing the challenges posed by the GST regime and its impact on fiscal federalism.
- Pooling of Indirect Tax Sovereignty: Given the significant changes in the tax landscape, the Commission should comprehensively assess the pooling of indirect tax sovereignty between the Union and states under the GST system.
- Redesign Tax-sharing Principles: The Commission should undertake a thorough review and redesign of tax-sharing principles, especially with regard to the divisible pool, unsettled IGST, and settlement frequencies, in alignment with the GST structure.
- Distribution Criteria Reevaluation: Reevaluate the criteria for distributing the divisible pool among states, particularly for equalizing grants, to ensure that they align with the new consumption-based tax system and address regional imbalances effectively.
- Formalize Institutional Relationships: Formalize and strengthen the institutional relationship between the GST Council and the Finance Commission to facilitate seamless coordination, information exchange, and alignment of fiscal policies.
- Engage with Stakeholders: Engage in extensive consultations with relevant stakeholders, including state governments, economists, and experts, to gather diverse perspectives and insights.
Conclusion
- The 16th Finance Commission must reshape India’s fiscal federalism for the GST era by redefining the divisible pool, improving tax collection efficiency, revisiting distribution criteria, reviewing compensation, and formalizing institutional relationships. Flexible terms of reference are crucial for these essential reforms to align the fiscal system with the new tax paradigm and promote equitable growth.
Also read:
Finance Commission and the Challenges of Fiscal Federalism
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Renewable energy targets. COP28
Mains level: Global renewable energy transition, regional disparities and equity in responsibility
What’s the news?
- The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) of the UNFCCC is scheduled to take place in Dubai from November 30 to December 12.
Central idea
- The upcoming COP28 of the UNFCCC has put forth a bold proposal to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030. This aspiration is echoed in the G-20 declaration, albeit in a less committed manner. While the idea of such a target is appealing, a deeper examination raises significant concerns.
Current State of Renewable Energy Capacity
- As of 2021, renewable energy sources (RES) accounted for 39% of the global installed capacity for electricity generation, totaling 3026 gigawatts (GW). However, their contribution to total electricity generation stood at only 28%.
- Among RES, hydropower constituted over half, with solar and wind energy contributing about 36%.
- To achieve the goal of tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030, we would need to add approximately 6,000 GW of RES capacity, primarily from solar and wind sources.
Regional Disparities
- Electricity demand growth varies significantly among countries at different stages of development.
- Developing nations like China and India experience rapid electricity demand growth, with annual consumption rates of 6.6% and 6.3%, respectively, between 2010 and 2019.
- In contrast, the European Union (EU) saw a decline of 0.3%, and the United States experienced minimal 0.12% growth.
- Only 21% of electricity in the U.S. is sourced from RES, including hydro and biomass. In the EU, 37% of electricity comes from RES.
- The U.S. would need only about 26 GW of new RE capacity to meet additional demand. Its share of the global tripling target of 6000 GW by 2030 would be a mere 0.4%.
- In contrast, India would require about 717 GW of RE capacity, constituting a 12% share of the target.
Challenges in achieving the goal of tripling global renewable energy capacity
- Timeline for Capacity Addition: Tripling renewable energy (RE) capacity by 2030 presents a significant challenge in terms of the timeline for constructing and operationalizing renewable energy projects.
- Scale of Electricity Generation: Achieving the target of tripling RE capacity would require generating approximately 13,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity from renewable sources alone.
- Global Electricity Demand Growth: Global electricity demand has been growing at an average rate of 2.6% (pre-COVID-19 decade average). Meeting the tripling target implies that renewable energy would need to account for 38% of total global electricity production. Sustaining such growth in renewable energy production in line with demand is a complex task.
What are the issues with the global RES target?
- Lack of Transparency in Origin: The origin of the global RES target proposed at COP28 lacks transparency. It appears to draw inspiration from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), but without clear documentation.
- Inequitable Regional Distribution: The proposed target, as per the IRENA analysis, suggests that most of the non-RES capacity to be added by 2030 would be in developing regions.
- Absolute Projections vs. Relative Targets: Absolute projections of installed RES capacity may not align with the growth in energy demand. Relative targets, which are less dependent on demand growth matching expectations, are considered more flexible and robust.
- Dependency on Non-RES Capacity: Achieving a substantial increase in RES capacity may require corresponding non-RES capacity for grid stability and reliable energy supply.
- Lack of Viable Storage Options: There is currently a lack of viable storage options at the scale envisioned by ambitious RES targets. Energy storage is essential to ensuring a stable energy supply when renewable sources are not generating electricity.
- Challenges in Building National Grids: Scaling up RES capacity to such high levels would require extensive national grid development. Finding the necessary resources for these grids is challenging, particularly given the existing difficulties in meeting climate finance targets.
- Targets for Developed Nations: The most vocal proponents of the global RES target do not have corresponding domestic targets. For instance, while India has committed to ambitious goals internationally, countries like the United States and the European Union lack absolute targets domestically. Their targets are often market signals rather than government-intervened commitments.
Way forward
- Transparent Origin of Targets: Ensure transparency in the origin and basis of global renewable energy targets, such as those proposed at COP28. Clearly communicate how and why these targets were formulated.
- Equitable Distribution of Responsibility: Advocate for an equitable sharing of responsibility among nations. Developed countries should commit to absolute domestic targets that align with their global climate commitments.
- Relative Targets: Consider using relative targets alongside absolute targets. Relative targets are less dependent on specific demand growth projections, providing greater flexibility.
- Support for Developing Nations: Provide financial and technical assistance to developing countries to help them meet their renewable energy targets. This includes support for grid development, energy storage, and renewable energy infrastructure.
- Fossil Fuel Phase-Out: Encourage developed nations to accelerate the phase-out of fossil fuel-based electricity production. This step is vital for reducing carbon emissions and creating space for renewable energy capacity.
- Investment in Energy Storage: Invest in research, development, and deployment of energy storage solutions at the scale required by ambitious renewable energy targets. Reliable energy storage is essential for grid stability.
- Climate Finance Commitments: Commit to fulfilling climate finance targets, including the annual $100 billion target, to support climate-related projects across sectors, including renewable energy.
- Policy Alignment: Align domestic policies with international climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement. Governments should implement policies that promote renewable energy growth and the phase-out of fossil fuels.
Conclusion
- As COP28 approaches, developing nations, especially India, should endorse the global tripling of the RES capacity target only if developed nations commit to absolute, equitable, and commensurate targets domestically. Achieving equity in responsibility is crucial to the success of the global renewable energy transition.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: El Niño, IOD, Climate change, Water stress
Mains level: Water and climate change crises in India and food, water, and ecological security
What’s the news?
- Disruptive weather events, including El Niño and changing precipitation patterns, are impacting India’s agriculture, resulting in reduced crop yields, water stress, and rising food prices.
Central idea
- India has experienced a series of disruptive weather and climate phenomena in recent times, highlighting the complexity of our precipitation system. This complexity poses significant challenges to the sustainability and resilience of development projects in the mountains and floodplains.
How do western disturbances influence India’s climate?
- Origin: Western disturbances are weather systems that originate in the Mediterranean region and travel eastward towards South Asia, including India.
- Winter and Spring Impact: During the winter and spring seasons, these disturbances bring much-needed moisture to the western Himalayan region and parts of northern India. This moisture contributes to rainfall and snowfall in these areas, which are essential for agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems.
- Unusual Behavior: The Western disturbance typically follows a seasonal pattern, but in some years, it can exhibit unusual behavior. For example, it may persist late into the summer months, affecting weather patterns beyond its usual timeframe.
- Impact on Southwest Monsoon: When a Western disturbance lingers into the summer, it can influence the southwest monsoon, which is crucial for India’s agriculture. The interaction between these weather systems can lead to unpredictable and sometimes extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall, landslides, and flooding.
- Concerns: The unusual behavior of the Western disturbance can raise concerns about the sustainability and resilience of development projects in regions affected by these weather events, such as the western Himalayan region and northern India.
El Niño’s Influence on Monsoons
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- El Niño is a climate phenomenon characterized by the warming of sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central tropical Pacific Oceans.
- This warming disrupts normal atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to significant climatic impacts worldwide.
- Impact on the Southwest Monsoon:
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- El Niño events can influence the Indian Southwest Monsoon, which is responsible for the majority of India’s annual rainfall.
- While not all El Niño events have adverse effects on the monsoon, their intensification can lead to drier conditions in some parts of India.
- El Niño tends to weaken the monsoon, reducing the amount and distribution of rainfall.
- Interaction with Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):
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- The relationship between El Niño and the monsoon has evolved over time.
- In some cases, when El Niño affects the monsoon, another climate phenomenon in the Indian Ocean, known as the positive-phase IOD, can balance the consequences.
- The IOD can influence monsoon variability and rainfall patterns, either mitigating or exacerbating the impact of El Niño.
- Predictive Value of Models:
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- Dynamic regression models have suggested that a significant portion of the inter-annual variability of the Southwest Monsoon can be attributed to the combined effects of El Niño and the IOD.
- This indicates the predictive value of these models in understanding and forecasting monsoon behavior during El Niño events.
- Food Security Implications:
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- El Niño’s influence on the monsoon has direct implications for food security in India.
- Reduced monsoon rainfall can delay the onset of rains, affect crop sowing, and result in hot temperatures that negatively impact crop growth and soil moisture.
- Crop yields, especially for water-intensive crops like rice and soybean, can be significantly affected during El Niño years, leading to food production challenges.
How are agriculture and water dependency intricately linked in India?
- Two Types of Water for Agriculture:
- Agriculture in India relies on two primary sources of water: green water and blue water.
- Green water refers to rain-fed soil moisture that is utilized by crops and eventually transpires into the atmosphere.
- Blue water includes the water found in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater, which is essential for irrigation as well as drinking and industrial use.
- Importance of Green Water:
- Despite significant investments in dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems, approximately half of the cultivated area in India depends on green water.
- Green water is crucial for rainfed agriculture, as it provides moisture for crops and contributes to the overall water availability for agriculture.
- Water Requirements for the Daily Diet:
- The daily diet of individuals in India, from cooking oil to diverse foods, is associated with a substantial water footprint.
- On average, an individual’s daily diet in India requires approximately 3,268 liters of water per day, subject to regional variability.
- A significant portion (about 75%) of this water footprint is attributed to green water, highlighting the importance of rainfed agriculture to food and nutritional security.
- Dependency on Green Water in Irrigated Areas:
- Even in areas with access to irrigation, many dominant crops still depend on green water to varying degrees.
- For example, during the kharif season, rice paddy under irrigation uses green water for about 35% of its water requirements.
