Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Citizenship;CAA 2019; CAA 2024; Judicial interventions;
Mains level: Citizenship; CAA 2019; CAA 2024; Judicial interventions;
Why in the news?Â
- The Ministry of Home Affairs notified the rules to implement the CAA, which fast-tracks citizenship for non-Muslim immigrants from neighbouring countries. Despite delays, the Act faces challenges in the Supreme Court.
Context
- Petitions challenge the CAA’s constitutionality, arguing it violates Article 14 by making religion a qualifier for citizenship.
- Petitions seek a stay on the recently notified rules, criticizing the bypassing of tiered scrutiny for citizenship applications and the government’s decision to implement rules before a final court decision.
About Citizenship Amendment Act 2019:
- Origin- The citizenship laws in India find their roots in the constitution through Articles 5-11 and the Citizenship Act of 1955. This legislation outlines provisions for acquiring citizenship through birth, descent, registration, and naturalization.
- Changes as per CAA 2019– It revised the Citizenship Act of 1955 to grant eligibility for Indian citizenship to illegal migrants who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024:
Despite a delay of over four years, the Ministry of Home Affairs has officially issued the Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024, facilitating the implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019.
The key provisions include:
- Application Process: Eligible refugees are required to submit applications accompanied by affidavits verifying statements, character references from Indian citizens, and a declaration of proficiency in a designated Indian language for citizenship.
- E-Application to District-Level Committee: The rules stipulate that applications must be submitted electronically to a district-level committee for verification of documents and administration of the oath of allegiance. Failure to appear in person may result in rejection of the application by the empowered committee following review by the district committee.
- Supporting Documentation: Applicants are mandated to provide supporting documents such as passports, birth certificates, identity papers, land records, or evidence of ancestry from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh to substantiate their citizenship claims.
- Verification of Entry Date: Applicants must furnish evidence of entry before December 31, 2014, through one of the 20 specified documents, including FRRO registration, Census slips, government-issued IDs (such as Aadhaar, ration card, driver’s license), or marriage certificates issued in India.
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What are the implications of CAA?
- Potential Impact on Muslims: The CAA, when combined with the proposed National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC), has the potential to disproportionately affect Muslims residing in India. Non-Muslims may have an opportunity to obtain citizenship through the CAA, while Muslims may be denied this opportunity.
- Exclusion from NRIC: In the event of people being excluded from the NRIC, non-Muslims may have a pathway to inclusion through the CAA, while Muslims may face barriers. The Supreme Court-monitored NRC exercise in Assam in 2021 left over 19 lakh people from the citizenship register, raising concerns about exclusion and discrimination.
- Executive Order and Implementation: The Union government issued an order granting District Collectors in five states with high migrant populations the power to grant citizenship to groups identified in the CAA amendment. However, there were allegations that this order was a tactic to implement the CAA, which the government denied.
- Relaxation of Citizenship Criteria: The newly notified rules under the CAA have eased the process of granting Indian citizenship to members of specified communities by excluding the requirement of a valid passport or visa. Instead, documents showing ancestry from designated countries are deemed sufficient.
- Constitutional Challenges: The constitutionality of the CAA has been challenged in court, with petitions arguing that the law violates Article 14 of the Constitution by making religion a qualifier for citizenship.
- Impact on Assam Accord: The CAA has been criticized as undermining the Assam Accord of 1985, which does not differentiate on grounds of religion and deems any person who cannot prove ancestry beyond March 24, 1971, as an alien. Petitions contend that the law may lead to an increase in the influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh to Assam.
How has the Supreme Court responded? (Judicial Stand)
- December 2019: The Supreme Court, led by former Chief Justice of India (CJI) S.A. Bobde, refused to stay the operation of the CAA. Instead, the court suggested that the government should publicize the actual intent of the Act.
- A similar plea for a stay was rejected by the court on January 22, 2020, with the court emphasizing the need to hear the government’s perspective first.
- October 2022: A Bench led by former CJI U.U. Lalit ordered that final hearings in the case would commence on December 6, 2022.
- However, since then, the case has not been listed. According to the Supreme Court’s website, the petitions are currently before a Bench headed by Justice Pankaj Mithal.
What is the significance of the challenge to Section 6A?
- Dependence on Assam Accord: Section 6A was introduced in furtherance of the Assam Accord, a Memorandum of Settlement signed in 1985 to resolve issues related to immigration in Assam.
- Therefore, the challenge to Section 6A is intricately linked to the implementation and interpretation of the Assam Accord.
- Legal Implications: The challenges against Section 6A of the Citizenship Act and the CAA raise significant legal questions regarding their constitutionality and compatibility with existing laws and agreements.
- These legal challenges highlight the need for clarity and consistency in India’s citizenship laws.
- Interpretation of Assam Accord: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, introduced by the Assam Accord of 1985, establishes March 24, 1971, as the cut-off date for determining citizenship in Assam.
- The challenges against this provision and the CAA raise questions about the interpretation and implementation of the Assam Accord, which aimed to resolve issues related to immigration in Assam.
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Why are petitioners seeking a stay on the rules?
- Changes in Scrutiny Process: The rules have reportedly eliminated the tiered scrutiny process of applications for citizenship by District Collectors.
- Previously, District Collectors scrutinized applications, and state governments provided recommendations on granting citizenship. The removal of this scrutiny process is a concern for the petitioners.
- Timing of their implementation: The petitioners highlight that the government had previously avoided a push for a stay on the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in the Supreme Court five years ago by arguing that the rules for implementation had not been framed.
- Now, with the rules in place, the petitioners question the timing of their implementation.
- Pending Decision from Supreme Court: The petitioners argue that the government should have awaited a final decision from the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of the CAA before implementing the rules.
- They suggest that implementing the rules without a definitive ruling from the court could preempt its decision-making process.
Conclusion:
- Implementing the Citizenship Amendment Act and its accompanying rules faces legal challenges and societal implications.
- Moving forward, ensuring fairness, inclusivity, and adherence to constitutional principles will be vital in resolving the complexities surrounding citizenship laws in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darien Gap
Mains level: NA
Why in the news:
- Much of the discussion over illegal immigration to the US has in recent weeks moved its focus south to the Darien Gap.
What is Darien Gap?
- The Darien Gap spans northern Colombia and Southern Panama, covering approximately 97 km of dense jungle terrain.
- It is situated in the narrowest part of the Isthmus of Panama, connecting North America to South America.
- It covers an area of approximately 41,440 square km.
- The landscape is characterized by dense rainforests, swamps, rivers, and rugged mountains.
- It is one of the most biologically diverse regions on Earth, home to a wide array of plant and animal species, including jaguars, pumas, tapirs, and numerous bird species.
Why in the news?
Ans. Surge in Illegal Crossings
- Escalating Numbers: In 2021, the Panamanian government recorded a staggering 133,000 crossings, with over half a million individuals transiting through the region in 2023.
