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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Pakistan

    [1st May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The impact of suspending a water treaty

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2016]  Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.

    Linkage:  India’s action regarding the IWT due to strained bilateral relations stemming from terrorism and outlines potential economic impacts on Pakistan and political/diplomatic implications for India.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  In response to the terrorist attack by The Resistance Front that killed 26 tourists in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, India’s Cabinet Committee on Security decided to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) of 1960 immediately. This suspension will remain in place until Pakistan completely stops supporting cross-border terrorism. The decision essentially means ending the water treaty, which was signed in 1960, but there is no clause in the treaty that allows for it to be cancelled unilaterally.

    Today’s editorial looks at the recent halt of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) after a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India may defend its decision to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty, but this could affect its relationships with neighbouring countries.

    Why did India suspend the Indus Waters Treaty?

    • Response to Cross-Border Terrorism: India suspended the IWT as a strong retaliatory measure after The Resistance Front, a Pakistan-backed terrorist group, killed 26 tourists in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir. Eg: The Cabinet Committee on Security declared the suspension until Pakistan “credibly and irrevocably abjures its support for cross-border terrorism.”
    • Strategic Leverage Against Pakistan: India views the IWT as a tool of strategic pressure, given that Pakistan’s agriculture and hydropower heavily rely on water from the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers. Eg: By suspending water-sharing obligations and planning to increase storage and diversion, India aims to weaken Pakistan’s water security.

    What legal challenges arise from this suspension under international law?

    • Lack of Exit Clause in the IWT: The IWT does not have a provision for unilateral termination or suspension by either party. Article XII (4) specifies that the treaty shall continue unless a duly ratified treaty for termination is concluded. Eg: India’s suspension of the treaty violates this provision, as there is no formal exit mechanism within the IWT itself.
    • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) Challenges: India’s use of VCLT provisions, particularly Article 62 on treaty modification or termination due to a fundamental change in circumstances, is problematic. India is not a party to the VCLT, and Pakistan has signed but not ratified it, making its application complex. Eg: Using VCLT to justify the suspension may face legal challenges since it doesn’t apply directly in the context of the IWT.
    • Violation of International Legal Norms: Unilateral suspension of the IWT without mutual consent may be viewed as a violation of customary international law, which favors the continuation of treaties unless both parties agree to their termination. Eg: Legal experts argue that India’s actions undermine the principle of pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept), which is a core tenet of international law.
    • Possible Retaliation and Legal Action by Pakistan: Pakistan has legal recourse to challenge India’s suspension, including bringing the issue to international forums such as the ICJ, UN Security Council, or the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Eg: Pakistan could argue that India’s suspension violates the VCLT or raises a dispute regarding the treaty’s interpretation, seeking a legal ruling on the matter.

    How could the move impact water disputes within Pakistan?

    • Intensification of Inter-Provincial Water Conflicts: Pakistan’s provinces, particularly Punjab and Sindh, already face longstanding water disputes. India’s suspension of the IWT could exacerbate these internal conflicts, especially as the western rivers are critical to both agriculture and hydroelectric power in Pakistan. Eg: Punjab and Sindh have previously clashed over water allocations, and a reduction in water flow from India could heighten tensions, particularly over the allocation of Indus river waters.
    • Increased Political Instability: A reduction in the water flow from India could lead to widespread agricultural damage and water shortages, particularly in Punjab, which is the country’s agricultural heartland. This could spark public protests and political instability within Pakistan. Eg: The ongoing disputes over projects like the Cholistan Canal between provinces may intensify if Pakistan faces reduced water availability, leading to political pressures on the federal government to resolve these disputes.

    Which infrastructure projects support India’s water strategy?

    • Hydroelectric Projects: Projects like Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project and Ratle Dam utilize water from the western rivers for power generation, in line with India’s share under the Indus Waters Treaty.
    • Run-of-the-River Dams: Baglihar Dam and Salal Dam regulate river flows for electricity generation, without significant water storage, supporting India’s strategy to manage water resources.
    • Irrigation and Flood Control: Infrastructure like the Srinagar flood control project and irrigation systems in Jammu and Kashmir helps manage water for agricultural use and regional stability.

    What are the regional diplomatic consequences of India’s decision?

    • Strained Relations with Pakistan: Suspending the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) may worsen India-Pakistan relations, particularly over water access, potentially leading to diplomatic protests. Eg: Pakistan could raise the issue at international platforms like the UN or the International Court of Justice.
    • Impact on India-China Relations: China, as an upper riparian of India’s rivers, may use India’s suspension to justify withholding hydro data on rivers like the Brahmaputra. Eg: During the 2017 Doklam crisis, China did not share hydro data with India but did with Bangladesh.
    • Influence on India-Bangladesh Ties: India’s suspension could affect the renewal of the Ganga Water Treaty with Bangladesh in 2026. Eg: Bangladesh could be concerned about water-sharing agreements, given the geopolitical tensions.

    Way forward:

    • Engage in Diplomatic Dialogue: India should initiate diplomatic discussions with Pakistan, China, and Bangladesh to mitigate tensions and seek mutually beneficial water-sharing agreements, ensuring regional stability.
    • Strengthen Water Infrastructure: India must invest in enhancing its water storage and management infrastructure to maximize its treaty entitlements and reduce reliance on fluctuating water flows.

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  • Waste Management – SWM Rules, EWM Rules, etc

    [30th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A powerful judicial remedy for waste management

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2023] The most significant achievement of modern law in India in the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

    Linkage: The Supreme Court’s proactive role in integrating environmental concerns into constitutional law, aligns with the source’s assertion that environmental protection is a constitutional imperative aimed at safeguarding fundamental rights.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  A new study published in Nature says that India is the world’s biggest plastic polluter, releasing 9.3 million tonnes of plastic each year—about 20% of the global total. The study defines plastic emissions as plastic waste (like litter and burned plastic) that escapes from areas where it’s at least somewhat controlled and ends up in the open environment, where there’s no control at all.

    Today’s editorial looks at plastic pollution in India and the actions taken by the Supreme Court to reduce it. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 (Policy and governance) and GS Paper 3 (Environmental pollution).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    A new study published in Nature says that India produces more plastic pollution than any other country in the world.

    What does the Nature study reveal about India’s plastic pollution?

    • India is the World’s Largest Plastic Polluter: According to the study, India releases 9.3 million tonnes (Mt) of plastic waste annually, accounting for about 20% of global plastic emissions. Eg: This includes both plastic debris and open burning, contributing heavily to land, air, and water pollution.
    • Plastic Waste Emissions Include Mismanaged and Openly Burnt Waste: Plastic emissions are defined as plastic that moves from controlled (managed or mismanaged) systems to unmanaged, uncontained environments. Eg: Waste escaping from open dumpsites or burnt in open fields, common in peri-urban and rural India.
    • Official Data Grossly Underestimates Real Waste Figures: India’s reported per capita plastic waste generation is 0.12 kg/day, but the study estimates it at 0.54 kg/day, suggesting severe underreporting. Eg: Rural waste and informal recycling activities are often excluded from government reports.
    • Uncontrolled Dumpsites Far Outnumber Sanitary Landfills: The study found that unregulated dumpsites outnumber sanitary landfills by 10:1, highlighting a major infrastructure gap. Eg: Cities like Patna and Guwahati rely on open dumping due to lack of engineered landfills.
    • Data Deficiency Hampers Effective Waste Management: Lack of reliable data, especially from rural areas and informal sectors, weakens national waste management planning. Eg: In the Indian Himalayan Region, poor data on plastic waste flow leads to accumulation in fragile ecosystems.

    Why is India’s plastic waste data seen as inaccurate?

    • Exclusion of Rural Areas from Official Data: Government statistics largely reflect urban waste generation, ignoring plastic waste from vast rural regions. Eg: Villages disposing plastic in fields or burning it are not included in national data systems.
    • Unaccounted Informal Recycling Sector: The informal sector plays a big role in plastic recycling but is not officially documented in waste audits. Eg: Ragpickers collecting and selling recyclables in Delhi or Mumbai don’t show up in municipal records.
    • No Data on Open Burning of Waste: Open burning, a major source of plastic emissions, is not systematically tracked or included in national waste reports. Eg: In slums and small towns, plastic is often burnt in the open due to lack of collection facilities.
    • Overreporting of Waste Collection Coverage: India claims a 95% collection rate, but this is likely overstated due to poor documentation and ground reality. Eg: Areas with irregular garbage pickup services are still marked as “covered” in official data.
    • Lack of Transparent Data Methodology: There is no clarity on how data is collected, audited, or verified by municipal or state agencies. Eg: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reports don’t mention the sampling or survey methods used.

