Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 10th schedule
Mains level: relevant factors and jurisdictional boundaries in disqualification cases
Central Idea:
The article critiques the Speaker of the Maharashtra Assembly, Rahul Narwekar, for his flawed decision in handling the disqualification case of Shiv Sena Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) led by Eknath Shinde. The author emphasizes the Speaker’s erroneous attempt to determine the real Shiv Sena faction and points out the jurisdictional issues and contradictions in the Speaker’s decision.
Key Highlights:
- The Speaker’s decision centered on whether the breakaway Shiv Sena MLAs, under Eknath Shinde’s leadership, voluntarily gave up their party membership by voting against the party whip, making them liable for disqualification under the anti-defection law.
- The article highlights the Speaker’s attempt to prevent disqualification of the Shinde group, presenting a nearly 1,200-page judgment that is deeply flawed.
- The Speaker erroneously tries to determine the real Shiv Sena faction, a decision beyond his jurisdiction, and quotes irrelevant Supreme Court directions.
Key Challenges:
- The Speaker’s decision raises questions about the misinterpretation of the Tenth Schedule and its provisions regarding defection and disqualification.
- Attempting to determine the real party faction goes against the clear jurisdiction outlined by the Supreme Court and the Election Commission of India.
- Contradictions in the Speaker’s decision, such as validating appointments by the Shinde group despite the Supreme Court’s findings, pose challenges to the integrity of the anti-defection law.
Key Terms:
- Anti-Defection Law: Provisions outlined in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution that address defection by legislators and the resulting disqualification.
- Jurisdiction: The official power to make legal decisions and judgments.
Key Phrases:
- “Flawed decision in handling the disqualification case.”
- “Erroneous attempt to determine the real Shiv Sena faction.”
- “Nearly 1,200-page judgment valiantly tried to avoid disqualification.”
Key Quotes:
- “The consequence of this is disqualification.”
- “The Speaker’s decision is clearly without jurisdiction.”
- “Parliament did not consider paragraph 15 of the Symbols order as a relevant factor.”
Key Statements:
- “The question of which faction is the real Shiv Sena can only be decided by the Election Commission of India.”
- “The Speaker’s decision goes against the clear enunciation of law by the Supreme Court.”
Key Examples and References:
- The Subhash Desai judgment clarifies that the Shiv Sena led by Uddhav Thackeray is the original political party.
- Parliament did not consider paragraph 15 of the Symbols order as a relevant factor.
Key Facts and Data:
- The Tenth Schedule originally allowed legislators to avoid disqualification in case of a split or merger; however, the split provision was omitted in 2003.
- In Subhash Desai vs Principal Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra & Ors. (2023), the Supreme Court observes a split in the Shiv Sena party.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically analyzes the Speaker’s decision, pointing out flaws, contradictions, and the disregard for the clear jurisdiction outlined by the Supreme Court. It highlights the misinterpretation of the Tenth Schedule and its implications for anti-defection cases.
Way Forward:
- Emphasizes the need for adherence to the clear enunciation of law by the Supreme Court and the Election Commission.
- Urges a more precise understanding and application of the Tenth Schedule to prevent future misinterpretations.
- Advocates for a careful consideration of relevant factors and jurisdictional boundaries in disqualification cases to uphold the integrity of the anti-defection law.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Houthi Rebels
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The United States and the United Kingdom have initiated military strikes against Houthi groups in Yemen on January 11.
- This action is a response to the Houthis’ continued aggression towards maritime vessels in the Red Sea, a crucial global trade route.
Background of the Conflict
- Houthi Attacks on Shipping: Since November 2023, Houthi forces have targeted ships in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, disrupting one of the world’s busiest maritime trade routes.
- Israeli-Hamas Conflict: The Houthis’ actions are in response to the Israeli military’s bombardment of Gaza following an attack by Hamas on October 7, which resulted in significant casualties.
Houthi Group and Regional Dynamics
- Who Are the Houthis?: The Houthis are a Shia militant group engaged in the civil war in Yemen, controlling significant parts of the country, including the capital Sana’a.
- Regional Rivalries: The conflict reflects long-standing regional rivalries, with Iran backing the Houthis and Saudi Arabia supporting the Yemeni government. The Houthis’ involvement in the Israel-Hamas war is also seen as part of these broader regional dynamics.
Concerns for Global Trade
- Impact on World Trade: Approximately 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea and Suez Canal, making the security of this route critical.
- Alternative Routes: Due to safety concerns, some ships have been rerouted around the Cape of Good Hope, leading to increased transit times and fuel costs.
Implications for the Region
- Operation Prosperity Guardian: Launched by the US, this coalition aims to ensure maritime security in the region, but partner countries have shown reluctance to contribute significantly.
- Risks of Wider Conflict: There are concerns about the conflict spreading beyond Israel and Gaza, with the potential for unpredictable outcomes in the Middle East.
- Impact on Yemeni Peace Negotiations: The strikes may affect ongoing peace negotiations in Yemen, mediated by Oman and the United Nations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-Bhutan Relations and China Factor
Introduction
- In a significant political development, Tshering Tobgay and the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) emerged victorious in Bhutan’s recent runoff election, marking a pivotal moment in the country’s young democracy.
- Bhutan’s election not only reflects the evolving political dynamics within but also has broader implications for the region, particularly in terms of Bhutan’s relations with India and China.
Bhutan’s Democratic Evolution
- Fair Elections: Unlike some neighbouring countries, Bhutan’s elections have been largely free from tampering or political violence.
- Monarchy to Democracy: Since transitioning from a monarchy to a parliamentary democracy in 2008, Bhutan has seen its democratic processes evolve, with increased party participation and voter choice.
- Challenges: Despite progress, concerns about media censorship and discrimination against minorities persist.
Economic Context of the Elections
- Economic Challenges: Bhutan faces economic difficulties, including a struggling tourism sector, high youth unemployment, and significant emigration for better opportunities.
- Tobgay’s Economic Focus: Tobgay’s campaign centred on addressing these economic issues, promising investment and solutions to curb the emigration trend.
India’s Role and Regional Implications
- India-Bhutan Relations: India remains Bhutan’s largest donor and ally, playing a crucial role in Bhutan’s economic recovery and infrastructure development.
- Hydroelectric Potential: Bhutan’s untapped hydroelectric resources present opportunities for energy trade with India.
- China Factor: Recent years have seen heightened tensions between India and China over Bhutan, especially in the disputed Doklam region.
- Tobgay’s Pro-India Stance: Tobgay is perceived as pro-India, which aligns with India’s strategic interests in the region. His election has been positively received by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Conclusion
- Tshering Tobgay’s election victory in Bhutan is a testament to the country’s maturing democracy and its ability to navigate complex economic and geopolitical challenges.
