Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geukensia demissa
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Shellfish aquaculture using Geukensia demissa is emerging as a viable solution for mitigating excess nutrients and contaminants in coastal and estuarine waters.
About Geukensia demissa
- Geukensia demissa is a species of mussel commonly known as the ribbed mussel or Atlantic ribbed mussel.
- It is native to the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Nova Scotia in Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
- They inhabit intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, typically found in estuaries, salt marshes, and tidal flats.
- They prefer areas with muddy or sandy substrates where they can burrow and anchor themselves.
Ecological Importance
Ribbed mussels play a vital role in estuarine ecosystems.
- Water Filtration: They filter large volumes of water, helping to improve water quality by removing suspended particles and excess nutrients.
- Key species of Food Chain: Additionally, their presence provides habitat and food for various other organisms, including small invertebrates and fish.
- Organisms Filter: These mussels thrive in diverse habitats and possess the ability to filter bacteria, microalgae, and detritus laden with nutrients and contaminants.
Geukensia demissa: Experimental Deployment and Results
- To assess the efficacy of G. demissa in purifying urban waters, a raft stocked with local ribbed mussels was deployed in an estuary near New York City.
- Subsequent analysis revealed that the mussels exhibited robust health and accumulated significant amounts of local nitrogen isotopes, indicative of nitrogen removal from the water.
- Based on the findings, it is estimated that a fully stocked raft could purify an average of 11,356 m3 of water daily and remove approximately 159 kg of particulate matter on a daily basis.
- Moreover, upon harvesting, the mussels sequestered 62.6 kg of nitrogen in their tissues and shells, further enhancing the water quality.
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PYQ:
[2011] Recently, “oil-zapper” was in the news. What is it?
(a) It is an eco-friendly technology for the remediation of oily sludge and oil spills
(b) It is the latest technology developed for under-sea oil exploration
(c) It is a genetically engineered high biofuel-yielding maize variety
(d) It is the latest technology to control the accidentally caused flames from oil wells |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pulmonary Hypertension, 75-25 Initiative
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Every year on May 5, pulmonary hypertension organizations and groups around the world participate in World Pulmonary Hypertension Day.
What is Pulmonary Hypertension?
- Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs.
- This elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries can lead to various symptoms and complications, affecting the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Here are some key aspects of pulmonary hypertension:
Causes:
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH): In many cases, the exact cause of pulmonary hypertension is unknown, and it is referred to as idiopathic. IPAH is a subtype of PH without an identifiable cause.
- Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension: PH can also develop secondary to other underlying conditions, including:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Interstitial lung disease
- Sleep apnea
- Connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma and lupus
- Congenital heart diseases
- HIV infection
- Liver disease (cirrhosis)
- Genetic Factors: Some forms of PH may have a genetic component, with mutations in certain genes predisposing individuals to the condition.
Features:
- Symptoms: Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may include:
-
-
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
- Fatigue
- Chest pain or pressure
- Dizziness or fainting spells
- Swelling in the ankles and legs (edema)
- Bluish lips or skin (cyanosis)
- Diagnostic Tests: Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, including:
-
-
- Echocardiogram (ECG)
- Right heart catheterization
- Pulmonary function tests
- Chest X-ray
- CT scan or MRI of the chest
- Blood tests
- Treatment: Treatment for pulmonary hypertension aims to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow disease progression. Treatment options may include:
-
- Medications such as vasodilators, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostacyclin analogs
- Oxygen therapy
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Surgery or a lung transplant in severe cases
Hypertension Control Initiatives in India:
- India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) (2017): It was launched to strengthen the hypertension component of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) in primary care public sector facilities in India
- 75/25 initiative (2023): Union Health Ministry announced the initiative- 75 million people with hypertension and diabetes to be put on Standard Care by 2025, through the Primary Health Centres (PHCs).
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PYQ:
[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements :
1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of egg.
2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Endosymbiotic Theory, Nitrogen Cycle
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The endosymbiotic theory suggests that tiny structures in cells called mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria.
- A biologist named Lynn Margulis came up with the idea that cells merged with bacteria, challenging the usual belief that evolution happens mainly through genetic changes.
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
- The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria engulfed by recipient cells.
- American biologist Lynn Margulis introduced Symbiogenesis, challenging the Neo-Darwinist consensus on genetic mutations driving evolution.
- Margulis’s Struggle:
- Margulis’s manuscript on symbiogenesis faced rejection by academic journals before finally being published in The Journal of Theoretical Biology in 1967.
- It took years for mitochondria and chloroplasts to be acknowledged as former free-living bacteria turned endosymbionts.
Recent Discoveries and Endosymbiotic Theory
- Recent papers published in Science and Cell have reignited interest in the endosymbiotic theory.
- The focus is on nitrogen fixation, crucial for proteins and DNA in living organisms.