    How can India improve its waste management system?

    • Ensure Reliable and Inclusive Data Collection: Create a robust, transparent mechanism to collect data from both urban and rural areas, including informal sectors. Eg: Use mobile apps or digital platforms to track daily waste from panchayats and slums in states like Bihar or Odisha.
    • Mandate Waste Audits and Public Methodologies: All data-gathering agencies must publish their methodologies and undergo third-party audits to ensure accuracy. Eg: Municipal bodies in Maharashtra could be required to disclose how they measure household waste generation.
    • Link Local Bodies to Full Waste Processing Ecosystem: Every urban and rural local body should be mandatorily connected to Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs), recyclers, EPR kiosks, and landfills. Eg: Villages in Himachal Pradesh could be linked to nearby MRFs for segregating plastic and compostable waste.
    • Implement and Monitor Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Producers, importers, and brand owners (PIBOs) must collect and manage plastic waste they generate, through designated kiosks. Eg: FMCG companies could set up EPR kiosks in towns across Tamil Nadu to collect multi-layered packaging.
    • Leverage Technology and Geo-tag Infrastructure: Use India’s tech capability to geo-tag waste infrastructure, monitor waste flows, and plan better logistics. Eg: Using GIS-based dashboards to track landfill use and recycling rates in cities like Bengaluru and Jaipur.

    What is the Vellore Tanneries Case?

    • The Vellore Tanneries Case refers to a significant legal battle concerning the environmental pollution caused by the tannery industry in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a landmark case due to its focus on the polluter pays principle and environmental justice.

    Why did the Supreme Court act on the Vellore tanneries case? 

    • To Enforce Environmental Justice and Fundamental Rights: The Court recognized that pollution from tanneries violated citizens’ fundamental rights to clean air, water, and health, guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Eg: Villagers in Vellore affected by contaminated groundwater and health issues were denied their basic rights.
    • To Ensure Accountability and Compliance: Government policies and earlier Court orders had been routinely ignored, so the Court issued a continuing mandamus to ensure time-bound compliance. Eg: The Court directed a committee to monitor clean-up and remediation in Vellore and submit reports within 4 months.
    • To Uphold the “Polluter Pays Principle”: The Court ruled that polluters must bear the cost of damage to the environment and compensate affected communities. Eg: Tanneries discharging untreated effluents were made liable for both environmental restoration and community compensation.
    • To Promote Sustainable Development through Remediation: The Court emphasized that restoring the damaged environment is a part of sustainable development, not an optional activity. Eg: Soil and water remediation programs in the affected leather clusters were ordered to be implemented.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Data Collection and Transparency: Establish comprehensive waste data systems that include rural areas, informal sectors, and open burning, with clear methodologies and third-party audits to ensure accurate reporting.
    • Implement Robust Waste Management Infrastructure: Connect local bodies to the full waste processing ecosystem, enforce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic waste, and leverage technology to track and manage waste flows effectively.

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    [29th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Role in a risk society: how women bear a disproportionate burden

    op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] What are the continued challenges for women in India against time and space?

    Linkage: The article details talk about the various challenges that contribute to women bearing a disproportionate burden, including socio-economic inequalities, health risks, and the burden of caregiving roles.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: In a risk society — where modernisation creates new, man-made dangers like pandemics or climate crises — women face deeper vulnerabilities due to caregiving burdens, poor health, insecure work, and limited access to aid or resources. This gendered risk is not incidental but structural.

    This is relevant for GS Paper 1 (Indian Society) and themes like “Challenges for women across time and space”.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The term ‘risk society’, coined by Ulrich Beck in his book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, refers to a shift from an industrial society to a society where uncertainty and dangers, caused by technology and environmental changes, play a larger role in shaping our lives.

    Why are women more vulnerable to the consequences of risks in a risk society, especially in developing countries?

    • Unequal Access to Resources: Women often have less access to land, credit, education, and technology compared to men. Eg: In rural areas of Africa and South Asia, women farmers typically control smaller plots and have less access to irrigation or improved seeds, making them more vulnerable to climate shocks like droughts.
    • Caregiving Responsibilities Increase Exposure: Women are usually responsible for caregiving roles (childcare, eldercare, healthcare), exposing them more to environmental and health risks. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, women healthcare workers (70% of health workforce globally) faced higher exposure to the virus.
    • Greater Health Vulnerabilities: Due to physiological factors and social inequalities (like poor nutrition), women face higher health risks during environmental crises. Eg: In India, 57% of women suffer from anaemia (NFHS-5), making them more vulnerable during food shortages or health crises.
    • Social and Cultural Norms Deepen Disadvantages: Gender norms often prioritize men’s needs over women’s during disasters, leading to unequal relief, recovery, and aid access. Eg: After natural disasters like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, women had lower survival rates partly because cultural norms restricted their ability to swim or climb trees.
    • Economic Insecurity Limits Resilience: Women are overrepresented in informal, low-wage, and insecure jobs, making it harder for them to recover from economic disruptions. Eg: During lockdowns in 2020, women in informal sectors (like domestic work or street vending) lost incomes faster and found it harder to regain employment.

    How do manufactured risks differ from natural risks?

    Aspect Natural Risks Manufactured Risks
    Origin of the Risks Arise from natural events or phenomena without human intervention. Result from human activities, often related to technological, industrial, or environmental actions
    Eg. Earthquakes, floods, storms Chernobyl nuclear disaster, pollution from industrial activities
    Predictability and Control Typically unpredictable, though some can be forecasted with scientific tools. Often foreseeable and manageable through technologies or regulations.
    Eg. Earthquakes (hard to predict), hurricanes (can be forecasted) Air pollution (can be reduced through cleaner technologies)
    Scope and Impact Often localized, though some (e.g., pandemics) can have widespread effects. Tend to have global implications, affecting large populations and interconnected systems.
    Eg. Flood in a specific region Climate change causing global consequences (e.g., rising sea levels, extreme weather)

    How did significant disasters like the Chernobyl nuclear accident and the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the vulnerabilities of an interconnected world?

    • Global Spread of Consequences: Both disasters showed how localized events can have widespread, global implications due to the interconnectedness of modern society. Eg: The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 released radioactive material into the atmosphere, which was carried by wind and affected countries across Europe, highlighting how environmental risks can transcend national borders. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic, originating in China, spread rapidly across the globe, disrupting economies and health systems worldwide.
    • Overwhelming Existing Systems: Both events overwhelmed existing infrastructures, revealing vulnerabilities in global systems that were ill-equipped to handle large-scale crises. Eg: In Chernobyl, the failure to control the nuclear fallout showed the inadequacies of disaster management and safety protocols, especially with complex technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed weaknesses in healthcare systems, even in developed countries, as hospitals were overwhelmed with patients and unable to cope with the rapid spread of the virus.
    • Amplification of Inequalities: Both disasters deepened existing inequalities, demonstrating how interconnected risks can exacerbate vulnerabilities for marginalized groups. Eg: Chernobyl disproportionately affected nearby populations, including poorer communities, who were more vulnerable to health impacts due to limited access to resources and healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic similarly highlighted how marginalized groups, such as low-income workers and people in developing countries, suffered more from economic disruption and limited access to healthcare.

    Who primarily bears the burden of managing risks in households, especially related to environmental and health hazards?

