Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAFE Initiative
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog has proposed a set of policy interventions to enable the creation of mega workers’ accommodations near factories under its initiative called S.A.F.E (Site Adjacent Factory Employee) Accommodation-Worker Housing for Manufacturing Growth.
About the S.A.F.E. (Site Adjacent Factory Employee) Initiative
| Overview |
- S.A.F.E. initiative by NITI Aayog aims to provide affordable dormitory-style housing for workers near industrial areas, especially migrant laborers, including women.
- The housing will include essential amenities like water, electricity, and sanitation, improving workers’ living conditions and enhancing productivity.
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| Key Features |
- Location: Housing will be near industrial hubs to minimize commute time.
- Basic Amenities: Includes water, electricity, and sanitation.
- Ownership: Non-transferable accommodations, strictly for worker use, ensuring worker welfare.
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| Significance |
- Worker Welfare: Improves living standards and promotes gender inclusivity.
- Productivity: Reduces commute time, enhancing productivity and reducing attrition.
- Economic Growth: Attracts global investors and supports India’s manufacturing growth target of 25% GDP by 2047.
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| Key Recommendations |
- Tax & GST Benefits: Reclassification for tax exemptions to make the initiative financially viable.
- Zoning Laws: Amendments for mixed-use developments to integrate worker housing.
- Viability Gap Funding (VGF): 30%-40% of project cost for financial support.
- Environmental Clearances: Streamlining for faster approvals.
- Financial Support: Public-private partnerships for development and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to election;
Why in the News?
The 129th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2024, mandates fixed five-year Lok Sabha terms, aligning State Assembly elections, with mid-term polls serving only the remainder of the five-year tenure if dissolved.
Do fixed legislative tenures promote better governance?
- Potential for Improved Stability: Fixed tenures can provide a stable political environment, reducing frequent electoral disruptions that may hinder long-term governance plans.
- Governance Challenges: However, Achary argues that while fixed terms might seem beneficial, they could lead to governance issues if political instability arises, as seen in states where mid-term elections are necessary due to governmental collapse.
Note:
- Fixed Legislative Tenure refers to predetermined, non-variable terms for legislatures, ensuring elections occur at set intervals, and enhancing stability.
- Mid-term polls are elections held before the scheduled end of a legislative term, usually triggered by government collapse or dissolution.
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How would fixed tenures impact the accountability of elected officials?
- Increased Accountability: Frequent elections are believed to enhance political accountability since representatives must consistently engage with their electorate. Achary emphasises that regular electoral cycles compel politicians to remain responsive to public needs.
- Mid-Term Elections as a Safety Valve: Allowing mid-term elections maintains accountability within the legislative framework, ensuring that elected officials remain answerable to their constituents even if they face political challenges during their term.
What are some learnings from the Western world?
- Lessons from the UK: The UK’s Fixed-term Parliaments Act of 2011 was meant to set fixed terms for its Parliament but caused problems like policy delays and constitutional issues.
- It was eventually repealed. India’s plan is different because it allows mid-term elections, where new governments serve only the remaining term, not a full fixed term.
- Lessons from Germany: The Constructive Vote of No Confidence in Germany mandates the selection of a new leader before the current one is removed, ensuring stability. However, this approach is not well-suited to India’s political system and has not gained significant support.
What challenges might arise from implementing fixed tenures in the Indian political context?
- Erosion of Federalism: Aligning State Assembly tenures with those of the Lok Sabha could weaken federalism by reducing the autonomy of state legislatures. This may result in premature dissolutions and disruptions in local governance.
- Political Instability Risks: The bill’s provision for shorter tenures following mid-term elections could result in significant instability. If a government collapses mid-term, the resultant Lok Sabha might only serve for about a year, which is seen as undesirable by Madhavan.
- Potential for Increased Political Maneuvering: There is doubt about whether fixed tenures can effectively deter practices like horse trading or efforts to destabilize governments. While the bill aims to address such issues, its success is uncertain.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Federalism: Ensure state legislatures retain autonomy by allowing flexibility in election cycles and minimizing central influence on state governance.
- Mitigate Political Instability: Introduce safeguards like stricter anti-defection laws and robust mechanisms to address mid-term government collapses while maintaining accountability.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to space debris;
Why in the News?
space startups from Japan and India announced a joint agreement to explore the use of laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit, addressing the growing issue of orbital congestion.
What is Space Debris?
- Space debris, often referred to as space junk, consists of non-functional spacecraft, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions or disintegration of satellites.
- These objects orbit the Earth at high speeds, posing significant risks to operational satellites and manned missions.
What are laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit?
- Laser-equipped satellites utilize focused laser beams to target and vaporize small parts of space debris, effectively stopping its rotation and making it easier for servicing spacecraft to rendezvous with and de-orbit defunct satellites. T
- Companies like Japan’s Orbital Lasers and India’s InspeCity are collaborating to explore business opportunities for these laser systems.
- They plan to demonstrate this technology in space, with potential deployment on satellites after meeting regulatory requirements in their respective countries, indicating a growing interest in international partnerships to tackle the issue of space debris.
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What are the concerns related to space debris?
- Collision Risks: The increasing amount of space debris raises the likelihood of collisions with active satellites and spacecraft, which can lead to further debris generation in a cascading effect known as the Kessler Syndrome.
- Operational Challenges: Space debris complicates satellite operations and can disrupt services such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, and global positioning systems.