- As Bhutan continues to balance its relationships with major powers like India and China, Tobgay’s leadership will be pivotal in shaping the nation’s future trajectory, both domestically and in the broader South Asian context.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalaram Mandir's Legacy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Kalaram Mandir, located on the banks of the Godavari in Nashik’s Panchavati area, has recently garnered attention with visits from prominent political leaders, including Prime Minister.
- This temple, steeped in historical, religious, and social significance, has been a focal point for major political and social movements in India.
Kalaram Mandir’s Legacy
- Temple’s Name and Idol: The temple gets its name from the black statue of Lord Ram (‘Kala Ram’ means ‘Black Ram’). The sanctum sanctorum houses statues of Ram, Sita, Lakshman, and a black idol of Hanuman.
- Construction and Features: Built-in 1792 by Sardar Rangarao Odhekar, the temple features 14 steps representing Ram’s years of exile and 84 pillars symbolizing the cycle of rebirth in Hinduism.
- Historical Significance: The temple is renowned for its association with the epic Ramayana, where Lord Ram, along with Sita and Lakshman, is said to have spent time during their exile.
Panchavati’s Role in the Ramayana
- Significance in the Epic: Panchavati, the area where the temple is located, is significant in the Ramayana. It’s believed to be the site where Sita was abducted by Ravan, leading to the epic war in Lanka.
- Name Origin: The name ‘Panchavati’ is derived from the presence of five banyan trees, making the region auspicious according to the epic.
Temple as a Site of Social Reform
- Dalit Satyagraha: In 1930, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and social activist Pandurang Sadashiv Sane (Sane Guruji) led a historic agitation at the Kalaram Mandir, demanding temple entry rights for Dalits.
- Ambedkar’s Protest: The protest involved a sit-in outside the temple, with participants singing songs and raising slogans for equality.
- Continued Relevance: The temple remains a symbol of the struggle for Dalit rights, highlighted by Uddhav Thackeray’s plan to visit on the day of the Ram temple consecration in Ayodhya.
Political Significance
- Recent Political Visits: The temple has seen visits from major political figures, reflecting its continued relevance in contemporary politics and social issues.
- Symbol of Unity and Equality: Leaders visiting the temple often emphasize its role in symbolizing unity and the fight for social justice in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thirty Meter Telescope
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s Department of Science and Technology (DST) has shown a renewed interest in the global scientific endeavor, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project, as evidenced by their recent visit to Mauna Kea in Hawai’i.
- This visit marks a significant step in addressing the challenges faced by this ambitious astronomical project.
Overview of the TMT Project
- Project Description: The TMT is envisioned as a 30-metre diameter primary-mirror optical and infrared telescope, designed for deep space observations.
- International Collaboration: It is a joint venture involving the U.S., Japan, China, Canada, and India, with India’s participation approved by the Union Cabinet in 2014.
Key facts related to TMT
- Its 30m diameter prime-mirror will allow it to observe wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to mid-infrared with up to 80 times more sensitivity of today’s largest telescopes.
- It can deliver images at infrared wavelengths more than 12 times sharper than the famed Hubble Space Telescope and 4 times sharper than James Webb Space Telescope (JSWT).
Challenges and Controversies
- Location Issues: Mauna Kea, the proposed site for the TMT, is an inactive volcano considered sacred by local communities. The site has faced opposition due to its cultural and religious significance.
- Legal Hurdles: The Supreme Court of Hawaii invalidated the construction permits in 2015, although they were later restored in 2018. Despite this, local opposition has continued to impede construction.
Alternate Site Consideration
- Plan B: The Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) on La Palma in Spain’s Canary Islands is being considered as an alternative site for the TMT.
- India’s Stance: As per statements made in 2020, India prefers moving the project to an alternate site, subject to the availability of necessary permits and procedures.
India’s Role and Contribution
- Major Contributor: India is expected to play a significant role in the TMT project, contributing hardware, instrumentation, and software worth $200 million.
- Mirror Production: Of the 492 required mirrors, India will contribute 83, showcasing its capabilities in precision engineering and technology.
Current Status and Future Prospects
- Ongoing Discussions: Efforts are being made to reach a consensus that respects the concerns of the local people in Hawai’i.
- Progress in Component Development: Despite the delay in construction, significant advancements have been made in developing essential components for the TMT.
- Decision Timeline: A firm decision on the project’s site is anticipated within the next two years, as per Annapurni Subramaniam, director of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAP).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Wolf
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Himalayan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco), a distinct lupine species inhabiting the Himalayas, has recently been classified as ‘Vulnerable’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Red List.
- This classification highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect this unique predator.
About Himalayan Wolf
- Taxonomic Status: Long a subject of taxonomic ambiguity, the Himalayan Wolf has been confirmed as a genetically unique lineage of wolves.
- Population Estimate: The IUCN Red List estimates the population of mature individuals to be between 2,275 and 3,792, acknowledging the uncertainty of this figure.
- Geographical Range: The Himalayan Wolf is found across the Himalayan range of Nepal and India and extends across the Tibetan Plateau.
- Population in India: In the Indian Himalayas, the population is estimated to be between 227 and 378 mature individuals, primarily in Ladakh and the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh, with potential small populations in Uttarakhand and Sikkim.
Conservation Challenges
- Habitat Decline: The species faces a continuing decline in habitat quality and extent.
- Conflict with Livestock: Livestock depredation conflicts are significant, exacerbated by habitat modification and depletion of wild prey.
- Hybridization Threats: Increasing populations of feral dogs in regions like Ladakh and Spiti pose a threat of hybridization.
- Illegal Hunting: The Himalayan Wolf is hunted illegally for its fur and body parts, contributing to its declining numbers.
Conservation Strategies Proposed
- Habitat and Prey Restoration: Securing and restoring healthy wild prey populations and landscapes, and establishing wildlife habitat refuges.
- Improved Livestock Management: Enhancing livestock guarding methods, including predator-proof corral pens, sustainable herding practices, and holistic management practices.
- Feral Dog Population Management: Addressing the growing challenge of feral dogs that threaten the Himalayan Wolf through hybridization.
- Trans-boundary Conservation Efforts: Collaborative efforts among range countries for research, monitoring, and conservation.
- Herding/Pasture Management: Improving practices in regions where wolves are heavily dependent on livestock, such as in Ladakh.
- Inclusion in Conservation Programs: Incorporating the Himalayan Wolf in conservation programs to promote public acceptance and reduce persecution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation AMRITH
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Kerala Drug Control Department launched Operation Amrith (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention For Total Health), a significant initiative to curb the overuse of antibiotics in the state.
Operation AMRITH
- Objective: The initiative aims to optimize antibiotic use by preventing over-the-counter (OTC) sales and ensuring compliance with prescription requirements.
- Pharmacy Regulations: Pharmacies are required to maintain accurate records of antibiotic sales and display notices stating that antibiotics will not be sold without a doctor’s prescription.
- Public Participation: The initiative encourages public involvement by allowing individuals to report pharmacies that sell antibiotics without a prescription.