    • Women as Primary Caregivers: In many societies, especially in developing countries, women are the primary caregivers and household managers, placing them at the forefront of managing health and environmental risks. Eg: Women often handle household chores such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children or elderly family members, putting them at increased exposure to risks like air pollution from solid fuel use or water contamination.
    • Gendered Roles in Resource Management: Women are frequently responsible for collecting water, gathering fuel, and managing food resources, making them more vulnerable to environmental hazards like water scarcity, pollution, and food insecurity. Eg: In rural areas, women often walk long distances to collect water, and if these water sources are contaminated, they face health risks directly, such as waterborne diseases.
    • Economic and Social Vulnerabilities: Women’s economic position and access to resources are often limited, making it harder for them to recover from environmental or health-related disasters. Their roles as caregivers are frequently undervalued, and they often lack the financial independence or support to manage risks effectively. Eg: In the aftermath of climate-related disasters like floods or droughts, women, especially in rural or low-income households, may face greater difficulties in accessing relief or rebuilding their livelihoods, further exacerbating their vulnerability.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched in 2008 to tackle climate change by promoting renewable energy and enhancing climate resilience (e.g., National Solar Mission).
    • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): Initiated in 2014 to improve sanitation and reduce health hazards through waste management and toilet construction.
    • Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Launched in 2016 to provide crop insurance, protecting farmers from losses due to natural calamities.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Gender-Responsive Policies: Develop and implement policies that address the specific needs of women in disaster management, healthcare, and environmental sustainability to reduce vulnerabilities.
    • Enhancing Access to Resources and Technology: Improve access to education, technology, and financial resources for women, particularly in rural areas, to enable them to better manage and mitigate risks.

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  • [28th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘political trilemma’ and the crisis in the West

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss

    Linkage: The tension between globalising forces and national or local identities, which is at the heart of the debate surrounding the political trilemma, particularly the interplay between international economic integration and national sovereignty/popular democracy.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Democracies in the West are facing a crisis marked by increasing polarization, mistrust in institutions, and rising populism, leading to more insular policies. Economist Dani Rodrik’s “political trilemma” suggests countries can only have two of three things: global economic integration, national sovereignty, and popular democracy. Despite globalization, nations have imposed trade barriers, limiting its benefits.

    Today’s editorial examines the growing polarization, distrust in institutions, and the rise of populism, which are driving countries towards more insular policies despite globalization. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 1 on Society and GS Paper 2 on Polity in the Mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    What was once just a concept in academic studies is now happening around the world, with its effects being more noticeable in Western countries than in others.

    How has globalization impacted sectors and populations in Western countries, fueling populism?

    • Job Losses in Manufacturing: Outsourcing of jobs to lower-cost countries has led to job losses in traditional sectors like steel and textiles, especially in regions like the U.S. Rust Belt, fueling populist sentiments. Eg: The U.S. steel industry decline and its role in Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
    • Economic Inequality: Globalization has widened the gap between prosperous urban elites and struggling rural populations, contributing to resentment and populist support. Eg: The Brexit vote, with economically disadvantaged areas pushing for leave due to perceived inequality.
    • Cultural and Identity Concerns: The movement of people and ideas has raised fears of cultural dilution, driving anti-globalization and nationalist rhetoric. Eg: The rise of far-right parties in Europe, like the National Rally and AfD, focusing on immigration and national identity.

    What are the three choices in balancing democracy, sovereignty, and globalization, according to Rodrik’s trilemma?

    • Democracy + Globalization, but Ceding Sovereignty: Countries embrace democratic participation and global economic integration but surrender some national sovereignty. Eg: The European Union (EU), where countries gave up control over key areas like trade and migration for economic benefits, leading to nationalist backlash, such as Brexit.
    • Globalization + Sovereignty, but Restricting Democracy: Countries maintain sovereignty and integrate into the global economy but limit democratic influence on economic decisions, often relying on technocratic governance. Eg: IMF-imposed austerity measures in countries like Kenya, which prioritized fiscal stability over popular democracy, leading to public dissatisfaction.
    • Democracy + Sovereignty, but Limiting Globalization: Countries preserve both sovereignty and democracy but restrict the extent of globalization, often through protectionist policies. Eg: India’s approach of using protectionism and selective foreign investment to balance globalization with domestic control, ensuring political stability and sovereignty.

    How have China and India managed their economies through selective globalisation?

    • Controlled Foreign Investment: Both countries selectively allow foreign investments in specific sectors while restricting or limiting them in others to protect strategic industries. Eg: China has encouraged foreign investments in manufacturing but tightly controls foreign ownership in sectors like media, telecom, and finance. India has similarly promoted foreign direct investment (FDI) in industries like technology but has been cautious in sectors like retail and defense.
    • Export-Oriented Growth: Both nations have prioritized export-led growth, using globalization to access international markets while maintaining strong domestic industrial policies. Eg: China’s “Made in China” strategy focused on becoming the global manufacturing hub, while India’s “Make in India” initiative aims to boost domestic manufacturing for export.
    • Government Control Over Key Sectors: Both countries retain significant government control over critical sectors, such as banking, energy, and infrastructure, to safeguard national interests. Eg: China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs) dominate key industries like energy and finance, while India has state-run companies in sectors like oil, railways, and defense.
    • Selective Trade Agreements: China and India have negotiated trade agreements that protect domestic industries while opening up others for global competition. Eg: China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 but protected its agricultural sector with subsidies. India has been cautious in committing to trade agreements that might undermine its domestic sectors, like agriculture.
    • Managing Political and Economic Sovereignty: Both nations maintain tight political control, limiting the influence of external forces on domestic governance and policy-making. Eg: China tightly controls its political landscape and restricts foreign influence through measures like the “Great Firewall,” while India enforces its sovereignty by regulating foreign content in media and restricting foreign NGOs in sensitive areas.

    What consequences have Western democracies faced from balancing free trade, self-determination, and democracy?

    • Economic Inequality and Job Losses: Free trade has led to the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs to lower-cost countries, resulting in job losses and economic insecurity for certain segments of the population. Eg: In the U.S. and the U.K., industrial regions like the Rust Belt have seen significant declines in manufacturing jobs due to globalization, contributing to growing economic disparities.
    • Rise of Populism and Nationalism: As global competition increased, many voters felt left behind by globalization, leading to the rise of populist and nationalist political movements that prioritize national sovereignty over international cooperation. Eg: Brexit in the U.K. and the election of populist leaders like Donald Trump in the U.S. were fueled by sentiments of reclaiming national sovereignty and resisting the perceived negative impacts of globalization.
    • Erosion of Trust in Democratic Institutions: The challenges of balancing democracy with the pressures of globalization have caused frustration among citizens, leading to diminished trust in democratic institutions and the political establishment. Eg: In France, protests like the “Yellow Vest” movement reflect public dissatisfaction with economic policies seen as favoring global markets over local welfare, questioning the legitimacy of institutions and their responsiveness to the people’s needs.

    Way forward: 

    • Balancing Globalization with Domestic Welfare: India must ensure that globalization benefits are equitably distributed, addressing economic insecurity and preventing resentment. Eg: Support local industries and vulnerable sectors through skill development and welfare programs.
    • Strengthening Democratic Institutions: India should make democratic institutions more responsive to public concerns, ensuring inclusivity and addressing inequality. Eg: Engage citizens in policymaking to ensure economic policies benefit all.

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  • WTO and India

    [25th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Is the World Trade Organisation still relevant?

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2016] The broader aims and objectives of the WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries. Discuss from the Indian perspective.

    Linkage: WTO’s aims and the failure of the Doha Round, a key point made in the article to illustrate the WTO’s declining negotiating function and its diminished relevance. The question also asks for a discussion from the Indian perspective, which connects to the article’s reference to India’s stance on certain WTO issues.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:   Donald Trump’s “reciprocal tariffs” have been compared to the Smoot-Hawley tariffs of the 1930s, which are believed to have worsened the Great Depression. The key difference today is that we have the World Trade Organization (WTO) to manage and enforce global trade rules. However, some believe that over time, the WTO has lost its direction and needs significant reforms.

    Today’s editorial examines the relevance of the WTO in the current global context. This content will be useful for GS Paper 2 (International Institutions) and GS Paper 3 (Economy).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Over time, the WTO has become less effective and lacks clear direction, with many believing it requires major reforms to better manage and enforce global trade rules in the current world.

    What are the main functions of the WTO?