- Environmental Impact: The accumulation of debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) threatens the sustainability of space activities and could hinder future space exploration efforts.
What are the initiatives to tackle space debris globally?
- International Collaboration: Organizations like the United Nations have called for urgent action to track and manage space debris, emphasizing the need for global cooperation.
- Technological Innovations: Companies like Orbital Lasers are exploring innovative solutions such as using laser-equipped satellites to de-orbit defunct satellites and mitigate debris by vaporizing parts of their surfaces.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Various countries are developing regulations to ensure responsible satellite launches and operations, including guidelines for end-of-life satellite disposal to minimize future debris creation.
What are the measures should be taken by Satellite? (Way forward)
- Tracking and Monitoring: Satellites use onboard systems and ground-based tracking data to monitor the position of space debris and predict potential collision risks.
- Avoidance Maneuvers: Satellites perform preemptive orbital adjustments or “collision avoidance manoeuvres” to shift their trajectory away from debris.
- Shielding and Resilience: Some satellites are equipped with protective shielding to withstand minor debris impacts, minimizing potential damage in low-risk scenarios.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IRIS²
Why in the News?
The European Union has signed a contract for IRIS², a network of 290 satellites aimed at improving resilience, connectivity, and security.
About IRIS²:
| Details |
- IRIS² stands for Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security by Satellite.
- It consists of a 290-satellite constellation, including 264 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 18 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
- Collaboration between European Union and SpaceRISE.
- First satellite launch planned for 2029.
Key Features of IRIS²:
- Deployment of 264 satellites in LEO and 18 in MEO.
- Provide secure, high-speed broadband connectivity, particularly in underserved regions.
- Focus on Europe for secure satellite internet services.
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| Project Funding and Implementation |
- 12-year concession for IRIS² is funded by the EU, ESA, and private firms like SES, Eutelsat, and Airbus.
- Total cost: €10.6 billion (~$11 billion).
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| Applications of IRIS² |
- Governmental Use: Border surveillance, crisis management, infrastructure security, and defense.
- Civilian Use: Broadband access, smart energy, transportation, and remote healthcare.
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World’s Largest Earth Observation Programs: Take a look
- Copernicus Program (EU): Launched in 2014, the Copernicus Program is a European Union initiative with satellites like Sentinel to monitor land, ocean, and atmosphere, enhancing environmental management and disaster response.
- NASA Earth Observing System (EOS): Initiated in 1997, NASA’s EOS provides comprehensive Earth observation data from satellites like Terra and Aqua, focused on understanding Earth’s environment, climate change, and atmospheric composition.
- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): Founded in 2005, GEOSS connects Earth observation systems globally to provide data on climate, water resources, biodiversity, and natural disasters, involving over 100 organizations.
- Landsat Program (USA): Launched in 1972 by NASA and USGS, Landsat is the longest-running satellite program offering continuous Earth surface monitoring, focusing on land cover, land use, and environmental changes.
Note:
In September, 2024, ISRO launched the Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 under the SSLV-D3/EOS-08 mission from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, with the satellite operating in a circular Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of 475 km and a mission life of 1 year. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC)
Why in the News?
- Law Minister is proposing that the Bills on “One Nation, One Election” be referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) for further examination.
- The committee will have 21 members from the Lok Sabha and 10 members from the Rajya Sabha.
About Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC):
| What is a JPC? |
- JPC is a committee formed by both Houses of Parliament for scrutinizing a subject or Bill in detail.
- It includes members from both Lok Sabha (Lower House) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
- Members represent both ruling parties and opposition.
- Number of members in a JPC can vary based on the task at hand and the members are decided by the Parliament.
- The JPC is dissolved once its task is completed or its term ends.
- A motion is passed in one House of Parliament, and the other House agrees to it.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Mandate of a JPC is determined by the motion that forms it.
- Scrutinizing documents related to the subject.
- Summoning people for questioning.
- Submitting a report and making recommendations to the government.
- The proceedings and findings are confidential except in matters of public interest.
- Speaker of the House resolves any disputes regarding evidence.
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| Nature of JPC Recommendations |
- Recommendations are advisory and persuasive but not binding on the government.
- The government can choose whether or not to follow the recommendations.
- The government must submit an Action Taken Report to Parliament on the actions taken based on the JPC’s recommendations.
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| Notable JPCs in the Past |
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- Telecom Licenses and Spectrum Allocation (2011).
- Stock Market Scam (1992) and related matters.
- Irregularities in Securities and Banking Transactions.
- Bofors Contract Inquiry (1987).
- Constitutional and Legal Position Regarding the Office of Profit.
- Waqf (Amendment) Bill (2024).
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PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the house whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation?
(a) Committee on Government Assurances
(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation
(c) Rules Committee
(d) Business Advisory Committee |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)
Why in the News?
All 17,130 police stations in India are now connected through the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS), a centralized online platform for filing FIRs, chargesheets, and investigation reports, accessible to law enforcement across the country.
About Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS):
| What is CCTNS? |
- A centralized online platform to file FIRs, charge-sheets, and investigation reports across 17,130 police stations.
- Launched in 2009 with a ₹2,000 crore budget under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Aimed at improving efficiency, transparency, and nationwide access to crime data.
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| Key Features |
- Nationwide integration, with 100% connectivity across 28 states and 8 Union Territories.