- Despite abundant atmospheric nitrogen, plants lack the means to utilize it efficiently.
- Legumes host nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules, aiding in ammonia production for plant use.
Evolution of Nitroplast
- Cyanobacterium UCYN-A was found in marine algae, establishing a symbiotic relationship.
- Nitroplast, a new organelle, co-evolved with its host cell, satisfying criteria for organelle classification.
- Nitroplast integrates into host cell function and architecture, imports host cell proteins, synchronizes growth, and is inherited during cell division.
- Nearly half of nitroplast proteins are derived from the host cell.
Nitrogen Cycle:
The nitrogen cycle is a crucial biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and circulation of nitrogen in various forms within ecosystems. It involves several key steps:
- Nitrogen Fixation: This is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3-) ions, which are forms of nitrogen that plants can utilize. Nitrogen fixation can occur through biological, atmospheric, and industrial processes. In biological nitrogen fixation, certain bacteria like Rhizobium spp. in the root nodules of leguminous plants or cyanobacteria convert N2 into ammonia.
- Ammonification: Ammonification is the process by which organic nitrogen compounds from dead organisms, feces, and other waste materials are converted into ammonia by decomposer organisms like bacteria and fungi during the decay process.
- Nitrification: Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2-) and then to nitrate (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. This process occurs in aerobic conditions and plays a crucial role in making nitrogen available to plants.
- Assimilation: Plants and other organisms take up ammonia, nitrate, or organic nitrogen compounds from the soil to use them in synthesizing proteins, nucleic acids, and other vital nitrogen-containing compounds.
- Denitrification: Denitrification is the process by which nitrate (NO3-) is converted back into nitrogen gas (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) by denitrifying bacteria under anaerobic conditions. This step completes the cycle by returning nitrogen to the atmosphere, closing the loop.
- Ammonium Ionization: In soils and aquatic environments, ammonium ions (NH4+) may undergo ionization, converting to ammonia gas (NH3), which can volatilize and return to the atmosphere.
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Significance of the Nitroplasts
- Agriculture: Nitroplasts offer potential solutions for reducing the harmful effects of industrial ammonia production.
- Biotechnology: Biotechnological applications may include engineering host cells and nitroplasts for efficient nitrogen fixation in plants.
PYQ:
[2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle?
(a) Carbon cycle
(b) Nitrogen cycle
(c) Phosphorus cycle
(d) Sulphur cycle |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower, Halley’s Comet
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Eta Aquariid meteor shower, an annual event, will reach its peak on May 5 and 6.
- This meteor shower is a result of Earth intersecting with the debris trail left by Halley’s Comet during its orbit.
Halley’s Comet
- Halley’s Comet is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–79 years.
- It was last seen in Earth’s skies in 1986 and was met in space by an international fleet of spacecraft. It will return in 2061 on its regular journey around the Sun.
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What are Meteoric Showers?
- Meteors, fragments of dust, rock and ice, are expelled from comets during their celestial orbits around the sun.
- The Earth’s atmosphere heats these space rocks as they descend, leaving luminous streaks of gas in their way.
- NASA’s records confirms existence of over 30 meteor showers annually.
Origin of Meteor Showers:
- Meteor showers originate from comets, remnants of the solar system’s formation composed of dust, rock, and ice.
- Comets orbit the Sun in highly elliptical paths, and as they approach, they heat up, releasing gases and dust to form a glowing head and a tail stretching millions of miles.
- When Earth traverses through the debris left behind by comets along their orbital plane, we witness meteor showers.
About Eta Aquariids
- Known for their rapid speed, Eta Aquariid meteors produce long, glowing tails lasting several minutes.
- Observers in the Southern Hemisphere can witness approximately 30 to 40 meteors per hour during the peak, while those in the Northern Hemisphere may see around 10 meteors per hour.
- They seem to originate from the Aquarius constellation, hence the name ‘Eta Aquariid.’
PYQ:
[2014] What is a coma, in the content of astronomy?
(a) Bright half of material on the comet
(b) Long tail of dust
(c) Two asteroids orbiting each other
(d) Two planets orbiting each other |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Hicky’s Bengal Gazette' and related facts
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- World Press Freedom Day, observed annually on May 3, underscores the significance of journalism in society, tracing its roots back to pivotal moments in history.
- Hicky’s Bengal Gazette, founded by James Augustus Hicky in 1780, marked the inception of Indian journalism, serving as a platform for social discourse and political critique.
Who was James Augustus Hicky?
- Born in Ireland in the 1730s, James Augustus Hicky ventured to India, then known as the “Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire“, in search of better opportunities.
- Faced with initial setbacks, including debts that led to his imprisonment, Hicky demonstrated resilience by setting up a printing press within the jail premises.
Establishment of ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’:
- ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ was the first newspaper ever published in India (indeed in Asia), with its inaugural edition released on January 29, 1780.