- Root Causes: Violence, insecurity, and limited legal immigration options in home countries propel individuals, including Venezuelans, Haitians, and Afghans, to undertake the perilous journey.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:
The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to:
(a) Central Asia
(b) Middle East
(c) South-East Asia
(d) Central Africa
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NBFCs and their operations, Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Nearly two years after introducing a revised regulatory framework for non-banking finance companies (NBFCs), the Reserve Bank of India is set to review the categorisation of NBFCs in 2024.
- Currently, 16 NBFCs are placed in the upper layer.
What are Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)?
- A NBFC is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956.
- It engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, and chit business.
- It does NOT include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.
How are NBFCs different from Bank?
- NBFCs lends and make investments and hence their activities are akin to that of banks.
- However, there are a few differences as given below:
- Commercial Banks are regulated under Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
- NBFC CANNOT accept demand deposits.
- NBFCs DO NOT form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself.
- Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is NOT available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks.
Different types/categories of NBFCs registered with RBI
NBFCs are categorized:
- in terms of the type of liabilities into Deposit and Non-Deposit accepting NBFCs,
- non deposit taking NBFCs by their size into systemically important and other non-deposit holding companies (NBFC-NDSI and NBFC-ND) and
- by the kind of activity they conduct.
Within this broad categorization the different types of NBFCs are as follows:
|
Definition |
| Asset Finance Company (AFC) |
A financial institution primarily engaged in financing physical assets used in productive/economic activities, such as automobiles, tractors, machinery, and industrial equipment. |
| Investment Company (IC) |
A company whose principal business involves acquiring securities. |
| Loan Company (LC) |
A financial institution primarily engaged in providing finance through loans, advances, or other means for activities other than its own.
Does not include Asset Finance Companies. |
| Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC) |
A non-banking finance company that deploys at least 75% of its total assets in infrastructure loans, with a minimum Net Owned Funds of ₹300 crore, a minimum credit rating of ‘A’ or equivalent, and a CRAR of 15%. |
| Systemically Important NBFCs |
NBFCs with an asset size of ₹500 crore or more, as per the last audited balance sheet.
Considered significant due to their potential impact on the overall financial stability of the economy. |
Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs
- Scale-based regulations came into effect in October 2021 and were implemented a year later by RBI.
- There are four layers namely the base layer, middle layer, upper layer and top layer.
- As on September 30, 2023, NBFCs in the base, middle and upper layers constituted 6 per cent, 71 per cent and 23 per cent of the total assets of NBFCs respectively.
- Presently, no NBFC is listed in the top layer.
Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of the SBR:
- Base Layer (NBFC-BL)
- The Base Layer primarily comprises non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets below Rs 1,000 crore.
- It encompasses NBFC Peer to Peer (P2P), NBFC-Account Aggregator (AA), Non-Operative Financial Holding Company (NOFHC), and NBFCs without public funds and customer interface.
- Middle Layer (NBFC-ML)
- The Middle Layer includes deposit-taking NBFCs and non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets exceeding Rs 1,000 crore.
- It encompasses NBFCs involved in specific activities such as Standalone Primary Dealers (SPDs), Infrastructure Debt Fund – NBFCs (IDF-NBFCs), Core Investment Companies (CICs), Housing Finance Companies (HFCs), and Infrastructure Finance Companies (NBFC-IFCs).
III. Upper Layer (NBFC-UL)
- The Upper Layer comprises NBFCs identified by RBI as requiring enhanced regulatory requirements based on specific parameters and scoring methodology.
- The top 10 eligible NBFCs in terms of asset size will always be placed in the Upper Layer, irrespective of other factors.
- Top Layer (NBFC-TL)
- NBFCs in the Upper Layer may be transferred to the Top Layer if RBI perceives a significant increase in potential systemic risk.
- Currently, the Top Layer remains vacant but serves as a precautionary measure for heightened risk situations.
With inputs from: https://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?Id=21580
Practice MCQ:
Q. With reference to the Scale-Based Regulation of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), consider the following statements:
- Higher the layer, least is the regulatory intervention required by the RBI.
- Currently, no NBFC is listed in the top layer.
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Try this PYQ from CSE 2020:
- If you withdraw ` 1,00,000 in cash from your Demand Deposit Account at your bank, the immediate effect on aggregate money supply in the economy will be:
(a) to reduce it by ` 1,00,000
(b) to increase it by ` 1,00,000
(c) to increase it by more than ` 1,00,000
(d) to leave it unchanged
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Laws governing OTT Ban
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The Information & Broadcasting Ministry has blocked 18 OTT platforms on the charge of publishing obscene and vulgar content.
How were these platforms banned?
- The contents listed on the OTT platforms was found to be prima facie violation of:
- Section 67 and 67A of the Information Technology Act, 2000;
- Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code; and
- Section 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.
- These platforms were violative of the responsibility to not propagate obscenity, vulgarity and abuse under the guise of ‘creative expression’.
How are OTT Platforms regulated in India?
- Regulatory Framework: The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 introduce a Code of Ethics applicable to digital media entities and OTT platforms.
- Key Provisions: These guidelines encompass content categorization, parental controls, adherence to journalistic norms, and the establishment of a grievance redressal mechanism to address concerns.
[A] Content Regulations
- Age-Based Classification: OTT platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime are mandated to classify their content into five age-based categories: U (universal), 7+, 13+, 16+, and A (adult).
- Parental Locks: Effective parental locks must be implemented for content classified as 13+, ensuring that parents can control access to age-inappropriate material.
- Age Verification: Robust age verification systems are required for accessing adult content, enhancing parental oversight and safeguarding minors from exposure to inappropriate material.
[B] Grievance Redressal Mechanism
- Three-Tier System: A comprehensive grievance redressal mechanism consisting of three tiers has been established:
-
- Level-I: Publishers are encouraged to engage in self-regulation to address grievances and concerns internally.
- Level-II: A self-regulating body, headed by a retired judge from the Supreme Court or High Court or an eminent independent figure, will oversee complaints and ensure impartial resolution.
- Level-III: The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting will formulate an oversight mechanism and establish an inter-departmental committee tasked with addressing grievances. This body possesses the authority to censor and block content when necessary.
[C] Selective Banning of OTT Communication Services
- Parliamentary Notice: Concerns about the influence and impact of OTT communication services prompted a notice from a Parliamentary Standing Committee to the Department of Telecom (DoT).
- Scope of Discussion: This discussion focuses exclusively on OTT communication services such as WhatsApp, Signal, Meta (formerly Facebook), Google Meet, and Zoom, excluding content-based OTTs like Netflix or Amazon Prime.