- Stores data on criminals, habitual offenders, missing persons, stolen vehicles, etc.
- Generates analytical crime reports and detailed case statistics.
- Integrated with the ICJS (Integrated Criminal Justice System) for coordination with courts, forensics, and other criminal justice pillars.
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| Recent Modifications for New Criminal Laws |
- Incorporates the 2024 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (erstwhile IPC), Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (Indian Evidence Act), and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (CrPC).
- Introduces mandatory videography for crime scenes in serious cases, forensic investigations, and arrest transparency (including officer approval and informing relatives).
- Updates include timely progress reports and digital reporting of daily diaries.
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| Impact and Implementation |
- Facilitates efficient investigations by providing access to comprehensive crime data and analytical tools.
- Improves police coordination across states and law enforcement agencies.
- Enhanced citizen services with online tracking of complaints and case updates.
- Supported by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and integrated with other public safety platforms for better coordination and resource management.
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PYQ:
[2014] We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kailash Mansarovar
Why in the News?
- India and China have agreed to resume the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra.
- The pilgrimage has been suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and non-renewal of arrangements by China.
India-China Talks on Border Management:
- Disengagement and De-escalation: Agreed to continue implementing the October 2024 disengagement agreements for safe patrolling and grazing in certain areas.
- Peace and Tranquility: Both sides agreed to maintain peace along the border and implement effective border management mechanisms.
- Resolution of Boundary Dispute: Continued efforts toward a mutually acceptable solution to the boundary dispute.
- Cross-Border Cooperation: Discussions included river cooperation, Nathula border trade, and other exchanges to strengthen bilateral relations.
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About Kailash Mansarovar:
- Kailash Mansarovar is a sacred religious site located in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, near the borders of India, Nepal, and Tibet.
- It consists of Mount Kailash, a peak considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva in Hinduism, and Mansarovar Lake, a high-altitude freshwater lake revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon traditions.
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- Mount Kailash stands at an elevation of 6,638 meters (21,778 feet), making it one of the most difficult and revered peaks to approach.
- The Mansarovar Lake is located at an altitude of 4,556 meters (14,950 feet) and spans approximately 88 square kilometers.
- The region lies in the Tibetan Plateau.
Religious Significance:
- Hinduism:
- Mount Kailash is considered the abode of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati. Pilgrims believe that a pilgrimage to Kailash is essential for liberation and salvation (Moksha).
- Mansarovar Lake is believed to have been created by Lord Brahma. Bathing in its holy waters is believed to cleanse sins and grant spiritual merit.
- Buddhism:
- The region is sacred as it is believed to be the home of Buddha Demchok, who represents supreme bliss.
- The lake is also linked to the Jambhala, the god of wealth in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Jainism:
- Jain tradition holds that Lord Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, attained Nirvana at the peak of Mount Kailash.
- Bon Religion:
- For practitioners of Bon, an ancient religion indigenous to Tibet, Kailash is regarded as the sacred center of the universe.
Route and Access:
- India to Kailash Mansarovar: The pilgrimage is generally undertaken through the Lipulekh Pass, a high-altitude pass that connects Uttarakhand (India) with Tibet.
- Pilgrims usually travel through Nepal, and the journey is conducted via Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (KMY) under the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
- Travel to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar Lake is restricted, and permits are required from the Chinese government.
- Pilgrims from India are primarily facilitated through the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra organized by the Government of India and other authorized agencies.
PYQ:
[2016] Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CTDP, Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN);
Why in the News?
The Comprehensive Telecom Development Plan for North Eastern Region (NER) funded from Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) aims to provide mobile coverage to uncovered villages and National Highways.
About the Comprehensive Telecom Development Plan (CTDP):
| Overview |
- CTDP aims to enhance telecommunications infrastructure in India’s North Eastern Region (NER) by improving mobile and broadband access.
- The plan is funded by the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) programme.
Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN):
- Established under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
- Replaces the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).
- USOF was created to provide telecom services in remote and rural areas at affordable prices.
- Funded by a 5% Universal Service Levy on the Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) of telecom operators.
- Aimed to expand telecom networks in low-profit remote and rural areas.
- Statutory Status: Granted in December 2003 through amendments to the Indian Telegraph Act (now superseded by the Telecom Act, 2023).
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| Salient Features |
- Mobile Coverage Expansion: Extend mobile coverage to previously uncovered villages and National Highways in NER.
- Enhanced Connectivity: Installation of 2,619 mobile towers, covering 3,223 villages and 286 highway locations.
- 4G Saturation: Providing 4G connectivity to remote villages.
- Support for Socio-Economic Development: Empower citizens through ICTs for development.
- Digital Inclusion: Help bridge the digital divide in NER.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Funding: Primarily funded by the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) programme.
- Implementation: Coordinated through DBN-funded schemes focusing on mobile towers, 4G coverage, and broadband development.
- Agencies Involved:
- Ministry of Communication: Oversees implementation, ensures spectrum and policy approvals.
- DBN: Provides funding and operational support.
- Telecom Service Providers: Deploy infrastructure like towers and 4G networks.
- State Governments of NER: Facilitate local implementation.
- Project Management Agencies: Involved in setting up towers and maintenance.
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PYQ:
[2018] Which of the following is/are the aims/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India?
- Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
- Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
- Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPEC+
Why in the News?
- With Donald Trump potentially returning to the White House, OPEC+ delegates express concern over higher US oil production.