- Staple crops like tur dal, soybean, groundnut, and maize also rely considerably on green water, particularly during specific growing seasons.
- Impact of Climate Phenomena on Green Water:
- Climate phenomena like El Niño can disrupt the availability of green water by delaying the start of rains and affecting sowing schedules.
- Higher temperatures during El Niño events may negatively influence plant growth and soil moisture, impacting crop yields.
- Food Production Challenges:
- During El Niño years, when green water availability may be compromised, crop production can be significantly affected.
- For instance, there was a 28% decline in soybean production in India during the 2015–2016 El Niño year compared to the average
Central India’s vulnerability
- Geographic Region:
- Central India comprises 36 districts across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra.
- This region is characterized by diverse landscapes, including highlands and urban centers.
- Climate Change Hotspot:
- Central India is identified as a climate change hotspot due to its critical role in water, food, and ecological security.
- The region includes headwaters for five of India’s 10 major river basins, making it crucial for water resources.
- Water Stress:
- Central India experiences significant and persistent water stress.
- Water stress is driven primarily by the demand for irrigation, particularly during the rabi season, which relies on blue water sources such as rivers and reservoirs.
- Extent of Water Stress:
- Approximately 70–78% of the landscape in Central India experiences water stress for four or more months each year.
- Among the 17 urban centers in the region, 11 face water stress for six to eight months, with Nagpur enduring water stress for the longest duration.
- Changing precipitation patterns, including declining monsoon precipitation since the 1950s, have exacerbated water stress in Central India.
Adaptation Strategies
- Diversifying Agro-Food Systems:
- To adapt to changing precipitation patterns and water availability, there’s an emphasis on diversifying agro-food systems.
- This includes shifting away from water-intensive crops to alternative, less water-dependent crops like millets.
- Reducing Dependence on Water-Intensive Crops:
- A key adaptation strategy is reducing dependence on water-intensive crops, particularly during periods of water stress.
- Crop diversification may involve promoting the cultivation of millets and alternative varieties of dominant cereals.
- Shorter growing cycles:
- Advisories to farmers may include shifting to crops with shorter growing cycles.
- Shorter growing cycles can help adapt to changing precipitation patterns and mitigate the risks associated with extended dry periods.
- Improved Forecasting and Early Warning Systems:
- Adaptation efforts are aided by advancements in short-term weather forecasting and early warning systems.
- Timely weather forecasts and warnings for intense rain and dry spells can help farmers make informed decisions.
- Enhancing Reservoir and Dam Management:
- Given the risks associated with extreme rain events, adaptive strategies include improved management of dams and reservoirs.
- Effective reservoir and dam management can reduce the risk of dam-based flood disasters.
- Balancing Water Demands:
- Sustainable water-sharing practices between humans and nature are crucial for adaptation.
- Balancing the needs of agriculture, industry, and ecosystems while maintaining ecological flows in rivers is a priority.
- Government Initiatives:
- Both the central and state governments are involved in implementing adaptation strategies.
- Government efforts may include policy support, incentives for farmers, and investments in infrastructure.
Conclusion
- The water and climate change crises in India, intertwined with food, water, and ecological security, require a multifaceted response. Diversifying agro-food systems, reducing dependence on blue water, rejuvenating rivers, and sustainable water sharing between humans and nature are essential for the well-being of India’s 1.4 billion people.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: floodplains
Mains level: floodplains management, challenges and strategies
What’s the news?
- Indian cities are projected to contribute significantly to the country’s GDP by 2030. Flooding in these urban centers has a substantial economic impact, underscoring the importance of effective flood management.
Central idea
- The world is grappling with a dual challenge of water scarcity and excess as climate change intensifies. The frequency and intensity of floods are on the rise, with devastating consequences. The urgency of addressing this issue cannot be overstated.
Recent catastrophic floods
- Last year, Pakistan witnessed catastrophic floods that claimed lives and affected millions.
- India has faced its share of calamities, such as the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, the 2014 Kashmir Valley deluge, the 2015 Chennai floods, and the 2017 Gujarat floods.
- This year, Himachal Pradesh experienced rain-induced floods and landslides.
Why is India prone to flooding?
- Geographical Vulnerability: The article mentions that over 40 million hectares, which is nearly 12% of India’s total land area, are prone to floods, as indicated by the Geological Survey of India. This vulnerability is due to India’s diverse geography, including extensive river systems, coastal regions, and mountainous areas.
- Climate Change: Floods are increasing in frequency and intensity, and this trend is expected to continue due to climate change. Extreme precipitation events are becoming more common, contributing to flooding.
- Urbanization Challenges: Rapid and haphazard urbanization is one of the factors that makes Indian cities vulnerable to floods. The expansion of cities, often without proper consideration of natural topography, increases the risk of flooding in urban areas.
- Inadequate Legal Framework: India primarily relies on the Disaster Management Act of 2005 for flood management, but this law is not specifically focused on flood risk management and assumes that disasters cannot be predicted, which may not be entirely accurate for floods.
- Large-Scale Encroachments: India faces challenges due to extensive encroachments on floodplains, including illegal construction and mining activities. These encroachments reduce the natural capacity of rivers and floodplains to handle excess water during heavy rainfall.
- Chennai Floods Example: The 2015 Chennai floods were attributed to these encroachments, and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India labeled it a man-made disaster.
- Weak Enforcement of Environmental Laws: The environmental protection laws in India are often not effectively implemented. Central policies related to floodplain protection lack binding power over states, allowing encroachments to persist.
Flood Plains and their Significance
- Flood plains adjacent to rivers serve as natural defences against inland flooding. Maintained without concrete encroachments, they absorb excess water, safeguarding other regions.
- Properly managed flood plains also aid in recharging groundwater levels and maintaining the water table.
Key issues related to occupying floodplains and the challenges it poses in India
- Reduced River Capacity: Illegal construction in floodplains diminishes the natural capacity of rivers to contain high water levels within their banks. This becomes especially problematic during periods of heavy rainfall when water from upper catchment areas flows downstream.
- Neglect of Eco-Sensitive Areas: In Uttarakhand, there has been a disregard for eco-sensitive floodplains with the construction of guest houses and hotels along riverfronts to promote tourism and economic growth. This neglect has contributed to increased flood risks.
- Regulatory Efforts: Following the massive floods in 2013, the National Green Tribunal issued a directive in 2015, essentially barring construction within 200 meters of the Ganga’s banks. However, attempts to bypass this directive have been made, raising questions about the proper implementation of environmental impact assessments.
- Ineffective Legislation: The Uttaranchal River Valley (Development and Management) Act of 2005 was established to regulate mining and construction in river valleys. However, reports suggest rampant mining and construction activities with little consideration for environmental protection.
- Weak Implementation of Environmental Laws: Despite having environmental protection laws in place, India faces issues with their implementation. Central policy measures to protect floodplains are often non-binding on states, and there is a lack of effective enforcement.
Strategies to preserve ecosystems
- Examples from around the world include Germany’s Federal Water Act, which underwent a significant change in 1996 following a massive flood.
- The law now prioritizes the protection of the original retention capacity of water bodies during reconstruction.
- This change reflects the value of preserving floodplains and enhancing water retention as effective measures against flooding.
- Climate change adaptation is described as a cross-sectoral issue that involves various areas of legislation, including land use, water body preservation, coastal regulations, and environmental impact assessment.
- A comprehensive and integrated approach is necessary to address the complexities of climate change adaptation effectively.
- Coherent Legal Framework:
- To tackle climate change and its associated risks, it is crucial to integrate multiple laws into a coherent framework.
- Passing climate-related legislation alone may not be sufficient if other laws related to land use and environmental protection are not aligned with climate goals.
- Strong political will is identified as a critical factor in achieving effective climate change adaptation strategies.
- Populist leaders may be hesitant to implement green policies, so there is a need for a shift in political priorities to prioritize environmental protection and climate resilience.
Conclusion
- India’s approach to flood management must evolve to embrace integrated flood risk management, learning from global examples. By prioritizing ecosystem preservation and adopting a holistic approach to climate change adaptation, India can better safeguard lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure from the growing threat of floods.
Also read:
Why Zoning of Flood Plains is important?
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biofuels, Global Biofuels Alliance
Mains level: Biofuels, challenges in India, Sustainable Biofuels, and Global Biofuels Alliance
What’s the news?
- In recent years, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has dominated discussions on decarbonizing the transportation sector.
Central idea
- It is increasingly clear that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions in the race to reduce carbon emissions. While EV adoption has grown substantially, it is essential to recognize that effective decarbonization strategies require a balanced approach.
What are biofuels?
- Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from organic materials, such as plants, crops, and agricultural waste.
- They are considered an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, because they are produced from renewable biomass sources.
Types of biofuels
- Ethanol: It is a biofuel produced by fermenting and distilling sugars or starches found in crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It is commonly used as a blending component in gasoline and can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, known as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline).
- Biodiesel: It is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils. It is typically used as a substitute for diesel fuel and can be blended with petroleum diesel or used in its pure form. Biodiesel has lower emissions of pollutants compared to petroleum diesel and can be used in conventional diesel engines without any modifications.
- Biogas: It is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, and animal manure. It primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for heating, electricity generation, or as a vehicle fuel after purification.
What are sustainable biofuels?
- Sustainable biofuels are those produced from crop residues and other waste materials. These biofuels have a lower environmental impact, including reduced water and greenhouse gas footprints, compared to traditional 1G ethanol derived from food crops.
Challenges related to biofuels in India
- 1G Ethanol Dominance: In India, biofuel production has largely revolved around first-generation (1G) ethanol, primarily sourced from food crops such as sugar cane and foodgrains. This dominance of 1G ethanol poses several challenges, including competition with food production, groundwater depletion due to sugar cane cultivation, and limited potential for scalability.
- Groundwater Depletion: The cultivation of sugar cane, a primary source of 1G ethanol, has been associated with significant groundwater depletion. This poses a serious environmental concern and has long-term sustainability implications, especially in regions with water scarcity.
- Food Security Concerns: Utilizing food crops for ethanol production, particularly in a country like India, raises concerns about food security. Diverting surplus food production toward energy production can lead to potential shortages and affect food prices.
- Yield Stagnation and Global Warming: India’s crop yields have shown signs of stagnation, and the effects of global warming are expected to further reduce crop yields. This means that relying on surplus crop production to meet biofuel blending targets is an unsustainable strategy.
- Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Agriculture is one of the hardest sectors to abate in terms of direct GHG emissions. Increasing GHG emissions from the agricultural sector to produce biofuels for the transport sector can create a counterproductive loop, as it may lead to an overall increase in emissions.