- Hicky served as its founder-editor, aiming to cater primarily to the European community in Calcutta.
- He initially focusing on local issues such as road repairs and maintenance.
- The newspaper later delved into broader societal concerns, including government corruption and civic issues.
- Despite its reputation for gossip and salacious content, the Gazette also published articles critical of the British East India Company and advocated for infrastructure development and sanitation improvements.
- Hicky’s newspaper was printed once a week on Saturday, and retailed for Rs 1.
- Its circulation was estimated to be around 400 copies per week, although possibly more.
Challenges and Legal Battles:
- The Gazette faced legal challenges, including multiple libel lawsuits filed by prominent figures such as Governor General Warren Hastings in 1780s and missionary Johann Zacharias Kiernander.
- He described Hastings in an article as being Robert Clive’s “miserable successor”.
- Hicky’s bold stance against powerful figures, including scathing critiques of Hastings’ expansion policies, led to his imprisonment and financial ruin due to legal fees and penalties.
- The publication was ceased on 30 March 1782.
Legacy and Impact:
- Despite its eventual closure due to legal pressure and financial constraints, ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ left an indelible mark on Indian journalism.
- Hicky’s pioneering efforts laid the groundwork for the development of a vibrant media landscape in India, inspiring subsequent generations of journalists and press pioneers.
- The Gazette’s brief but impactful existence demonstrated the power of the press in advocating for societal change and holding the powerful to account.
PYQ:
[2020] The Vital-Vidhwansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience was published by:
(a) Gopal Baba Walangkar
(b) Jyotiba Phule
(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(d) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DV Act 2005 and its key provisions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A recent question before the Supreme Court compelled it to deliberate on whether damages for domestic violence should be determined based on the injuries sustained by the victim or the perpetrator’s ability to pay.
- The petitioner contested orders from the Bombay High Court and a trial court directing him to pay Rs 3 crore to his wife under Section 22 of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
Domestic Violence Law: An Overview
- The DV Act, 2005 aims to safeguard women’s rights by addressing violence within the family.
- Key Features of the DV Act:
|
Details |
| Background |
Introduced in 2005 to address limitations in civil and criminal courts regarding domestic violence (under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code). |
| Definitions of Violence |
- Includes physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological, and economic abuse (Section 3).
- Even a single act of harm or injury qualifies as domestic violence.
|
| Beneficiaries |
- Any woman in a domestic relationship (Section 2).
- Children can also file complaints, and any person can file on their behalf (Section 2).
|
| Respondents |
- Adult male members in domestic relationships (Section 2).
- Relatives of the husband or male partner can also be respondents (Section 2).
|
| Rights to Residence |
Women cannot be denied access to resources during legal proceedings (Section 17). |
| Other Rights |
- Access to police, shelter, medical aid, and legal assistance.
- Can obtain various court orders, including protection, residence, and compensation orders (Section 18).
|
| Remedial Measures |
- Victims entitled to medical facilities, counseling, and shelter (Section 12).
- Both parties may receive counseling as directed by the court (Section 14).
- Respondents required to provide compensation for losses incurred by the victim (Section 20).
- Courts to order respondents to pay damages for injuries, including mental and emotional trauma, resulting from domestic violence (Section 22).
|
| Protection Officers |
Appointment of officers in each district, preferably women, with necessary qualifications (Section 8). |
| Fixed Timeline |
All complaints must be heard and disposed of within 60 days (Section 12). |
PYQ:
[2022] Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work From Home’ on family relationships. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Garo Hills
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Geological Survey of India (GSI) explorers have made a breakthrough, uncovering ancient fossils in Tolegre, South Garo Hills of Meghalaya.
- It is speculated that the fossils could be linked to the genera Rhodocetus or Amulocetus (now extinct), considered ancestors of modern whales.
About Garo Hills
- The Garo Hills, located in Meghalaya, are part of the Garo-Khasi range, one of the hill ranges in the northeastern region of India.
- They are situated in the western part of Meghalaya, bordering Bangladesh to the south and west.
- The terrain of the Garo Hills is rugged and hilly, characterized by dense forests, steep slopes, and deep valleys.
- The Nokrek is highest Peak, which stands at approximately 1,415 meters (4,642 feet) above sea level.
- The climate in the Garo Hills is typically humid subtropical, with heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, which usually lasts from June to September.
- Numerous rivers and streams, including the Brahmaputra, Someshwari, and Jinjiram rivers crisscross this region.
- The region is also known for its picturesque waterfalls, such as the Pelga Falls, located near Tura, the largest town in the Garo Hills.
- The Nokrek National Park, located within, is recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and is home to various endangered species, including the Asian elephant and the red panda.