- Regulatory Authority: Content regulation within OTT communication services falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB), emphasizing the government’s commitment to ensuring responsible communication practices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lyme Disease and its causative borrelia bacteria
Mains level: NA
In the news
- A suspected case of Lyme disease caused by the bite of a tick carrying borrelia bacteria has been reported from Koovapady in Ernakulam district.
What is Lyme Disease?
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Lyme is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks.
- Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans.
- If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system.
Symptoms of Lyme Disease
Symptoms of Lyme disease depend on the stage of the condition.
(1) Stage 1
- The early symptoms of Lyme disease begin to appear within 3 to 30 days after a tick bite.
- In this stage, the disease has a limited set of symptoms that includes rash, fever, headache, muscle aches etc. and hence is called early localised disease.
(2) Stage 2
- Stage 2 is often more serious and widespread. It is called early disseminated disease.
- Symptoms include more rashes on other parts of the body, neck pain or stiffness, muscle weakness on one or both sides of the face etc.
(3) Stage 3
- In the United States, the most common condition of this stage is arthritis in large joints, particularly the knees.
- Pain, swelling or stiffness may last for a long time. Or the symptoms may come and go.
- Stage 3 symptoms usually begin 2 to 12 months after a tick bite.
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Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:
Which of the following statements is/are correct?Â
Viruses can infect
- bacteria
- fungi
- plants
Select the correct answer using the code given below.Â
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ) , Monsoon Trough, ART-CI
Mains level: NA
Why in the news-
- The Ministry of Earth Sciences has commissioned Atmospheric Research Testbed-Central India (ART-CI) near Bhopal.
About Atmospheric Research Testbed
- ART-CI stands as an innovative testbed facility, pioneering the exploration of monsoon convection and land-atmosphere interactions, marking a significant advancement in climate research.
- The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune leads ART-CI, operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
Mission Objectives
- ART-CI primarily targets the monsoon trough area, encompassing the Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ), a critical component of the regional climate system.
- Understanding this zone is paramount for precise weather forecasts and accurate climate modelling within India.
Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ)
- MCZ is a region in India stretching from Gujarat to West Bengal in the east.
- India Meteorological Department demarcates it as an agricultural region where cropping is mostly rainfed.
- It is the region within the monsoon trough area that plays a central role in the dynamics of the Indian monsoon system.
- It is characterized by intense convective activity, significant rainfall, and crucial atmospheric interactions that influence the overall behavior of the monsoon.
- The MCZ typically experiences a concentration of atmospheric processes that drive the onset, progression, and withdrawal of the monsoon rains across the Indian subcontinent.
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Features and Capabilities
- ART-CI’s development unfolds incrementally as part of the Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS) umbrella scheme.
- The facility will feature an extensive array of remote-sensing and in-situ instruments.
- These tools would help monitoring of various atmospheric parameters like convection, cloud cover, precipitation, soil moisture, radiation levels, and microphysics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Methane Tracker, 2024
Mains level: NA
Why in the news-
- Methane emissions from fuel use in 2023 reached nearly record levels, totalling 120 million tonnes (Mt), as per the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Global Methane Tracker 2024.
What is Global Methane Tracker (GMT)?
- The IEA’s Methane Tracker is an online database that tracks oil and gas-related methane sources globally.
- It provides estimates of emissions across various sectors, including oil, natural gas, coal, and bioenergy, with the energy sector contributing nearly 40% of human-related methane emissions
- It provides current estimates of methane emissions and highlights potential reductions achievable through existing technologies.
GMT 2024: Key FindingsÂ
- Elevated Emissions: Satellite data revealed a more than 50% increase in large methane emissions in 2023 compared to the previous year.
- Top Emitters: The United States and Russia emerged as the largest emitters of methane from oil and gas operations, contributing significantly to global emissions.
- Fossil Fuel Leaks: Over 5 Mt of methane emissions were attributed to major fossil fuel leaks globally, including a significant blowout incident in Kazakhstan lasting over 200 days.
- Cost of Emission Cut: Reducing methane emissions from fossil fuels by 75% by 2030 would require about $170 billion in spending – less than 5% of the income generated by the fossil fuel industry in 2023.
About Methane Pollution
- Methane, is an organic compound composed of carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
- Second-biggest anthropogenic contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, 80 times more potent.
- Global Warming Potential (GWP) measures warming caused by substances relative to carbon dioxide over a century.
- Methane GWP100: 28, nitrous oxide 265, sulphur hexafluoride 23,500.
- Short-lived climate pollutant, breaks down in a few years, unlike carbon dioxide.
- Sources: Cattle farming, landfills, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, industrial processes.
- Energy, agriculture, and waste sectors are primary emitters, responsible for 30% of global warming.
- Livestock emissions, including manure and gastroenteric releases, account for 32% of human-caused emissions.
Global steps to curb Methane EmissionsÂ
- Paris Agreement Goal: To limit warming to 1.5°C, methane emissions from fossil fuels must be reduced by 75% by 2030, necessitating substantial efforts and investments.
- Global Methane Pledge: Launched at UN COP26 climate conference in Glasgow. Over 90 countries signed, led by the United States and the European Union (India not signed up).
- First Global Stocktake (GST):Â Released at COP28, called for countries to accelerate and substantially reduce non-carbon-dioxide emissions globally, including methane, by 2030. But it stopped short of providing a quantifiable target.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:
Q.In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index?
- Carbon dioxide
- Carbon monoxide
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Sulphur dioxide
- Methane
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vocal for Local Initiative, Aspirational Blockd/Dist Program
Mains level: NA
Why in the news-
About Vocal for Local Initiative
- Under this program, indigenous local products from 500 Aspirational Blocks have been mapped and consolidated for sale.
- District collectors and block-level officials will collaborate with partners such as Government e-Marketplace (GeM) and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) to facilitate sustainable growth of microenterprises in Aspirational Blocks.
- To facilitate this, a dedicated window for Aspirational Blocks Programme under the brand name ‘Aakanksha’ on GeM portal has been established.
What is Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP)?
- The ABP is set on the lines of the Aspirational District Programme that was launched in 2018 and covers 112 districts across the country.
- The Centre had announced its intention to launch this initiative in the Union Budget 2022-23.
- The programme will cover 500 districts across 31 states and Union Territories initially.
- Over half of these blocks are in 6 states—Uttar Pradesh (68 blocks), Bihar (61), Madhya Pradesh (42), Jharkhand (34), Odisha (29) and West Bengal (29).
- However, states can add more blocks to the programme later.
Back2Basics:Â Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)
|
Details |
| Launch Date |
January 2018 |
| Objective |
To transform identified aspirational districts quickly and effectively through a mass movement. |
| Program Contours |
- Convergence of Central & State Schemes
- Collaboration among Central, State level ‘Prabhari’ Officers & District Collectors
- Competition among districts driven by mass Movement.
|
| Selection of Districts |
- 117 Aspirational districts identified by NITI Aayog based on composite indicators.