- Supply Chain Challenges for 2G Ethanol: Second-generation (2G) ethanol, which is made from crop wastes and residues, faces challenges related to feedstock supply chains and scaling up production. This can hinder the expansion of 2G ethanol as a sustainable alternative.
- Economies of Scale vs. Biomass Collection: Balancing economies of scale with the energy needs and costs associated with collecting and transporting biomass over large distances is a major challenge. This is crucial for efficient biofuel production, especially in the case of decentralized 2G ethanol production units.
Promoting Sustainable Biofuels in India
- Global Biofuels Alliance: The formation of the Global Biofuels Alliance at the G-20 Summit in New Delhi is seen as a significant step in promoting sustainable biofuels. This alliance is expected to strengthen the development of sustainable biofuels and promote ethanol uptake. It reflects India’s commitment to global cooperation in addressing climate change.
- Diversification of Feedstock: Sustainable biofuels often rely on diversifying feedstock sources beyond food crops. 2G ethanol, which is made from crop wastes and residues, is considered a more sustainable option compared to 1G ethanol. India should focus on developing 2G ethanol production capabilities.
- Prioritizing Sectors: The Energy Transitions Commission’s recommendation to prioritize biomass use in sectors with limited low-carbon alternatives is highlighted. Long-haul aviation and road freight segments, where electrification may take longer to achieve, are mentioned as sectors that could benefit from sustainable biofuels.
- 2030 Sustainability Targets: To achieve global net-zero emissions by 2050, sustainable biofuel production needs to triple by 2030. This underscores the urgency of developing and scaling up sustainable biofuel technologies and production methods.
- Decentralized Production: For sustainable 2G ethanol production, a decentralized approach might be more effective. This means that crop residues do not have to be transported over long distances to central manufacturing plants.
- Innovation and Technology Development: The Global Biofuels Alliance is expected to drive innovation and technology development by establishing an efficient biomass supply chain and smaller-scale decentralised biofuel production units. This is seen as a way to address the challenges associated with sustainable biofuel production.
Importance of distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable biofuels
- Resource Management: Using unsustainable biofuels, particularly those sourced from food crops like sugar cane and grains, can lead to resource depletion. This includes issues such as groundwater depletion and competition for arable land. Differentiating between the two categories helps with responsible resource management.
- Food Security: Sustainable biofuels do not rely on food crops for production, reducing the risk of food security issues. When food crops are diverted for energy production, it can lead to food shortages and increased prices, which can be detrimental to vulnerable populations.
- Climate Commitments: Distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable biofuels aligns with global climate commitments. Many international agreements and initiatives emphasize the importance of sustainable bioenergy as a means to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change effectively.
- Efficiency and Cost: Sustainable biofuels often require fewer resources and have lower production costs compared to unsustainable options. This can lead to increased efficiency and long-term cost savings in biofuel production.
- Public Awareness: Making a clear distinction helps inform the public and policymakers. It enables them to make informed choices, support environmentally responsible practices, and direct efforts towards sustainable biofuel solutions.
- Innovation and Development: By identifying sustainable biofuels, it encourages innovation and technology development in the production of eco-friendly fuels. This, in turn, promotes the growth of a sustainable biofuel industry.
- Complexity of Sustainability: Achieving true sustainability in biofuels is complex. Therefore, distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable options is a crucial step to ensuring that biofuel strategies align with broader environmental and societal goals.
Conclusion
- While electric vehicles have their place in the decarbonization journey, biofuels offer a viable and immediate option to reduce carbon emissions in sectors where electrification is more challenging. India’s commitment to sustainable biofuels through the Global Biofuels Alliance demonstrates a forward-looking approach to addressing the intricate challenges of decarbonization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Fraternity and other key concepts
What’s the news?
- In his thought-provoking book Political Fraternity: Democracy Beyond Freedom and Democracy, philosopher Angel Puyol emphasizes the significance of fraternity in the realm of politics.
Central idea
- Despite its historical roots dating back to Plato and its coexistence with liberty and equality in liberal political philosophy, fraternity often remains a neglected concept. However, India’s struggle for independence and the subsequent establishment of constitutional democracy underscored the importance of fraternity in a society marked by hierarchical social inequalities.
Origins of the Concept
- Plato: The concept of fraternity can be traced back to ancient Greece. In Plato’s Lysis, the philosopher introduces the term philia (love) in the context of a strong desire to pursue wisdom. It is suggested that love and friendship among individuals became more meaningful when they shared knowledge. This emphasis on the act of sharing provides an early glimpse into the discourse of fraternity in ancient Greece.
- Aristotle: The emergence of the polis in Aristotle’s philosophy is noted, where the polis (city-state) was seen as the logical location for individuals who were primarily political beings. Within the polis, justice and friendship among citizens became enduring features, laying the foundation for the idea of political fraternity.
- Medieval Christian Society: During the Middle Ages, the article suggests that fraternity found fertile ground within the context of Christian society in Europe. Fraternal bonds often developed within religious institutions and orders, reflecting the communal and moral values of the time.
- The French Revolution:
- The concept of fraternity found its entry into politics with the French Revolution of 1789.
- It was during this revolutionary period that the triptych of liberté, égalité, and fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity) became a foundational slogan.
- Fraternity took on a revolutionary dimension, emphasizing the solidarity of citizens in their pursuit of common goals.
How is fraternity in India different from the idea enshrined in the Constitution?
- Caste-Based Divisions: The Constitution envisions fraternity as a means to bridge social divides and create unity among India’s diverse population. However, the deeply rooted caste system in India continues to influence social interactions, politics, and access to opportunities, making it challenging to achieve a fraternity that transcends these divisions.
- Community vs. Individual: The Indian Constitution prioritizes individual rights and liberties, which can sometimes conflict with the communitarian approach underlying fraternity.
- Social Inequalities: The constitutional concept of fraternity presupposes social and economic equality among citizens. However, India continues to grapple with significant economic disparities and enduring discrimination based on caste, gender, and other factors, hindering the development of genuine fraternity.
- Communal Tensions: Religious and communal tensions in India have, at times, hindered the pursuit of fraternity. The constitutional vision of fraternity should extend across religious and communal boundaries to foster inclusivity. However, divisive politics occasionally exploits religious differences, undermining the spirit of fraternity.
The limits of fraternity in India
- Caste-Based Divisions: The deeply ingrained caste system in India continues to influence social interactions and opportunities, posing a significant challenge to achieving fraternity that transcends these divisions.
- Shared History and Ideological Differences: In India, historical and ideological differences rooted in social inequalities can hinder the development of fraternity. Ideological motivations can also hamper political fraternity between individuals, particularly when rooted in social inequalities among different communities.
- Secular Conception of Fraternity: Given the communal nature of India’s traditional civic life and the predominance of communal ties, the article suggests that a secular conception of fraternity is necessary. To overcome the challenges posed by ideological and communal differences, fraternity in India needs to be rooted in politics, where caste privileges can be challenged.
- Affirmative Actions and Equality: The introduction of affirmative action, including the reservation system, aimed to address inequality and promote fraternity. However, these policies have sometimes resulted in fraternity primarily within specific caste communities rather than fostering unity across caste lines.
- Religious and Communal Tensions: Religious and communal tensions have, at times, overshadowed the pursuit of fraternity in India. Fraternity should ideally extend across religious and communal boundaries, but divisive politics can exploit religious differences and hinder the spirit of fraternity.
The role of equality as a prerequisite
- Both Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and philosopher John Rawls stressed the importance of equality as a prerequisite for fraternity.
- While affirmative actions, such as the reservation system, were introduced to address historical inequalities, they have often resulted in fraternity primarily within specific caste or community groups rather than fostering unity across these boundaries.
Conclusion
- In India, the coexistence of caste and political fraternity is a challenging endeavor due to the country’s unique social landscape. Achieving political fraternity that transcends caste boundaries requires addressing these complex issues. The future of Indian politics will determine whether fraternity or caste prevails, and this choice will shape the country’s destiny.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20 and global missions
Mains level: Benefits of the AU's inclusion in the G20
What’s the news?
- India’s 18th G20 Summit, held under the dynamic leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, made history by admitting the African Union (AU) into the G20.
Central idea
- The addition of the African Union as the 21st member brings substantial weight to the G20. It significantly enhances the G20’s global economic and financial governance. With Africa’s representation, the G20 becomes a more inclusive and influential body, covering a vast portion of the world’s population, GDP, and trade.
Africa’s Stake and Strength
- Stake in G20 Inclusion:
- Representation: Africa’s inclusion in the G20 through the African Union (AU) provides the continent with a significant voice and presence in global economic and financial governance.
- Global Economic Impact: Africa’s inclusion in the G20 is notable because it represents the continent’s growing economic influence. Africa possesses substantial resources, including agricultural land, minerals, metals (including rare earth minerals), and a young workforce.
- Developmental Challenges: Africa faces numerous developmental challenges, including widespread poverty, conflict, political instability, climate stress, environmental degradation, and socioeconomic devastation from various crises. These challenges underscore the importance of Africa’s participation in the G20 for addressing global public goods (GPGs) and development issues.
- Strengths Leveraged in the G20:
- Resource Abundance: Africa’s wealth of natural resources positions it as a significant contributor to G20 discussions on resource utilization, sustainable development, and global economic growth.
- Economic Integration: Africa’s ongoing economic and political integration, including initiatives like the African Free Trade Area and “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want,” demonstrate its commitment to becoming an economic powerhouse.
- Demographic Advantage: Africa’s large and youthful population presents opportunities for future global economic growth and trade partnerships.
- Alignment with Global Goals: Africa’s role in achieving global goals, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), underscores its importance within the G20 for coordinated efforts to meet these goals.
Benefits of the AU’s inclusion in the G20
- Enhanced Representation and Credibility: The AU’s inclusion makes the G20 more representative and enhances its credibility as a global decision-making body.
- Effective Policy Implementation: AU’s participation is expected to improve the implementation of G20 policies, programs, measures, principles, and initiatives.
- African Voice and Influence: The AU’s presence provides Africa with a voice, participation, and leadership role at the global high table, enabling African countries to influence the global agenda and priorities.
- Cooperation and Leveraging Resources: The AU’s inclusion fosters cooperation within the G20 and allows for the mutual leveraging of Africa’s abundant resources for the benefit of all member nations.
Strategic Benefits for India
- Deepened Partnerships: India can strengthen its strategic, political, economic, technological, trade, and people-to-people partnerships with African nations. AU’s inclusion provides India with a unique opportunity to foster deeper relationships across various sectors.
- Regional and Sub-Regional Engagement: India can engage with African countries on both regional and sub-regional levels. This enables India to extend its influence and cooperation beyond individual nations and into larger African regions.