Enforcement and Compliance
- Surprise Raids: The program includes conducting surprise checks in retail medical shops to detect OTC sales of antibiotics.
- Toll-Free Complaint Number: A toll-free number (18004253182) is provided for the public to lodge complaints against medical shops violating the rules.
- Immediate Action: Complaints are swiftly transferred to relevant zonal offices for verification, followed by immediate departmental action upon confirmation of violations.
Background and Context
- Kerala’s AMR Strategy: Kerala was the first state in India to develop a state action plan on AMR, the Kerala Anti-Microbial Resistance Strategic Action Plan (KARSAP), in 2018.
- Multi-Sectoral Approach: The plan, aligned with India’s National Action Plan on AMR, addresses human, animal, and environmental aspects of AMR containment.
- Support and Collaboration: The plan was developed with contributions from the Centre for Science and Environment and involves various state departments in its implementation.
- Surveillance Networks: The Kerala Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (KARS-NET) monitors AMR in humans, while an integrated plan covers non-human sector surveillance.
- AMR Laboratory: The Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) inaugurated an AMR laboratory for environmental surveillance in August 2023.
- PROUD Initiative: The Programme on Removal of Unused Drugs (PROUD) is a drug take-back program piloted in Thiruvananthapuram for the proper disposal of unused antibiotics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Determined Contributions (NDCs):
Mains level: 16th Finance Commission should prioritize incorporating climate vulnerability and emission intensity into tax devolution formulas
Central Idea:
The article emphasizes the pivotal role that fiscal federalism, particularly through Finance Commissions (FC), plays in India’s efforts to combat climate change by promoting forest conservation. It highlights the need for the 16th Finance Commission to adopt innovative approaches, such as incorporating climate vulnerability and emission intensity into tax distribution formulas, to align with India’s environmental goals.
Key Highlights:
- India actively participates in global initiatives to enhance forest cover, combat climate change, and build community resilience.
- Finance Commissions have historically allocated funds for forest conservation, evolving from grants to a dedicated share of the central tax pool.
- The 15th Finance Commission became the world’s largest payment for ecosystem services (PES) system, distributing funds based on both forest cover and density.
- The 16th Finance Commission, appointed in 2021, is crucial for shaping tax distribution principles for 2026-31, coinciding with India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement.
- The article suggests incorporating climate vulnerability and emission intensity as key parameters in the tax devolution formula to drive action toward India’s National Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Key Challenges:
- Balancing conservation efforts with opportunity costs, which can be substantial and potentially prohibitive.
- Addressing pollution challenges, especially the need for funds to tackle issues like crop burning and mangrove restoration.
- Adapting to changing climate patterns leading to forest fires, necessitating innovative solutions and funding.
Key Terms:
- Fiscal federalism: The distribution of fiscal responsibilities and resources between different levels of government.
- National Determined Contributions (NDCs): Commitments made by countries under the Paris Agreement to mitigate climate change.
- Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES): Systems where individuals or entities are compensated for protecting or enhancing ecosystem services.
- Tax devolution: The distribution of tax revenues among different levels of government.
Key Phrases:
- “Largest payment for ecosystem services (PES) system in the world.”
- “Tax devolution formula as a tool to align with India’s NDCs.”
- “Finance Commission evolving from a fiscal arbitrator to an orchestrator of climate readiness.”
Key Quotes:
- “The 16th FC can be pivotal in creating a basis for market instruments like National Carbon Market and National Green Credit Market to succeed.”
- “The Commission needs to metamorphose from a conventional fiscal arbitrator to an orchestrator of India’s climate readiness.”
Key Statements:
- “The 15th FC effectively became the largest payment for ecosystem services (PES) system in the world.”
- “The 16th FC can be pivotal in creating a basis for these market instruments to succeed.”
Key Facts:
- India’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 33-35% and building an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030.
- The role of Finance Commissions in mobilizing and distributing funds to states for forest conservation and combating air pollution.
Critical Analysis:
The article underscores the evolving role of Finance Commissions in environmental conservation and suggests innovative approaches for the 16th FC. However, challenges such as balancing conservation with opportunity costs and addressing pollution issues require careful consideration.
Way Forward:
The 16th Finance Commission should prioritize incorporating climate vulnerability and emission intensity into tax devolution formulas. It must transform into a key player in India’s climate readiness by aligning economic growth with environmental imperatives, supporting clean energy initiatives, and addressing regional climate challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Director General of Police (DGP)
Mains level: persistent challenges in the relationship between the Centre and Opposition-led States, particularly in the context of federal policing.
Central Idea:
The article by R.K. Raghavan discusses the state of policing in India, focusing on a recent conference in Jaipur attended by high-ranking police officers. It highlights the challenges faced by the police in terms of public trust, federal-state relations, and the need for a more inclusive and technology-driven approach. Raghavan emphasizes the growing importance of law enforcement in the country while acknowledging the persistent issues that hinder the improvement of the police force’s image.
Key Highlights:
- The three-day conference in Jaipur centered around contemporary issues in Information Technology for the police.
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s interaction with police officers signals the increasing significance of law enforcement.
- Despite honest intentions, the police struggle to gain the trust of the majority, and the public’s perception remains negative.
- The article discusses the discord between the Centre and some Opposition-led States, especially regarding the Indian Police Service (IPS).
- The author points out the need for a balance between federal governance and state autonomy, particularly concerning the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
Key Challenges:
- Lack of public trust and a negative image of the police force.
- Growing discord between the Centre and Opposition-led States, especially regarding the IPS.
- Unequal attention and glory given to IPS officers, limiting opportunities for lower-ranking personnel.
- Politicization of the police force and the challenge of resisting illegal demands from grassroots politicians.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Information Technology (IT)
- Director General of Police (DGP)
- Indian Police Service (IPS)
- Enforcement Directorate (ED)
- Federal Governance
- Grassroots Politicians
- Policing Hierarchy
Key Quotes:
- “The police have still to earn the trust and confidence of a majority of the populace.”
- “The ‘New Delhi-conceived and managed’ Indian Police Service (IPS) is perceived to be ‘a permanent irritant’ to some States.”
- “It is unfortunate that even seven decades after India’s Independence, citizens do not have a guardian organisation that will reach out to the poorest in the community.”
Key Statements:
- “The police force needs to balance federal governance and state autonomy to avoid conflicts.”
- “The negative public image of the police hinders effective law enforcement.”
- “There is a need for a major restructuring to bridge the gap between higher and lower ranks within the police force.”
Key Examples and References:
- Attacks on ED officers in some places in India pose a danger to relations between New Delhi and States.
- The article mentions the lack of attention given to the constabulary, as IPS officers tend to hog all the glory.
Key Facts/Data:
- The three-day conference in Jaipur took place in the first week of January.
- The article suggests that high unemployment rates in India drive many individuals to opt for a career in the police force.