- Real-time progress monitored based on 49 indicators from 5 thematic areas.
|
| Weightage of Indicators |
- Health & Nutrition (30%)
- Education (30%)
- Agriculture & Water Resources (20%)
- Financial Inclusion & Skill Development (10%)
- Basic Infrastructure (10%)
|
| Core Strategy |
- Development as a mass movement
- Identify strengths and low-hanging fruits in each district
- Measure progress and rank districts
- Foster competition.
|
| Features |
- Transform into a Jan Andolan
- Real-time data tracking for monitoring improvement
- Convergence between central and state government programmes.
- District performance made public
- Experience building of district bureaucracy
- Targeted towards the entire district population.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key provisions of CAA, 2019
Mains level: States opposition to CAA implementation
Why in the news?Â
- The Kerala Cabinet aims to challenge the implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, expressing opposition to its perceived anti-Muslim bias. Legal options are explored to contest the Act’s rules.
Context:
The government notified rules for implementing the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, simplifying the process for granting Indian citizenship to persecuted minorities from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who arrived before December 31, 2014.
About Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
The citizenship laws in India derived their origins from the constitution under Articles 5-11 and the Citizenship Act of 1955. This Act provided provisions for citizenship by Birth, Descent, Registration and Naturalization.
- Eligibility Criteria: Amends the Citizenship Act of 1955 to grant Indian citizenship to illegal migrants belonging to specific religious communities – Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians – from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
- Definition of Illegal Migrants: Illegal migrants are those who enter India without valid travel documents or exceed the permitted duration of stay, subject to prosecution, deportation, or imprisonment.
- Cutoff Date: Provides eligibility for Indian citizenship to illegal migrants from the mentioned communities who entered India on or before December 31, 2014, excluding them from being treated as illegal immigrants.
- Exclusion of Muslims: Notably excludes the Muslim community from the list of eligible religious groups, sparking controversy and criticism over religious discrimination in the citizenship criteria.
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What are the recent challenges faced by the Kerala Government?
- Anti-Muslim Bias: The Kerala government opposes the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), labeling it as “patently anti-Muslim and deeply schismatic.”
- Resolution for Repeal: The Kerala Assembly adopted a resolution in 2019 demanding the repeal of CAA due to its criterion of religion for Indian citizenship.
- Legal Challenge: Kerala filed an original suit before the Supreme Court under Article 131, contesting the Center’s framing of CAA rules. Congress leader Ramesh Chennithala, DYFI, and IUML challenge CAA in the Supreme Court.
- Urgency Post CAA Rules: Kerala Cabinet emphasizes new legal urgency after the Center’s notification of CAA rules.
- Ongoing anti-CAA protests were witnessed in Kerala, including train blockades and marches. Congress leaders condemn CAA for undermining secular principles.
- Opposition criticizes Kerala CM’s stance against implementing CAA and calls it political posturing.
National Scenario:Â
- States:
-
-
- In Assam: Members of the All Assam Students Union (AASU) took part in a protest march after the central government notified the rules for implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, in Guwahati.
- In Kolkata: Leaders of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) protested against the implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act.
-
- In Delhi: Students of Jamia Millia Islamia University also staged a protest after the central government notified the rules for implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act.
- In Tamil Nadu: Further, members of the Students’ Federation of India (SFI) staged a protest, a day after the Modi-led government notified the rules for implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, at Madras University.
Way Forward to address the concerns and avoid protests:
- Dialogue and Consultation: Engage in open dialogue with stakeholders, including state governments, opposition parties, and civil society, to address concerns and seek consensus on amendments or alternatives to the Citizenship Amendment Act.
- Legal Review: Conduct a comprehensive legal review of the Citizenship Amendment Act and its rules to ensure adherence to constitutional principles, including equality before the law and secularism.
- Inclusive Citizenship Criteria: Consider revising the Citizenship Amendment Act to remove religious criteria and ensure that citizenship is granted based on objective and non-discriminatory grounds, such as residency or persecution.
- Uphold Secular Values: Reaffirm the government’s commitment to secularism and religious pluralism, emphasizing the importance of protecting the rights of all communities and promoting social harmony.
Conclusion:
- Address Kerala’s concerns over anti-Muslim bias in CAA, legal challenges, and ongoing protests. Emphasize dialogue, legal review, inclusivity, and upholding secular values to foster social harmony and resolve grievances.
Prelims PYQs
Q. With reference to India, consider the following statements :​
- There is only one citizenship and one domicile.​
- A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.​
- A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.​
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​
- 1 only ​
- 2 only​
- 1 and 3 ​
- 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CEC and Other ECs Appointment Bill, 2023
Mains level: Appointments in key constitutional positions
Why in the news?Â
The plea filed by the NGO Association for Democratic Reforms seeks an urgent hearing as it raises concerns about potential unfair advantage in filling Election Commission vacancies after Arun Goel’s resignation.
Context
- The unexpected resignation of Arun Goel ahead of the Lok Sabha elections raised concerns about potential unfair advantage in filling the vacancies.
- The NGO Association for Democratic Reforms requested the new law on EC appointments to be put on hold and urged the involvement of the Chief Justice of India in the selection committee, as directed by a previous Supreme Court judgment.
About the CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Bill, 2023:
- The Bill replaces the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
- It addresses the appointment, salary, and removal of the CEC and ECs.
Appointment Process:
- The CEC and ECs will be appointed by the President upon the recommendation of a Selection Committee.
- The Selection Committee will consist of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of Opposition/leader of the largest opposition party in Lok Sabha.
- Recommendations of the Selection Committee will be valid even when there is a vacancy in this Committee.
- A Search Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary will propose a panel of names to the Selection Committee.
- Eligibility for the posts includes holding (or having held) a post equivalent to the Secretary to the central government.
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Why Free and fair elections are necessary?
- Protects from Intimidation and Fraud: Concerns were raised about the potential for unfair advantage due to the Executive’s ability to appoint two Election Commissioners, which could compromise the independence of the Election Commission.
- Consensus building and Integrity: Emphasis on the critical role of the Election Commission in ensuring free and fair elections, highlights the importance of fair and unbiased appointments to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
- Anoop Baranwal Case: Reference to the Supreme Court’s judgment in the Anoop Baranwal case, where a Constitution Bench directed the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two ECs by the President based on the advice of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of India (CJI).
- Government’s Response: Mention of the government’s enactment of the Chief Election Commission and other Election Commissions (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, which replaced the CJI with a Cabinet Minister on the selection committee, thereby giving the Centre more control over the appointment process, contrary to the Supreme Court’s judgment.
Way Forward: Need to avoid Political interference:Â
- Current Leadership: Mention of CEC Rajiv Kumar being in sole charge of the Election Commission at present, indicates the need to address vacancies in the position of Election Commissioners to ensure effective functioning, especially with impending elections.