- Collaboration with Like-Minded Partners: India can collaborate with like-minded partners from the North, such as Japan and the United States, to further its interests in Africa. These partnerships can lead to joint initiatives and investments in the continent.
- Diplomatic Trust: Prime Minister Modi’s successful efforts to secure the AU’s inclusion in the G20 have earned the trust and gratitude of African nations. This trust can translate into diplomatic goodwill and cooperation on various global issues.
- A Counterbalance: The AU’s presence in the G20 can serve as a counterbalance to China’s efforts to influence African countries, especially in matters related to UN Security Council reform. India’s alignment with African interests can bolster its position.
- Economic Opportunities: Africa’s economic growth and integration present opportunities for Indian businesses to invest and trade in the region. India can leverage its participation in the G20 to facilitate economic engagement with African partners.
- Global Influence: By actively engaging with African nations within the G20, India can enhance its global influence and stature as a country that promotes inclusive development and cooperation.
G20’s global mission
- Conclusion Global Economic and Financial System: The G20 plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economic, financial, and monetary system. It strives to establish a framework that is fair and adheres to established rules and principles.
- Providing Global Public Goods (GPGs): The G20 is committed to providing global public goods, which can encompass shared resources, technologies, and knowledge that benefit all nations. These may include international tax packages and initiatives in areas like digital health.
- Addressing Global Public Bads (GPBs): Beyond providing public goods, the G20 addresses global public bads—issues and threats that transcend national borders. This involves taking concerted actions against challenges such as money laundering, counterterrorism financing, and other transnational risks.
- Supporting Developing Countries:
- A significant aspect of the G20’s mission is to create a level playing field for developing countries. It involves taking affirmative measures to assist those nations facing the most significant challenges.
- Key areas of focus include reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), providing stimulus for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), financing initiatives related to green development and climate transition, issuing Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) during crises, and addressing food security and supply chain disruptions.
Conclusion
- Admitting the African Union into the G20 during India’s presidency is a historic achievement that enhances the G20’s credibility and inclusivity. AU’s inclusion adds a valuable perspective to the G20’s discussions and decisions, making it a more powerful and representative body on the world stage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20
Mains level: India in the G20: Analysis
What’s the news?
- The 18th G20 Summit, hosted by India in New Delhi from September 9 to 10, revolved around the theme One Earth, One Family, One Future. This global forum convened to deliberate on crucial issues encompassing food security, climate change, energy, development, healthcare, and digitalization.
Central idea
- The G20 Summit marked a successful conclusion as India transferred the G20 Presidency to Brazil. India’s performance across various socioeconomic metrics within the G20 context reveals a mixed picture of progress and challenges.
GDP per capita comparison (1970–2022)
- 1970: India’s GDP per capita was $111.97, ranking 18th out of 19 regions analyzed. India had one of the lowest GDP per capita figures among the group.
- 2022: By 2022, India’s GDP per capita had risen significantly to $2,388.62. However, despite this growth, India had moved to the last position among the 19 regions, indicating that other regions had experienced more substantial economic growth during this period.
Human Development Index (HDI) comparison (1990–2021)
- 1990: In 1990, India’s HDI stood at 0.43, indicating a relatively low level of human development. At that time, India ranked towards the lower end of the list among the 19 countries and regions analyzed.
- 2021: By 2021, India’s HDI had improved to 0.63, signifying significant progress in terms of human development over the decades. However, despite this improvement, India still ranked at the bottom of the list among the 19 regions, highlighting the need for further advancements in various aspects of human development, including life expectancy, education, and living standards.
Health Metrics Comparison
- Life Expectancy (1990-2021):
-
- In 1990, India had an average life expectancy of 45.22 years.
- China, at the same time, had a lower average life expectancy of 33.27 years.
- By 2021, India’s life expectancy had increased to 67.24 years.
- Despite this improvement, India’s ranking remained the same, and China surpassed India in terms of life expectancy.
- Infant Mortality Rate (1990-2021):
-
- In 1990, India had an infant mortality rate of 88.8 per 1,000 live births, ranking it at the bottom of the 20 regions analyzed.
- By 2021, India’s infant mortality rate had improved to 25.5 per 1,000 live births.
- India’s ranking improved to 19th place, just ahead of South Africa (26.4), but it still lags behind many other regions in terms of infant mortality.
Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Comparison (1990-2021-22)
- 1990:
- In 1990, India’s LFPR for individuals above 15 years of age was 54.2%.
- This LFPR ranking placed India at the 18th position among the 20 regions analyzed.
- India was ahead of Italy (49.7%) and Saudi Arabia (53.3%) in LFPR.
- 2021-22:
- By 2021-22, India’s LFPR had decreased to 49.5%.
- This decline resulted in a slip in India’s ranking to 19th place.
- India was now only ahead of Italy (49.4%) among the 20 regions in terms of LFPR.
Women’s Representation in Parliament (1998-2022)
- 1998:
- In 1998, women constituted 8.1% of the Indian Parliament.
- At that time, India ranked 15th out of the 19 regions analyzed in terms of women’s representation in Parliament.
- While there were women in leadership positions, India’s representation was relatively low compared to some other regions.
- 2022:
- By 2022, women’s representation in the Indian Parliament had nearly doubled to 14.9%.
- However, despite this increase, India’s ranking had slipped to the 18th position among the 19 regions.
- India was just ahead of Japan (9.9%) in terms of women’s representation in Parliament.
Environmental Progress
- Carbon Emissions (1990 and 2020):
- In 1990, India was the lowest emitter of CO2 among the 20 regions analyzed.
- This demonstrated India’s relatively low carbon emissions at that time.
- In 2020, India maintained its status as the lowest emitter of CO2 among the same regions, indicating a consistent trend of relatively low carbon emissions.
- Renewable Energy Adoption (1990 and 2015):
- In 1990, most G20 nations, excluding the U.S. and Mexico, generated less than 2% of their electricity from renewables.
- By 2015, India had made some progress, with 5.36% of its electricity coming from renewable sources.
- However, India’s ranking in this regard was 13th out of the 20 regions analyzed, suggesting relatively slow progress in adopting eco-friendly energy sources compared to some other G20 nations.
Conclusion
- As India hands over the G20 Presidency to Brazil, there is an opportunity for the nation to build on its successes and address areas that require further attention to achieve a more balanced and equitable socioeconomic landscape
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Generative AI
Mains level: AI's potential and challenges and steps towards Responsible AI
What’s the news?
- In the digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a guiding light, illuminating the path to progress and offering vast untapped potential. However, the central concern revolves around maintaining control as AI’s capabilities continue to expand.
Central idea
- The recent G20 Delhi Declaration and the G7’s commitment to draft an international AI code of conduct underscore the pressing need to prioritize responsible artificial intelligence (AI) practices. With over 700 policy instruments under discussion for regulating AI, there is a consensus on principles, but implementation remains a challenge.
The Beacon of AI: Progress and Potential
Progress in AI:
- Investment Surge: Private investments in AI have skyrocketed, as indicated by Stanford’s Artificial Index Report of 2023. Over the past decade, investments have grown an astonishing 18-fold since 2013, underscoring the growing confidence in AI’s capabilities.
- Widespread Adoption: AI’s influence is not limited to tech giants; its adoption has doubled since 2017 across industries. It’s becoming an integral part of healthcare, finance, manufacturing, transportation, and more, promising efficiency gains and innovative solutions.
- Economic Potential: McKinsey’s projections hint at the staggering economic potential of AI, estimating its annual value to range from $17.1 trillion to $25.6 trillion. These figures underscore the transformative power of AI in generating economic growth and prosperity.
The Potential of AI:
- Diverse Applications: AI’s potential knows no bounds. Its ability to process vast amounts of data, make predictions, and automate complex tasks opens doors to countless applications. From enhancing healthcare diagnosis to optimizing supply chains, AI is a versatile tool.
- Accessible Technology: AI is becoming increasingly accessible. Open-source frameworks and cloud-based AI services enable businesses and individuals to harness its power without the need for extensive technical expertise.
- Solving Complex Problems: AI holds promise in tackling some of humanity’s most pressing challenges, from climate change to healthcare disparities. Its data-driven insights and predictive capabilities can drive evidence-based decision-making in these critical areas.
AI’s Challenges
- Biased Models: AI systems often exhibit bias in their decision-making processes. This bias can arise from the data used to train these systems, reflecting existing societal prejudices. Consequently, AI can perpetuate and even exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices.
- Privacy Issues: AI’s data-intensive nature raises significant concerns about privacy. The collection, analysis, and utilization of vast amounts of personal data can lead to breaches of individual privacy. As AI systems become more integrated into our lives, safeguarding personal information becomes increasingly challenging.
- Opaque Decision-Making: The inner workings of many AI systems are often complex and difficult to interpret. This opacity can make it challenging to understand how AI arrives at its decisions, particularly in high-stakes contexts like healthcare or finance. Lack of transparency can lead to mistrust and hinder accountability.
- Impact Across Sectors: AI’s challenges are not confined to a single sector. They permeate diverse industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. The ramifications of biased AI or privacy breaches are felt across society, making these challenges highly consequential.
The Menace of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
- Towering Danger: AGI is portrayed as a looming threat. This refers to the potential development of highly advanced AI systems with human-like general intelligence capable of performing tasks across various domains.
- Rogue AI Systems: Concerns revolve around AGI systems going rogue. These systems, if not controlled, could act independently and unpredictably, causing harm or acting against human interests.
- Hijacked by Malicious Actors: There’s a risk of malicious actors gaining control over AGI systems. This could enable them to use AGI for harmful purposes, such as cyberattacks, misinformation campaigns, or physical harm.
- Autonomous Evolution: AGI’s alarming aspect is its potential for self-improvement and adaptation without human oversight. This unchecked evolution could lead to unforeseen consequences and risks.
- Real Possibility: These dangers associated with AGI are not hypothetical but represent a real and immediate concern. As AI research advances and AGI development progresses, the risks of uncontrolled AGI become more tangible.
Pivotal Global Interventions
- EU AI Act: In 2023, the European Union (EU) took a significant step by introducing the draft EU AI Act. This legislative initiative aims to provide a framework for regulating AI within the EU. It sets out guidelines and requirements for AI systems, focusing on ensuring safety, fairness, and accountability in AI development and deployment.
- US Voluntary Safeguards Framework: The United States launched a voluntary safeguards framework in collaboration with seven leading AI firms. This initiative is designed to encourage responsible AI practices within the private sector. It involves AI companies voluntarily committing to specific guidelines and principles aimed at preventing harm and promoting ethical AI development.
