💥UPSC 2026, 2027, 2028 UAP Mentorship (March Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF

Type: Prelims Only

  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Should Kerala Capture Muttikomban or Promote Coexistence?

    Why in the news?

    The Kerala Forest Department is attempting to capture the wild elephant Muttikomban in Vadakkanad, Wayanad district, with plans to confine it in a kraal at Muthanga and convert it into a Kumki elephant, triggering scientific, legal and conservation concerns.

    Why Is Muttikomban Being Targeted?

    Repeated crop damage in farms and plantations
    Frequent movement into settlements
    Recent death of farmer Rajeev
    • Locals suspect Muttikomban responsible

    However

    No scientific evidence linking elephant to death
    No camera trap or forensic confirmation
    • No record of previous human killing

    What Is a Kraal?

    Wooden enclosure used to confine wild elephants
    • Used during taming and training process
    • Step before conversion into Kumki elephant

    What Is a Kumki Elephant?

    Trained captive elephant
    • Used to control wild elephants
    • Used during capture operations
    • Used in forest management

    Why Are Experts Opposing Capture?

    Legal Concerns

    Wildlife Protection Act 1972
    • Capture allowed only as Last Resort
    • Requires Verified Threat Evidence
    • Experts say Legal criteria not met

    Ethical Concerns

    Stress during tranquilisation
    Captivity of wild elephant
    • Possible Violation of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act

    [2022] With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: 
    1 Wild animals are the sole property of the government. 
    2 When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. 
    3 Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. 
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
    (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only
  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    Global Out of School Population Increased to 273 Million?

    Why in News?

    A UNESCO Report titled 2026 GEM Report Access and Equity Countdown to 2030 revealed that 273 million children, adolescents and youth were out of school globally in 2024, highlighting slow progress toward SDG 4 Education by 2030.

    How Many Children Are Out of School Globally?

    273 million children and youth out of school globally
    • Additional 13 million children excluded in conflict affected countries
    One in six school age children excluded from education
    • Only Two thirds students complete secondary education

    Why Is This Important for SDG 4?

    SDG 4 Goal
    • Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education
    • Lifelong Learning Opportunities
    • Deadline 2030

    Where Does India Stand in the UNESCO 2026 GEM Report?

    The UNESCO 2026 GEM Report does not highlight India among worst performing countries, but India still faces major structural challenges affecting education access, equity and learning outcomes.

    [2011] Consider the following: 
    1 Right to education 
    2 Right to equal access to public service 
    3 Right to food 
    Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”? 
    (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • Women Safety Issues – Marital Rape, Domestic Violence, Swadhar, Nirbhaya Fund, etc.

    Supreme Court Highlight Lapses in Safeguarding Sexual Assault Survivors’ Identity

    Why in the news?

    The Supreme Court of India flagged serious lapses by trial courts and police in protecting the identity of sexual assault survivors and warned about general indifference towards statutory safeguards.

    What Did the Supreme Court Observe?

    General indifference by trial courts and police
    Disclosure of survivors’ identity in court records and affidavits
    Violation of legal safeguards protecting survivors
    • Court intervened twice in one week
    • Directed redaction of names and identity details

    What Were the Recent Cases Highlighted?

    Gurugram Case

    3.8 year old survivor case
    Police affidavits disclosed identity details
    School records attached with personal details
    • Bench headed by Chief Justice Surya Kant
    Supreme Court Registry ordered to redact identity

    Himachal Pradesh Case

    Nine year old survivor
    Identity disclosed in court documents
    • Bench headed by Justice Sanjay Karol
    • Court termed disclosure disturbing

    Which Law Protects Survivor Identity?

    Section 228A IPC Now Section 72 BNS

    Section 228A IPC now Section 72 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)
    Prohibits disclosure of sexual assault survivor identity
    • Applies to Police, Courts, Media, Public
    • Violation is a Criminal Offence

    [2024] Under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India, has the Supreme Court of India placed the Right to Privacy? (a) Article 15 (b) Article 16 (c) Article 19 (d) Article 21
  • New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

    New Butterfly Species Named After Zubeen Garg

    Why in the news?

    A new butterfly species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh’s Leparada district has been named Euthalia zubeengargi in honour of Zubeen Garg, a cultural icon of Assam, whose death on September 19, 2025 triggered widespread public reaction.

    What Is the Newly Discovered Butterfly Species?

    Scientific Name: Euthalia zubeengargi
    Common Name Proposed: Basar Duke
    Genus: Euthalia
    Habitat: Semi evergreen forests
    Elevation Range: 600 to 750 metres
    Location: Leparada district, Arunachal Pradesh

    Why Is the Discovery Important?