- Independence of Election Commission: Emphasis on the importance of maintaining the independence of the Election Commission from political and executive interference to ensure free and fair elections and uphold democracy.
- Insulation from Interference: Arguing that the Election Commission should be insulated from political and/or executive interference to preserve the integrity of the electoral process and protect democratic principles.
- Critical Role of Election Commission: Highlighting the critical role of the Election Commission in various aspects such as ensuring free and fair elections, resolving disputes between political parties, and maintaining accurate voter lists and turnout, underscoring the urgency to address vacancies in the Commission.
Conclusion:
- The government should reconsider the appointment process, ensuring the inclusion of the Chief Justice of India in the selection committee to uphold the independence and integrity of the Election Commission.
Mains PYQs
Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bilateral Relations; Defence Exports and Imports
Mains level: Bilateral Relations; India-Russia; Trade relations and defense ties
Why in the news?Â
- In recent years, India has decreased its reliance on the top arms supplier of Russia from 76% (2009-13) to 36% (2019-23), as per SIPRI, indicating diversification in arms imports.
Context:
- India’s arms imports have marked an eventual shift from Russia to France and the U.S. impacting India’s defensive modernization, regional security dynamics in the Indo-Pacific, and global arms trade trends, reshaping geopolitical relationships.
Major shift observed in the volume of exporters to India:
- Increase in France’s Share: France’s share of India’s arms imports surged from 0.9% in 2009-13 to 33% in 2019-23, positioning it as the second-largest supplier.
- Increase in U.S. share: The U.S.’s share of India’s arms imports also rose from 8% to 13% during the same period.
- Focus on Military Modernization: The rise in arms imports reflects India’s ongoing efforts towards military modernization and enhancement of defense capabilities.
How India has climbed to become the world’s biggest arms importer, displacing Saudi Arabia?
- India’s Rise as Largest Arms Importer: India surpassed Saudi Arabia to become the world’s biggest arms importer between 2019 and 2023, with its share in global arms imports increasing from 9.1% to 9.8%. Saudi Arabia’s share of global arms imports decreased from 11% to 8.4% during the same period.
- Emergence of Ukraine: Ukraine, previously a negligible importer, increased its share of global arms imports to 4.9% following the Russian invasion in February 2022.
- Trends in Neighboring Countries: Pakistan’s share in global arms imports rose from 2.9% to 4.3%, while China’s share declined from 4.9% to 2.9%.
How Russia is affected in this scenario?
- Decline in Russia’s Arms Exports: Russia’s share of global arms exports decreased from 21% in 2014-18 to 11% in 2019-23, accompanied by a 52% reduction in volume terms. Russian arms exports remained stable until 2019 but rapidly declined in 2020-2023, with a 74% decrease in volume by 2023 compared to 2019.
- Impact on Russia’s Arms Industry: The decline in Russia’s arms exports suggests potential challenges for its arms industry, including decreased revenue and market share.
- Decrease in Number of Recipient Nations: Russia supplied arms to 31 nations in 2019, which decreased to 12 by 2023, indicating a reduction in its arms export footprint.
- U.S. Consolidation as Top Exporter: The U.S. increased its share in global arms exports from 34% to 42% during the same period, consolidating its position as the leading arms exporter. The U.S.’s increased share in global arms exports underscores its dominance in the arms market and its ability to expand its influence worldwide.
How India is affected in this scenario?
- Diversification of Arms Suppliers: India’s reduced dependence on Russia indicates a diversification strategy, reducing vulnerability to supply disruptions and geopolitical tensions.
- Strengthened Defense Partnerships: Increased arms imports from France and the U.S. suggest enhanced defense partnerships, potentially leading to technology transfers, joint ventures, and co-development projects.
- Modernization of Armed Forces: Importing a diverse range of weapons and equipment from multiple suppliers enhances the modernization efforts of India’s armed forces, improving operational capabilities and readiness.
- Technological Advancements: Collaboration with advanced arms exporters like France and the U.S. may facilitate access to cutting-edge technologies, fostering indigenous defense production capabilities and innovation.
What are the implications on Indo-Pacific region?
- Impact on Regional Dynamics: The shift in India’s arms imports could alter the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region, potentially prompting other countries to reassess their defense strategies and alliances.
- Increased arms imports from France and the United States may signal India’s intention to diversify its defense partnerships and capabilities, potentially contributing to regional stability by reducing dependence on a single supplier.
- Western Tilt: Diversifying arms imports could reach it with Western defense systems, potentially bolstering its role as a key player in the Indo-Pacific region’s security architecture.
- China Factor: This may aim at countering China’s growing military assertiveness in the region. This could lead to increased competition and tensions between the two countries.
- Russia’s Influence: The reduction in India’s arms imports from Russia may diminish Russia’s influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
Conclusion
- India’s decreasing reliance on Russian arms, increased imports from France and the U.S., and diversification of suppliers reshape regional security dynamics have more evolving dynamics in Global geopolitics considering recent moves of Russia in its defence and military policies.
Mains PYQs:
What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2020)
Practice Questions for Mains:
Q- How has India’s decreasing reliance on Russian arms and increasing imports from France and the U.S. reshaped regional security dynamics and global arms trade trends?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pi, Sulbha Sutra
Mains level: NA
In the news
- March 14, or 3/14, is celebrated globally as Pi Day, paying homage to the mathematical constant Pi (Ï€).
About Pi Day
- Initiated by: Physicist Larry Shaw of the Exploratorium museum in San Francisco started the tradition in 1988, which has since gained international recognition.
- UNESCO Designation: In 2019, UNESCO designated Pi Day as the International Day of Mathematics, highlighting its significance in promoting mathematical awareness.
What is Pi?
- Mathematical Constant: Pi (π) represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter, with a value of approximately 3.14.
- Irrational Number: Pi is an irrational number, with a decimal representation that neither terminates nor repeats.
- Ancient Approximations: Ancient civilizations, including Babylonians and Egyptians, approximated Pi using geometric methods, laying the foundation for its calculation.
- Symbol of Beauty: Pi’s infinite and non-repeating decimal digits evoke a sense of wonder and appreciation for the intricacies of mathematics.
Do you know?
- Baudhayana (800 BC – 740 BC) is said to be the original Mathematician behind the Pythagoras theorem and Calculation of Pi (3.142).
- Â Pythagoras theorem was indeed known much before Pythagoras, and it was Indians who discovered it at least 1000 years before Pythagoras was born!
- The credit for authoring the earliest Sulbha Sutras goes to him.
- Aryabhatta, another great Indian mathematician, worked out the accurate value of π to 3.1416. in 499AD.
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Evolution of Pi Calculation
- Archimedes’ Method: Greek polymath Archimedes devised a method to approximate Pi using inscribed and circumscribed polygons, pioneering early calculations.