- His administration’s focus on deregulating the energy sector could lead to increased oil output, contributing to a further erosion of OPEC+’s market share.
About ‘Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries’ Plus (OPEC+)
| What is OPEC+? |
Formation and Purpose:
- OPEC+ is a coalition of OPEC members and non-OPEC oil-producing nations that work together to manage oil production and stabilize global oil prices.
- The alliance was formed in 2016 in response to increasing oil production in the United States, particularly from shale oil, which led to falling oil prices.
OPEC Members:
- OPEC was founded in 1960 and includes 12 member countries:
Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Venezuela.
Non-OPEC Members in OPEC+:
- OPEC+ includes 10 non-OPEC members:
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, Sudan.
Global Influence:
OPEC+ countries together produce approximately 40% of the world’s crude oil and control about 80% of the world’s proven oil reserves. |
| Factors are influencing OPEC+’s oil production cuts |
- Rising US oil production: The shale boom in the US has increased its market share, impacting OPEC+’s influence.
- Global price stability: OPEC+ implements production cuts to prevent oil prices from falling too low.
- Weak global demand: Extended cuts due to low demand, especially in major economies.
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| Implications of OPEC+’s policies |
- Reduced market share: OPEC+’s global oil share dropped from 55% in 2016 to 48% in 2024.
- Price volatility: OPEC+’s production cuts aim to stabilize prices, but increasing US production affects this goal.
- Economic stability: Production cuts help sustain favorable prices for oil-producing economies.
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PYQ:
[2009] Other than Venezuela, which one among the following from South America is a member of OPEC?
(a) Argentina
(b) Bolivia
(c) Ecuador
(d) Brazil |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Wildlife Health Policy
Why in the News?
The Central Zoo Authority has initiated the development of the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP) through a consultative workshop held in New Delhi.
About the National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP):
| Details |
- An initiative launched by the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) to improve wildlife health and control zoonotic diseases.
- CZA, established in 1992 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, is a statutory autonomous body under the MoEFCCC.
- Part of the National Wildlife Action Plan (2017-31) and follows the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health.
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| Aims and Objectives |
- Prevent and Control Zoonotic Diseases: Strengthen monitoring and control of diseases.
- Improve Disease Surveillance: Develop systems for early epidemic detection.
- Promote One Health Principles: Integrate human, animal, and environmental health.
- Community Advocacy: Increase awareness on wildlife health and conservation.
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| Programs/Initiatives Under the Policy |
- Wildlife Health Management Unit (WHMU): A dedicated unit to implement wildlife health programs.
- Disease Surveillance and Early Detection: Early detection of diseases, especially in protected areas.
- Biosecurity Protocols: Strengthen measures to minimize disease risks.
- Epidemic Preparedness and Response: Response strategies for wildlife disease outbreaks.
- One Health Approach Integration: Coordination between health sectors for better management.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Wildlife Health Management Unit (WHMU) (proposed) to oversee wildlife health programs.
- Collaboration Across Agencies: Coordination with MoEF&CC, Wildlife Institutes, and state wildlife authorities.
- Surveillance and Monitoring: Monitor and track wildlife diseases, with research support from Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI).
- Capacity Building: Training programs for wildlife health professionals.
- Funding and Resources: Significant resources for surveillance, research, and capacity building.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IPBES Report, 2024
Why in the News?
The 11th plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) took place in Namibia to discuss key scientific findings and evidence addressing the global biodiversity crisis.
About IPBES
- IPBES aims to improve the interface between science and policy on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
- Membership: Comprises over 130 member governments.
- Purpose: Provides scientific assessments to guide governments, the private sector, and civil society in decision-making on biodiversity and ecosystems.
- Establishment:
- Formally established in April 2012 when 90 countries signed its founding statement.
- Originated from a 2010 UN General Assembly resolution urging the UN Environment Programme to convene a meeting for its formation.
- Structural Mandate:
- Led by a Plenary (main decision-making body) with representatives from member states.
- Operates on a consensus principle, meeting annually to decide on work programs, budgets, and reports.
- Key Functions:
- Assessments: Develop global and regional assessments on biodiversity themes.
- Policy Support: Provide tools and methodologies for policymakers.
- Capacity Building: Enhance knowledge and capabilities among members.
- Outreach: Ensure effective communication and impact.
- Notable Achievements:
- 2019: Released the Global Assessment Report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
- 2020: Preliminary report on international cooperation to reduce pandemic risks.
- 2021: Co-sponsored a biodiversity and climate change workshop report with IPCC.
- 2022: Awarded the Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity, shared with IPCC.
- Unique Contributions:
- Introduced the term “Nature’s Contributions to People” (NCPs) as an alternative to ecosystem services.
- Compiles knowledge from diverse sources, including scientific literature, indigenous knowledge, and local expertise.
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Key Highlights on the Global Environment:
- Biodiversity Loss: 1 million species face extinction due to habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution.
- Climate Change Impact: Global warming is significantly threatening ecosystems and species.
- Deforestation: Large-scale deforestation disrupts ecosystems and contributes to carbon emissions.
- Water Scarcity: Freshwater ecosystems are under threat from pollution and over-extraction.
- Ecosystem Services: Decline in vital services like clean air, water, and food.
- Global Cooperation: Urgent need for global action to address climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable development.
- Biodiversity and Health: Emphasis on the One Health approach to link human, animal, and environmental health.