    • Negotiating Trade Agreements: The WTO provides a platform for member countries to negotiate and revise global trade rules aimed at reducing trade barriers (tariffs, quotas, etc.). Eg: The Doha Development Round was launched in 2001 to negotiate issues like agricultural subsidies and market access for developing countries.
    • Settling Trade Disputes: The WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) resolves trade conflicts between countries based on agreed rules. Eg: The U.S.–EU Banana Dispute, where the U.S. challenged the EU’s import regime for bananas, was resolved through the WTO dispute system.
    • Monitoring and Reviewing National Trade Policies: The WTO monitors trade policies of member nations to ensure transparency and consistency with WTO rules. Eg: The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) allows regular scrutiny of each member’s trade practices — for instance, India’s trade policy is reviewed every 4-5 years under this mechanism.

    Why is it struggling to fulfil them?

    • Stalemate in Trade Negotiations: Consensus-based decision-making often leads to deadlocks, especially between developed and developing countries. Eg: The Doha Round has been stalled for years due to disagreements on agricultural subsidies and market access.
    • Crisis in the Dispute Settlement System: The Appellate Body (WTO’s top court) has been non-functional since 2019 because the U.S. blocked the appointment of new judges, citing bias and overreach. Eg: Over 20 trade disputes remain unresolved, weakening trust in WTO’s ability to enforce rules.
    • Rise of Protectionism and Plurilateralism: Countries increasingly prefer regional or bilateral agreements, bypassing WTO rules. Also, rising protectionism (e.g. tariffs, export bans) undermines multilateral trade. Eg: The U.S.–China trade war and RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) are signs of countries drifting away from WTO-centered trade governance.

    Why has the WTO’s Appellate Body become dysfunctional?

    • U.S. Block on Judge Appointments: The United States has repeatedly blocked the appointment of new judges, alleging judicial overreach and bias against U.S. interests. Eg: As of 2019, the Appellate Body lacked the minimum three judges required to hear appeals, halting its operations.
    • Allegations of Judicial Overreach: Critics, especially the U.S., claim the Body has exceeded its mandate by creating new obligations not agreed upon by member states. Eg: In disputes like U.S.–Antidumping Measures, the Appellate Body was accused of “interpreting” rules rather than just applying them.
    • Delays in Rulings and Case Backlog: The Appellate Body has been criticized for delays in delivering rulings, often exceeding the 90-day deadline, leading to a growing backlog. Eg: In cases like the EU–Airbus dispute, delayed rulings undermined timely dispute resolution.

    How has the MFN principle weakened?

    • Rise of Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements: Countries increasingly prefer bilateral or regional trade agreements (FTAs) over WTO multilateral negotiations, which often bypass the MFN principle. Eg: RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) and USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) offer preferential treatment to members, sidelining MFN principles.
    • Protectionist Measures by Major Economies: The U.S. and other major economies have imposed unilateral tariffs and trade measures, undermining the non-discriminatory nature of the MFN principle. Eg: The U.S. Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum were applied globally, but countries like the EU and Canada were exempted, contradicting MFN rules.
    • China’s Trade Practices: China’s practices in trade, such as subsidizing domestic industries and restricting foreign market access, have raised concerns about compliance with MFN, as they distort fair trade. Eg: The U.S.–China trade war involved tariffs on Chinese goods despite China’s MFN status at the WTO.
    • Decreasing Role of the WTO in Enforcing MFN: The WTO’s inability to enforce the MFN principle effectively, particularly with its dysfunctional dispute settlement mechanism, has weakened its role in global trade governance. Eg: In the India–U.S. solar panel dispute, the U.S. imposed tariffs on Indian solar panels despite the MFN rule, and the dispute resolution was delayed.
    • FTAs and Evasion of MFN Obligations: Many countries have opted for free trade agreements (FTAs), which offer preferential trade treatment to signatories, making it easier to bypass MFN obligations for non-signatories. Eg: India has entered into FTAs with several countries, such as ASEAN, which offer preferential tariffs and benefits not extended to other WTO members, violating MFN principles.

    How did the launch of the Doha Round contribute to this decline?

    • Overly Ambitious Mandate: The Doha Round, launched in 2001, aimed to address a wide range of issues, including agricultural subsidies, tariffs, and market access. This broad agenda led to mismatched expectations and difficulties in reaching agreements, causing the talks to stagnate. Eg, despite extensive negotiations, no consensus was reached on key issues like agricultural subsidies, which frustrated many member countries.
    • Challenges with China’s Accession: When China joined the WTO in 2001, there was insufficient foresight regarding the challenges its integration would pose. China’s growing dominance in global exports, especially in sectors like steel and cement, created trade imbalances and undermined the WTO’s ability to manage its impact. Eg, the WTO rules were not equipped to handle such issues, leading to frustration, particularly from the U.S.
    • Failure to Lower Tariffs: The Doha Round aimed to reduce tariffs on a multilateral basis, but negotiations failed to gain traction. Eg, the U.S. had already lowered its tariffs significantly, but other countries, particularly India, were unwilling to reciprocate. This lack of progress on tariff liberalization further highlighted the WTO’s inability to deliver on its promises, contributing to its declining relevance.

    Who is responsible for the collapse of key trade negotiations ? 

    • Developed Countries’ Reluctance to Reduce Agricultural Subsidies: Developed nations, especially the U.S. and EU, were unwilling to significantly cut their domestic farm subsidies, which distorted global prices and affected developing countries’ exports. Eg: In the Doha Development Round, talks stalled because the U.S. refused to reduce subsidies that gave an unfair advantage to its farmers.
    • Developing Countries’ Demand for Greater Policy Space: Countries like India, Brazil, and South Africa demanded flexibilities to protect their poor farmers and industries, which was resisted by developed nations. Eg: India’s push for a permanent solution on public stockholding for food security clashed with U.S. and EU positions, contributing to the deadlock.
    • Consensus-Based Decision-Making Slowing Progress: The WTO follows a consensus model, requiring all 164 members to agree, making it difficult to conclude negotiations when interests diverge widely. Eg: In the Nairobi Ministerial Conference (2015), the failure to achieve consensus on the future of the Doha Round led to its effective collapse.

    What role has India played?

    • Advocating for Food Security and Agricultural Subsidies: India has strongly opposed any restrictions on agricultural subsidies and public stockholding for food security, fearing it would hurt its poor farmers. Eg: India led the opposition to a proposed agreement on agricultural subsidies during the Doha Round and sought a permanent solution for public stockholding, which stalled the negotiations.
    • Pushing for Development Concerns of Poorer Countries: India has consistently championed the interests of developing nations at the WTO, advocating for greater policy flexibility in trade-related matters such as industrialization and agriculture. Eg: India was vocal in demanding special and differential treatment for developing countries and resisted any trade reforms that might harm their domestic industries, such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
    • Defending Sovereignty in Trade and Investment: India has often resisted foreign investment liberalization measures and binding international rules on labor standards and environmental regulations that it believes could undermine national sovereignty. Eg: India rejected proposals in the Doha Development Agenda that could have led to binding agreements on labor standards and environmental protections, fearing they could impose undue burdens on its developing economy.

    Way forward: 

    • Reform Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM): The WTO needs to revive and strengthen the Appellate Body by addressing issues such as judge appointments and allegations of judicial overreach, ensuring its effectiveness in resolving disputes and maintaining trust in the multilateral system. Eg: A compromise on U.S. concerns could be explored to restart the Appellate Body’s functioning.
    • Enhance Flexibility for Developing Nations: The WTO should allow more policy flexibility for developing countries in areas like agriculture and food security, while balancing global trade interests. This could encourage inclusive negotiations and help prevent deadlocks, addressing concerns such as those raised by India in the Doha Round. Eg: Promoting a permanent solution for public stockholding in agriculture could lead to greater participation from developing nations.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Pakistan

    [24th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Responding to the terror attack in Pahalgam

    op-ed snap | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Organized Crime & Terrorism

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir.

    Linkage: The Pahalgam attack occurred in Jammu and Kashmir. This question directly addresses strategies for building trust and resolving conflict in terrorism-affected regions, which is a crucial aspect of responding to such attacks in the long term.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, is not just an act of violence; it’s a calculated political move, carefully timed to cause both human casualties and strategic disruption. The attack took place shortly after the Kashmir Valley started welcoming tourists for the season and while U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance was visiting India. This is not a random attack, but part of a long-standing pattern of cross-border terrorism supported by Pakistan’s military and intelligence agencies. At a time when Pakistan had faded from India’s diplomatic focus, it has now returned, aiming to disrupt what India holds dear.