- The Garo Hills are inhabited predominantly by the Garo tribe, one of the major ethnic groups in Meghalaya.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs:
1. Nokrek Bio-Sphere Reserve : Garo Hills
2. Logtak (Loktak) Lake : Barail Range
3. Namdapha National Park: Daphla Hills
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NCART
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Centre is contemplating the establishment of the National Council for Agriculture and Rural Transformation (NCART), envisioned as a federal body to formulate policies and programs for the agricultural sector.
What is NCART?
- The NCART is a proposed federal body aimed at coordinating and driving actions in the agriculture sector in India.
- It would have representation of both the Centre and States.
- The idea for NCART has been proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare as part of its 100-day action plan for the new government.
- It draws inspiration from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council.
Terms of Reference of NCART:
- Policy Formulation: NCART is envisioned as an overarching federal body responsible for devising policies and programs to promote agricultural and rural development.
- Coordination: One of the key objectives of NCART is to ensure coordinated actions across various stakeholders involved in the agriculture sector, including the central government, state governments, and other relevant entities.
- Consultative Body: NCART is expected to include representation from both the central and state governments, similar to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, to ensure a consultative approach in decision-making.
- Legal Status: While the GST Council is a constitutional body, the exact status of NCART is yet to be finalized.
India’s Agriculture Expenses:
- Despite agriculture being a state subject, the Centre has significantly increased budgetary allocations for the Agriculture Ministry.
- Budgetary allocation for the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare surged from Rs. 27,662.67 crore in 2013-14 to Rs. 1,25,035.79 crore in 2023-24 BE.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antares (Jyeshtha), Occultation
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captured the moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
- Moon occasionally occults bright stars such as Antares and planets as it orbits the Earth once a month.
About Antares (Jyeshtha)
- Antares is a red supergiant star also called ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
- It is visible in the southern sky during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
- It is often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within the Scorpius constellation and its striking red color.
- It is a massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
- It has a relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, which gives it its distinctive red color.
- The distance to Antares from Earth is approximately 550 light-years, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.
What is Occultation?
- An occultation is a total or a partial cut-off of the light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
- The finest example of an occultation is the solar eclipse.
- Strictly speaking, it is not an eclipse, but a lunar occultation of the sun.
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PYQ:
[2012] A person stood alone in a desert on a dark night and wanted to reach his village, which was situated 5 km East of the point where he was standing. He had no instruments to find the direction, but he located the pole-star. The most convenient way now to reach his village is to walk in the _______.
(a) Direction facing the pole-star
(b) Direction opposite to the pole-star
(c) Direction keeping the pole-star to his left
(d) Direction keeping the pole-star to his right |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commission on Population and Development (CPD)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues. |
| Mandate |
Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. |
| Membership |
Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise. |
| Meetings |
Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April. |
| Themes |
Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality. |
| Reports and Resolutions |
Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly. |
| Linkage to SDGs |
Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17. |
| Regional Collaboration |
Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels. |
PYQ:
[2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.
[2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?
1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antarctic Treaty
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) will host the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi, Kerala.
About Antarctic Treaty
|
Details |
| Signing and Entry into Force |
- Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC.
- Entered into force on June 23, 1961.
- 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
|
| Objective |
Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord. |
| Key Provisions |
- Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
- Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation
- Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
|
| Territorial Claims |
- Prohibits new territorial claims.
- Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
|
| Disarmament |
- Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons.
- Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
|
| Consultative Meetings |
Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation |
| Environmental Protection |
- Promotes protection of Antarctic environment.
- Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
|
| Mineral Resource Exploitation |
- Bans mining activities until at least 2048.
- Requires consensus for any review or modification
|
| Membership |
-
- 54 parties as of 2024.
- 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making.
- 25 Non-Consultative Parties.
- India ratified the treaty in 1983.
|
| Madrid Protocol |
- Adopted in 1991.
- Entered into force in 1998.
- Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Water Ice on Moon
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A study has revealed evidence for enhanced possibility of sub-surface water ice occurrence in the polar craters of the Moon, according to ISRO.
Water Ice on Moon: ISRO’s Findings
- The research indicates that the amount of sub-surface ice within the first few meters is significantly greater, about 5-8x more, than that found on the lunar surface.
- Moreover, the study reveals that the Northern Polar region harbors twice as much water ice as the southern polar region.
- It highlights the necessity of drilling to access this ice for future missions and sustained human presence on the Moon.
Origin of Water Ice:
- The study validates the hypothesis that sub-surface water ice in lunar poles originated from out-gassing during volcanic activity in the Imbrian period.
- It suggests that Lunar Mare Volcanism and preferential impact cratering govern the distribution of water ice on the Moon.
Methodology:
- The research team utilized seven instruments aboard the NASA robotic spacecraft Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), including radar, laser, optical, neutron spectrometer, ultra-violet spectrometer, and thermal radiometer. LRO hovers over Lunar South Pole.