- The negative public perception of the police force persists even after seven decades of India’s Independence.
Critical Analysis:
- The article acknowledges the positive shift towards technology adoption within the police force but raises concerns about the unequal distribution of attention and opportunities among ranks.
- The author highlights the persistent challenges in the relationship between the Centre and Opposition-led States, particularly in the context of federal policing.
Way Forward:
- The police force should focus on building trust through transparency and community engagement.
- There is a need for a restructuring that ensures opportunities for lower-ranking personnel to prove themselves.
- Policymakers should address the discord between the Centre and States to promote effective law enforcement.
In summary, R.K. Raghavan’s article underscores the need for comprehensive reforms in India’s police force, considering issues of public trust, federal-state relations, and the need for a more inclusive and technology-driven approach. The author suggests that a balanced and transparent approach can contribute to a positive transformation of the police force in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Places of Worship Act
Mains level: principles of Lord Ram's governance (Ram Rajya)
Central Idea:
The article discusses the resolution of the Babri Masjid-Ram Janambhoomi dispute in Ayodhya, emphasizing the significance of mediation in preventing bloodshed. It highlights the positive outcomes, including the absence of violence post the Supreme Court judgment in favor of Hindus. The author, Sriram Panchu, reflects on the factors contributing to the peaceful resolution, such as Muslim forums advocating against similar disputes and the recognition that ending the conflict is in the nation’s interest. The Places of Worship Act 1991 is cited as a crucial legislative tool, and the author stresses the need for its strict implementation to prevent similar disputes.
Key Highlights:
- Successful mediation in the Babri Masjid-Ram Janambhoomi dispute avoided violence.
- Factors contributing to the resolution include Muslim forums discouraging similar conflicts and the national interest in ending the dispute.
- The Places of Worship Act 1991 played a vital role in preventing such disputes but had an exception for the Ayodhya case.
- The article mentions the initial hasty end to mediation, but a subsequent agreement was reached with significant support from both Muslim and Hindu parties.
- The Supreme Court’s acknowledgment of the settlement effort and its decision to grant the disputed land to Hindus are discussed.
Key Terms:
- Babri Masjid-Ram Janambhoomi dispute: The longstanding conflict over the Ayodhya site between Hindus and Muslims.
- Places of Worship Act 1991: Legislation prohibiting the conversion of places of worship with an exception for the Ayodhya dispute.
- Mediation: A process involving positive communication and negotiation to reach a resolution.
Key Phrases:
- “Last of such disputes”: The voiced utterance in Muslim forums that the Ayodhya case should set a precedent for ending similar disputes.
- “Primordial interest of the nation”: Recognizing that resolving the Ayodhya dispute is crucial for the nation’s well-being.
- “Basic Structure of the Constitution”: Referring to the Places of Worship Act’s status as a constitutional safeguard against majority decisions.
- “Maryada Purushottam”: Referring to Lord Ram as the ideal man.
Key Quotes:
- “Even though a settlement may ‘seem to pass on the wings of the wind’, it shall return.” – Reference to the return of the settlement effort after the initial hasty end to mediation.
- “Building a temple and installing a statue and creating an airport and the like is of far less worth than following the dharma of Ram Rajya.” – Emphasizing the importance of embodying Lord Ram’s principles.
Key Statements:
- “Building the Ram Temple is a landmark achievement, but not the only important thing here.” – Stresses the importance of preventing similar disputes through the strict implementation of the Places of Worship Act.
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to Kashi and Mathura as places with historical temples rebuilt on adjoining land, distinguishing them from Ayodhya.
Key Facts:
- The Places of Worship Act 1991 prohibits the conversion of places of worship, except for the Ayodhya dispute.
Key Data:
- The Kashi Vishwanath temple was built in 1780, and the Srikrishna Janmasthan in 1982.
Critical Analysis:
- The article does not deeply analyze the critique of the Supreme Court’s judgment, leaving room for further exploration of its implications.
- Specific instances or challenges in implementing the Places of Worship Act are not detailed, limiting a comprehensive understanding.
Way Forward:
- Emphasizes the need for strict implementation of the Places of Worship Act to prevent the recurrence of similar disputes.
- Encourages following the principles of Lord Ram’s governance (Ram Rajya) as a more valuable achievement than building physical structures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sunehri Masjid
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian History Congress (IHC), a prominent body of historians, has recently taken a stand against the proposed demolition of the Sunehri Masjid, a late medieval mosque in New Delhi.
- Since 1984, the IHC has consistently advocated for the protection of monuments, emphasizing that all structures over 200 years old should be strictly preserved under the Protection of Monuments Act.
About Sunehri Masjid
|
Details |
| Location |
Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi, India |
| Built By |
Mughal noble Roshan-ud-Daula |
| Construction Period |
1721-1722 |
| Legend |
In 1739, Persian invader Nadir Shah, ordered the invasion and plunder of Delhi city while standing in this mosque. |
| Dedication |
Dedicated to Shah Bhik (spiritual mentor of Roshan-ud-Daula) |
| Architectural Style |
Mughal Architecture |
| Architectural Features |
Three golden-domed turrets, slender minarets, stucco decorations |
| Educational Role |
Hosted Madrasa Aminia in 1897, later relocated to Kashmiri Gate in 1917 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Prime Minister is set to inaugurate the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), officially named the Atal Setu Nhava Sheva Sea Link.
- This 22 km bridge, conceptualized six decades ago, represents a significant development in India’s infrastructure, promising to transform connectivity and economic prospects in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
Atal Setu: the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
- Bridge Specifications: The MTHL is a 22-km-long, six-lane twin-carriageway bridge over the Thane Creek in the Arabian Sea. It connects Sewri in Mumbai to Chirle in Raigad district.
- Components: The structure comprises a 16.5 km sea link and 5.5 km of viaducts on land at both ends.
- Project Objective: Aimed at enhancing connectivity within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the MTHL is expected to spur economic growth, reduce travel time, and alleviate congestion on existing routes.
Historical Context and Development
- Initial Proposal: The concept of a bay crossing was first proposed in 1963 by Wilbur Smith Associates but remained dormant for decades.
- Revival and Challenges: The project was revived in the late 90s, with the first tenders floated in 2006. After initial interest from Reliance Infrastructure and subsequent withdrawal, the project faced multiple bidding challenges.
- Funding and Execution: The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) partnered with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for funding, leading to the commencement of work in early 2018. The project cost totaled Rs 21,200 crore, with a significant loan from JICA.
Impact of the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
- Travel Time Reduction: A study by MMRDA and JICA predicts that the MTHL will cut the average travel time between Sewri and Chirle from 61 minutes to less than 16 minutes.
- Economic and Connectivity Benefits: The bridge is expected to integrate Navi Mumbai’s economy with Mumbai and improve connectivity to key locations like the Navi Mumbai International Airport, Mumbai Pune Expressway, and the Mumbai-Goa Highway.