Key Steps Toward Responsible AI
- Establishing Worldwide Consensus: It is imperative to foster international consensus regarding AI’s risks. Even a single vulnerability could enable malicious actors to exploit AI systems. An international commission dedicated to identifying AI-related risks should be established.
- Defining Standards for Public AI Services: Conceptualizing standards for public AI services is critical. Standards enhance safety, quality, efficiency, and interoperability across regions. These socio-technical standards should describe ideals and the technical mechanisms to achieve them, adapting as AI evolves.
- State Participation in AI Development: Currently dominated by a few companies, AI’s design, development, and deployment should involve substantial state participation. Innovative public-private partnership models and regulatory sandbox zones can balance competitive advantages with equitable solutions to societal challenges.
Conclusion
- AI’s journey is marked by immense potential and formidable challenges. To navigate this era successfully, we must exercise creativity, humility, and responsibility. While AI’s potential is undeniable, its future must be guided by caution, foresight, and, above all, control to ensure that it remains a force for good in our rapidly evolving world.
Also read:
Generative AI systems
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Simultaneous elections
Mains level: One nation one election analysis, impact on the federal structure
What’s the news?
- The next Lok Sabha election is scheduled to be held before June 16, 2024. Should the concept of simultaneous elections be realized and implemented, it would necessitate the shortening of the terms of legislative assemblies across many states. This alignment could potentially require term extensions or curtailments in 2029.
Central idea
- The recent move by the Union government to establish a committee to explore the feasibility of conducting simultaneous elections to various tiers of governance in India has sparked a significant debate. While the idea of simultaneous elections promises cost savings, it also raises crucial questions about its impact on the federal structure of Indian democracy and the unique roles of different governance tiers.
The Specificity of Governance Tiers
- India’s governance structure involves multiple tiers, each with distinct roles and responsibilities.
- Representatives in Indian Governance Tiers:
- Lok Sabha Representatives: 543
- Assembly Legislators: Over 4,100
- Urban Local Ward Representatives: 89,194
- Elected Panchayat Representatives: Nearly 31.89 lakh (across village panchayats, panchayat unions, and district panchayats)
The cost-saving argument for simultaneous elections
- Cost Parity: The 2018 Law Commission report claims that the expenses for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections in any state are approximately equal, forming the basis for the cost-saving argument.
- Reduced Duplication: Simultaneous elections aim to reduce duplication of administrative efforts, such as voter registration, setting up polling booths, and deploying security personnel, which can lead to cost savings by optimizing resource utilization.
- Efficient Resource Allocation: Holding elections together allows for more efficient allocation of resources like electoral staff, transportation, and security, as they can be shared across different levels of elections.
- Streamlined Campaigns: Political parties and candidates can potentially save on campaign costs when elections are synchronized, as they need to conduct campaigns once for multiple levels of government rather than separately.
- Economies of Scale: The argument posits that simultaneous elections could leverage economies of scale, leading to cost savings across various aspects of the electoral process.
Implications for Federalism
- Subsuming Governance Tiers: Simultaneous elections could lead to various governance tiers’ issues being bundled into a single electoral mandate. This might require voters to prioritize a wide range of concerns within a single election, potentially blurring the roles and responsibilities of each governance tier.
- Federalism Undermined: Such subsumption has the potential to undermine the principles of federalism in India, which involve a clear division of powers between central and state governments, each addressing specific issues.
- Distinct Roles of Tiers: Federalism recognizes that local issues are best addressed locally, while national issues are the central government’s domain. Simultaneous elections may blur these distinctions, forcing voters to prioritize certain issues due to the single-mandate nature of the elections.
- Local Autonomy: Local self-governance through municipalities and panchayats could face challenges as simultaneous elections combine local and national issues. This may dilute the focus on local governance.
- Unique Needs Ignored: India’s governance structure is designed to address the unique needs of citizens at different levels. For instance, local concerns like garbage management are meant to be handled locally. Simultaneous elections might not allow voters to adequately prioritize such local concerns.
Way forward
- In-Depth Federalism Assessment: Prioritize a comprehensive assessment of the federal aspects of Indian democracy before proceeding with simultaneous elections. This assessment should analyze the potential impact on federalism, the distinct roles of governance tiers, and the preservation of local autonomy.
- Transparent Public Discourse: Encourage transparent public discourse and awareness campaigns to ensure that citizens are well-informed about the implications of simultaneous elections. Engage with citizens, experts, and political parties to gather diverse perspectives and concerns.
- Consultation with State Governments: Conduct extensive consultations with state governments and political parties to understand how simultaneous elections may affect state autonomy and governance. Address the concerns and feedback of state-level stakeholders.
- Pilot Projects: Consider implementing simultaneous elections on a trial basis in select regions or states to assess the practical challenges and benefits. Pilot projects can provide valuable insights into the feasibility and impact of such a significant electoral reform.
- Legal and Constitutional Framework: Develop a robust legal and constitutional framework that explicitly accommodates the principles of federalism and the unique roles of different governance tiers. Ensure that the framework safeguards the autonomy of local bodies and addresses the specific needs of each governance level.
Conclusion
- While the idea of simultaneous elections in India offers the promise of cost savings, it should be approached with careful consideration of its impact on federalism and the specificity of governance tiers. The committee, led by former President Ramnath Kovind, must conduct a thorough analysis of these federal aspects to ensure that the essence of Indian democracy, with its multifaceted governance structure, is preserved and enhanced.
Also Read:
Govt forms committee on simultaneous elections: What is the idea, and the arguments around it?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Food-price inflation in India, food security, impacts and solutions
What’s the news?
- India, touted as the world’s fastest-growing large economy, is grappling with a formidable challenge: soaring food-price inflation.
Central Idea
- The rise in the price of food first accelerated sharply in 2019 and has climbed in most years thereafter. In July this year, annual inflation exceeded 11%, the highest in a decade. An implication of continuing high food-price inflation is that a section of the population could face hardship in consuming food of adequate nutritional value.
The grim reality
- The FAO’s State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report reveals a staggering figure: an estimated 74% of India’s population cannot afford a healthy diet as of 2021, encompassing roughly one billion individuals.
- Given a population of 1,400 million, this makes for approximately one billion Indians.
Factors contributing to the failure to control food-price inflation in India
- Supply-side Challenges: Weather disruptions, infrastructure gaps, and supply chain inefficiencies hinder food production and distribution.
- Rising Input Costs: Increased expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, and labor raise production costs, leading to higher food prices.
- Government Policies: Distortionary policies like minimum support prices (MSPs) and export restrictions affect market dynamics and prices.
- Ineffectiveness of Macroeconomic Policy: Traditional macroeconomic policies, which have been relied upon to control inflation, have proven ineffective in addressing food-price inflation.
- Failure of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI): The RBI, responsible for monetary policy in India, has consistently failed to control inflation, with rates exceeding the target for four years.
- Inadequacy of Inflation Targeting: The RBI’s approach of “inflation targeting,” involving output contraction during inflation spikes, is considered misleading and unsuitable for managing food inflation driven by supply-side issues.
- Limitation of Central Banks: Central banks, including the RBI, are perceived as incapable of effectively addressing the problem of food-price inflation, particularly within a reasonable time frame.
A study report: Trend in the price of food in Mumbai over 2018–2023
- Rising Food Prices: The primary factor behind food price inflation is the significant increase in the cost of food items. Specifically, the cost of preparing a traditional thaali meal at home in Mumbai has risen by 65% from 2018 to 2023.
- Wage Growth Lag: Although there has been wage growth for both manual and salaried workers, with manual workers’ wages increasing by 38% and salaried workers’ wages increasing by 28% during the same period, these wage increases have not kept pace with the rapid rise in food prices.
- Purchasing Power Erosion: The households in Mumbai have experienced a substantial reduction in purchasing power. As food prices have risen considerably, households are forced to allocate a larger portion of their income to food expenses, which leaves less for other essential needs and discretionary spending.
- Nutritional Consequences: Food price inflation has led to adverse nutritional consequences, particularly an increase in the prevalence of anemia, especially among adult women in Mumbai. This rise in anemia cases is primarily attributed to nutrient deficiencies caused by reduced access to nutritious food due to escalating prices.
- Validity of the FAO’s Estimate: The FAO’s estimates that over half of India’s population may struggle to afford a healthy diet. Even in the event of a potential 100% overestimation by the FAO, it would still leave a staggering 500 million people in this category, surpassing the populations of most countries globally except China.
The significance of the Green Revolution
- At the time of the Green Revolution, India was grappling with severe food shortages due to consecutive droughts.
- The government’s supply-side response, which included providing farmers with high-yielding seeds, affordable credit, and guaranteed prices through procurement, was highly successful.
- Within a few years, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production and was no longer dependent on food imports.
- Economic and geopolitical significance:
- While some mistakes were made during the Green Revolution, such as the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and a focus on cereals over pulses, the program’s success had significant economic and geopolitical implications.
- It allowed India to assert self-reliance in a polarized Cold War era, a vital geopolitical consideration.
- Poverty Alleviation: The Green Revolution played a pivotal role in reducing poverty in India by increasing agricultural productivity and farm incomes. The increased food production also benefited the poor, as it made food more accessible and affordable.
- Lessons for the Future: While acknowledging past mistakes, the article suggests that the Green Revolution’s lessons can be applied to address the current challenges of food price inflation. Specifically, the focus should be on correcting past errors and launching a second agricultural revolution to lower the cost of food production while ensuring sustainability.
Proposed initiatives to combat food price inflation and ensure access to nutritious food for all
- Increase Public Investment in Irrigation: Address inefficiencies in public expenditure on irrigation to expand irrigated land.
- Facilitate Land Leasing: Lift restrictions on land leasing to encourage productivity-enhancing capital investments.
- Revitalize Agricultural Research: Reinvigorate India’s network of agricultural research institutes to harness innovation.
- Reinstate Extension Services: Restore and strengthen agricultural extension services to disseminate best practices.
- Focus on Protein Production: Develop a program to substantially increase protein production to address India’s protein deficiency.
Conclusion
- Taming India’s food-price inflation crisis demands immediate and concerted efforts. Our past achievements, such as the Green Revolution, serve as a testament to our capabilities when we address food security head-on. Let us seize this moment to launch a second agricultural revolution, ensuring that every Indian has access to affordable, nutritious food and once again reducing poverty and malnutrition on a massive scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Climate crisis, Frequent and severe extreme weather events and Solutions
What’s the news?
- In 2023, the rise in disasters is not an anomaly; it’s a disturbing trend. Headlines have been dominated by a relentless wave of bad news: severe flooding in China, devastating wildfires in Europe and Hawaii, and July marking the hottest month ever recorded.