    Today’s editorial analyzes the recent terrorist attack in the Baisaran meadows of Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir. This discussion will be useful for GS Paper 2 on International Relations and GS Paper 3 on Border Management.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On April 22, 2025, terrorists attacked a group of tourists in the Baisaran meadows of Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, killing dozens and injuring many others. This was the first major attack on civilians in Kashmir since the government removed the region’s special status in 2019.

    Why is the Pahalgam attack seen as a political signal beyond terrorism?

    • Strategic Timing: The attack was carefully timed to coincide with major diplomatic events, aiming to internationalize the Kashmir issue and undermine India’s global image. Eg: It occurred during U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance’s visit to India, drawing global attention and signaling instability in Kashmir.
    • Undermining Normalcy: Targeting a tourist destination was meant to damage the perception of peace, hurt local livelihoods, and instill fear among potential visitors. Eg: The attack happened in Baisaran near Pahalgam, a scenic spot often described as ‘mini Switzerland’, during peak tourism season.
    • Proxy Warfare: It reflects Pakistan’s continued reliance on non-state actors to wage asymmetric warfare against India while maintaining deniability. Eg: The Resistance Front (TRF), linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba and ISI, claimed responsibility—mirroring past attacks like the 2019 Pulwama bombing.

    What intelligence and security lapses does the attack reveal?

    • Failure of Local Intelligence Gathering: Security forces lacked timely and actionable intelligence about militant movement in a high-tourist zone. Eg: Despite a large number of tourists in Pahalgam, there were no alerts about possible threats in the area prior to the attack.
    • Inadequate Perimeter Surveillance: The attackers exploited gaps in area surveillance and patrol routines around tourist spots. Eg: The militants attacked near Baisaran meadow—an open and vulnerable area with limited surveillance despite being a tourist hotspot.
    • Weak Coordination Among Agencies: Lack of seamless coordination between intelligence, police, and paramilitary forces led to poor threat anticipation and response. Eg: Local police reportedly had not received central alerts, reflecting weak inter-agency information sharing.
    • Overreliance on Static Security Checks: Security was concentrated at checkpoints, but attackers used off-road routes to bypass these. Eg: Militants avoided heavily guarded roads and struck a moving vehicle, indicating knowledge of patrol patterns.
    • Neglect of Civilian Vulnerability Mapping: No dynamic assessment of soft targets such as unescorted tourist groups in sensitive areas. Eg: The victims were on a pony ride, unprotected, with no security escort in a forested zone open to ambush.

    How does Pakistan’s instability under Gen. Munir fuel cross-border terrorism?

    • Military-Civil Power Struggle: The weakening of civilian institutions and dominance of the military creates an environment where the Army uses external conflicts to maintain control. Eg: Gen. Munir’s growing influence post-Imran Khan’s ousting has coincided with increased militant activity in Kashmir to divert attention from domestic unrest.
    • Use of Terrorism as Strategic Depth: The Pakistani military views proxy groups as tools to counterbalance India without engaging in direct war. Eg: Groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed have resurged in training and logistics activities near the LoC.
    • Diverting Attention from Internal Crises: Facing economic collapse and political chaos, Pakistan’s deep state stokes tensions with India to unify the populace and distract from internal failures. Eg: After IMF bailout troubles and mass protests, there was a spike in infiltration attempts into J&K.
    • Weak Civilian Oversight on Terror Networks: Political instability weakens civilian checks on terror outfits, allowing the military and ISI to operate with impunity. Eg: Banned terror outfits continue to function under new names and operate training camps openly in PoK and Punjab regions.
    • ISI’s Tactical Shift Toward Lone Wolf or Hybrid Militants: The ISI, under Munir’s tenure as ex-ISI chief, has adapted to deploy hard-to-trace, localised operatives, making it harder for India to track networks. Eg: Attacks like Pahalgam have shown signs of hybrid militancy—locals radicalised online but supported logistically from across the border.

    How can India align its external stance with internal outreach in Kashmir?

    • Promote Development as a Security Strategy: Emphasize infrastructure, education, and employment to win hearts locally and showcase progress internationally. Eg: The Srinagar Smart City project and new medical colleges can be highlighted in diplomatic forums to counter negative narratives.
    • Empower Local Governance: Strengthen democratic institutions like Panchayats and urban bodies to demonstrate political normalization. Eg: Conducting timely local body elections and empowering DDCs reflects ground-level participation, reinforcing India’s democratic image globally.
    • Consistent Narrative Management: Maintain a unified communication strategy to counter misinformation from hostile actors. Eg: India’s MEA and J&K administration issuing joint statements during crises can reduce confusion and reinforce India’s position internationally.
    • Engage Diaspora and Global Media: Leverage Indian diaspora and media outreach to project a balanced narrative on Kashmir reforms and security. Eg: Indian embassies organizing Kashmir-focused briefings in the US/EU to highlight post-Article 370 investments and peace-building.
    • Cultural and Religious Diplomacy: Promote Kashmir’s syncretic traditions like Sufism to counter radical narratives. Eg: Organizing international Sufi festivals or Buddhist circuit promotion in Ladakh can portray Kashmir as culturally inclusive and peaceful.

    What steps has taken by the Indian Government?

    • Diplomatic Measures: India has downgraded its diplomatic and logistical ties with Pakistan.Eg: The Indus Waters Treaty has been suspended, the Attari-Wagah border crossing has been closed, and Pakistani defense advisors have been expelled. Additionally, Pakistani nationals in India under regional visas have been given 48 hours to leave, and India’s embassy staff in Islamabad has been reduced.
    • Security Enhancements: The Indian government has increased security measures in Jammu and Kashmir. Eg: Security forces are conducting a major manhunt in the region to apprehend the perpetrators of the attack. The government is also reviewing and strengthening security protocols to prevent future incidents.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Security Infrastructure: Strengthen intelligence networks and surveillance systems in vulnerable regions like Jammu and Kashmir to preempt cross-border terrorism and ensure rapid response capabilities.
    • Diplomatic Pressure on Pakistan: Intensify international diplomatic efforts to isolate Pakistan by leveraging global platforms, pressing for accountability, and fostering stronger alliances to counter terrorism.

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  • [23rd April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2018] Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region?

    Linakge: India’s interest in the Arctic’s resources, which is a central theme in the Article. This article highlights the Arctic as a “critical energy source for the Global South” and mentions India’s potential stake in the “massive resources” of the region.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Global trade is shifting due to U.S. pressures and climate change, prompting countries to explore new supply chains and routes. The Arctic, while warning of a climate crisis, offers major geopolitical and economic potential. As new trade paths open, India must ensure it has a role in future Arctic opportunities without harming the fragile environment.

    Today’s editorial highlights why the Arctic region matters for the world and India. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 (international relations) and GS Paper 3 (environment and economy) in the mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India should have a voice in the future economic opportunities of the Arctic, without rushing to exploit its resources recklessly.

     [ 23rd April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Exploring India’s potential in the Arctic region

    What is the Northern Sea Route (NSR)? 

    • The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is a new Arctic sea route connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, running along the northern coast of Russia.
    • It provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and Asia, significantly reducing shipping distances. Eg: Shipping from Rotterdam to Shanghai via the NSR cuts the journey by around 30%, reducing travel time by approximately 10 days.

    How could it transform global trade?

    • Reduced Freight Costs: By providing a more direct and shorter route, the NSR can substantially lower shipping costs, as vessels spend less time on the water and consume less fuel. Eg: The cost savings from the reduced travel time and fuel consumption can incentivize global shipping companies to shift their operations to the NSR, especially for bulk goods and high-value cargo.
    • Expedited Global Trade: The NSR could drastically speed up the flow of goods, particularly for time-sensitive cargo like electronics, automotive parts, and perishable goods, thus improving global trade efficiency. Eg: In 2018, a Chinese cargo ship made a successful voyage through the NSR, delivering goods from China to Europe in a record time of 18 days, compared to the traditional 40+ days via the Suez Canal.
    • Opening New Markets: The NSR could lead to the development of new ports and shipping routes in the Arctic, creating economic opportunities for the countries surrounding the region. It can also open up access to new markets that were previously difficult to reach. Eg: As traffic on the NSR increases, ports like Murmansk in Russia and Pevek in the Arctic will see growth, transforming them into significant maritime hubs.