    • Only Two Male Individuals recorded
    • One Collected Specimen
    • One Photographed in Wild
    • Indicates Rare or Highly Localised Species
    • Found in Forest Ecosystem of Eastern Himalayas

    [2016] Recently, for the first time in our country, which of the following States has declared a particular butterfly as ‘State Butterfly’? 
    (a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Himachal Pradesh (c) Karnataka (d) Maharashtra
  • Tax Reforms

    Why Did the Government Cut Excise Duty on Petrol and Diesel but Prices Did Not Fall?

    Why in News?

    The Union Government reduced Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on petrol and diesel by ₹10 per litre each. However, fuel prices at petrol pumps remained unchanged because the benefit was not passed on to consumers.

    Why Did Fuel Prices Not Decrease Despite Excise Duty Cut?

    • Government reduced Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED)
    Diesel duty reduced to Zero
    Petrol duty reduced to ₹3 per litre
    Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) absorbed benefit instead of consumers
    • Objective was to reduce losses faced by OMCs
    • Government clarified cut not meant to lower retail prices

    Why Are Oil Marketing Companies Facing Losses?

    Global crude oil prices surged above $111 per barrel
    Public sector OMCs selling fuel below cost
    Under recovery around ₹24 per litre petrol
    Under recovery around ₹30 per litre diesel
    • Total losses around ₹2,400 crore per day

    Why Did Government Increase Export Duties?

    Export duty on diesel increased to ₹21.5 per litre
    Export duty on ATF increased to ₹29.5 per litre
    • Expected additional revenue ₹1,500 crore
    • Helps offset fiscal loss from excise duty cut

    What Is the Fiscal Impact of the Decision?

    Excise duty cut cost around ₹7,000 crore
    Export duty increase adds ₹1,500 crore
    Net revenue loss around ₹5,500 crore per 15 days
    Review every fortnight by government

    What Other Measures Were Announced?

    Commercial LPG allocation increased by 20%
    Total LPG allocation raised to 70% of pre crisis levels
    Priority sectors where Piped Natural Gas (PNG) unavailable

    [2025] Suppose the revenue expenditure is ₹80,000 crores and the revenue receipts of the Government are ₹60,000 crores. The Government budget also shows borrowings of ₹10,000 crores and interest payments of ₹6,000 crores. Which of the following statements are correct?
    I Revenue deficit is ₹20,000 crores.
    II Fiscal deficit is ₹10,000 crores. 
    III Primary deficit is ₹4,000 crores. 
    Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only (d) I, II and III
  • Cyber Security – CERTs, Policy, etc

    Home Ministry Sends 290 Takedown Notices Daily

    Why in News

    Union Home Ministry issued average 290 online content takedown notices per day under Information Technology Act 2000, indicating rise in online regulation and cybersecurity threats.

    Key Highlights

    1,11,185 suspicious online content blocked in 2024 to 25
    290 takedown notices per day issued by Home Ministry
    • Social media platforms must remove content within 3 hours
    • Sharp rise in cybersecurity incidents reported

    Legal Provision

    Section 79 of Information Technology Act 2000

    Section 79(1)

    • Provides Safe Harbour Protection
    • Platforms not liable for user generated content

    Section 79(3)(b)

    • Safe harbour removed if
    • Platform fails to remove flagged unlawful content
    • Government can issue takedown notices

    Nodal Agency

    Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre I4C

    • Designated on March 13, 2024
    • Empowered to issue takedown notices
    • Functions under Ministry of Home Affairs

    Sahyog Portal

    • Centralised portal for sending takedown notices
    • Police agencies across India can issue requests
    • Used to coordinate with social media platforms

    3 Hour Rule

    Social media platforms must Remove unlawful content Within 3 hours of receiving order. Order may come from Court, Government agency, and Law enforcement

    Rise in Cybersecurity Incidents

    • According to CERT In
      • 2021: 14.02 lakh incidents
      • 2022: 13.91 lakh incidents
      • 2023: 15.92 lakh incidents
      • 2024: 20.41 lakh incidents
      • 2025: 29.44 lakh incidents
    • Highest incidents reported from National Capital Territory of Delhi

    What is CERT In

    Indian Computer Emergency Response Team

    • National cybersecurity agency
    • Established under Section 70B of IT Act 2000
    • Functions under Ministry of Electronics and IT

    Functions
    • Track cyber threats
    • Issue alerts
    • Incident response
    • Cybersecurity coordination

    [2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?
    1 Service providers 
    2 Data Centres 
    3 Body corporate 
    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 
    (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • Social Media: Prospect and Challenges

    US Jury Verdicts Against Meta and Google Raise Questions Over Tech Liability Shield

    Why in News

    US juries held Meta and Google liable in lawsuits related to harm caused to children, potentially challenging legal protections under Section 230 of US law.