- Newton’s Contribution: Isaac Newton revolutionized Pi calculation using calculus, significantly simplifying the process and enabling rapid advancements.
- Modern Computing: With the aid of modern computers, mathematicians have calculated Pi to trillions of decimal places, facilitating precise scientific calculations.
Practical Significance of Pi
- Architectural and Engineering Applications: Pi plays a crucial role in designing structures, shaping engineering solutions, and facilitating accurate measurements.
- Understanding the Universe: Pi’s significance extends to diverse fields, from space exploration to molecular biology, underscoring its universal applicability.
- Intrinsic Value: Despite its vast decimal expansion, Pi holds intrinsic value as a symbol of mathematical beauty and infinity, inspiring exploration and discovery.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Popocatepetl Volcano
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Popocatepetl, Mexico’s most dangerous active volcano has erupted 13 times in the past day, hurling columns of ash and smoke into the sky.
About Popocatepetl Volcano
- Popocatepetl — which means “Smoking Mountain” in the Aztec Nahuatl language — is located in central Mexico roughly 72 km southeast of Mexico City.
- Popocatepetl is situated in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, in Central Mexico.
- It lies on the border between the states of Puebla and Morelos.
- The summit of Popocatepetl stands at an elevation of about 5,426 meters above sea level, making it the second-highest peak in Mexico after Citlaltepetl (Pico de Orizaba).
Geological Details
- Popocatepetl is a stratovolcano (composite volcano) characterized by its steep, conical shape built up by successive layers of volcanic ash, lava flows, and pyroclastic materials.
- It is one of Mexico’s most active volcanoes, with documented eruptions dating back to the 14th century.
- In the modern era, significant eruptions have occurred in 1947, 1994, 2000, 2005, and ongoing activity since 2013.
- The volcano’s eruptions are primarily andesitic to dacitic in composition, characterized by the eruption of viscous lava flows and explosive eruptions producing ash clouds, pyroclastic flows, and lahars (mudflows).
Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2021
Q. Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Governor's Legislative Powers
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Under Article 201 of the Indian Constitution, the President gave assent to the ‘Uniform Civil Code Uttarakhand 2024’ Bill passed by the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, on March 11 2024.
What is the Uniform Civil Code?
- The UCC is mentioned in Article 44 of the Constitution as part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, that the state should work to establish a uniform civil code for all citizens across India.
- However, the Constitution’s framers left it to the government’s discretion to implement the UCC.
- Goa is the only state in India with a UCC, following the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867.
What are the SC Observations?
- The Supreme Court has emphasized the importance of Governors promptly acting on Bills sent to them for assent after passage by Legislative Assemblies.
- Bills should be returned “as soon as possible” to prevent undue delay, with significant constitutional intent behind this directive.
Governor’s Power over State Bills
[I] Article 200:
- Article 200 delineates the process for State Legislative Assembly-passed Bills to be presented to the Governor for assent.
- The Governor holds the authority to either assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill for consideration by the President.
- Additionally, the Governor possesses the prerogative to return the Bill to the House or Houses with a message requesting reconsideration.
[II] Article 201:
- Article 201 stipulates the procedures concerning Bills reserved for the President’s consideration.
- It allows the President to either assent to or withhold assent from the Bill.
- If necessary, the President can direct the Governor to return the Bill to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
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Governor’s DiscretionÂ
The Governor holds several options upon receiving a Bill:
- Granting Assent.
- Requesting the Assembly to reconsider specific provisions or the entire Bill.
- Obligatory reservation for the President’s consideration, especially in cases posing a threat to the state high court or contravening constitutional provisions, DPSP, national interest, or Article 31A regarding compulsory property acquisition.
- Although within the Governor’s authority, withholding assent is seldom practiced due to its contentious nature.
Committee Recommendations:
(1) Sarkaria Commission (1987):
- It recommended that Governors exercise discretion in reserving Bills for Presidential consideration only in rare cases of unconstitutionality.
- Bills should otherwise be processed as per ministerial advice, with a maximum six-month period for Presidential disposition.
(2) Punchhi Commission (2010):
- It proposed a six-month timeframe for Governors to decide on Bills presented for assent, emphasizing timely decision-making.
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Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:
Q.Consider the following statements:
- The Chief Secretary in a State is appointed by the Governor of that State.
- The Chief Secretary in a State has a fixed tenure.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pobitora WLS, One-Horned Rhino and its habitat
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?Â
- The Supreme Court halted the Assam government’s attempt to revoke a 26-year-old notification establishing the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, home to a significant rhino population.
What was the reason behind this decision?
- The Supreme Court asserted that withdrawing a notification for a wildlife sanctuary required permission from the National Board of Wildlife, and clarified its order does not impede actions to protect forest dwellers’ rights.
About Pobitora Wildlife SanctuaryÂ
- Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary boasts the highest density of one-horned rhinos globally, second only to Kaziranga National Park in Assam. Often dubbed as ‘Mini Kaziranga,’ Pobitora shares a similar landscape and vegetation to its renowned counterpart.
- The sanctuary shelters various endangered species, including one-horned rhinoceros, leopards, leopard cats, fishing cats, jungle cats, feral buffaloes, wild pigs, and Chinese pangolins.
- Approximately 72% of Pobitora’s area comprises a wet savannah dominated by Arundo donax and Saccharum grasses, while the rest is covered by water bodies.
About One-Horned Rhino:
- IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.
- Habitat– Rhinos are mainly found in Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
- Assam has an estimated 2,640 rhinos in four protected areas, i.e. Pabitora Wildlife Reserve, Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park, Kaziranga National Park, and Manas National Park.
- About 2,400 of them are in the Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR).
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Prelims Question:
Which wildlife sanctuary boasts the highest density of one-horned rhinos globally, second only to Kaziranga National Park in Assam?
a) Manas National Park
b) Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary
c) Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park
d) Jim Corbett National Park
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key provisions of CAA, 2019
Mains level: CAA Rules
In the news
- The long-awaited Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) has been set into motion by the Centre, marking a significant step forward in India’s legislative landscape.
- Enacted in December 2019, the CAA aims to provide citizenship to certain migrants from neighboring countries, sparking debates and controversies nationwide.
Making of the CAA, 2019: A Timeline
2002: Initial efforts were made to address the challenges faced by Pakistani Hindus seeking Indian visas and citizenship.
2004: Amendments to Citizenship Rules empowered district magistrates to grant Long Term Visas (LTVs) and citizenship to migrants in border districts.
2010: The Ministry of Home Affairs eased restrictions on LTV extensions for certain categories of Pakistani nationals.
2014: Notification allowed citizenship for select migrant communities, excluding Jains and Parsis.