    Why is the Arctic region becoming geopolitically and economically important for India?

    • New Trade Routes: The Northern Sea Route (NSR) opens shorter, more efficient shipping lanes between Europe and Asia, benefiting India’s trade by reducing shipping times and costs. Eg: The NSR offers India quicker access to European markets, enhancing trade competitiveness.
    • Energy Resources: The Arctic region holds vast untapped oil and natural gas reserves, offering India potential access to energy resources vital for its growing needs. Eg: Arctic exploration could help diversify India’s energy sources, ensuring a more secure supply.
    • Climate Research: The Arctic’s rapid changes influence global climate patterns, impacting India’s monsoon and agricultural productivity. Eg: Research on the Arctic’s climate helps India prepare for shifts in its monsoon patterns and protect food security.
    • Geopolitical Influence: India’s involvement in Arctic governance could strengthen its global position and foster partnerships with key nations like Russia and the U.S. Eg: By engaging in Arctic policy, India enhances its diplomatic and strategic ties with major global players.
    • Maritime Security: India’s access to the Arctic region can improve its maritime security and help protect vital trade routes. Eg: Strengthening Arctic partnerships can ensure India’s strategic interests in the region are safeguarded.

    When did India formalise its Arctic policy, and what are its key goals?

    Focus Area Key Objectives
    Scientific Research and Climate Understanding Enhance scientific knowledge about the Arctic’s effect on global climate, especially the Indian monsoon and agriculture. Strengthen research stations like Himadri and use space technology for Arctic studies.
    Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development Promote protection of the Arctic environment and support sustainable development. Encourage responsible use of resources and partner with Arctic nations on green energy.
    Enhanced International Cooperation and Capacity Building Actively participate in Arctic governance (e.g., Arctic Council), improve India’s expertise in Arctic studies, and collaborate on digital connectivity and indigenous knowledge exchange.

    Who are India’s potential strategic partners in the Arctic region?

    • Russia: India sees Russia as a key partner in the Arctic due to its extensive Arctic coastline and expertise in Arctic navigation. The two countries have established a working group under the bilateral intergovernmental commission to explore opportunities in Arctic trade routes like the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and potential joint ventures. Eg, the Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Corridor is seen as a bridge to the NSR.
    • Japan and South Korea: Japan and South Korea are also critical partners due to shared concerns over China’s increasing influence in the Arctic. These nations and India aim to promote a more inclusive Arctic Council and ensure equitable access to Arctic resources, countering Chinese dominance in the region.

    What are the challenges involved? 

    • Harsh Environmental Conditions: The Arctic’s extreme weather and icy waters present significant challenges for navigation and shipping. India will need to invest heavily in specialised ice-breaking fleets and infrastructure to ensure safe and efficient passage along the Northern Sea Route (NSR). Eg, the need for shipbuilding suited to Arctic conditions was highlighted in India’s 2025-26 Budget.
    • Geopolitical Tensions: The Arctic region is becoming a battleground for global powers, with competing interests between the U.S., Russia, and China. India faces the dilemma of balancing relations with both Russia and the Western bloc while ensuring its interests in Arctic trade routes and resources. Eg, supporting Russia’s Arctic ambitions could align India with China’s Polar Silk Road, creating a potential conflict with U.S. interests.
    • Environmental Impact and Climate Change: Exploiting Arctic resources poses risks to the fragile ecosystem, and climate change further exacerbates these concerns. India must balance its commercial interests with environmental responsibility, ensuring that Arctic exploration does not contribute to further ecological degradation. Eg, global temperatures breaching 1.5°C in 2024 highlight the urgency of sustainable development in the Arctic.

    How should India balance environmental concerns with commercial interests in the Arctic? (Way forward) 

    • Sustainable Resource Management: India should advocate for responsible exploration and use of Arctic resources, ensuring that commercial activities do not harm the fragile environment. This includes supporting international regulations on sustainable practices and climate-resilient policies. Eg, India’s engagement in the Arctic Council can help influence global guidelines for Arctic resource extraction, focusing on minimal environmental disruption.
    • Collaborative Efforts with Like-minded Nations: India should collaborate with countries that share its concerns about environmental protection, such as Japan and South Korea, to promote sustainable Arctic governance. By forging partnerships focused on environmental preservation and responsible trade, India can secure both economic opportunities and environmental integrity. Eg, India, Japan, and South Korea have common interests in mitigating Chinese influence in Arctic policies, emphasising eco-friendly development.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

    [22th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: India, China at 75 — a time for strategy, not sentiment

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: The strategic dimension of India’s position in relation to China and the West. This article also touches upon this aspect, noting the potential pressure on India to align more closely with the U.S. to counter China.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  China is now the biggest external influence on India’s foreign policy. From border issues to trade and defence, every move is shaped by the “China lens.” Tensions remain high at the LAC since the 2020 Galwan clash. While India stays alert militarily, trade ties continue, showing a paradox—India deters China at the border but relies on it economically.

    Today’s editorial explains how China affects India’s foreign policy, especially in areas like trade and border tensions. It highlights how India is trying to manage both security concerns and economic ties with China. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 (Mains) under International Relations.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    As India and China mark 75 years of ties, their relationship faces border tensions and rivalry, yet offers chances for cooperation, economic links, and shared responsibility in ensuring regional peace.

    What are the key challenges in India-China relations, especially regarding borders and strategic rivalry?

    • Contested Borders and Military Tensions: The Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains heavily militarized, with both countries having stationed thousands of troops in sensitive regions like Eastern Ladakh. Eg: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash resulted in casualties on both sides and highlighted the vulnerability of the LAC to conflict and miscalculation.
    • Historical Border Disputes: The unresolved boundary dispute, particularly over regions like Aksai Chin (claimed by India) and Arunachal Pradesh (claimed by China), continues to strain relations. Eg: The 1962 Sino-Indian War remains a traumatic event in India-China relations, and its legacy still influences border security strategies.
    • Strategic Rivalry in South Asia: China’s growing presence in South Asia through infrastructure projects and loans has directly challenged India’s regional influence. Eg: China’s involvement in Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port and infrastructure projects in Nepal and the Maldives are seen as part of China’s strategic push into India’s traditional sphere of influence.
    • Economic Interdependence vs. National Security: Despite military tensions, India remains economically tied to China, particularly in trade, electronics, and pharmaceuticals, creating a paradox between economic cooperation and security concerns. Eg: China is India’s largest trading partner, but India faces a trade imbalance of around $100 billion in favor of China, raising concerns over economic over-dependence.
    • China’s Regional Ambitions and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and growing influence in neighboring countries challenge India’s leadership role in the region.Eg: China’s infrastructure investments in Pakistan through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) pass through contested regions like Gilgit-Baltistan, which India claims as part of Jammu and Kashmir.

    Why does the “China lens shape India’s foreign policy”?

    • Security and Border Infrastructure Concerns: China poses the most significant military threat to India, especially along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), necessitating constant vigilance and preparedness. Eg: The permanent deployment of over 60,000 Indian troops in Eastern Ladakh after the 2020 Galwan clash reflects how China shapes India’s defense planning.
    • Economic Dependencies and Trade Imbalance: India relies heavily on Chinese imports for critical sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and machinery, creating a dilemma between strategic autonomy and economic needs. Eg: In 2024-25, India’s trade deficit with China approached $100 billion, despite efforts to diversify supply chains and ban certain Chinese apps.
    • Geopolitical and Strategic Competition in the Region: China’s growing influence in South Asia and its partnerships with India’s neighbors challenge India’s regional leadership and influence. Eg: China’s funding of Pokhara Airport in Nepal and strategic ties with countries like Bangladesh and Maldives push India to recalibrate its diplomacy and regional engagement strategies.