- These instruments provided crucial data to understand the origin and distribution of water ice on the lunar surface.
Significance of the findings
- Accurate knowledge of water ice distribution and depth is vital for identifying suitable landing and sampling sites for future lunar missions.
- The study supports ISRO’s future plans for in-situ volatile exploration on the Moon, aligning with its broader lunar exploration objectives.
PYQ:
Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Notable features of the Street Vendors Act, 2014
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- It has been a decade since the enactment of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act on May 1, 2014.
- It marks a significant milestone in the recognition of the rights and contributions of street vendors across India.
About Street Vendors Act, 2014
-
- The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, was enacted
- Objective: To regulate street vendors in public areas and protect their rights.
- It was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament of India) on 6 September 2012 by then Union Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Kumari Selja.
- The Act came into force from 1 May 2014.
-
- 2004: The bill aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights to street vendors, has its origins in the ‘National Policy for Urban Street Vendors’ introduced in 2004.
- 2009: It was later revised as ‘National Policy on Urban Street Vendors’ in 2009.
- 3 Recognized categories of street vending:
Key Provisions of the Bill:
|
Details |
| Town Vending Committee |
- Responsible for conducting surveys of all vendors, issuance of certificates of vending, and designation of vending zones.
- Surveys to be conducted every 5 years.
- No eviction until certificates are issued.
- TVCs to have 40% representation of street vendor representatives and 33% of women street vendors.
|
| Designated Vending Zones |
- All street vendors to be accommodated in designated vending zones.
- Allocation of space by drawing lots if necessary.
- Those unable to secure space in the same zone to be accommodated in adjoining zones.
|
| Certificate of Vending |
- Granted to street vendors above 14 years of age.
- Can be transferred to family members in certain circumstances.
- Can be cancelled if conditions are breached.
|
| No-Vending Zones |
- Prohibits vending activities in designated no-vending zones.
- Relocation provisions for affected vendors.
- Notice period of at least 30 days for relocation.
- Failure to vacate may result in penalties.
|
| Dispute Resolution Body |
Consists of a Chairperson (civil judge or judicial magistrate) and two other professionals. |
| Responsibility of Local Authorities for Implementation |
Responsibility for creating schemes and implementation delegated to local municipalities. |
| Role of Town Vending Committee |
Each zone or ward of the local authority to have a Town Vending Committee. |
| Relocation and Penalties |
Vendors failing to relocate from no-vending zones after notice may face penalties, including fines. |
| Representation and Legal Ambiguities |
Criticisms include lack of adequate representation of street vendors in decision-making bodies and legal ambiguities. |
Also read about: PM SVANidhi Scheme
PYQ:
[2016] How has globalization led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Patachitra, Patuas etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Patachitra Paintings of women in Paschim Medinipur’s Pingla block in West Bengal has become popular worldwide.
About Bengal Patachitra
- Patachitra, also spelled as Pattachitra, is a traditional form of scroll painting that originated in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal, as well as parts of Bangladesh. The term “Patachitra” derives from Sanskrit, where “pata” means “cloth” and “chitra” means “picture.”
- These paintings are typically created on cloth canvas, palm leaves, or paper. Artists associated with Patachitra are known as Patuas.
- Origin: Bengal Patachitra is believed to have originated in rural Bengal, with some historical references suggesting its existence during the Pre-Pala period.
- Themes and Style:
- The themes of Bengal Patachitra are diverse, ranging from religious and mythological narratives to secular subjects.
- Religious themes often depict stories from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as folklore such as Manasha and Chandi.
- Secular themes include important news events, accidents, scandals, and social issues.
- Each Patachitra is accompanied by a song called Patua Sangeet, sung by the artists while unfurling the scroll.
- Aspects of Painting:
- Chalchitra: Background paintings associated with religious idols, such as Durga Pratima.
- Durga Pot: Special Patachitras worshiped during Durga Puja, often featuring images of gods and goddesses.
- Various Technique: Different districts have distinct techniques, colors, and designs. For example, Purulia Patachitras prefer burnt sienna with white and yellow patches, while Hooghly and Manbhum scrolls exhibit modernistic abstract linear treatment.
- Artists: Bengal Patua artists, also known as Chitrakars, are concentrated in villages like Naya in the Medinipur district.
- Colors: Bengal Patachitra typically uses natural colors derived from materials like chalk dust (for white), pauri (for yellow), cultivated indigo (for blue), bhushakali (for black), and mete sindur (for red).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH) and its location
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Researchers have made a discovery in Mexico, uncovering the world’s deepest blue hole, known as Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH).
What are Blue Holes?
- Blue holes, such as TJBH, are formed in coastal regions with soluble bedrock, such as limestone, marble, or gypsum.
- Water percolates through the rock, dissolving minerals and widening cracks, ultimately leading to the formation of sinkholes.