Central idea
- The world is standing at a precarious crossroads, where the challenges we face are multiplying faster than our ability to mitigate them. The aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with a complex web of crises encompassing war, debt, and food insecurity, have placed our collective resilience to the test. All of this unfolds against the ever-looming backdrop of the climate crisis, which drives increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events.
Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Communities
- Debt crisis: A majority of the 50 countries most vulnerable to climate change also grapple with severe debt issues. India, already one of the world’s most disaster-prone countries, is acutely experiencing this new reality.
- Extreme weather events: In 2022, disasters or extreme weather events battered the country nearly every day, with this year’s severe monsoon causing widespread loss of livelihoods and lives.
Solutions Within Reach
- SDG: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) continue to serve as our most comprehensive blueprint for achieving peace and prosperity.
- Paris Agreement: Additionally, commitments made in the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5°C offer a clear path forward.
- Sendai Framework: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction provides a global framework to reduce disaster risks, although progress in its implementation has been slow.
- Accelerating Resilience Building: One valuable lesson we have learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is the importance of systemic disaster risk reduction, resilience, and adaptation. The crisis has not only exposed our vulnerability to risks but has also catalyzed innovative approaches, such as digital technologies and modeling. India’s proactive efforts in disaster risk reduction, including state-level disaster management plans and early warning systems, have demonstrated tangible results in reducing mortality from extreme weather events.
- Financial Reforms for Disaster Preparedness: India’s 15th Finance Commission has introduced significant reforms for disaster risk financing, allocating substantial resources for preparedness, response, recovery, and capacity development. On the international stage, India is championing disaster resilience and sustainability through initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure and the deployment of its National Disaster Response Force.
The Transformations We Need
- Early detection system: Disaster risk reduction must be integrated at all levels of our societies. This includes how we build, invest, and live. One highly cost-effective method is the establishment of early warning systems for all, with India’s support for this endeavor being noteworthy. Such systems can significantly reduce the damage caused by impending disasters. However, it is crucial to recognize that over a third of the world’s population, primarily in the least developed countries and Small Island Developing States, lacks access to these life-saving systems.
- The Path to a Global Multi-Risk Warning System: Our ultimate goal should be a global multi-risk warning system that covers all types of hazards, be they biological, tectonic, or technological. Improving global data capabilities is essential for better prediction and response to the risks we face. India’s leadership in knowledge sharing, joint data infrastructure, and risk analysis through its G-20 presidency deserves commendation.
- Leaving No One Behind: We must strengthen international cooperation in disaster prevention, response, and recovery, particularly for countries in the Global South. No one should be left behind in our collective efforts to mitigate the impacts of disasters.
Conclusion
- The recent G-20 summit and the outcomes of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group offer a unique opportunity to shape a future where we are equipped to withstand disaster risk. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres wisely noted, Extreme weather events will happen. But they do not need to become deadly disasters. Together, through decisive action and unwavering commitment, we can forge a more resilient and sustainable world for generations to come.
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Central idea
- The G20 summit attracted attention as it started with a clear consensus to invite the African Union (AU) as its member. India’s initiative to include African Union in G20 was unanimously accepted. This was a unique reordering of the global high table.
India’s efforts for inclusion of the African Union
- India’s big bet: Of the AU’s 55 members, 54 are in the United Nations. Only one African country, South Africa, has been an original member of the G20. No presidency has ever risked amending the membership for fear of competing rivalries.
- Global platform for Africa: It has been India’s case that not only must the G20 reflect the priorities of the Global South but must also include those who are underrepresented, particularly from Africa.
- Inviting major African countries: The AU has double the number of countries as the EU. The AU has been invited to G20 meetings, and some presidencies have held African outreach events in a manner of telling them what is good for them. It is India that has actually taken the initiative of talking with them rather than at them.
Importance of AU
- Africa as the road to the global south: India aspires to bring the global south to the center of the G20 agenda. The elevation of the AU is courageous; no presidency has attempted to alter the composition for fear of claims from other regional organizations.
- Branding itself using Africa: The AU fits in with the rebranding of the G20 that India undertook. This is India’s harambee (Swahili word for co-operation) factor—the spirit of developmental cooperation in action.
- AU as a voiceless block: The AU is the largest of regional institutions and the one with a limited voice in most international fora, despite having 54 votes in the United Nations General Assembly.
- Partner for India at the High Table: The prospects of Africa getting a permanent seat in the UN Security Council remain distant. What India has achieved, as always, is to provide Africa with a voice at the high table.
India’s engagement with Arican Nations
- Nigeria: Inviting Nigeria, particularly at this stage, recognizes it as the largest economy in Africa and a consistent friend of India. This is Nigeria’s biggest outing since President Bola Ahmed Tinubu was elected. Nigeria was qualified to be in the BRICS but perhaps did not pursue it hard enough. Nigeria participated with great enthusiasm, with a number of ministers accompanying their president in advance of the G20 Summit.
- Egypt: Egypt is another African powerhouse, representing North Africa. It is also the current chair of AU-NEPAD, which is a permanent invitee to the G20. Egypt is a recent strategic partner of India. India backed it to join the BRICs. Egypt brings balance to the presence of South Africa and Nigeria.
- Mauritius: Mauritius is a close friend of India due to its PIO population, its regular engagement with India, and its strategic location in the Indian Ocean.
- Comoros: Comoros is another Indian Ocean country representing Eastern Africa. With their participation, India ensured two of the four African countries in the Indian Ocean and most of the regions of Africa were represented, making the G20 better balanced.
Conclusion
- The African Union is hot bed for great power rivalry between India and China. Even if India cannot match the deep pockets of Chinese investments in Africa, India has shown that it can deliver on the African Interest at global platform.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: carbon footprint and factors responsible
Mains level: India's digital carbon footprint, concerns, Government intervention and industry initiatives,
What’s the news?
- The UN Environment Programme’s Emissions Gap Report for 2022 highlights a sobering reality: India’s carbon emissions policy, as of 2022, falls short of significantly reducing the national carbon footprint.
Central idea
- India, as one of the world’s major contributors to global warming, is facing a concerning trend with the highest growth rate in carbon emissions. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in electronic device usage, which has given rise to a pressing issue: the digital carbon footprint. To effectively combat this issue, it is imperative to adopt a multipronged approach.
What is meant by carbon footprint?
- A carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2 and other carbon compounds, that are emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, particularly the consumption of goods and services, energy production, transportation, and various industrial processes.
What is meant by digital carbon footprint?
- A digital carbon footprint refers to the environmental impact associated with the use of digital technologies, including electronic devices, software applications, and data centers.
Digital Carbon Footprint: A Growing Concern
- Hardware Production: The production of hardware devices like laptops, smartphones, and microprocessors is a significant contributor to the digital carbon footprint. The machines used in manufacturing these devices emit substantial amounts of carbon dioxide during the process.
- Energy Consumption During Device Use: Electronic devices require electricity for their operation. If the electricity used comes from non-renewable sources, such as coal or natural gas, the emissions generated during each device’s use add to its digital carbon footprint.
- Smartphone Charging Emissions: Research conducted in 2021 revealed that global smartphone charging alone releases more than 8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually.
- Data Centers:
- The software used on electronic devices is typically stored and maintained in large data centers. These data centers demand a constant and intensive supply of electricity to operate efficiently and prevent system failures.
- According to a 2022 report by the International Energy Agency, data centers contribute significantly to global electricity use, accounting for approximately 1–1.5 percent, which is equivalent to the combined electricity consumption of Germany and Japan.
- Data Center Cooling Systems: In addition to the energy consumed for computing operations, data storage facilities require additional electricity to power massive cooling systems. These systems ensure that the servers and storage devices in data centers operate optimally, contributing further to the digital carbon footprint.
- Digital Software Usage:
- Every action in the life cycle of digital entities, whether it’s hardware or software, consumes energy and thereby contributes to the carbon footprint.
- For instance, a seemingly simple action like conducting a Google search results in the creation of 0.2 grams of carbon dioxide emissions.
- Given the scale of online searches, this adds up to a substantial daily contribution, with Google’s operations, cloud services, and devices emitting over 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020.
- Corporate Efforts and Carbon Reduction:
- Companies like Apple are taking steps to reduce their carbon footprint by improving energy efficiency, adopting low-carbon design principles, and striving for carbon neutrality in their operations and supply chains.
- Apple, for example, has reduced its carbon emissions by 40 percent between 2015 and 2022 and aims to achieve a 100 percent carbon-neutral supply chain and products by 2030.
- Global Emission Reduction Goals: Despite commendable efforts by individual organizations, such initiatives alone may not be sufficient to meet the ambitious global emission reduction targets set by agreements like the Paris Agreement, which seeks to reduce emissions by 45 percent by 2030.
Government Intervention and Legislation
- Global Goals and Emission Reductions: Government intervention is a crucial factor in achieving global climate goals. Some nations have implemented legislated emission reduction targets, which play a pivotal role in driving the efforts of technology organizations.
- Inspiration from the United States: For instance, Apple’s initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint draw inspiration from the United States’ National Climate Task Force. This federal task force is dedicated to achieving a net-zero emissions economy by 2050, providing a clear mandate and incentive for companies to align with emission reduction goals.
- Legislation in the Netherlands: Similarly, the Netherlands has enacted climate legislation, including a target of achieving a 49 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
- International Policies: Various other countries, including Denmark and the United Kingdom, have implemented policies and acts addressing carbon footprint reduction. These initiatives underline the global commitment to mitigating climate change and push technology companies to align their practices accordingly.
- Indian Power Savings Guide: In India, the Ministry of Power’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has established the Power Savings Guide. This initiative specifically targets technology emissions and includes an energy efficiency label for electronic devices.
- Eco-Labels and Certifications: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) offer the Energy Star program, which certifies energy-efficient products. These certifications, known as eco-labels, are part of a broader solution called ‘green computing,’ aimed at reducing the digital carbon footprint.
Way forward: Green computing
- Energy Efficiency Focus: Green Computing is dedicated to enhancing the energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of computer systems. This approach aims to lower the digital carbon footprint associated with both hardware and software production and consumption.
- Electricity Source Significance: A critical aspect of reducing the digital carbon footprint is the source of electricity used to power electronic devices. Initiatives aimed at increasing the proportion of renewable energy in a nation’s electricity supply are vital for emissions reduction.
- India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): India, through initiatives like the NAPCC, emphasizes the importance of transitioning to renewable electricity sources to mitigate the carbon footprint attributed to energy consumption.
- Private Sector Initiatives: Private sector players are also actively involved in green computing developments. For instance, Apple’s iOS 16.1 features Clean Energy Charging, a provision that assesses the carbon emissions of the local energy grid and charges the iPhone when the electricity source is greener. This innovation is currently available in the United States as of July 2023.