    Key Verdicts

    California Case

    • Los Angeles jury found Meta and Google liable
    • Harm caused: Depression and suicidal thoughts
    • Platforms involved: Instagram and YouTube
    • Compensation ordered: $6 million

    New Mexico Case

    • Jury found Meta liable
    • Allegation: Misleading about child safety
    • Issue: Sexual exploitation risks on platform
    • Compensation ordered: $375 million

    What is Tech Liability Shield

    • Tech Liability Shield refers to legal protection given to technology platforms such as social media companies so they are not held responsible for user generated content.
    • This protection mainly comes from Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act 1996 in the United States.

    Section 230 Tech Liability Shield

    Section 230 states

    • Online platforms are not treated as publishers
    • Platforms not liable for user posted content
    • Companies protected from lawsuits over user activity

    Often called The law that built the internet

    [2019] Which of the following adopted a law on data protection and privacy for its citizens known as ‘General Data Protection Regulation’ (GDPR) in April 2016 and started implementation of it from 25th May, 2018? 
    (a) Australia (b) Canada (c) The European Union (d) The United States of America
  • Immigration Visa Foreigners Registration and Tracking Scheme IVFRT

    Why in News

    Union Cabinet approved extension of Immigration Visa Foreigners Registration and Tracking Scheme (IVFRT) for five years till 2031 with ₹1800 crore budget outlay to modernise India’s immigration system and strengthen security.

    What is IVFRT Scheme

    • Centralised immigration management system
    • Integrates visa issuance, immigration clearance and foreigner registration
    • Implemented by Ministry of Home Affairs
    • Managed by Bureau of Immigration
    • Covers airports, seaports and land immigration posts

    Background

    • Approved in 2010
    • Initial budget ₹1011 crore
    • Aims to digitise immigration and visa processes
    • Now extended to strengthen new immigration framework

    Why Extension is Needed

    1. New Immigration Law 2025

    • Immigration and Foreigners Act 2025 enacted
    • Need for modernised immigration tracking
    • Strengthening foreigner monitoring system

    2. Rising Illegal Migration

    • Tracking overstaying foreigners
    • Monitoring visa misuse
    • Addressing human trafficking networks
    • Strengthening border management

    3. Increasing International Travel

    • Growth in tourism and business travel
    • Need for faster immigration clearance
    • Efficient passenger management

    Key Features of IVFRT

    • Online visa application system
    • Biometric based identification
    • Real time tracking of foreigners
    • Integrated immigration database
    • Automated alerts and risk assessment
    • Contactless visa and immigration process

    [2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements: 
    1 There is only one citizenship and one domicile. 
    2 A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State. 
    3 A foreigner, once granted citizenship, cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances. 
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3
  • Antibiotics Resistance

    Antibiotic Resistance Fuels 87 Percent of India’s Typhoid Economic Burden

    Why in News

    A study published in The Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia (2026) found that antibiotic resistant typhoid infections accounted for 87 percent of India’s typhoid economic burden in 2023.

    Key Findings

    • Total economic burden of typhoid in India: ₹123 billion
    • Antibiotic resistant typhoid share: 87 percent
    • Children under 10 years contributed to over 50 percent of costs
    • Households bore 91 percent of total expenses
    • Around 70,000 families faced catastrophic health expenditure

    High Burden States

    • Five states accounted for 51 percent of national burden
    • Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh including Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal

    What is Typhoid

    • Bacterial infectious disease
    • Caused by Salmonella Typhi
    • Spread through contaminated food and water
    • Linked to poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water

    What is Antibiotic Resistance

    • Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics
    • Medicines become less effective
    • Treatment becomes longer and more expensive
    • Higher risk of complications

    [2019] Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? 1 Genetic predisposition of some people. 2 Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases. 3 Using antibiotics in livestock farming. 4 Multiple chronic diseases in some people. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
  • Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

    India’s Power Demand Hits Five Year High in Early 2026

    Why in News

    India recorded highest electricity demand in five years during January February 2026, driven by unusual winter weather patterns, cold spells and early heat conditions.

    Key Data

    January 2026

    • Electricity demand: 143 Billion Units
    • January 2025: 136 Billion Units
    • Peak demand: 245.4 GW
    • January 2022 peak: 193 GW
    • Five year increase: Nearly 28 percent

    February 2026

    • Electricity demand: 133 Billion Units
    • Peak demand: 244 GW
    • Highest February demand in five years
    • Nearly equal to summer demand

    Long Term Trend

    • January demand increased 28 percent since 2022
    • February demand increased 23 percent since 2022
    • Peak load increased 26 to 27 percent
    • Indicates structural growth in electricity demand

    [2025] Consider the following statements: 
    1 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ​ ) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO 2 ​ /capita. 
    2 In terms of CO 2 ​ emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region.
    3 Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO 2 ​ emissions in India. 
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3