- Famous examples: 410-foot Great Blue Hole in Belize, the 663-foot Dean’s Blue Hole in the Bahamas and the 328-foot Blue Hole in the Red Sea near Dahab, Egypt.
|
About Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH)
- TJBH extends at least 1,380 feet (420 meters) below sea level, making it the deepest known underwater sinkhole in the world.
- It is located in Chetumal Bay off the southeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.
- It was first discovered in 2021, was originally thought to be 900 feet deep.
- This discovery surpasses the previous record-holder, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole in the South China Sea, by an impressive 480 feet.
Research Expedition and Findings
- Scientists utilized a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiler to collect data about the environmental conditions within the blue hole.
- Despite reaching depths of 1,640 feet (500 meters), the CTD profiler was unable to reach the bottom of TJBH, indicating its remarkable depth.
- Data from the profiler suggested the presence of different water layers within the blue hole, with conditions resembling those of the Caribbean Sea at depths below 1,312 feet (400 meters).
PYQ:
[2017] In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?
1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams.
2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs.
3. Subterranean deep saline formations.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raja Ravi Varma and his notable paintings
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The first true copy of Raja Ravi Varma’s painting “Indulekha” will be unveiled at Kilimanoor Palace, the birthplace of the legendary artist, on his 176th birth anniversary celebrations.
About the Indulekha Painting:
- The painting depicts Indulekha, the protagonist of the first modern Malayalam novel by O. Chandu Menon, published in 1889.
- The painting holds significance as it is believed to have inspired Ravi Varma’s famous work, “Reclining Lady.”
- The oil painting portrays Indulekha holding a letter, dated 1892.
- It exhibits meticulous attention to detail and symmetry, characteristic of Ravi Varma’s style.
|
Who was Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906)?
- Raja Ravi Varma was born in April 1848 in Kilimanoor, Kerala, to a family which was very close to the royals of Travancore.
- Often referred to as the father of modern Indian art, he is widely known for his realistic portrayal of Indian gods and goddesses.
- While he majorly painted for the royalty, he is also credited for taking art to the masses with his prints and oleographs.
- Patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, he learnt watercolour painting from the royal painter Ramaswamy Naidu.
- He later trained in oil painting from Dutch artist Theodore Jensen.
Fame as a notable painter
- Following a portrait of Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, he has commissioned 14 Puranic paintings for the Durbar Hall of the new Lakshmi Vilas Palace at Baroda.
- Depicting Indian culture, Varma borrowed from episodes of Mahabharata and Ramayana for the same.
- He also received patronage from numerous other rulers, including the Maharaja of Mysore and Maharaja of Udaipur.
- As his popularity soared, the artist won an award for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna in 1873.
- He was also awarded three gold medals at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
- Viceroy Lord Curzon honoured him with the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for his service.
Nature of his artforms
- Much of his celebrated art also borrows heavily from Indian mythology.
- In fact, he is often credited with defining the images of Indian gods and goddesses through his relatable and more realistic portrayals often painted with humans as models.
- The depictions include Lakshmi as the goddess of wealth, Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge and wisdom, and Lord Vishnu with his consorts, Maya and Lakshmi.
- Raja Ravi Varma aspired to take his art to the masses and the intent led him to open a Lithographic Press in Bombay in 1894.
- The first picture printed at Varma’s press was reportedly The Birth of Shakuntala, followed by numerous mythological figures and saints such as Adi Shankaracharya.
Major works
- It is believed that he had made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58.
- But only one painting is now left in ‘Chithrashala,’ the artist’s studio at Kilimanoor Palace — an unfinished portrait of ‘Parsi lady’ which was his last work.
- Some of his popular works include ‘Lady in the Moonlight’, ‘Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair’, ‘Malabar Lady with Violin’, ‘Lady with Swarbat’, and ‘Maharashtrian Lady with Fruits’.
| [2018] The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the
(a) Bundi school
(b) Jaipur school
(c) Kangra school
(d) Kishangarh school |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mutual Funds and its regulations
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently approved amendments to SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, aimed at enhancing the regulatory framework for Asset Management Companies (AMCs).
- These amendments mandate AMCs to establish institutional mechanisms to deter potential market abuse, including front-running, following recent instances observed by the market regulator.
What are Mutual Funds?
- A mutual fund is a pool of money managed by a professional Fund Manager.
- It is a trust that collects money from a number of investors who share a common investment objective and invests the same in equities, bonds, money market instruments and/or other securities.
- And the income / gains generated from this collective investment is distributed proportionately amongst the investors after deducting applicable expenses and levies, by calculating a scheme’s “Net Asset Value” or NAV.
- SEBI regulates mutual funds through the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.
Categories of Mutual Funds:
- An actively managed fund is a mutual fund scheme in which the fund manager “actively” manages the portfolio and continuously monitors the fund’s portfolio, deciding on which stocks to buy/sell/hold and when, using his/her professional judgement, backed by analytical research.