Key Highlights on the Asian Region:
- Biodiversity: Asia hosts half the world’s biodiversity but faces major threats from habitat loss and climate change.
- Pollution and Urbanization: Rapid urbanization is increasing pollution, affecting health and the environment.
- Climate Change: Vulnerable to floods, droughts, and rising sea levels impacting agriculture and settlements.
- Forest Loss: Deforestation, especially in Indonesia, India, and Malaysia, threatens ecosystems.
- Marine Biodiversity: Marine life is under pressure from overfishing and pollution.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Promoting sustainable farming to reduce environmental impact.
- Protected Areas: Despite progress, conservation management remains a challenge.
PYQ:
[2012] The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service?
(a) Production of food and water
(b) Control of climate and disease
(c) Nutrient cycling and crop pollination
(d) Maintenance of diversity |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: US Bitcoin Strategic Reserve
Why in the News?
Bitcoin surged to a record high of over $107,000 after President-elect Donald Trump reaffirmed plans to create a US bitcoin reserve, boosting investor excitement.
Do you know?
- The legal status of cryptocurrency in India is uncertain.
- RBI has warned against cryptocurrencies, citing risks to investors and confirming they are not legal tender.
- In 2018, the Supreme Court overturned an RBI ban on financial institutions dealing with cryptocurrencies.
- In the 2022-23 Union Budget, the Government of India announced a 30% tax on cryptocurrency transfers.
- Additionally, a panel has been formed to explore blockchain technology and the potential for a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).
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What is a Strategic Reserve?
| Details |
- A strategic reserve is a stockpile of critical resources, used in times of crisis or disruptions in supply.
- Examples:
- US Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Largest global emergency oil stockpile, created in 1975 after the 1973-74 oil embargo.
- Canada’s Maple Syrup Reserve: The only global strategic reserve for maple syrup.
- China’s Reserves: Includes resources like metals, grains, and pork.
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| How Would a U.S. Strategic Bitcoin Reserve Work? |
- Establishing the Reserve: Unclear if it would require executive powers or Congress approval. Some suggest an executive order to manage bitcoin through the U.S. Treasury’s Exchange Stabilization Fund.
- Content of the Reserve: Includes seized bitcoin (200,000 tokens, worth approx. $21 billion).
- Additional Purchases: Possible purchase of more bitcoin from the open market.
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| Benefits and Risks of a Bitcoin Reserve |
Benefits:
- Global Market Dominance: Could enhance U.S. control over the global bitcoin market, especially against competitors like China.
- Economic Advantages: Could reduce U.S. fiscal deficit and strengthen the U.S. dollar.
Risks:
- Volatility: Bitcoin’s value is uncertain due to volatility and lack of intrinsic use.
- Security: Vulnerability to cyber-attacks and market fluctuations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Tundra
Why in the News?
- The Arctic Tundra, a frozen treeless biome, has traditionally served as a carbon sink, storing vast amounts of carbon for thousands of years.
- However, recent changes in this ecosystem are turning it into a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
What is Arctic Tundra?
- Arctic Tundra is cold, treeless biome located in the northernmost regions of Earth, primarily within the Arctic Circle.
- Climate:
- Experiences long, harsh winters and short, cool summers.
- Temperatures range from -28°C in winter to 3°C in summer.
- Ground is permanently frozen, restricting plant root growth and shaping the ecosystem.
- Experiences 24-hour daylight in summer and long polar nights in winter.
- Biodiversity and Vegetation:
-
- Limited to low-growing vegetation like mosses, lichens, grasses, and small shrubs, adapted to short growing seasons.
- Hosts animals like Arctic foxes, polar bears, caribou, and migratory birds, though overall biodiversity is low.
- Adaptations:
- Animals: Thick fur and fat layers in species like polar bears to survive extreme cold.
- Plants: Shallow roots for quick nutrient absorption during short summers.
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How does the Arctic Tundra store Carbon?
- The Arctic tundra stores carbon primarily through a process where plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere via photosynthesis.
- This carbon gets trapped in the soil and organic matter (plants and animals) that accumulate over time.
- The cold Arctic climate slows the decomposition of plant and animal remains, meaning that organic materials, including carbon, remain locked in the permafrost.
- This permafrost acts as a natural storage system, preventing CO2 from being released back into the atmosphere.
- Scientists estimate that the Arctic tundra holds about 1.6 trillion metric tonnes of carbon, which is roughly double the amount of carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Why is the Arctic Tundra emitting more carbon than absorbing it?
- Rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing the permafrost to thaw at an accelerated rate.
- When permafrost thaws, microbes in the soil become active, breaking down the organic material trapped in the frozen ground, which results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), two potent greenhouse gases.
- The Arctic has been warming at a rate four times faster than the global average.
- 2024 was the second-warmest year on record for the region, contributing significantly to the thawing of the permafrost.
- Wildfires in the Arctic have become more frequent and intense, further accelerating the thawing of permafrost. Wildfire smoke also contributes to the release of greenhouse gases.
- Between 2001 and 2020, the combination of rising temperatures and increased wildfires led to the Arctic tundra releasing more carbon than it absorbed, marking a significant shift in its role from a carbon sink to a carbon emitter.
PYQ:
[2012] Climate is extreme, rainfall is scanty and the people used to be nomadic herders. The above statement best describes which of the following regions?
