PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?
Linkage: “Operation Midnight Hammer: B-2 Bombers Strike Iran’s Nuclear Facilities,” details a significant event where the “U.S. military carried out precision strikes on three key Iranian nuclear facilities, mainly Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan”. This PYQ is highly relevant as it requires an analysis of the broader implications for India arising from such direct military actions and controversies involving the US and Iran’s nuclear capabilities, which are central to the “Operation Midnight Hammer” narrative. |
Mentor’s Comment: On June 21, 2025, the U.S. officially entered the ongoing Israel-Iran conflict by launching “Operation Midnight Hammer”, a precision strike on Iran’s key nuclear enrichment facilities at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan. What makes this operation historic is the first-ever operational use of the GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrators (MOP), dropped by B-2 Spirit stealth bombers. Fordow, an ultra-hardened site buried deep within a mountain, had long been considered impregnable — even to Israeli firepower. This high-stakes attack involving stealth bombers, Tomahawk cruise missiles, and elaborate deception tactics showcases the evolving nature of strategic warfare, stealth technology, and nuclear deterrence dynamics, with significant implications for global security and geopolitics.
Today’s editorial discusses the effects of the recent U.S.A. Operation Midnight Hammer: B-2 Bombers Strike Iran’s Nuclear Facilities. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, the U.S. joined the ongoing conflict between Israel and Iran by launching “Operation Midnight Hammer”, a targeted military strike on Iran’s main nuclear sites located at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan.
What is the B-2 Stealth Bomber?
The B-2 Stealth Bomber, also known as the B-2 Spirit, is an advanced long-range, heavy bomber used by the United States Air Force. |
What are the geopolitical impacts of the U.S. strikes on Iran’s nuclear sites?
- Undermining diplomatic efforts: The attack weakens ongoing negotiations over Iran’s nuclear programme, especially efforts to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which the U.S. exited in 2018.
- Message of deterrence and alliance assurance: The operation signals U.S. commitment to Israel’s security and aims to deter Iran’s nuclear ambitions, reaffirming strategic dominance in West Asia and setting a precedent like the 1981 Israeli strike on Iraq’s Osirak reactor.
How do technologies like B-2 bombers and bunker-busters shape modern warfare?
- Enhanced penetration of fortified targets: Bunker-buster bombs like the GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator can destroy deeply buried nuclear facilities, such as Iran’s Fordow site, which is located inside a mountain.
- Stealth and survivability in hostile environments: The B-2 Spirit bomber, with its low radar signature and long-range capabilities, allows undetected strikes deep into enemy territory, demonstrated during Operation Midnight Hammerover Iran.
- Precision and reduced collateral damage: The use of GPS-guided munitions enables targeted destruction of critical infrastructure while minimizing civilian harm. The Tomahawk cruise missiles used alongside the B-2s in the Iran strike are an example.
What does U.S. involvement in the Israel-Iran conflict indicate about its West Asia strategy?
- Reinforcement of strategic alliances: The U.S. action shows its continued military and political support for Israel, especially after Israel’s initial strikes on Iran’s nuclear sites. This underscores a long-standing alliance.
- Deterrence against nuclear proliferation: By targeting Iran’s Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan facilities, the U.S. aims to send a strong message against the development of nuclear weapons by adversarial states in the region.
- Projection of power and dominance: The deployment of B-2 bombers and Tomahawk missiles illustrates America’s intent to maintain military superiority and influence over regional conflicts, ensuring its leadership role in West Asia’s security architecture.
What challenges arise in attacking underground nuclear sites like Fordow?
- Depth and Fortification: The Fordow nuclear site is buried 80–90 meters underground and shielded by reinforced concrete, making it resilient to conventional strikes. Even the GBU-57 bunker-busters caused only partial damage, revealing the limits of aerial assaults.
- Operational Complexity: Missions to strike such sites need advanced platforms like the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, supported by decoy tactics, mid-air refuelling, and long-duration flights. The limited number of B-2s and their high maintenance make repeated missions challenging.
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Does India have B-2 bomber capability?
- Lack of Stealth Bomber Technology: India does not possess any stealth bombers like the U.S. B-2 Spirit, which is capable of penetrating heavily fortified targets with low radar visibility. The B-2 is a unique platform operated exclusively by the United States.