- Vehicle Usage: An estimated 40,000 vehicles are expected to use the link daily in its opening year.
Concerns and Challenges
- Accessibility for Commuters: Doubts remain about the bridge’s utility for daily commuters between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, considering the high toll cost and the distance of landing points from main residential areas.
- Additional Commuting Costs: The toll fee of Rs 250 for a one-way crossing and the bridge’s landing points being over 10 km from major residential zones like Vashi and Nerul may increase commuting expenses.
- Lack of Public Transport Options: As of now, there are no announcements regarding public transport facilities, such as dedicated bus lanes, on the bridge.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Swachh Survekshan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Surat in Gujarat and Indore in Madhya Pradesh have been jointly recognized as the cleanest cities in India at the Union Urban Affairs Ministry’s annual Clean City Awards 2023.
About Swachh Survekshan
- Swachh Survekshan, initiated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2016, serves as a competitive framework to promote urban sanitation improvements and citizen participation.
- Over time, Swachh Survekshan has grown to become the world’s largest urban sanitation survey.
- In the 2023 edition (SS 2023), emphasis is placed on source segregation of waste, increasing cities’ waste processing capacity, and reducing waste sent to dumpsites.
- SS 2023 introduces new indicators with added importance, focusing on phased plastic reduction, enhanced plastic waste management, “waste to wonder” parks, and zero-waste events.
- The ranking of wards within cities is encouraged through SS 2023.
- The survey assesses cities on dedicated indicators addressing issues such as ‘Open Urination’ (Yellow Spots) and ‘Open Spitting’ (Red Spots).
Highlights of the Clean City Awards 2023
- Top Rankings: Surat and Indore shared the top spot, with Navi Mumbai securing the third position in the cleanest cities category.
- Indore’s Continued Success: Remarkably, Indore has maintained its status as the cleanest city for the seventh consecutive year.
- Other Top Cities: The list of the top 10 cleanest cities also includes Greater Visakhapatnam, Bhopal, Vijayawada, New Delhi, Tirupati, Greater Hyderabad, and Pune.
State Rankings and Special Categories
- Maharashtra Leads: In the state rankings, Maharashtra emerged as the top performer, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
- Smaller Cities and Cantonnement Boards: In cities with a population of less than one lakh, Sasvad and Lonavala in Maharashtra, and Patan in Chhattisgarh, were top performers. Mhow Cantonment Board in Madhya Pradesh was recognized as the cleanest cantonment board.
- Cleanest Ganga Towns: Varanasi and Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh won awards for being the cleanest towns along the Ganga river.
Awards and Themes
- Swachh Survekshan Awards: Initiated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2016, these awards have become the world’s largest urban sanitation survey.
- Themes: The 2023 survey focused on the theme “Waste to Wealth,” while the upcoming 2024 survey will emphasize “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.”
Indore’s Journey to the Top
- Leap in Rankings: Indore’s remarkable journey from ranking 25th in 2016 to consistently holding the top position is noteworthy.
- Key Factors for Success: The city’s success is attributed to a sustainable system of garbage collection, processing, and disposal, along with citizen participation and innovative sanitation measures.
Indore’s Sanitation Initiatives
- Waste Segregation and Disposal: Indore revamped its sanitation and waste collection system, involving NGOs and changing routes for garbage disposal vehicles.
- Legacy Waste Management: The city efficiently cleared and treated large amounts of legacy waste at the Devguradiya ground.
- Infrastructure Development: Funds were allocated for constructing transfer stations and treatment plants for waste management.
- Community Engagement: Efforts were made to build sanitation habits among citizens, including the distribution of free dustbins and imposing fines for littering.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Taxes
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s net direct tax collections have achieved a significant milestone, reaching ₹14.7 lakh crore by January 10, which is over four-fifths of the fiscal year’s target.
- This performance indicates a robust growth of 19.4% compared to the same period in the previous fiscal year, showcasing the country’s strong economic recovery and efficient tax administration.
Overview of Tax Collection Performance
- Total Collections: The net direct tax collections stood at ₹14.7 lakh crore, marking an achievement of 80.61% of the budget estimates for the fiscal year 2023-24.
- Growth Rate: This represents a 19.41% increase over the net collections for the corresponding period of the last year.
- Gross Collection Growth: The gross direct tax collections rose by 16.77% to ₹17.18 lakh crore, with Personal Income Tax (PIT) inflows increasing by 26.11% and Corporate Income Tax (CIT) by 8.32%.
Detailed Analysis of Tax Collection
- Post-Refund Growth: After adjusting for refunds, the net growth in CIT collections was 12.37%, and PIT collections saw a rise of 27.26%.
- Increase in PIT and STT Receipts: Net of refunds, PIT and Securities Transaction Tax receipts were up by 27.22%.
What are Direct Taxes?
- A type of tax where the impact and the incidence fall under the same category can be defined as a Direct Tax.
- The tax is paid directly by the organization or an individual to the entity that has imposed the payment.
- The tax must be paid directly to the government and cannot be paid to anyone else.
Types of Direct Taxes
The various types of direct tax that are imposed in India are mentioned below:
(1) Income Tax:
- Depending on an individual’s age and earnings, income tax must be paid.
- Various tax slabs are determined by the Government of India which determines the amount of Income Tax that must be paid.
- The taxpayer must file Income Tax Returns (ITR) on a yearly basis.
- Individuals may receive a refund or might have to pay a tax depending on their ITR. Penalties are levied in case individuals do not file ITR.
(2) Wealth Tax:
- The tax must be paid on a yearly basis and depends on the ownership of properties and the market value of the property.
- In case an individual owns a property, wealth tax must be paid and does not depend on whether the property generates an income or not.
- Corporate taxpayers, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and individuals must pay wealth tax depending on their residential status.
- Payment of wealth tax is exempt for assets like gold deposit bonds, stock holdings, house property, commercial property that have been rented for more than 300 days, and if the house property is owned for business and professional use.
(3) Estate Tax:
- It is also called Inheritance Tax and is paid based on the value of the estate or the money that an individual has left after his/her death.
(4) Corporate Tax:
- Domestic companies, apart from shareholders, will have to pay corporate tax.
- Foreign corporations who make an income in India will also have to pay corporate tax.
- Income earned via selling assets, technical service fees, dividends, royalties, or interest that is based in India is taxable.
- The below-mentioned taxes are also included under Corporate Tax:
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): The tax must be paid for any income that is earned via taxable security transactions.
- Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT): In case any domestic companies declare, distribute, or are paid any amounts as dividends by shareholders, DDT is levied on them. However, DDT is not levied on foreign companies.
- Fringe Benefits Tax: For companies that provide fringe benefits for maids, drivers, etc., Fringe Benefits Tax is levied on them.
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): For zero-tax companies that have accounts prepared according to the Companies Act, MAT is levied on them.