- A passively managed fund, by contrast, simply follows a market index, i.e., in a passive fund , the fund manager remains inactive or passive inasmuch as, he/she does not use his/her judgement or discretion to decide as to which stocks to buy/sell/hold , but simply replicates / tracks the scheme’s benchmark index in exactly the same proportion.
Fund Structure
- Mutual funds in India operate under a three-tier structure, comprising the
- Asset Management Company (AMC),
- Trustees, and
- Custodians.
- The AMC manages the fund’s investments, the Trustees oversee the operations, and the Custodians safeguard the fund’s assets.
Key highlights of the recent update:
- Institutional Mechanism: AMCs are required to implement enhanced surveillance systems, internal controls, and escalation processes to identify and address specific types of misconduct, such as front-running, insider trading, and misuse of sensitive information.
- Whistleblower Mechanism: To foster transparency, AMCs are mandated to have a whistleblower mechanism.
- Recording of Communication: SEBI has exempted face-to-face interactions during market hours from the requirement of recording all communication by dealers and fund managers. This exemption will be effective upon the implementation of the institutional mechanism by AMCs.
- Prudential Norms for Passive Schemes: SEBI has streamlined prudential norms for passive schemes, allowing equity passive schemes to invest up to the weightage of constituents in the underlying index, subject to a 35% cap on investment in sponsor group companies.
PYQ:
[2014] What does venture capital mean?
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries
(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs
(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses
(d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Manipur CM took it to social media where he alleged an “unnatural growth” in the population of the “Chin-Kuki-Zo” tribes in the state, posing a perceived threat to indigenous communities and national security.
About Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes
|
Chin Tribe |
Kuki Tribe |
Zo Tribe |
| Ethnic Composition |
Major ethnic group in Myanmar’s Chin State; known for distinct customs and language. |
Heterogeneous group in Northeast India; recognized for diverse subtribes. |
Diverse ethnic group in Northeast India, Myanmar, and parts of Bangladesh. |
| Geographical Distribution |
Primarily in Myanmar’s Chin State; significant populations in Indian states like Mizoram. |
Mainly in Northeast India; also found in Chin State, Myanmar. |
Inhabits Northeast India, particularly Mizoram and Manipur; also in parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh. |
| Language |
Chin language, part of Kuki-Chin subgroup of Tibeto-Burman family. |
Kuki-Chin languages; various dialects with distinct variations. |
Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages; different dialects within Tibeto-Burman family. |
| Culture and Traditions |
Vibrant music, dance, festivals; celebrates Chin National Day. |
Rich oral traditions, folk music; celebrates festivals like Chavang Kut. |
Rich oral literature, vibrant festivals; celebrates Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut. |
| Livelihood |
Historically practiced subsistence agriculture; now diversified livelihoods. |
Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now engaged in various occupations. |
Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now diverse livelihood patterns. |
| Religion |
Predominantly Christianity with some traditional animistic beliefs. |
Predominantly Christianity with traditional animistic practices. |
Predominantly Christianity with remnants of traditional beliefs. |
| Socio-Political Organization |
Advocates for cultural identity and rights; e.g., Chin National Front. |
Promotes Kuki identity; active organizations like Kuki National Organization. |
Promotes Zo identity; e.g., Zomi Council and Mizo Zirlai Pawl. |
Issues with their migration
The Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur are contributing to the conflict in the state due to various factors.
- There have been longstanding demands from various tribal groups for greater recognition of their ethnic identity and autonomy within Manipur.
- Land ownership and control are significant issues among the Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur.
[2016] Consider the following pairs: (2016)
|
Community sometimes mentioned in the news |
In the affairs of |
| 1. |
Kurd |
Bangladesh |
| 2. |
Madhesi |
Nepal |
| 3. |
Rohingya |
Myanmar |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asset Reconstruction Companies, SARFAESI Act, 2002;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The RBI has introduced updated guidelines for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) through a master direction, effective from April 24, 2024.
What is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)?
|
Description |
| About |
ARC is a special financial institution that acquires debtors from banks at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities. |
| Regulation |
- ARCs are registered under the RBI.
- Regulated under the SARFAESI Act, 2002 (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act).
|
| Objective |
ARCs take over a portion of the bank’s non-performing assets (NPAs) and engage in asset reconstruction or securitization, aiming to recover the debts. |
| Functions |
- Asset Reconstruction: Acquisition of bank loans or other credit facilities for realization.
- Securitization: Acquisition of financial assets by issuing security receipts.
|
| Foreign Investment |
100% FDI allowed in ARCs under the automatic route. |
| Limitiations |
- ARCs are prohibited from undertaking lending activities.
- They can only engage in securitization and reconstruction activities.
|
| Working |
- Bank with NPA agrees to sell it to ARC at a mutually agreed value.