    How has India’s approach to China evolved since the 1962 war and the 2020 Galwan clash?

    • From Idealism to Realism in Diplomacy: The early vision of Asian solidarity post-1947 has given way to a more cautious and pragmatic approach, shaped by hard security realities. Eg: After the 1962 war, India abandoned Nehruvian idealism and began strengthening its military and forging new alliances.
    • Shift from Engagement to Strategic Deterrence: Post-Galwan, India has moved away from soft engagement to a policy of firm deterrence and military preparedness. Eg: Permanent deployment of troops and infrastructure upgrades in Eastern Ladakh reflect a proactive defense posture.
    • Emergence of “Competitive Coexistence”: India now balances economic engagement with strategic competition, avoiding full decoupling while safeguarding national interests. Eg: Despite border tensions, India continues trade with China, participates in platforms like SCO and BRICS, and simultaneously deepens ties with the Quad.

    What does “competitive coexistence” mean? 

    “Competitive coexistence” refers to India’s strategy of managing its complex relationship with China by simultaneously competing in strategic and regional influence while maintaining economic and diplomatic engagement. It balances military vigilance with dialogue, allowing India to protect its interests without complete decoupling, fostering stability amid rivalry and interdependence.

    How does it balance India’s strategy with economic ties to China?

    • Selective Economic Engagement: India continues trade in non-strategic sectors (like consumer goods, raw materials) while restricting Chinese influence in critical infrastructure and tech. Eg: India imports electronics and machinery from China, but bans Chinese apps like TikTok and restricts Huawei from 5G rollout.
    • Investment Scrutiny with Trade Continuity:India tightens FDI rules from neighboring countries (especially China) post-Galwan (2020), while not blocking trade outright. Eg: Chinese firms need government approval to invest in Indian startups, but bilateral trade crossed $135 billion in 2023.
    • Self-Reliance Push (Atmanirbhar Bharat): India reduces dependence on Chinese imports by incentivizing local manufacturing and diversifying suppliers. Eg: Through the PLI Scheme, India promotes domestic production of electronics, APIs (for pharma), and solar panels.
    • Strategic Dialogue + Border Vigilance: India engages diplomatically with China (e.g., 19th Corps Commander-level talks) while reinforcing military presence at LAC. Eg: Border patrol protocols resumed in Jan 2025 in Eastern Ladakh, showing balance between dialogue and deterrence.
    • Multilateral Cooperation Without Alignment: India cooperates with China in BRICS and SCO, while counterbalancing through Quad and Indo-Pacific strategies. Eg: India joins China-led New Development Bank, yet also conducts Malabar naval exercises with the U.S., Japan, and Australia.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Diplomatic Engagement with Strategic Boundaries: India should continue to strengthen diplomatic channels while ensuring border security through regular high-level talks, establishing confidence-building measures to reduce tensions along the LAC.
    • Diversification of Economic Partnerships and Technological Independence: India should further reduce economic dependency on China by promoting indigenous industries and exploring alternative trade routes and partnerships with other countries to balance economic growth with national security concerns.

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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    [21st April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Tackle heatwaves with short- and long-term measures

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015- 2030).

    Linkage: Heatwaves are increasingly recognized as severe weather events and fall under the purview of disaster management. This question directly asks about disaster resilience and its framework, which is crucial for tackling heatwaves. Building resilience to heatwaves involves both short-term preparedness (early warning systems, public awareness) and long-term adaptation (infrastructure changes, social safety nets) as highlighted in the article. The Sendai Framework’s targets are also relevant for setting goals in reducing heatwave-related mortality and morbidity.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  According to the World Meteorological Organization, 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, with global temperatures about 1.55°C higher than in pre-industrial times. In India, December 2022 was the hottest December since temperature records began in 1901. Overall, India has seen more heatwaves in the last 20 years compared to the 20 years before that.

    Today’s editorial talks about the current heatwave situation and its effects. This topic is useful for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On March 15, some states and cities in India faced their first severe heatwave of 2025 — about 20 days earlier than the first severe heatwave in 2024.

    What are the key health and socio-economic effects of heatwaves in India?

    • Health Impacts (Heat Stress): Heatwaves in India lead to heat stress, which occurs when the outside temperature approaches the body’s normal temperature of 37°C. This hampers the body’s ability to release internal heat, leading to a range of health problems including kidney failure, liver damage, and brain-related issues, sometimes resulting in death. Eg, the 2015 heatwave in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana caused over 2,000 deaths due to extreme temperatures.
    • Impact on Agriculture and Livestock: Heatwaves negatively affect the farming sector, reducing crop yields and livestock production due to heat stress. Eg, the 2020 heatwaves led to significant crop damage, particularly in areas like Punjab and Haryana, where farmers saw a drop in wheat and paddy production, impacting food security.
    • Socio-Economic Consequences: Heatwaves result in loss of productivity, particularly in labor-intensive sectors like agriculture, construction, and outdoor work. This causes economic losses as workers lose work hours, and agricultural outputs decline. Eg, in 2023, heat stress led to an estimated loss of 6% of work hours in India, contributing to reduced personal incomes and affecting national GDP.

    Why is heat stress an equity issue for vulnerable groups?

    • Disproportionate Impact on the Poor: Vulnerable groups such as the poor face the worst effects of heat stress due to limited access to resources like cooling systems, healthcare, and safe working conditions. Eg, in urban slums with poor infrastructure, people are exposed to higher temperatures both indoors and outdoors, leading to greater health risks compared to wealthier populations with air-conditioned homes.
    • Gendered Impact: Women, especially in rural and lower-income areas, are more affected by heat stress due to cultural norms that restrict their mobility and tasks, such as working in kitchens or wearing heavy clothing. Eg, women in rural India may have to work in the kitchen during peak heat hours, further increasing their risk of heat-related illnesses.
    • Impact on Migrant Workers and Informal Sector Employees: Migrants and workers in the informal sector often lack access to benefits such as paid leave, healthcare, or workplace protections, making them more vulnerable to heat stress. Eg, construction workers in cities like Delhi and Mumbai suffer from heat-related illnesses as they work outdoors without proper protection, and they cannot afford to miss work, leading to further health deterioration.

    When did India begin implementing Heat Action Plans (HAPs), and how have they evolved over the years?

    • Initial Implementation in 2013: India began implementing Heat Action Plans (HAPs) in 2013 when Ahmedabad, Gujarat, became the first city in Asia to develop a municipal Heat Action Plan. The plan focused on early heatwave predictions, public awareness, and health system preparedness. Eg, Ahmedabad’s HAP helped reduce heat-related mortality by alerting vulnerable communities and healthcare systems ahead of heatwaves.
    • Expansion to Other Cities (2014-2018): After the success in Ahmedabad, other cities and states began developing their own heat action plans. By 2018, over 20 Indian cities and states had implemented their HAPs, adapting them based on local vulnerabilities. Eg, cities like Chennai and Hyderabad incorporated heat action strategies, including cooling shelters and awareness campaigns.
    • National Coordination (2018): In 2018, the National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) was introduced to provide a unified approach, coordinating heat advisories and other health-related information across the country. Eg, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) began issuing nationwide heatwave alerts to help states and cities prepare for extreme heat events.
    • Focus on Long-Term Measures (2020-Present): Recent iterations of HAPs have emphasized long-term preventive measures, such as urban greening, reflective rooftops, and improved building materials to reduce heat retention. Eg, several cities, like Delhi, are promoting cool roof policies, encouraging the use of heat-reflective materials on buildings to reduce urban heat islands.

    How can India improve the effectiveness and implementation of Heat Action Plans at the state and city levels?