(a) African Savanna
(b) Central Asian Steppe
(c) North American Prairie
(d) Siberian Tundra |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the HOMW Rules
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has provided details of the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 to the Lok Sabha.
About Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016:
| Details |
Notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Objective: Ensure safe storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes, minimizing harm to the environment and human health. |
| Features of the Rules |
Import Regulations:
1. Import of hazardous waste listed in Part A of Schedule III is permitted for recycling, recovery, reuse, and co-processing.
2. Import for disposal is strictly prohibited in India.
3. Import is allowed only for actual users (industries) with permission from MoEF&CC and a license from DGFT.
Illegal Imports:
1. Any import of hazardous waste without prior permission from MoEF&CC is illegal.
2. Legal action can be taken under the Indian Ports Act, 1908 or the Customs Act, 1962.
3. Ports and Customs Authorities are responsible for monitoring and taking action against illegal imports.
Import/Export of Waste:
1. No hazardous waste can be imported for final disposal into India.
2. The rules specify procedures for importing and exporting hazardous waste.
3. Exemptions are made for the export of silk waste and defective electrical/electronic components.
Wastes Prohibited for Import:
1. Waste edible fats and oils (animal/vegetable origin)
2. Household waste
3. Critical care medical equipment
4. Tyres for direct re-use
5. Plastic waste, including PET bottles
6. Electrical and electronic scrap
7. Other chemical wastes, especially in solvent form
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities:
1. The rules provide clear directions on how treatment, storage, and disposal facilities should be established.
2. SPCBs must approve layout of these facilities. |
| Powers and Functions of State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) |
- Duties Assigned to State Governments: Allocate space for recycling and pre-processing of hazardous waste, and implement skill development activities for worker safety.
- Annual Reports: State governments must submit reports on hazardous waste management to MoEFCC. SPCBs must submit an annual inventory of hazardous waste management activities to ensure compliance
- Monitoring and Compliance: SPCBs monitor adherence to rules and take action against violations.
- Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities: SPCBs approve and monitor facilities for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal.
|
PYQ:
[2019] As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Waste generator has to segregate waste into five categories.
(b) The Rules are applicable to notified urban local bodies, notified towns and all industrial townships only.
(c) The Rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for the identification of sites for landfills and waste processing facilities.
(d) It is mandatory on the part of the waste generator that the waste generated in one district cannot be moved to another district. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Cover around Coalfields
Why in the News?
Coal & Lignite Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) such as Coal India Limited (CIL), NLC India Limited (NLCIL), and Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) have implemented various innovative plantation techniques in addition to traditional methods to increase green cover in and around coalfields.
Achievements in Green Cover Creation:
- Coal & Lignite PSUs have successfully created green cover on 10,942 hectares of land as part of their plantation and bio-reclamation efforts over the last 5 years.
- The efforts are primarily focused on coal and lignite mining areas and surrounding regions.
Guidelines and EC Conditions
- The MoEF&CC sets out specific and general conditions for plantation in the Environmental Clearance (EC) of coal mining projects.
- Plantations are carried out on:
- Reclaimed degraded forest areas
- Non-forest lands and overburden dumps to ensure proper reclamation and regeneration of green cover.
- Under the guidance of the Ministry of Coal, 16 Eco-parks/Mine Tourism sites have been established over the last 5 years.
- These sites aim to:
- Promote environmental regeneration
- Encourage tourism and recreational activities in coal mining areas, boosting local economies and raising environmental awareness.
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Innovative techniques for enhancing Green Cover around Coalfields
- Three-tier plantation: A method involving planting different species at varying heights to create a layered canopy for enhanced biodiversity.
- Seed ball plantation: Seeds are encased in soil and compost balls and thrown in barren or degraded areas to promote natural growth.
- Miyawaki plantation: A high-density plantation technique aimed at creating a dense, self-sustaining forest in a shorter period.
- High-tech cultivation: Utilizing modern agricultural techniques for efficient plantation and maintenance.
- Bamboo plantation: Focusing on bamboo as a fast-growing and environmentally beneficial plant for reclamation.
- Drip irrigation on overburden dumps: Use of efficient water management systems to promote plantation on areas like overburden dumps.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels.
- People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Why in the News?
Prime Minister renewed his call for a nationwide Uniform Civil Code (UCC), citing the views of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and KM Munshi from the Constituent Assembly discussions.
What is Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
- UCC is envisioned under Article 44 of the Constitution, which calls for securing a UCC for all citizens throughout India.
- Personal law subjects, including marriage, divorce, and inheritance, fall under the Concurrent List.
- Hindu personal laws: Also applicable to Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists as well, were codified by Parliament in 1956, encompassing: The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956.
- Muslim personal matters are governed by the Shariat law of 1937.
- The state refrains from interfering, and religious authorities decide based on Quran and Hadith.
- UCC measures in India:
- Special Marriage Act, 1954: Permits civil marriage for any citizen, regardless of religion, allowing marriage outside religious customs.
- Shah Bano Case 1985: Supreme Court ruled in favour of Shah Bano for maintenance under Section 125 of CrPC, advocating for a UCC.
- Sarla Mudgal Judgement 1995 and Paulo Coutinho vs Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira case 2019: Supreme Court reiterated the need for implementing the UCC, urging the government to enact it.
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What KM Munshi Said on UCC
- Support for UCC: During the Constituent Assembly debate on November 23, 1948, KM Munshi advocated for the UCC. He rejected the argument that it would be tyrannical towards minorities.