- ARC transfers assets to trusts under SARFAESI Act.
- Upfront payment made to bank, rest through Security Receipts.
- Recovery proceeds shared between ARC and bank.
|
| Security Receipts |
Issued to Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) for raising funds to acquire financial assets. |
| Significance |
- Banks can clean up their balance sheets and focus on core banking activities.
- Provides a mechanism for resolution of NPAs and debt recovery.
|
What are the new guidelines laid out by the RBI?
- Enhanced Capital Requirements:
-
-
- Minimum Capital Requirement Increase: ARCs are now mandated to maintain a minimum capital requirement of Rs 300 crore, a significant increase from the previous Rs 100 crore stipulation established on October 11, 2022.
- Transition Period for Compliance: Existing ARCs are granted a transition period to reach the revised Net Owned Fund (NOF) threshold of Rs 300 crore by March 31, 2026.
- Interim Requirement: However, by March 31, 2024, ARCs must possess a minimum capital of Rs 200 crore to comply with the new directives.
- Supervisory Actions for Non-Compliance:
-
-
- ARCs failing to meet the prescribed capital thresholds will face supervisory action, potentially including restrictions on undertaking additional business until compliance is achieved.
- Expanded Role for Well-Capitalized ARCs:
-
- Empowerment of Well-Capitalized ARCs: ARCs with a minimum NOF of Rs 1000 crore are empowered to act as resolution applicants in distressed asset scenarios.
- Investment Opportunities: These ARCs are permitted to deploy funds in government securities, scheduled commercial bank deposits, and institutions like SIDBI and NABARD, subject to RBI specifications. Additionally, they can invest in short-term instruments such as money market mutual funds, certificates of deposit, and corporate bonds commercial papers.
- Investment Cap: Investments in short-term instruments are capped at 10% of the NOF to mitigate risk exposure.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the governance of public sector banking in India, consider the following statements:
- Capital infusion into public sector banks by the Government of India has steadily increased in the last decade.
- To put the public sector banks in order, the merger of associate banks with the parent State Bank of India has been affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals, Mineral Security Partnership (MSP)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Mines has organized a pivotal summit in New Delhi aimed at fostering collaboration, sharing knowledge, and driving innovation in Critical Mineral beneficiation and processing.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical Minerals are indispensable for economic development and national security, with their scarcity or concentration in specific regions posing potential supply chain vulnerabilities.
- The declaration and identification of Critical Minerals is an ongoing process, influenced by technological advancements, market dynamics, and geopolitical factors.
Critical Minerals in India:
- India has identified 30 Critical Minerals (July 2023) based on factors like disruption potential, import reliance, and cross-sectoral usage.
- Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, Rare Earth Elements, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium and Cadmium.
Global Perspective:
Various nations have outlined their lists of Critical Minerals based on unique circumstances:
- The US recognizes 50 minerals critical for national security and economic development.
- Japan has identified 31 minerals crucial for its economy.
- The UK, EU, and Canada have their respective lists, reflecting their strategic priorities.
India became the 14th member of the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) in June 2023.
- MSP seeks to bolster critical minerals supply chains to support economic prosperity and climate objectives.
- It seeks to ensure that critical minerals are produced, processed and recycled by catalyzing investments from governments and private sector across the full value chain.
- Members: The other member countries are United States, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the European Commission.
Note: Copper, gold and silver are not on the list of minerals under MSP (Wiki). |
Various Government Initiatives:
- MMDR Act Amendment (2023): 24 minerals were designated as critical and strategic under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act.
- National Mineral Policy (2019): The updated policy emphasizes the exploration and exploitation of Critical Minerals to harness India’s mineral potential effectively.
- Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (KABIL): A joint venture comprising National Aluminium Company Ltd (NALCO), Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL), and Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd (MECL), KABIL aims to secure a consistent supply of Critical Minerals by acquiring and developing assets overseas.
- Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL): It is a PSU that plays a significant role in the research and production of rare earth minerals.
India’s Critical Mineral Imports:
- Lithium Imports: In FY23, India imported 2,145 tonnes of lithium carbonate and lithium oxide, costing Rs 732 crore.
- Nickel and Copper Imports: The country imported 32,000 tonnes of unwrought nickel and 1.2 million tonnes of copper ore, costing Rs 6,549 crore and Rs 27,374 crore, respectively.
- Import Dependence: India relies entirely on imports for lithium and nickel, and 93% for copper.
Country-wise dependence:
- China: India heavily relies on China for the import of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite.
- Australia: India is actively engaged with Australia for acquiring mineral assets, particularly lithium and cobalt, to secure its supply chain for critical minerals.
- Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile: India is engaging with these countries, known for their reserves of battery metals like lithium and cobalt, to diversify its sources for critical minerals.
|
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:
- Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
- State governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
- State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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