2018: Government extended LTV eligibility to communities seeking Indian citizenship, offering various benefits. |
New Citizenship Law: Eligibility and Required Documentation
- Beneficiaries: The CAA primarily benefits Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who entered India before December 31, 2014.
- Documentation: Applicants need to provide proof of their country of origin, religion, date of entry into India, and knowledge of an Indian language.
- Proof of Country of Origin: Acceptable documents include birth certificates, educational institution certificates, identity documents, licenses, certificates, or any other document issued by Pakistan, Bangladesh, or Afghanistan.
- Establishing Date of Entry: Applicants can provide a range of documents such as visas, residential permits, census slips, driving licenses, Aadhaar cards, ration cards, or any letter issued by the government or court to prove their entry date.
- Generational Proof: Applicants can also provide documents indicating familial ties to these countries, such as those showing ancestry, expanding the scope of eligibility.
Application Processing Mechanism
[A] Empowered Committees
- Role of Empowered Committee: This committee is tasked with overseeing the entire process, from receiving to processing applications. It ensures that all procedures are followed diligently and efficiently.
- Membership: The Empowered Committee is headed by a Director (Census Operations) and comprises representatives from various government bodies, including the Subsidiary Intelligence Bureau, the Foreigners’ Regional Registration Office (FRRO), the National Informatics Centre (NIC), and the Postmaster General.
- Responsibilities: The committee members are responsible for verifying the authenticity of documents submitted by applicants, conducting background checks, and making final decisions on citizenship applications.
[B] District Level Committees (DLC)
- Composition: The DLC consists of the District Informatics Officer or District Informatics Assistant and a nominee of the central government.
- Functions: DLCs serve as the initial point of contact for applicants, receiving their submissions and ensuring they are complete and accurate before forwarding them to the Empowered Committee for further processing.
- Oversight: While DLCs handle the initial stages of application processing, they operate under the supervision and guidance of the Empowered Committee. This hierarchical structure ensures uniformity and consistency in decision-making across different regions.
[C] Electronic Submission and Processing
- Digital Platform: To streamline operations and minimize paperwork, the application process is conducted electronically. Applicants submit their documents and forms through an online portal managed by the government.
- Efficiency: Electronic submission allows for faster processing times and reduces the risk of errors associated with manual data entry. It also enables real-time tracking of application status, providing transparency to applicants throughout the process.
- Data Security: The government ensures robust cybersecurity measures to protect the sensitive information submitted by applicants. Encryption protocols and secure servers safeguard data integrity and confidentiality.
Conclusion
- The implementation of the CAA signifies a significant policy shift aimed at addressing the plight of persecuted minorities in neighbouring countries.
- While the rules have sparked debates and opposition, they also represent India’s commitment to humanitarian values and providing refuge to those in need.
- As the citizenship application process unfolds, it will be crucial to ensure transparency, fairness, and adherence to legal procedures to uphold the principles of justice and inclusivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Liberal Democratic Index (LDI)
Mains level: Propaganda reports against India
In the news
- India, previously categorized as an “electoral autocracy” in 2018, has further declined to become one of the “worst autocratizers,” according to the ‘Democracy Report 2024’ by the Gothenburg-based V-Dem (or Varieties of Democracy) Institute.
Key highlights on India
- Deteriorating Status: India, previously downgraded to an electoral autocracy in 2018, has further declined to become “one of the worst autocratizers.”
- Historical Comparison: India’s level of “liberal democracy” has regressed significantly, reaching levels last seen in 1975 during the state of emergency declared by Indira Gandhi.
- Regime Classification: India falls into the category of electoral autocracy, characterized by multiparty elections alongside insufficient levels of freedom of expression and fair elections.
- Erosion of Democratic Freedoms: The report highlights the gradual deterioration of freedom of expression, media independence, and attacks on civil society under the current government.
About the V-Dem Democracy Report
- Publication: The V-Dem Institute releases the Democracy Report annually, offering insights into the state of democracy worldwide, focusing on democratization and autocratization.
- Regime Classification: Countries are categorized into four regime types based on their scores in the Liberal Democratic Index (LDI), encompassing a spectrum from liberal democracy to closed autocracy.
What is Liberal Democratic Index (LDI)?
- Comprehensive Assessment: The LDI evaluates both liberal (individual and minority rights) and electoral aspects (free and fair elections) of democracy.
- Indicators: It comprises 71 indicators, encompassing the Liberal Component Index (LCI) and the Electoral Democracy Index (EDI), capturing various dimensions of democratic governance.
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- LCI: Measures aspects like protection of individual liberties and legislative constraints on the executive.
- EDI: Considers indicators ensuring free and fair elections such as freedom of expression and association.
- Components of the LDI include:
- Egalitarian Component Index: Assesses the extent of equality among different social groups within a democracy.
- Participatory Component Index: Evaluates the health of citizen groups and civil society organizations, indicating the degree of citizen engagement.
- Deliberative Component Index: Gauges whether political decisions are driven by public reasoning focused on the common good or influenced by emotional appeals, solidarity attachments, or coercion.
- Publication Schedule: The Democracy Report is typically published annually in March, presenting a comprehensive analysis of global democratic trends.
Key Findings from the Democracy Report 2024:
- Collaborative Effort: The report is a collaborative endeavour involving 4,200 scholars from 180 countries, leveraging 31 million datasets spanning from 1789 to 2023 to assess the democratic status of 202 countries.
- Global Trends:
- Autocratization: In 2023, 42 countries, representing 35% of the world’s population, were undergoing autocratization.
- Population in Autocracies: Currently, 71% of the world’s population, amounting to 5.7 billion people, resides in autocracies, marking a significant increase from 48% a decade ago.
- Decline in Democracy: The level of democracy experienced by the average individual globally has regressed to 1985 levels, with Eastern Europe, South, and Central Asia experiencing the sharpest declines.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuclear Wastes mentioned in the newscard, Nuclear Fission Reaction
Mains level: Nuclear Waste Management
In the news
- India recently achieved a significant milestone in its nuclear program with the loading of the core of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR).
- However, as India progresses towards energy independence, it faces the complex challenge of managing nuclear waste.
What is Nuclear Waste?
- Composition: Nuclear waste comprises radioactive by-products generated during the fission process in nuclear reactors.
- Radioactive Elements: These by-products include elements such as barium-144, krypton-89, and various isotopes of uranium and plutonium.
Nuclear Waste Handling Techniques
- Spent Fuel Storage: Spent fuel, initially stored underwater for cooling, is later transferred to dry casks for long-term storage. This process is critical due to the high radioactivity of spent fuel. Ex.: The U.S. had 69,682 tonnes of spent fuel (as of 2015), Canada had 54,000 tonnes (2016), and Russia had 21,362 tonnes (2014).
- Liquid Waste Treatment: Nuclear power plants have facilities to treat liquid waste, with some waste being discharged into the environment after treatment.