- Current Indian Bomber Fleet: India relies on multirole fighter jets such as the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Rafale, and Mirage-2000 for strike missions. These aircraft are effective but lack deep-strike stealth capabilities and the payload capacity of strategic bombers.E.g. The Sukhoi Su-30MKI can carry cruise missiles like BrahMos, but not bunker-busters like the GBU-57.
- Strategic Focus and Alternatives: Instead of stealth bombers, India invests in missile-based deterrents such as the Agni series (ballistic missiles) and long-range cruise missiles. These provide strategic strike capability without the need for a dedicated stealth bomber. E.g. The Nirbhay cruise missile offers precision strike capability with a range of 1000+ km.
What can India do? (Way forward)
- Invest in Indigenous Stealth and Deep-Strike Platforms: India can accelerate development of indigenous stealth bombers or long-range unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) under future programs like AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) to enable penetration of heavily defended targets.
- Enhance Precision Missile and Bunker-Buster Arsenal: India can develop or acquire heavy bunker-busting munitions and integrate them with existing platforms like the Su-30MKI or future drones, while also upgrading satellite-guided targeting systems for deeper and more accurate strikes.
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Why in the News?
India’s cities will host over 800 million people by 2050. While women’s role in local politics has grown, urban bureaucracies still lack gender balance, which limits truly inclusive urban development.
What challenges hinder women’s inclusion in urban bureaucracy despite higher political representation?
- Male-Dominated Administrative Structure: Despite 46% representation of women in local bodies (Ministry of Panchayati Raj, 2024), only 20% of IAS officers are women (IndiaSpend, 2022).
- Gender Imbalance in Policing and Field Roles: Only 11.7% of India’s police force are women (BPRD, 2023), and most serve in non-field, clerical roles. Similarly, engineering and sanitation departments have low female participation.
- Lack of Affirmative Action in Urban Technical Cadres: While reservations exist in elected offices, there are no parallel affirmative policies in bureaucracy for women.
Why is gender-responsive budgeting essential for inclusive urban development?
- Addresses Gender-Specific Needs in Urban Planning: GRB ensures that urban budgets reflect the different needs of women, men, and marginalised groups. Eg: Delhi used GRB to fund women-only buses and public lighting, improving women’s mobility and safety in public spaces.
- Prevents Reinforcement of Existing Inequities: Without GRB, cities may overinvest in flyovers or metros while neglecting community toilets, crèches, or footpaths that benefit women and marginalised groups.
- Enhances Accountability and Participatory Governance: GRB fosters transparency and encourages civic engagement by linking public spending to gender equity outcomes. For instance, Kerala’s People’s Plan Campaign integrates gender goals into local budgets, empowering women at the grassroots level.
What is the Impact of Gender Gaps in Urban Administration?
- Skewed Infrastructure Priorities: Male-dominated bureaucracies often overlook the everyday mobility and safety needs of women. In Delhi and Mumbai, 84% of women use public or shared transport.
- Underfunding of Social Infrastructure: Services such as water, sanitation, maternal health, or childcare are underprioritised in male-led departments.
- Delayed Response to Community Demands: Studies by ICRIER and UN Women show female administrators are more responsive to grassroots needs, yet their absence restricts outcome-orientated planning.
Which global practices can guide India toward gender-inclusive urban governance?
- Mandatory Gender Budgeting and Oversight: The Philippines mandates that 5% of local budgets be allocated to gender programmes, and Uganda requires gender equity certificates before fund approvals.
- Participatory Planning: South Korea uses gender impact assessments to redesign public transport and urban spaces, and South Africa pilots participatory planning for grounded, inclusive decision-making.
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What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Constitutional Mandates for Political Representation: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments mandate 33% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies. 17 States and 1 Union Territory have increased this to 50%, leading to over 46% women among elected local representatives (Ministry of Panchayati Raj, 2024).
- Gender Budgeting Initiatives: India introduced the Gender Budget Statement in 2005-06 to integrate gender perspectives in public finance. Eg: Delhi funds women-only buses and street lighting; Tamil Nadu applies GRB across 64 departments; Kerala links gender goals to the People’s Plan Campaign.