- Counterarguments: Munshi pointed out that advanced Muslim countries did not regard personal law as untouchable and had implemented civil codes.
- Equality for Women: He emphasized that without a UCC, women’s rights in personal matters (like inheritance and succession) would remain unequal, particularly in Hindu law, which discriminated against women.
- National Unity: Munshi linked UCC with national unity, stating that religion should be restricted to spiritual spheres and that social and civil matters should be regulated uniformly for the progress of the nation.
What Ambedkar Said on UCC
- Support for UCC: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, in the debate, did not delve into the merits or demerits of a UCC but strongly supported Article 35 (which was later renumbered as Article 44 of the Constitution of India), which called for securing a uniform civil code for citizens.
- Challenging Religious Personal Laws: He criticized the view that Muslim personal law was immutable and noted that regions like the North-West Frontier Province (pre-independence) followed Hindu law for issues like succession.
- State Power and Personal Law: He argued that religion should not govern personal laws and that the State had the right to legislate and reform social systems to address inequities and discriminations in personal laws.
What happened at the end of the Debate?
- Passage of Article 35: After discussions, Article 35 was passed by the Constituent Assembly. This article laid down the directive principle that the State shall endeavor to secure a UCC for the citizens of India.
- Renumbering to Article 44: Later, this article was renumbered as Article 44 in the Indian Constitution. It continues to remain a Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP), guiding future policies on personal laws and advocating for uniformity in civil matters across religious communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Firefly Sparkle Galaxy
Why in the News?
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has identified a rare galaxy, Firefly Sparkle, offering a unique look into early galaxy formation.
About Galaxy Firefly Sparkle:
| Details |
- Discovered by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), dating back to 600 million years after Big Bang.
- It is one of the earliest low-mass galaxies discovered, providing rare insights into early galaxy formation.
- It is named so because its star clusters shine brightly, resembling fireflies in JWST’s images.
- It is part of a group of galaxies from the early universe, offering clues about how galaxies like the Milky Way may have formed.
|
| Features of the Galaxy |
- Mass equal to 10 million suns, making it a relatively low-mass galaxy.
- Visible portion spans just 1,000 light-years, much smaller than the Milky Way’s 100,000 light-years.
- Contains 10 distinct star clusters, each representing different stages of star formation.
- Accompanied by 2 smaller galaxies, Firefly-Best Friend and Firefly-New Best Friend.
- Elongated raindrop shape, indicating it is still forming.
|
| Observational Studies by JWST |
- Used gravitational lensing to magnify the galaxy’s light by 16-26 times, providing detailed observations.
- JWST observed varied stages of star formation, with younger stars appearing blue and older stars red.
- It is forming piece by piece, with each star cluster representing a phase of formation.
- These observations help refine theories on galaxy formation and star cluster dynamics in the young universe.
|
PYQ:
[2022] Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?
[2012] Which of the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of universe?
- Detection of microwaves in space
- Observation of redshift phenomenon in space
- Movement of asteroids in space
- Occurrence of supernova explosions in space
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) None of the above can be cited as evidence |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatmala Pariyojana
Why in the News?
- Bharatmala Pariyojana is a comprehensive road development project initiated by the Government of India to improve connectivity and reduce logistics costs across the country.
- The total length covered under the scheme is 34,800 km, with an estimated cost of Rs. 5.35 lakh crore.
About Bharatmala Pariyojana
| Details |
- Launched to improve road connectivity, enhance freight/passenger movement, and reduce logistics costs.
- First-phase launched in 2017, covering 34,800 km of roads, with an estimated cost of Rs. 5.35 lakh crore.
- Long-term goals to be completed in phases over several years.
Key Components:
- Economic Corridors & Efficiency: Focus on developing 26,000 km of roads and improving the Golden Quadrilateral and North-South/East-West Corridors.
- Inter-State & Feeder Routes: 8,000 km of interstate corridors and 7,500 km feeder routes.
- Border & International Roads: 2,000 km of roads for trade and security.
- Coastal & Port Connectivity: 2,000 km of roads for better port connectivity.
- Green-Field Expressways: New expressways to reduce congestion.
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- 50 national corridors to be constructed, reducing freight traffic congestion and facilitating movement on national highways.
- 550 districts to be connected nationwide, up from the current 300 districts linked with national highways.
- Logistic Performance Index (LPI) to be introduced, helping identify trade and logistics challenges and opportunities.
- Expected to increase employment opportunities for people.
|
| Funding and Implementation |
- Central Road and Infrastructure Fund (CRF): Created under the Central Road Fund Act, 2000, this non-lapsable fund is used for building and upgrading national highways and other infrastructure, funded through cess on petrol and diesel.
- Monetization of National Highways: The monetization of existing infrastructure assets is used as a source of funding.
- Private Sector Investment: Bharatmala invites participation from the private sector for funding and execution of certain projects.
- Additional Budgetary Support: Funds from additional budgetary allocations by the central government also support the project.
|
Do you know?
- Sagarmala Programme approved in 2015, focuses on port infrastructure development along the 7,516-km coastline through modernisation, mechanisation, and computerisation.
- Parvatmala (National Ropeways Development Programme) announced in Union Budget 2022-23 to improve connectivity in hilly areas, under MORTH.
-
- Implemented in PPP mode as an ecologically sustainable alternative to conventional roads in challenging terrains.