- Green Software Foundation (GSF): The GSF plays a significant role in the field of green computing. It offers research, tools, and code for building applications with lower carbon footprints. Moreover, it provides frameworks for applications that can adapt their behavior based on the availability of clean, low-carbon electricity sources.
- Government Support: Governmental support for initiatives like GSF is essential, as these organizations provide information tools to enable sustainable software and hardware production.
- Eco-Labels and Certifications: Eco-labels like Energy Star and BEE offer valuable information to developers and users, helping them reduce their digital carbon footprint. Additionally, the private sector has made notable progress with initiatives like the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) and TCO Certified, which focus on both hardware and software sustainability.
- Integration of Eco-Labels: Governments have the opportunity to support these eco-label initiatives or integrate them with their own labeling systems. This integration can provide consumers with comprehensive and accurate information about the environmental footprints of electronic devices.
- Improving Data Center Efficiency: Data centers, known for their high carbon footprints, require attention. Collaborating with initiatives like The Green Grid (TGG), which offer tools and expertise to enhance data center energy efficiency, can be instrumental in reducing their environmental impact.
Conclusion
- India’s digital carbon footprint is a pressing concern that requires immediate attention. Government intervention, industry initiatives, and public awareness are crucial components of the solution. By acknowledging the extent of the issue and framing policies to address it, significant progress can be made in reducing India’s carbon emissions and contributing to global climate goals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: neurotechnology applications
Mains level: neurotechnology, neurowarfare, ethical concerns and considerations
What’s the news?
- The rapid growth of neurotechnology, driven by advances in neuroscience and technology, has given rise to a field with immense potential and profound ethical implications.
Central Idea
- Neurotechnology encompasses various aspects, from Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) to neuroimaging and neurostimulation. As this field expands, it poses challenges to human privacy, autonomy, and dignity. In this context, the need for ethical guidelines and governance becomes paramount.
What is neurotechnology?
- Neurotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that combines neuroscience, engineering, and technology to study, interact with, and manipulate the human nervous system, particularly the brain and its functions.
- It involves the development and application of various techniques, tools, and devices to better understand and interface with the brain and nervous system.
What is neurowarfare?
- Neurowarfare, also known as neurotechnology warfare, refers to the use of advanced neurotechnological tools, techniques, and agents in military operations and conflicts.
- It represents the convergence of neuroscience, neurotechnology, and warfare strategies, with the aim of gaining a tactical or strategic advantage on the battlefield or in intelligence operations.
- Neurowarfare explores the manipulation of the human nervous system, particularly the brain, for various purposes, both offensive and defensive.
The ethics of neurotechnology
- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs): BCIs offer direct communication between the brain and external devices, while BMIs integrate neural signals with machines for various applications, including prosthetics and exoskeletons. Ethical concerns arise regarding privacy, autonomy, and mental influence.
- Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation: Neuroimaging provides access to neurological data, while neurostimulation modulates neural activity for therapeutic purposes. The potential for behavioral changes and privacy invasion necessitates regulation.
- Gathering and Use of Neurological Data: The absence of guidelines for gathering, studying, and using neurological data requires immediate attention, especially in light of private sector developments such as Neuralink’s brain implant chip.
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The Case of Neuralink
- Elon Musk’s company, Neuralink, recently unveiled an upgraded brain implant chip approved for human trials.
- This chip boasts capabilities to potentially alter memories and treat conditions like hearing loss, blindness, paralysis, and depression.
- This development serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for comprehensive regulations, especially when such technology is being explored within the private sector.
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Neurowarfare: The Emerging Threat
- Neurotechnological Agents: Advances in synthetic biology open doors to neurotechnological agents that can impact neurological abilities. This includes neuropharmacological agents like amphetamines and neurotechnological devices.
- Dual-Use Nature: Neurotechnology can have dual-use applications, both civilian and military. Neurowarfare refers to its use in military operations, potentially enhancing soldiers’ cognitive abilities or disrupting the cognitive functions of adversaries.
- Case Study: Havana Syndrome: The mysterious Havana Syndrome experienced by US intelligence personnel raises concerns about directed energy weapons and intentional attacks. Similar cases have been reported in Guangzhou, China.
Ethical Concerns in Neurowarfare
- Informed Consent and Privacy: Ethical use of neurotechnology in warfare requires informed consent for soldiers and civilians. Oversight and restrictions on using such innovations for harm are essential.
- Psychological Harm: Studying the psychological impact of neurotechnology weapons is imperative to establishing limits on their deployment.
- Protection of Non-Combatants: Civilians must be shielded from neurotechnology applications, ensuring their privacy, consent, and protection from manipulation.
Importance of International Cooperation and Responsible Governance
- International Cooperation: Organizations like the OECD and UNESCO have initiated ethical guidelines for neurotechnology. However, global governance must extend to neurowarfare, with disarmament forums incorporating ethical oversight and transparency.
- Accountability: State actors should be held accountable through reporting systems, ensuring responsible research and the use of neurotechnology in warfare.
Conclusion
- Neurotechnology holds immense potential for human advancement but also raises profound ethical challenges in the context of neurowarfare. Striking a balance between technological progress and ethical considerations is crucial to safeguarding human rights and global security in the age of neurotechnology.
Must read:
Implantable Brain-Computer Interface
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) analysis
What’s the news?
- The government recently introduced three key penal bills in a bid to reform the justice system.
Central idea
- In August, the central government introduced three significant bills in Parliament – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, and Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill, 2023 – aiming to replace the long-standing Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, and Indian Evidence Act, 1872. These changes warrant a careful examination of their potential impact on law enforcement agencies
Key changes in The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
- Formalizing FIR Registration:
- The BNSS introduces a provision that mandates the registration of cognizable offenses at any police station, regardless of the location where the offense occurred.
- This move, commonly known as recording FIR at Zero, promises easier access for complainants and streamlines the registration process.
- Preliminary Inquiry Dilemma:
- An added provision allows for a preliminary inquiry in cases involving cognizable offenses punishable with more than three but less than seven years of imprisonment.
- This differs from the Supreme Court’s stance in Lalita Kumari versus Govt. of Uttar Pradesh (2013), which emphasized immediate FIR registration.
- In cases of offenses punishable with less than three years of imprisonment, the BNSS permits arrests only with the prior permission of the Deputy Superintendent of Police for individuals over 60 or infirm.
- The BNSS permits handcuffing in specific instances like terrorism, murder, rape, acid attacks, or offenses against the state.
- However, the enabling section retains the requirement that restraints should only be used as necessary to prevent escape.
- Hence, the Supreme Court’s guidelines on handcuffing continue to apply.
At the Scene of the Crime
- Forensic Evidence Collection: The BNSS mandates a forensic expert’s visit to the crime scene and the collection of forensic evidence for offenses punishable with over seven years of imprisonment.
- Use of Audio-Video Means:
- The BNSS encourages the use of audio-video recording in investigations, including searches.
- While the recommended use of smartphones has limitations, progress is underway, following the Supreme Court’s directive in Shafhi Mohammad vs. The State Of Himachal Pradesh (2018).
- Two-Finger Test: Despite the Supreme Court’s ban on the two-finger test in rape cases (Lillu @ Rajesh & Anr vs State Of Haryana, 2013), the BNSS fails to explicitly include this prohibition.
- Disclosure of Rape Victim’s Identity: The provision authorizing the disclosure of a minor victim’s identity to their next of kin may be redundant, given the existing Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act.
Duration of Police Custody
- The BNSS extends the period of police custody beyond the 15-day limit outlined in the CrPC.
- However, this extension can only occur after the initial 40 or 60 days, depending on the offense’s severity, with the accused still eligible for default bail.
- Suspicious Deaths and Statements: While the BNSS broadens the scope of judicial inquiries into suspicious deaths, it relaxes the mandatory recording of statements of women and males under 15 or above 60 at their residence based on their willingness.
- Inquest Enhancements: The BNSS could enhance the inquest process by including provisions for the videography and photography of post-mortems, especially in cases of custodial deaths or deaths in confrontations with authorities.
Potential Impact
- Streamlined FIR Registration: The formalized recording FIR at Zero practice may lead to quicker and more efficient FIR registration. Law enforcement agencies could experience reduced paperwork and administrative burdens, allowing them to focus on investigations promptly.
- Reduced Case Backlog: The provision for preliminary inquiries, while introducing a variation from previous practices, has the potential to reduce the backlog of cases. By addressing non-prima facie cases early or facilitating compromises, law enforcement agencies may clear cases more efficiently.
- Improved Evidence Collection: Mandating forensic expert visits and forensic evidence collection for serious offenses can enhance the quality of evidence presented in court. Law enforcement agencies may see stronger cases and higher conviction rates.
- Enhanced Accountability: Encouraging the use of audio-video means in investigations increases transparency and accountability. Law enforcement agencies may benefit from clearer evidence documentation and reduced allegations of misconduct.
- Modernization through Technology: Embracing audio-video recording and other modern technologies can help law enforcement agencies adapt to contemporary investigative practices. This could lead to more effective and efficient investigations.
Concerns and Challenges
- Arrest Protocol: The BNSS retains all existing provisions of the CrPC regarding arrests, failing to incorporate the Supreme Court’s ruling in Arnesh Kumar versus State of Bihar (2014), which stresses the need for justifiable reasons for arrest and recording them formally.
- Variation in Practice: The introduction of preliminary inquiries may lead to variations in how law enforcement agencies handle cases. Inconsistent practices could pose challenges for standardization and training.
- Resource Allocation: Implementing forensic evidence collection may require additional resources, including forensic experts and equipment. Law enforcement agencies may need adequate funding and training to meet these demands.
- Misuse of Powers: Concerns about potential misuse of provisions, such as handcuffing, need to be addressed through proper training and oversight to ensure responsible use of authority.
- Compliance with Supreme Court Directives: The absence of an explicit ban on the two-finger test in rape cases may raise concerns about compliance with Supreme Court directives. Law enforcement agencies should ensure alignment with established legal standards.
- Privacy and Victim Protection: Authorizing the disclosure of a minor rape victim’s identity to their next of kin requires sensitivity and strict adherence to privacy and protection provisions. Law enforcement agencies should handle such information with care.
Way forward
- Review Preliminary Inquiry Provision: Reevaluate the provision allowing preliminary inquiries to ensure it aligns intelligently with other cognizable cases and stands up to constitutional scrutiny.
- Implement Arrest Justification: Include the Supreme Court’s Arnesh Kumar vs. State of Bihar (2014) judgment to make it mandatory for police officers to justify arrests with reasons supported by justifiable material.
- Enhance Forensic Infrastructure: Commit to providing sufficient resources for developing forensic infrastructure, including technology and manpower, to strengthen evidence collection and analysis.