(5) Capital Gains Tax:
- It is a form of direct tax that is paid due to the income that is earned from the sale of assets or investments. Investments in farms, bonds, shares, businesses, art, and homes come under capital assets.
- Based on its holding period, tax can be classified into long-term and short-term.
- Any assets, apart from securities, that are sold within 36 months from the time they were acquired come under short-term gains.
- Long-term assets are levied if any income is generated from the sale of properties that have been held for a duration of more than 36 months.
Advantages of Direct Taxes
The main advantages of Direct Taxes in India are mentioned below:
- Economic and Social balance: The Government of India has launched well-balanced tax slabs depending on an individual’s earnings and age. The tax slabs are also determined based on the economic situation of the country. Exemptions are also put in place so that all income inequalities are balanced out.
- Productivity: As there is a growth in the number of people who work and community, the returns from direct taxes also increase. Therefore, direct taxes are considered to be very productive.
- Inflation is curbed: Tax is increased by the government during inflation. The increase in taxes reduces the necessity for goods and services, which leads to inflation to compress.
- Certainty: Due to the presence of direct taxes, there is a sense of certainty from the government and the taxpayer. The amount that must be paid and the amount that must be collected is known by the taxpayer and the government, respectively.
- Distribution of wealth is equal: Higher taxes are charged by the government to the individuals or organizations that can afford them. This extra money is used to help the poor and lower societies in India.
What are the disadvantages of direct taxes?
- Easily evadable: Not all are willing to pay their taxes to the government. Some are willing to submit a false return of income to evade tax. These individuals can easily conceal their incomes, with no accountability to the law of the land.
- Arbitrary: Taxes, if progressive, are fixed arbitrarily by the Finance Minister. If proportional, it creates a heavy burden on the poor.
- Disincentive: If there are high taxes, it does not allow an individual to save or invest, leading to the economic suffering of the country. It does not allow businesses/industries to grow, inflicting damage to them.
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Central Idea:
The article criticizes the Speaker of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, Rahul Narwekar, for his decision to recognize Chief Minister Eknath Shinde, who left the Uddhav Thackeray-led Shiv Sena group, as the legitimate leader of the party. The author argues that the Speaker’s decision, influenced by political affiliations, undermines legislative procedures and regulations, creating legal inconsistencies and setting a concerning precedent for future political maneuvering.
Key Highlights:
- Speaker Narwekar’s decision favors Chief Minister Shinde, who defected from the Uddhav Thackeray-led group, causing a split in the Shiv Sena.
- The article points out three major flaws in the Speaker’s decision, including the misinterpretation of majority support, violation of Supreme Court guidelines on the appointment of a whip, and contradictory handling of the Thackeray camp’s violation of the whip.
- The Speaker’s political affiliation with the BJP raises concerns about impartiality and adherence to constitutional principles.
Key Challenges:
- The Speaker’s decision raises questions about the integrity of legislative procedures and the potential influence of political considerations on constitutional matters.
- Legal inconsistencies, including the misinterpretation of majority support and the violation of Supreme Court guidelines, create challenges for maintaining the rule of law.
- The article suggests that the decision might lead to prolonged legal battles and sets a precedent for party splits orchestrated by external political forces.
Key Terms:
- Defection: The act of switching allegiance from one political party to another.
- Whip: An official in a political party responsible for ensuring party members vote in line with party decisions.
- Constitutional Morality: Adherence to ethical and constitutional principles in decision-making.
Key Phrases:
- “Recognition of the split as a textbook example of disregard for legislative procedure.”
- “Craters, not holes, in the Speaker’s order.”
- “Political heavyweights absent during the crucial decision.”
Key Quotes:
- “To hold that it is the legislature party which appoints the whip would be to sever the figurative umbilical cord…”
- “The Speaker’s decision is bound to trigger yet another legal battle.”
- “The BJP has perfected the art of engineering defections.”
Key Statements:
- “Speaker Narwekar’s decision may be seen as a mockery of the Constitution.”
- “The Speaker’s affiliation with the BJP adds to suspicions of bias.”
- “Legal inconsistencies and violations of Supreme Court guidelines are evident in the decision.”
Key Examples and References:
- Chief Minister Shinde’s defection from Shiv Sena and the subsequent split.
- The Speaker’s acceptance of a new whip in violation of Supreme Court guidelines.
- The contradiction in handling the Thackeray camp’s violation of the whip.
Key Facts and Data:
- Speaker Rahul Narwekar is a member of the BJP.
- Chief Minister Shinde initially had 16 out of 55 MLAs when he left Shiv Sena.
- The BJP’s success in engineering defections in Maharashtra is highlighted as a concerning trend.
Critical Analysis: The article criticizes the Speaker’s decision for favoring the ruling party, creating legal loopholes, and potentially setting a precedent for orchestrated party splits. It emphasizes the need for judicial intervention to uphold constitutional morality and address the flaws in the decision.
Way Forward:
- The judiciary should play a proactive role in addressing the legal inconsistencies and potential violations of constitutional principles.
- Political leaders and legislative bodies should prioritize the adherence to established procedures and guidelines.
- Public awareness and scrutiny can contribute to holding political figures accountable for decisions that may undermine democratic values.
In conclusion, the article highlights the importance of upholding constitutional principles in the face of political maneuvering, urging judicial intervention and public vigilance to safeguard the integrity of legislative processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H1 Rule
Mains level: Addressing AMR requires a holistic approach
Central Idea:
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) conducted a study revealing that over half of the surveyed hospital patients in India were given antibiotics preventively rather than for treatment. This overuse of antibiotics poses a significant risk as India already faces a high burden of drug-resistant pathogens, contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Experts Sumit Ray and Abdul Ghafur discuss the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to this issue, emphasizing the need for judicious antibiotic use and addressing systemic challenges.
Key Highlights:
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): AMR refers to microorganisms becoming resistant to antibiotics. India is grappling with high levels of drug-resistant bacteria, impacting patient outcomes negatively.
- Factors Leading to AMR: Inappropriate antibiotic use, lack of rapid diagnostics, insufficient training, inadequate monitoring, and pharmaceutical industry incentives contribute to the rise of AMR.
- NCDC Survey Findings: The survey showed that 55% of patients received antibiotics as a preventive measure, indicating a potential over-prescription issue.
- Root Causes of Over-Prescription: Overcrowded hospitals, limited access to rapid diagnostics, and economic factors drive doctors to opt for antibiotics as a quicker and cheaper alternative.
- Immediate Threat: The immediate danger is evident in the survey’s findings, with a significant percentage of patients exhibiting resistance to various generations of antibiotics, leading to poor health outcomes.
- AMR as a Complex Challenge: AMR is not solely a medical issue but a complex challenge involving socio-economic, political, and infrastructural factors.
Key Challenges:
- Over-Prescription: Doctors tend to prescribe antibiotics unnecessarily due to factors like overcrowded hospitals, limited time for examinations, and inadequate diagnostic facilities.