- Initial regions: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Jammu & Kashmir, and North Eastern states.
|
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
- It has a corpus of Rs 4,00,000 crore at present.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: De-glaciation of Arctic
Why in the News?
A recent study suggests that the Arctic Ocean may experience its first ice-free day—where sea ice falls below one million square kilometres—by 2030, or even sooner.
Key Highlights of the Study
- First Ice-Free Day Prediction: The study predicts that the Arctic Ocean could experience its first ice-free day (less than one million square kilometres of sea ice) by 2030, or even sooner, depending on climatic conditions.
- Simulations and Models:
- 11 different climate models were used to run 366 simulations from 2023 to 2100 to assess the future of Arctic sea ice.
- Most simulations predict the ice-free day within 7 to 20 years, with some models suggesting it could happen as early as September 2027.
- Conditions for Ice-Free Day: The occurrence of an ice-free day will depend on a combination of unusually warm seasons and stormy weather, which accelerates the melting of the sea ice.
- Impact on Sea Ice: Once the first ice-free day occurs, it could be followed by an ice-free period lasting between 11 to 53 days, potentially leading to the first ice-free month.
How does the Arctic Tundra store Carbon?
- The Arctic tundra stores carbon primarily through a process where plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere via photosynthesis.
- This carbon gets trapped in the soil and organic matter (plants and animals) that accumulate over time.
- The cold Arctic climate slows the decomposition of plant and animal remains, meaning that organic materials, including carbon, remain locked in the permafrost.
- This permafrost acts as a natural storage system, preventing CO2 from being released back into the atmosphere.
- Scientists estimate that the Arctic tundra holds about 1.6 trillion metric tonnes of carbon, which is roughly double the amount of carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Why is the Arctic Tundra emitting more carbon than absorbing it?
- Rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing the permafrost to thaw at an accelerated rate.
- When permafrost thaws, microbes in the soil become active, breaking down the organic material trapped in the frozen ground, which results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), two potent greenhouse gases.
- The Arctic has been warming at a rate four times faster than the global average.
- 2024 was the second-warmest year on record for the region, contributing significantly to the thawing of the permafrost.
- Wildfires in the Arctic have become more frequent and intense, further accelerating the thawing of permafrost. Wildfire smoke also contributes to the release of greenhouse gases.
- Between 2001 and 2020, the combination of rising temperatures and increased wildfires led to the Arctic tundra releasing more carbon than it absorbed, marking a significant shift in its role from a carbon sink to a carbon emitter.
Why does it matter?
- Climate Change Acceleration: The loss of sea ice will amplify the Albedo effect, causing the Arctic region to absorb more sunlight and heat, which will accelerate global warming and trigger extreme weather events in mid-latitudes.
- Rising Sea Levels: The loss of Arctic ice contributes to sea level rise, with potential long-term impacts on coastal populations and ecosystems, particularly if the Greenland ice sheet melts completely, which could raise sea levels by 6 meters.
- Ecosystem and Species Impact: The melting of sea ice will threaten species that rely on the ice for habitat, such as polar bears, walruses, and reindeer, disrupting the Arctic food chain.
- Human and Infrastructure Threats: Arctic communities and their infrastructure are at risk as the region warms at four times the global average, threatening the livelihoods of people living in these areas.
Back2Basics: Albedo Effect
- It refers to the measure of how much sunlight is reflected by a surface.
- It is expressed as a percentage; a surface with a high albedo reflects more sunlight, while a surface with a low albedo absorbs more.
- Light-colored surfaces like ice and snow have high albedo, reflecting most of the sunlight, whereas dark surfaces like oceans and forests have low albedo, absorbing more heat.
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PYQ:
[2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
[2012] The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere because it absorbs:
(a) the water vapour of the air and retains its heat
(b) the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation
(c) all the solar radiations
(d) the infrared part of the solar radiation |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mental Health Programme
Why in the News?
The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) is a flagship initiative by the Government of India aimed at addressing the growing mental health challenges in the country.
About National Mental Health Programme (NMHP):
| Details |
Initiated in 1982 and restructured in 2003, the NMHP aims to modernize mental health facilities and upgrade psychiatric wings in medical institutions. |
| Features and Signficance |
The program has 3 components:
1. Treatment of mentally ill
2. Rehabilitation
3. Prevention and promotion of positive mental health. |
| Aims and Objectives |
- Prevention and treatment of mental and neurological disorders and their associated disabilities.
- Use of mental health technology to improve general health services.
- Application of mental health principles in total national development to improve quality of life.
|
| Structural Mandate |
The District Mental Health Programme (DMHP), based on the Bellary Model, focuses on community mental health services at the primary healthcare level, spanning 716 districts.
DMHP provides outpatient services, counselling, psycho-social interventions, and support for severe mental disorders.
- Priority given to mental morbidity and treatment.
- Primary healthcare services at village and sub-center levels.
- Services at the Primary Health Center (PHC) and District Hospital levels.
- Facilities at Mental Hospitals and Teaching Psychiatric Units.
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Back2Basics: The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017
- It replaced the Mental Healthcare Act, 1987, which was criticized for failing to recognize the rights of mentally ill individuals.
- It ensures the Right to Access to Healthcare and aims to ensure the rights and dignity of those with mental illness.
- It decriminalized suicide, stating that attempts are presumed to be under severe stress and shall not be punished.
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