- Support for Women-Centric Governance Models: The government promotes models like Kudumbashree in Kerala for grassroots women-led governance. Eg: Kudumbashree empowers women in planning and implementation in small and transitioning cities.
Way forward:
- Ensure Gender Parity in Urban Bureaucracy: Implement affirmative action (like quotas and scholarships) to recruit and promote women in urban planning, engineering, policing, and administrative roles.
- Institutionalise Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB): Mandate gender audits, participatory budgeting, and monitoring frameworks across all Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation?
Linkage: The article highlights that despite an increasing presence of women in local elected representative roles (over 46% in ULGs), the bureaucratic apparatus responsible for implementing decisions remains “overwhelmingly male”. This question directly addresses the fundamental importance of incorporating “gender concerns into programme design and implementation”.
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Why in the News?
It’s shocking that 2 billion people around the world still don’t have access to safe drinking water, even though 95% of the global population uses what are called “improved water sources”. This reveals a hidden but serious public health problem.
What defines ‘safe drinking water’?
Safe drinking water refers to water that is free from harmful contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. It must be located on the premises, readily available when needed, and safe to consume without causing health issues. |
How does access vary across populations?
- Majority Have Access, but Not Always at Home: While nearly 6 billion people have access to drinking water, around 2 billion still lack safe water at home. Just 156 million people (around 1.4% of the global population) still collect water from unsafe sources like rivers or lakes.
- Disparities Exist Across Income and Geography: People in low-income or rural areas are more likely to lack access to safe, on-premises water. In most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, people still get their water from open sources such as rivers and lakes.
How does a lack of safe water impact public health in poor countries?
- Spread of Waterborne Diseases: Unsafe water is a major source of diarrhoeal diseases like cholera, dysentery, polio, and hepatitis A. Over 800,000 deaths annually are attributed to waterborne illnesses, especially in low-income nations with inadequate sanitation.
- Child Mortality and Malnutrition: Contaminated water contributes to malnutrition, as diarrhoeal diseases hinder nutrient absorption in children. In India, nearly 21% of children under five suffer from wasting (NFHS-5), with poor water and sanitation as key contributors.
- Healthcare Burden and Economic Loss: Frequent illness from unsafe water overwhelms fragile public health systems and reduces workforce productivity. In India, poor access to safe water and sanitation leads to an annual GDP loss of over 4% due to health and productivity issues (Ministry of Jal Shakti, 2021).
SDG Goal 6 (Clean Water): Progress and challenges since its adoption
- Progress in Access to Improved Water Sources: As of recent estimates, 95% of the global population uses an improved water source like piped water, borewells, and springs, even in many low-income countries.
- Challenge of Household-Level Accessibility: Despite improvements, safe water is often not available at home, requiring people—mostly women—to travel long distances. Around 1.5 billion people still lack on-premise access, which limits reliability and increases the risk of contamination during transport.
- Polluted water at the point of use: Water may be clean at the source, but it becomes contaminated during collection, storage, or transport.
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What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis?
- Desalination Technology: Converts seawater into freshwater by removing salts and impurities using methods like reverse osmosis. Israel’s Sorek Desalination Plant provides 20% of the country’s water supply.
- Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS): Uses UV rays from sunlight to kill bacteria and viruses in water stored in transparent bottles. It is widely used in rural Africa and India by households.
- Atmospheric Water Generators (AWG): Extracts moisture from humid air and condenses it into clean drinking water. It was deployed in Rajasthan and UAE for areas with limited water but high humidity.
What are the steps taken by the Government?
- Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Aims to provide functional household tap connections (FHTCs) with safe and adequate drinking water to all rural households by 2024. Eg: As of 2024, over 13 crore rural households have been provided with tap water connections under JJM.
- Swachh Bharat Mission and Water Quality Monitoring: Focuses on reducing open defecation and water contamination by improving sanitation infrastructure and promoting hygiene.
- Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): Ensures universal water supply coverage in urban areas, with a focus on poor and underserved households. Under AMRUT, cities like Surat and Nagpur have significantly improved their 24×7 piped water supply networks.
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Way forward
- Strengthen Last-Mile Delivery through Infrastructure Expansion: Focus on household-level water connections, especially in rural and remote regions, by upgrading existing water supply networks and ensuring regular quality checks.