    • Tailor Plans Based on Local Vulnerability: India can improve HAP effectiveness by ensuring that each state and city develops plans based on specific local vulnerabilities such as geography, socio-economic factors, and infrastructure. Eg, coastal cities like Mumbai may need strategies focusing on humidity and high temperatures, while inland cities like Jaipur might need to focus more on extreme heat and dry conditions.
    • Incorporate Real-Time Data and Predictive Technology: HAPs can be enhanced by using real-time data on temperature, humidity, and wind speed to improve forecasting accuracy and timely alerts. Eg, the use of satellite data and ground-based sensors in cities like Pune has allowed for more accurate predictions of heat stress, enabling better preparedness and quicker responses during heatwaves.
    • Strengthen Collaboration Between Stakeholders: Successful implementation of HAPs requires coordination between government bodies, local authorities, public health institutions, NGOs, and community organizations. Eg, in Ahmedabad, the city’s HAP involved collaborations between municipal authorities, public health officials, and non-governmental organizations, which significantly contributed to the reduction in heat-related deaths.
    • Focus on Long-Term Urban Planning and Infrastructure: HAPs should integrate long-term urban development strategies that mitigate heat in the built environment, such as increasing green spaces, promoting cool roofs, and using reflective materials for buildings. Eg, Chennai’s initiative to plant more trees and create shaded public spaces has helped reduce heat in urban areas, making the city more resilient to heatwaves.
    • Ensure Inclusivity and Equity in Response Measures: HAPs should ensure that vulnerable populations such as informal sector workers, elderly, and marginalized communities are given special attention during heatwaves. Eg, Delhi’s HAP has included mobile cooling units and shelters for the homeless, along with providing water points and health services in areas with high concentrations of migrant workers and low-income groups.

    What is the current situation regarding the occurrence of heat waves in India?

    • Increased Frequency of Heatwave Days: The number of heatwave days in India has risen over the past decade. In 2022, approximately 121 heatwave days were recorded across the country, a decrease from the previous year but still indicative of a growing trend.
    • Record-Breaking Temperatures: In May 2024, northern India experienced severe heatwaves, with temperatures reaching up to 49.1°C in New Delhi. Over 37 cities reported temperatures exceeding 45°C, leading to at least 56 confirmed deaths and 25,000 suspected cases of heatstroke.
    • Projections of Future Heatwave Intensification: Future projections indicate a significant increase in heatwave frequency due to climate change. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the frequency of heatwaves in India is expected to increase by a factor of 4 to 7 in the mid-term and by 5 to 10 times in the long-term future.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Policy Integration and Local Capacities: Integrate Heat Action Plans into urban planning and disaster management policies, while building capacity at local levels for climate-resilient infrastructure and real-time response systems.
    • Targeted Support for Vulnerable Groups: Prioritize inclusive measures such as community cooling centers, mobile health units, and social safety nets to protect informal workers, elderly, and low-income populations from heat-related risks.

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  • Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

    [19th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Steering the decarbonisation of India’s logistics sector

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

     

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2013] Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy.

    Linkage: Decarbonising the logistics sector necessitates a shift away from conventional energy sources. The development of a green energy corridor, as mentioned in this PYQ, is essential for supplying the renewable energy needed to power various aspects of logistics, such as electric trucks and warehouses

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Viksit Bharat is a commitment to a stronger, self-reliant India by 2047, focusing on inclusive development. Achieving this requires a large, efficient, and future-ready logistics sector. While infrastructure and accessibility are key, prioritizing the environment is crucial. India’s carbon-heavy logistics must transform to meet net-zero emissions by 2070, reducing transportation, warehousing, and supply chain emissions for a sustainable future.

    Today’s editorial talks about India’s logistics sector, which creates a significant amount of carbon pollution. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India’s logistics sector, which produces a lot of carbon pollution, needs to change and become more eco-friendly.

    What role does logistics play in achieving Viksit Bharat 2047?

    • Enabler of Inclusive Development: Efficient logistics ensures that goods and services reach every corner of the country, promoting equitable growth across regions. Eg: Improved last-mile connectivity in remote areas boosts rural entrepreneurship and market access for farmers.
    • Driver of Economic Competitiveness: A streamlined logistics sector reduces costs and delays, enhancing India’s global trade competitiveness. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti initiative integrates infrastructure planning to speed up cargo movement and reduce logistics costs.
    • Catalyst for Sustainability and Resilience: Greener logistics support India’s net-zero targets and build climate-resilient infrastructure. Eg: Electrification of highways and promotion of rail freight reduce emissions from the transport sector.

    Why is urgent decarbonisation needed in road freight and warehousing?

    • High Share in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Road freight alone contributes over 88% of transport emissions, with trucks accounting for 38% of CO₂ emissions (IEA 2023). Eg: A single heavy-duty diesel truck emits over 1,000 grams of CO₂ per km — multiplied across millions of trucks, this leads to massive environmental impact.
    • Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Road transport is highly dependent on oil combustion, making it one of the most carbon-intensive sectors. Warehouses often rely on non-renewable power sources like diesel generators for energy and refrigeration. Eg: India’s freight trucks mostly use diesel — a key factor in air pollution and rising import bills for crude oil.
    • Growing Demand Increases Future Emissions: With freight and warehousing demand expected to grow rapidly by 2030, emissions will rise unless green alternatives are adopted. Eg: Government plans to triple cargo movement on inland waterways and expand warehousing, which without clean tech would add significantly to GHG levels.
    • Missed Economic Opportunities without Green Shift: Decarbonisation can lead to cost savings, energy efficiency, and long-term competitiveness. Delay increases operational costs and reduces global trade alignment. Eg: Green warehouses with solar rooftops can reduce electricity costs by 20–30% and earn carbon credits.
    • Alignment with Net Zero and Global Climate Commitments: India has committed to Net Zero by 2070. Without decarbonising logistics, achieving this goal will be impossible. Eg: Transitioning to electric trucks and LNG-powered vessels supports global targets like the Paris Agreement and IMO’s shipping emission cuts.

    How can China and the U.S. guide India’s green freight transition?

    • Rail Freight as a Cleaner Alternative: China and the U.S. have shifted significant portions of freight transport from road to rail, which is more energy-efficient and low-carbon. Eg: China has heavily invested in rail infrastructure, making rail freight nearly 50% of its total freight, significantly reducing emissions compared to road transport.
    • Adoption of Cleaner Fuels and Technologies: Both countries have embraced electric rail systems and alternative fuels for freight, which India can adopt to decarbonise its logistics sector. Eg: The U.S. has invested in electrified rail corridors, and China has introduced LNG-powered freight trains, both of which reduce dependency on diesel and curb emissions.
    • Policy Support and Infrastructure Investment: China and the U.S. have implemented policy frameworks that incentivise green freight practices, such as tax breaks, green subsidies, and investment in sustainable infrastructure. Eg: China’s Green Freight initiative includes subsidies for green vehicles, while the U.S. offers funding for clean freight technology under programs like the Clean Diesel Program.

    Which steps has India taken to electrify freight and green maritime transport?

    • Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC): Spanning 1,506 km, the WDFC connects Delhi to Mumbai, facilitating high-speed, high-capacity freight movement. This electrified corridor supports double-stack container trains, enhancing efficiency and reducing emissions.
    • Subsidies for Electric Freight Vehicles: In 2024, India approved ₹5 billion to incentivise the adoption of electric trucks, aiming to replace polluting diesel vehicles. This initiative is part of a broader ₹109 billion scheme to promote electric vehicles across various sectors.
    • Investment in Green Maritime Infrastructure: India plans to allocate ₹25,000 crore towards developing green ports and shipping infrastructure. This includes building green hydrogen hubs and manufacturing eco-friendly vessels, supporting the transition to sustainable maritime practices.
    • Collaboration with Singapore: India is exploring the creation of a Green Digital Shipping Corridor with Singapore, aiming to link international ports and marine industries. This initiative focuses on reducing emissions and enhancing digital integration in maritime trade.
    • Harit Sagar Initiative: The ‘Harit Sagar Green Port Guidelines’ aim to integrate renewable energy into port operations, promote the use of green fuels, and modernise fleets. These guidelines are part of India’s strategy to achieve net-zero emissions in the maritime sector by 2070.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Green Infrastructure and Technology Adoption: India should accelerate investments in green technologies, such as electric trucks, renewable energy-powered warehouses, and cleaner maritime fuels, alongside expanding rail freight networks to further reduce carbon emissions.
    • Strengthen Policy Frameworks and International Collaborations: Strengthening government policies to incentivize sustainable logistics practices and fostering international partnerships, such as with Singapore for green shipping corridors, can help ensure the successful transition to a low-carbon logistics sector.

     

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