- Vitrification: Liquid high-level waste is vitrified to form a stable glass for long-term storage.
- Reprocessing: Reprocessing separates fissile material from non-fissile elements in spent fuel, allowing for the reuse of valuable materials. Ex.: India operates reprocessing plants in Trombay, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam.
- Geological Disposal: Some experts advocate for burying nuclear waste deep underground in stable geological formations. Waste is sealed in containers and buried in granite or clay formations, away from human activity.
Challenges and Concerns
- Environmental Risks: Improper waste management can lead to contamination of water resources and surrounding areas.
- Ex.: The Asse II salt mine in Germany faced contamination concerns due to nuclear waste storage.
- Safety Concerns: Accidents at nuclear waste storage sites highlight the need for stringent safety measures.
- Ex.: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in the U.S. experienced an accident in 2014, releasing radioactive materials.
- Cost Implications: Waste management accounts for a significant portion of the overall cost of nuclear energy production.
- Cost Estimate: Waste management imposes a cost of $1.6-7.1 per MWh of nuclear energy.
India’s Nuclear Waste Management
- On-Site Storage: Low and intermediate-level nuclear waste generated at power stations is treated and stored on-site. India’s PFBR project aims to address waste management challenges by utilizing fast breeder reactor technology.
- IAEA Safeguards: India adheres to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, ensuring the safe and secure handling of nuclear materials and waste.
- Challenges Ahead: The delayed commissioning of the PFBR suggests potential complications in managing spent fuel with different compositions.
Way Forward
- Investment in Research: Continued investment in research and development of advanced waste treatment technologies can enhance efficiency and safety in nuclear waste management.
- International Collaboration: Collaborating with international organizations and sharing best practices can provide valuable insights and expertise in addressing nuclear waste challenges.
- Public Engagement: Engaging with stakeholders and the public to raise awareness about nuclear waste management and address concerns regarding safety and environmental impact is crucial.
- Regulatory Framework: Strengthening regulatory frameworks and implementing robust safety standards can ensure compliance with international guidelines and safeguard against potential hazards.
Conclusion
- As India advances its nuclear program, effective waste management strategies are crucial to mitigate environmental and safety risks.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:
Q.In the Indian context, what is the implication of ratifying the ‘Additional Protocol’ with the `International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)’?
(a) The civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards.
(b) The military nuclear installations come under the inspection of IAEA.
(c) The country will have the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
(d) The country automatically becomes a member of the NSG.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sabarmati Ashram and the associated events
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Prime Minister’s recent activities, commemorating the 94th anniversary of the Dandi March at the Sabarmati Ashram, mark a significant step towards the redevelopment and expansion of this historic site.
Ashrams Built by Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi set up five settlements during his lifetime — two in South Africa (Phoenix Settlement in Natal, and Tolstoy Farm outside Johannesburg), where he lived from 1893 to 1914, and three in India, where he arrived in January 1915.
South Africa Settlements:
- Phoenix Settlement in Natal: Founded in 1904, the Phoenix Settlement was established by Gandhi as a communal living space and center for social and political activism. It served as a hub for his Satyagraha campaigns against racial discrimination and injustice in South Africa.
- Tolstoy Farm outside Johannesburg: Gandhi established Tolstoy Farm in 1910 as a self-sustaining community inspired by the teachings of Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. It served as a refuge for Indian immigrants and a base for organizing resistance against discriminatory laws.
Indian Settlements:
- Ahmedabad Ashram (Kocharab Ashram): Gandhi’s first ashram in India was established in Kocharab, Ahmedabad, in 1915. It was initially a rented space and was later moved to a larger site on the banks of the Sabarmati River, becoming the Sabarmati Ashram.
- Sabarmati Ashram: Â Read the article below.
- Sevagram Ashram: Established in 1936 near Wardha in Maharashtra, Sevagram Ashram was Gandhi’s final residence in India. It was intended to be a model village based on principles of self-reliance, sustainability, and nonviolence. Gandhi spent the last years of his life here, engaging in various constructive programs and campaigns.
Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2019:
Q. Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian Phase. Elaborate. |
About Sabarmati Ashram
- Founded in 1917 by Mahatma Gandhi, the Sabarmati Ashram holds immense historical significance in India’s struggle for independence and Gandhian philosophy.
- Situated on the western bank of the Sabarmati River, north of the village of Juna Vadaj in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, the ashram became a focal point for various movements and experiments led by Gandhi.
Key Movements and Initiatives
- Champaran Satyagraha (1917): The ashram served as a base for Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran Satyagraha, a movement against oppressive indigo planters in Bihar.
- Khadi Movement (1918): Gandhi initiated the Khadi movement from Sabarmati Ashram, promoting the use of hand-spun cloth as a means to boycott foreign goods and promote self-reliance.
- Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) and Kheda Satyagraha: Gandhi led the workers’ strike in Ahmedabad and the peasants’ movement in Kheda, both of which were pivotal in India’s struggle for independence.
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): The ashram played a crucial role in Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation with British authorities, urging Indians to boycott British goods and institutions.
- Dandi March (1930): One of the most iconic events in India’s freedom struggle, the Dandi March, commenced from Sabarmati Ashram. Gandhi, along with his followers, marched to Dandi to protest against the salt tax imposed by the British.
Philosophy and Ideals
- Gandhi envisioned Sabarmati Ashram as a community based on principles of simplicity, self-reliance, and communal living.
- He emphasized the importance of truth, non-violence (Ahimsa), and Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) as tools for social and political change.
Activities and Structures
The ashram housed various facilities and structures, including:
- Hriday Kunj: Gandhi’s residence at the ashram, where he lived with his wife Kasturba.
- Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya: A museum dedicated to Gandhi’s life, showcasing his personal belongings, letters, and photographs.
- Magan Niwas: A guesthouse for visitors and volunteers.
- Vinoba-Mira Kutir: Residence of Vinoba Bhave and Mira Behn, Gandhian disciples.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yaounde Declaration, Malaria
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Health ministers from 11 African nations grappling with the heaviest malaria burdens have recently signed the Yaounde Declaration.
What is Yaounde Declaration?
|
Details |
| Signed at |
Yaoundé conference, hosted by WHO and the Government of Cameroon in Yaoundé, Cameroon (capital). |
| Participants |
Ministers of Health, global malaria partners, funding agencies, scientists, civil society organizations, and other malaria stakeholders. |
| Signatory countries |
- Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, and Tanzania.
- These countries collectively account for over 70% of the global malaria burden.
|
| Pledges |
- Effective tackling of malaria threat in Africa, leading better and investing more money in fighting malaria, using new technology for data, etc.
- Investing more in health infrastructure, personnel, and programs, collaborating across sectors, forming partnerships for funding, research, and innovation.
- Showing strong commitment to quickly reducing malaria deaths and holding each other and their countries accountable for the commitments.
|
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