- Lack of Rapid Diagnostics: The absence of quick and affordable diagnostic tools contributes to the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
- Systemic Issues: Weak governance, inadequate sanitation, poverty, and limited access to clean water are interconnected factors contributing to AMR.
- Implementation Gap: Existing guidelines for antibiotic use exist, but there is a gap in their implementation, leading to over-prescription.
- Incentivization in Pharma Industry: The pharmaceutical industry’s encouragement of certain prescribing practices exacerbates the problem.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Microorganisms becoming resistant to antibiotics.
- Over-the-Counter Antibiotics: Antibiotics available without a prescription.
- H1 Rule: Regulation prohibiting certain antibiotics without a prescription.
- Colistin: A potent antibiotic, banned for growth promotion in poultry farming.
- Third/Fourth-Generation Antibiotics: Antibiotics of advanced generations, facing resistance in bacterial strains.
Key Quotes:
- “I treat infections in cancer patients, who are the most immuno-compromised patients you can come across. Patients are losing their lives because of AMR.” – Abdul Ghafur
- “What is essential is the linking of labs to all levels of clinical setups and the fast transmission of infection-related data between the lab and the clinician.” – Sumit Ray
Key Examples and References:
- National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) survey on antibiotic use in Indian hospitals.
- Indian government’s 2019 ban on colistin use in poultry farming.
Critical Analysis:
- Overcrowded hospitals and limited diagnostic access drive over-prescription.
- Addressing AMR requires a holistic approach, considering socio-economic factors.
Way Forward:
- Restrict access to reserve antibiotics to reduce resistance.
- Improve public health systems, delivery, and sanitation to curb AMR.
- Enforce existing laws, such as the ban on over-the-counter antibiotic sales.
In conclusion, addressing the overuse of antibiotics in India requires a multifaceted approach, involving improvements in healthcare infrastructure, diagnostic capabilities, and enforcement of regulations. The goal is to mitigate the immediate threat of AMR and ensure the judicious use of antibiotics for effective treatment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Westminster system
Mains level: principles of parliamentary democracy and the importance of an effective opposition.
Central Idea:
The article reflects on the recent security breach in the Indian Parliament, drawing attention to the historical debate around the choice of a parliamentary government for India. It explores the importance of having a stable government with effective opposition, emphasizing the parliamentary system’s capacity to accommodate diversity. The author questions the handling of the security breach incident and the subsequent suspension of a significant number of opposition members.
Key Highlights:
- Security lapse in the Indian Parliament in December 2023.
- Historical debate on the choice of a parliamentary government in India.
- Importance of stable government with effective opposition.
- Challenges faced by the ruling party in accommodating opposition.
- Critique of the current leadership’s response to the security breach.
Key Challenges:
- Grappling with the aftermath of a significant security breach.
- Balancing the need for a stable government with the necessity of an effective opposition.
- Managing the paradox of majority endorsement while ensuring constant validation for the common good.
- Ensuring parliamentary committees address security concerns adequately.
- Striking a balance between executive authority and parliamentary dignity.
Key Terms:
- Parliamentary government
- Opposition
- Security breach
- Westminster system
- Presidential system
- Swarajist model
- Indian orthodoxy
- Common good
- Effective representation
- Stability in governance
Key Phrases:
- “Foundational institution of public life.”
- “Parliamentary form of government.”
- “Security lapses and pandemonium.”
- “Doctrinal, ethnic, and cultural pluralisms.”
- “Dialectics of stable support and effective opposition.”
- “Insistent demand of the Opposition.”
- “Suspended members from both Houses.”
- “Ruling party’s ability to defend its course.”
Key Quotes:
- “A parliamentary system marks a better space for minorities.”
- “The ruling party has not found it easy to face a sustained Opposition.”
- “It is not the truth that a ruling dispensation upholds that serves its claim to rule but its ability to defend the course it pursues as the truth.”
Anecdotes:
- Incident involving Jawaharlal Nehru and Speaker Mavalankar’s refusal to go to the Prime Minister’s chamber.
- Reference to historical debates within the Constituent Assembly on the form of government for India.
Key Statements:
- “The security breach is a breach inflicted on the nation as a whole.”
- “The ruling party, despite challenges, has to live with the logic of the parliamentary system.”
- “The suspension of almost the entire Opposition from both the Houses can hardly meet the test of becoming the voice of the nation.”
Key Examples and References:
- Two young men with gas canisters causing pandemonium in the Lok Sabha.
- Historical references to arguments for the presidential, Indian orthodox, and swarajist models.
- Mention of Jawaharlal Nehru’s sensitivity to the absence of an effective opposition.
Key Facts and Data:
- December 2023: Security breach in the Indian Parliament.
- Suspension of 146 members from both Houses.
- Reference to the historical debate within the Constituent Assembly.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically evaluates the current state of the Indian Parliament, questioning the handling of the security breach and the subsequent suspension of opposition members. It emphasizes the importance of a stable government with an effective opposition, highlighting historical debates on the choice of a parliamentary system. The author critiques the leadership’s response and underscores the need for a balance between executive authority and parliamentary dignity.
Way Forward:
- Address the security concerns through parliamentary committees.
- Foster a more collaborative approach between the ruling party and the opposition.
- Uphold the principles of parliamentary democracy and the importance of an effective opposition.
- Prioritize transparency and communication in addressing lapses and challenges.
- Reaffirm the commitment to diversity, pluralism, and the common good in parliamentary governance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Republic Day Tableaux
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Defence Ministry’s proposal for a rollover plan for States and UTs to showcase their tableaux at the Republic Day parade comes amid ongoing controversies and complaints from various states.
- The plan aims to ensure that every State and UT gets an opportunity to participate within a three-year cycle, addressing the issue of limited slots (approximately 15) available each year.
Selection Process for Republic Day Tableaux
- Participants: State Governments/UT Administrations/Central Ministries/Departments are eligible to send tableaux.
- Application Process: Interested parties submit a concept note and design blueprints to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) by a specified deadline.
- Expert Committee Evaluation: The MoD appoints a committee of experts in art, culture, and related fields to evaluate the proposals in two stages:
-
- Stage 1: Initial assessment of proposals and design sketches, with possible rejections or suggestions for modifications.
- Stage 2: Evaluation of three-dimensional models, leading to final selection or further modifications.
Criteria for Selection
- Factors Considered: Visual appeal, thematic relevance, detailing, accompanying music, use of local artists, and adherence to the year’s overarching theme.
- 2024 Theme: “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) and “Bharat: Loktantra ki Matrika” (India: the Mother of Democracy).
- Guidelines: The MoD specifies guidelines, including the use of young designers, electronic displays, robotics, 3D printing, augmented/virtual reality, and eco-friendly materials. Conformity to these guidelines is encouraged.