- Modernize Investigation Techniques: Develop facilities for videography and photography of crime scenes during investigations at the police station level, embracing modern technology for evidence documentation.
- Ban Two-Finger Test: Explicitly include the ban on the two-finger test in rape cases to ensure compliance with the Supreme Court’s directives and protect the dignity and privacy of survivors.
- Comprehensive Police Reformation: Recognize the need for comprehensive police reformation, addressing challenges such as understaffing, poor mobility, insufficient training infrastructure, and inadequate housing facilities, to ensure a more effective and accountable law enforcement system.
Conclusion
- While some proposed changes in the BNSS demonstrate progress, they do not qualify as groundbreaking or radical. It is crucial to remember that police stations face numerous challenges, including understaffing, limited resources, inadequate training infrastructure, and poor housing facilities. To bring about true reform, a comprehensive approach to police reformation, rather than merely tweaking legal provisions, is necessary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Jobless growth, subsidies and safety nets
What’s the news?
- India’s impressive economic growth numbers have not translated into a commensurate increase in employment opportunities.
Central idea
- Despite India’s impressive economic growth numbers, employment has not seen a commensurate increase. With five states heading to the polls at the end of the year, political parties are making various promises to address concerns about rising essential commodity prices. However, the question arises: Are these promises merely distractions from the systemic issue of jobless growth?
Promises vs. Solutions: Are Electoral Promises Diverting Attention from Jobless Growth?
- Unemployment’s Stark Reality: India’s economic growth stands in stark contrast to the persistent issue of unemployment, particularly among educated youth.
- Varied Electoral Promises: Political parties have introduced a range of electoral promises, including measures like providing cheaper gas cylinders and farm loan waivers. These promises often vary in their impact and effectiveness.
- State-specific Examples: In states like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, where unemployment is a significant concern, electoral promises such as the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) may not effectively address the broader issue.
Agriculture’s Predicament: Can Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Non-Remunerative Prices be Effectively Addressed?
- Critical Supply Chain Resilience: The agriculture sector, India’s largest employer, grapples with issues like supply chain vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can be exacerbated by factors such as climate change.
- Transforming Agricultural Output: To tackle the challenge of non-remunerative prices for produce, technological interventions aimed at converting agricultural output into higher-value products are proposed as long-term solutions.
- Palliatives Amidst Inflation Concerns: In some states like Chhattisgarh, promises like providing ₹1,500 a month for women in distress are seen as addressing purchasing power issues. However, concerns about potential inflation due to such measures must be taken into account.
Fiscal Responsibility and Unemployment: Is There a Correlation?
- The Paradox of Fiscal Responsibility: States like Haryana, which strictly adhere to fiscal responsibility guidelines, continue to face high unemployment rates. This paradox highlights the complex relationship between populist policies and fiscal distress.
- Emphasis on Revenue Mobilization: To effectively implement populist policies, a focus on revenue mobilization efforts is crucial. It’s necessary to ensure that such policies do not strain state finances in the long run.
Do subsidies and safety nets take focus away from generating jobs?
- Immediate Relief vs. Long-term Employment:
- Subsidies and safety nets offer immediate relief to vulnerable sections of the population, addressing issues like distress and purchasing power.
- However, there is a concern that an overemphasis on such measures may shift focus away from the more significant task of generating sustainable employment opportunities.
- Balancing the need for immediate relief with the long-term goal of job creation is a complex challenge.
- While subsidies and safety nets serve a critical purpose, they must be complemented with policies and strategies that promote job generation, particularly in sectors that can absorb the workforce effectively.
- Policy Design and Implementation:
- Effective policymaking should aim to strike a balance between providing immediate support and fostering job growth.
- It is essential to design policies that not only address the distress of vulnerable populations but also contribute to sustainable economic development by generating employment opportunities.
Rethinking Economic Growth: Beyond GDP and Toward Employment
- Shifting the Focus from GDP: A Shift away from the Traditional Obsession with GDP Growth It emphasizes that economic growth should be intertwined with employment generation to make a meaningful impact on the lives of citizens.
- Exploring New Avenues: Rather than investing heavily in high-tech industries like semiconductor manufacturing, the article suggests exploring sectors such as mining for the energy transition. Mining can create local jobs, particularly benefiting marginalized communities and addressing unemployment.
Conclusion
- Addressing jobless growth in India requires a nuanced approach. While populist promises serve as palliatives in the absence of structural solutions, the focus should shift towards inclusive growth, technological interventions, and employment-centric policies that tackle supply chain vulnerabilities and promote sustainable economic development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heat index, heat stress, heat waves etc.
Mains level: Climate change and soaring temperatures, impacts and measures
What’s the news?
- In August, the coastal regions of Iran bore witness to an astonishing and potentially life-threatening event: a scorching heat index of 70 degrees Celsius (°C). Public holidays were declared on August 2 and 3 due to what was described as unprecedented heat.
Central idea
- The alarming incidents of rising heat temperatures are not isolated; Iran had already grappled with extreme heat earlier in the year when the Persian Gulf Airport recorded a heat index of 66.7°C. The dire consequences of such soaring temperatures demand our attention and action.
What is the heat index?
- The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature or feels-like temperature, is a measure of how hot it feels to the human body when relative humidity is factored in along with the actual air temperature.
- In essence, it quantifies the discomfort or perceived warmth caused by the combination of high temperatures and high humidity.
How is the heat index calculated?
- Dr. Robert Steadman’s Formula: Dr. Robert Steadman, a professor at Colorado State University, developed a complex formula in 1979 to calculate the heat index. This formula considers various parameters, including air temperature and relative humidity.
- Parameters in the Formula: The formula takes into account the following parameters:
- Air temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit).
- Relative humidity (expressed as a decimal, e.g., 50% RH becomes 0.50).
- Coefficients specific to the formula (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, and c9).
- Nonlinear Relationship: The formula is complex because it accounts for the nonlinear relationship between temperature, humidity, and how humans perceive heat.
- Global Variations: Different countries may have their own variations of heat index calculations, but Dr. Steadman’s formula is widely recognized and used as a standard reference.
Significance of measuring the heat index
- Accurate Perception of Heat: The heat index provides a more accurate representation of how hot it feels to the human body compared to the actual air temperature. It factors in relative humidity, which significantly affects human comfort in hot conditions.
- Health Impact Assessment: Measuring the heat index is crucial for assessing the potential health risks associated with hot weather. It helps identify conditions that may lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
- Preventing Heat Stress: High humidity levels, considered in the heat index, can lead to heat stress. Monitoring the heat index assists in recognizing situations where heat stress is more likely to occur, prompting individuals to take the necessary precautions.
- Issuing Public Warnings: Weather agencies and authorities use the heat index to issue heat advisories and warnings to the public. These warnings inform people about the heightened risks associated with high heat index values, encouraging them to take protective measures.
- Workplace Safety: Measuring the heat index is vital for ensuring workplace safety, particularly in industries involving outdoor work or non-air-conditioned environments. It enables employers and workers to implement safety measures to prevent heat-related illnesses and injuries.
- Emergency Preparedness: Emergency response and preparedness agencies rely on heat index information to anticipate and respond to heat-related emergencies. This includes managing heat-related illnesses and addressing the increased demand for cooling during heatwaves.
- Adapting to Climate Change: With the increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves associated with climate change, monitoring the heat index becomes essential. It assists in adapting to changing climate conditions and developing strategies to mitigate heat-related risks.
- Heat Stress: High humidity can lead to heat stress, where the body struggles to dissipate excess heat. The typical human core temperature range is 36.1 to 37.2°C. When the body can’t effectively shed surplus heat, the core temperature rises, potentially causing symptoms such as heat exhaustion, rashes, and an elevated heart rate.
- Reduced Cooling: In high humidity, the body’s natural cooling mechanism, which relies on sweating and evaporation, becomes less effective. The saturated air makes it challenging for sweat to evaporate, hindering the body’s ability to lose excess heat. This results in discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Perceived Temperature: High humidity can make the air feel significantly hotter than the actual air temperature. This increase in perceived temperature, often reflected in the heat index, contributes to a sense of extreme heat and discomfort.
- Dehydration Risk: To compensate for reduced evaporative cooling in high humidity, individuals may sweat profusely. This increased sweating can raise the risk of dehydration if fluid losses are not replenished adequately.
- Respiratory Discomfort: Humid air can pose challenges for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma. The added moisture in the air may make breathing more difficult, worsening respiratory symptoms.
- Sleep Disturbances: High humidity can disrupt sleep patterns, as sleeping in a warm and muggy environment can be uncomfortable. Restlessness and difficulties falling or staying asleep may occur in such conditions.
- Impact on Physical Activities: High humidity can hinder physical performance and work productivity. People may find it more challenging to engage in physical activities or perform tasks in hot and humid conditions.
Facts for Prelims: Heat-related Terminologies in News
- Heat stroke: Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels, usually above 104°F (40°C). It can lead to organ damage and even death if not treated promptly.
- Heat cramps: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that can occur during physical activity in hot weather.
- Heat wave: A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which can be accompanied by high humidity levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, and the normal minimum temperature is also exceeded.
- Heat index: It is the measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temperature. The higher the heat index, the hotter it feels.
- Thermal stress: It is the stress on the human body caused by high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation.
- Urban Heat Island: It refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities like transportation, industrialization, and construction.
- Wet bulb globe temperature: It is a measure of heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover.
- Diurnal temperature range: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a 24-hour period. A low diurnal temperature range indicates high humidity and poor air quality.
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Way forward: Measures to adapt
- Recognize the Danger: Acknowledge that a heat index value of 67°C or higher can be extremely dangerous for both humans and animals, especially with direct and prolonged exposure.
- Invest in Early Warning Systems: Develop and invest in early warning systems that provide timely alerts and advisories about extreme heat events. This helps individuals and communities prepare for and respond to heatwaves effectively.
- Adjust Work Timings: Consider making changes to work schedules to avoid outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. This can reduce heat exposure and the risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Find Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Identify and implement sustainable cooling solutions, such as the use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling technologies. Ensuring access to air conditioning and promoting better building designs for heat resilience are also important.
- Promote Public Awareness and Education: Raise public awareness about the risks associated with extreme heat, and educate individuals and communities about heat safety measures. Knowledge empowers people to take proactive steps to protect themselves during heatwaves.
Conclusion
- As we confront rising heat index values across the globe, our ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of extreme heat on human health and well-being becomes paramount. Proactive measures, informed by a comprehensive understanding of the heat index, are essential to safeguarding lives and ensuring a sustainable future in the face of escalating climate challenges.
Must read:
Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?
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