- Promote Community-Based Water Management and Awareness: Encourage local governance (Panchayats, SHGs) and water user groups to manage water resources and promote safe water handling practices.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies, citing their key merits and demerits.
Linkage: The artice talks about the emphasizes that for water to be considered “safe drinking water,” it must be “free from contamination, located at home, and available whenever needed. This question directly addresses the global issue of an “acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater”. This directly aligns with the core problem presented in the article , which states that “two billion people” still do not have safe drinking water in their homes.
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched Dharti Aaba Jan-bhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA), India’s largest tribal outreach and empowerment campaign to date.
About Dharti Aaba Jan-bhagidari Abhiyan (DAJA):
- Overview: It runs from 15 June to 15 July 2025, covering over 5.5 crore tribal citizens across 1 lakh+ tribal villages and PVTG habitations.
- Premise of launch: It is launched under the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh to honour Bhagwan Birsa Munda, also known as Dharti Aaba, a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.
- Objective: To achieve full saturation of central welfare schemes in tribal areas, ensuring that every eligible beneficiary receives entitlements.
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- Janbhagidari (People’s Participation) – Empowering tribal voices and ensuring community-led governance.
- Saturation – 100% coverage of eligible households under central schemes.
- Cultural Inclusion – Use of tribal languages, folk arts, and cultural symbols to ensure dignity and identity.
- Convergence – Multi-ministry and multi-stakeholder coordination with CSOs, youth groups, volunteers, and academic institutions.
- Last-Mile Delivery – Direct delivery of services to the remotest tribal hamlets with full administrative support.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:
1. It is the Governor of the State who recognizes and declares any community of that State as a Scheduled Tribe.
2. A community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
A new study published in Science journal shows that “In-Body CAR T-Cell Therapy” marks a breakthrough by enabling direct immune cell reprogramming for faster, safer treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
What is CAR T-Cell Therapy?
- Overview: CAR T-cell therapy is a treatment where a patient’s own T cells are genetically modified to detect and kill cancer cells.
- Science behind it: Scientists extract T cells and add a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) gene, which enables them to identify cancer cells.
- Working: These modified T cells are infused back into the patient, where they multiply and actively attack cancer.
- Effectiveness: The therapy has shown high success against certain blood cancers and is now being studied for autoimmune disorders like lupus.
- Issues: The traditional therapy is expensive (₹60–70 lakh), slow, and requires chemotherapy and specialised lab facilities.
Recent Breakthrough: In-Body CAR T-Cell Therapy
- Approach: A new technique uses mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver instructions directly inside the body.
- Targeting Cells: These nanoparticles are programmed to locate and enter killer T cells, converting them into CAR T-cells internally.
- Benefits offered: This method eliminates the need for cell extraction, chemotherapy, or viral vectors, making it faster and safer.
Significance for India:
- Scalable Innovation: This platform may lower treatment costs and offer wider access in countries like India with high cancer and autoimmune burdens.
- Infrastructure Relief: Its in-body nature avoids dependence on advanced labs, making it suitable for resource-constrained settings.
| [UPSC 2019] What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news?
Options: (a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing* (b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients (c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant (d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops |
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Why in the News?
Scientists have coined a new term, “thirstwave”, to describe spikes in evaporative demand, where a warmer atmosphere draws more water from plants, soil, and trees.
What is Evaporative Demand?
- Definition: Evaporative demand is the measure of how much water the atmosphere can potentially absorb from land, plants, and water surfaces if there is unlimited water available. It tells us how “thirsty” the atmosphere is.
- Nature of Measurement: It is not about how much water is actually lost but how much could be lost if water was fully available. It depends on weather conditions, not the amount of water in the soil.
- Standard Metric: The most widely used metric to quantify this is Standardized Short-Crop Reference Evapotranspiration (ETos)—which assumes a 12 cm grass surface with unlimited water availability.
- Impact of Global Warming: As global warming increases atmospheric heat, evaporative demand also rises, making the air more “thirsty”.
What is a Thirstwave?
- Origin: “Thirstwave” is a newly coined term (2025) by Meetpal Kukal and Mike Hobbins to describe three or more consecutive days of extreme evaporative demand.