Controversies and Rejections
- Opposition-Ruled States’ Concerns: States like Karnataka, Punjab, and West Bengal have expressed dissatisfaction over their tableaux being rejected.
- Centre’s Stance: The Centre has maintained its decision without providing specific reasons for rejection.
- Possible Reasons for Rejection: Misalignment with the broader theme, as suggested by MoD sources regarding Punjab and West Bengal’s proposals.
- Political Allegations: A politician claimed that the Delhi government’s exclusion lacked justification, intending to showcase the state’s governance model.
Conclusion
- Navigating Challenges: The new rollover plan and selection process aim to balance equitable state representation with adherence to thematic and aesthetic guidelines.
- Addressing Discontent: While the plan seeks to mitigate annual complaints, it also raises questions about transparency and political considerations in the selection process.
- Future Prospects: Ensuring a transparent, inclusive, and theme-compliant selection process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and celebratory spirit of the Republic Day parade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amaterasu
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In a significant scientific breakthrough, Japanese scientists discovered an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray in May 2021, which he named ‘Amaterasu’ after the Japanese sun goddess.
Discovery of Amaterasu
- Event Identification: Dr. Toshihiro Fujii, an astronomer at Osaka Metropolitan University, discovered the cosmic ray named Amaterasu.
- Measurement: Amaterasu had an energy of 240 exa-electron-volt (EeV), an extremely high level.
- Comparison with Man-Made Accelerators: This energy is about 40 million times higher than that of protons accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Mystery of Amaterasu’s Origin
- Unusual Origin: Amaterasu appears to have originated from an empty part of the universe.
- Dr. Fujii’s Theories: Possible explanations include an unidentified source, interaction with a strong magnetic field, or the need for new physics models.
- Previous Records: The “Oh My God” particle, detected in 1991 with an energy of 320 EeV, remains the most energetic cosmic ray recorded.
Nature and Impact of Cosmic Rays
- Composition: Cosmic rays are streams of energetic particles, including protons and alpha particles, originating from outer space and the sun.
- Interaction with Earth: Most cosmic rays lose their energy in Earth’s atmosphere, preventing harmful high-intensity rays from reaching the surface.
- Historical Significance: Studies of cosmic rays since the 1930s have led to the discovery of many subatomic particles, although their sources and high energy remain a mystery.
Types and Origins of Cosmic Rays
- Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR): Originating from beyond our solar system, possibly from supernovae.
- Solar Cosmic Rays: Emitted by the sun, primarily in solar flares, consisting mainly of protons.
- Composition Analysis: Studies show a helium-to-hydrogen nuclei mass ratio in cosmic rays similar to the early universe’s composition.
Implications of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
- Ultra-high-energy cosmic Rays (UHECRs): These are extragalactic particles with energies exceeding 1 EeV.
- Limitations in Space Travel: UHECRs with more than 60 EeV energy face suppression due to interaction with cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, limiting their travel distance to 50-100 megaparsecs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Split and Merger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Maharashtra Assembly Speaker ruled that the ruling faction of a political party was the legitimate and real, having the support of the majority of the party’s MLAs.
Anti-Defection Law in India
- Rise of Political Instability: The late 1970s saw rampant floor-crossing by legislators, epitomized by the phrase “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” after MLA Gaya Lal’s frequent party changes in 1967.
- Legislative Efforts: Various bills, including the 32nd and 48th Constitution Amendment Bills, were introduced to address defections but lapsed or were not passed.
- Enactment of the Law: The 52nd Amendment in 1985, under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, introduced the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, embedding the anti-defection law.
Features of the Anti-Defection Law
[A] Disqualification Criteria:
- Members of Political Parties: Disqualification occurs if a member voluntarily gives up their party membership or defies the party’s directive without prior permission, which is not condoned within 15 days.
- Independent Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after election.
- Nominated Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after six months from taking their seat in the House.
[B] Exceptions:
- Merger: A member is not disqualified if their original party merges with another party, and at least two-thirds of its members agree to the merger.
- Presiding Officers: Members who become presiding officers can relinquish party membership and rejoin it after their term without facing disqualification.
[C] Decision Makin:
- Deciding Authority: The presiding officer of the respective House is the authority to decide on disqualification matters, subject to judicial review as established in the Kihoto Hollohan case (1991).
- Rule-making Power: The presiding officer can formulate rules for implementing the Tenth Schedule, subject to the approval of the House.
- Procedure for Disqualification: The presiding officer acts upon a defection case upon receiving a complaint. The accused member must be given a chance to explain, and the matter can be referred to a committee for inquiry.
- Position of Speaker: Party whips do not apply to the Speaker. However, questions of disqualification under the law concerning the Speaker or Chairman are decided by a member elected by the House.
Judicial Interpretations and Election Commission’s Role
- Key Judgments: The Kihoto Hollohan case (1991) made the Speaker’s decision on defection subject to judicial review. Other significant cases include Ravi Naik vs Union of India and G. Viswanathan Vs. The Hon’ble Speaker, Tamil Nadu, which clarified aspects of voluntary membership relinquishment and expulsion.
- Election Commission’s Guidelines: The EC resolves intra-party disputes based on majority support in both organizational and legislative wings and may freeze party symbols in unresolved cases.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Discriminatory Features: The law is criticized for not differentiating between dissent and defection and for its approach to individual versus group defections.
- Absence of Time Limit: The lack of a mandated timeframe for decisions on defection cases has led to manipulation and delays.
- Impact on Democratic Functioning: Critics argue that the law restricts legislators’ freedom and weakens legislative checks on the executive.
Debate on Repeal or Amendment
- Arguments for Repeal: Some argue for the law’s repeal, citing its failure to prevent defections and its hindrance to representative democracy.
- Arguments against Repeal: Proponents believe it ensures government stability, recognizes party systems, and reduces corruption.
- Suggested Amendments: Recommendations for amendments include limiting the law’s scope, enhancing decision-making processes, and promoting intra-party democracy.
Expert Recommendations
- Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and Law Commission (170th Report, 1999): Suggested amendments include limiting disqualification and involving the President/Governor and EC in decision-making.
- Constitution Review Commission (2002): Proposed barring defectors from holding public office and invalidating their votes in toppling governments.
- Election Commission’s Proposal: Recommended that decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/Governor based on the EC’s binding advice.
Way Forward
- Amending the Law: Amendments should address existing shortcomings, such as defining “voluntarily giving up membership” and removing distinctions in disqualification criteria.
- Enhancing Democratic Functioning: Reforms should focus on promoting intra-party democracy and regulating the use of whips.
- Voter Responsibility: The electorate’s role in holding defectors accountable through the ballot remains crucial.
Conclusion
- Navigating Political Stability and Democracy: The anti-defection law seeks to balance political stability with democratic representation and legislative accountability.
- Adapting to Contemporary Politics: As political dynamics evolve, so must the legal frameworks, ensuring their relevance and effectiveness.
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