- Definition: A thirstwave is a period of sudden and intense increase in evaporative demand, caused by hot, dry, and sunny weather. It means the atmosphere becomes extremely “thirsty” and starts pulling water rapidly from soil, plants, and water bodies, even if they already have limited moisture.
- Distinction from Heatwaves: Unlike heatwaves, thirstwaves account for multifactorial stress, combining temperature, humidity, wind, and solar input.
- Thirstwave in India: There is no dedicated data yet on thirstwaves in India, but researchers are beginning to investigate, especially in South Asia’s climate-vulnerable zones.
| [UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?
1. Hard and waxy leaves
2. Tiny leaves
3. Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 * |
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Why in the News?
In a major milestone, India has ranked 99th out of 167 countries in the 2025 edition of the Sustainable Development Report (SDR), released by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
What are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
- Definition: SDGs are 17 global goals adopted by all UN member states in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote peace and prosperity by 2030.
- Core Focus: They balance economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability for a better future.
- Scope: The goals cover health, education, gender equality, clean water, economic growth, climate action, and governance.
- Global Framework: They are part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the UN.
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About Global SDG Rankings:
- Report Publisher: The Sustainable Development Report is released annually by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, led by Jeffrey Sachs.
- Methodology: It ranks 167 countries using an SDG Index score out of 100 based on performance across all 17 goals.
- Score Interpretation: A score of 100 means full achievement of all SDGs; lower scores show partial or poor implementation.
- Data Sources: Rankings are based on a mix of social, economic, environmental, and governance indicators.
- Global Patterns: European countries dominate top ranks; countries with conflict or debt rank lower.
Key Highlights of the Rankings:
- India’s Rank 2025: India ranks 99th with a score of 67—its first time in the top 100.
- Major Countries’ Ranking: China ranks 49th (74.4); the US ranks 44th (75.2) but is 193rd in SDG policy support.
- Neighbourhood Comparison: Bhutan ranks 74th (70.5), Nepal 85th (68.6), Bangladesh 114th (63.9), Pakistan 140th (57), Sri Lanka 93rd, and Maldives 53rd.
- Top Performers: Finland, Sweden, and Denmark lead the world in SDG achievement.
- Areas of Progress: Global gains include access to electricity, mobile broadband, internet, and lower child mortality.
- Major Setbacks: Challenges include rising obesity, declining press freedom, biodiversity loss, and growing corruption.
- Target Gaps: Only 17% of SDG targets are on track to be achieved by 2030.
| [UPSC 2016] Consider the following statements:
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only * (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
Scientists have coined a new term, “thirstwave”, to describe spikes in evaporative demand, where a warmer atmosphere draws more water from plants, soil, and trees.
What is Evaporative Demand?
- Definition: Evaporative demand is the measure of how much water the atmosphere can potentially absorb from land, plants, and water surfaces if there is unlimited water available. It tells us how “thirsty” the atmosphere is.
- Nature of Measurement: It is not about how much water is actually lost but how much could be lost if water was fully available. It depends on weather conditions, not the amount of water in the soil.
- Standard Metric: The most widely used metric to quantify this is Standardized Short-Crop Reference Evapotranspiration (ETos)—which assumes a 12 cm grass surface with unlimited water availability.
- Impact of Global Warming: As global warming increases atmospheric heat, evaporative demand also rises, making the air more “thirsty”.
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- Simplified Model: ETos simplifies evapotranspiration by assuming fixed vegetation properties and only variable weather conditions.
- Indicators of Stress: An increase in ETos indicates higher temperatures, lower humidity, faster wind, and stronger solar radiation.
- Effect on Soil and Crops: Rising evaporative demand leads to more rapid drying of soil and plants, even with ample irrigation.
- Agricultural Relevance: This directly affects irrigation scheduling, crop productivity, and climate-resilient farming strategies.
What is a Thirstwave?
- Origin: “Thirstwave” is a newly coined term (2025) by Meetpal Kukal and Mike Hobbins to describe three or more consecutive days of extreme evaporative demand.
- Definition: A thirstwave is a period of sudden and intense increase in evaporative demand, caused by hot, dry, and sunny weather. It means the atmosphere becomes extremely “thirsty” and starts pulling water rapidly from soil, plants, and water bodies, even if they already have limited moisture.
- Distinction from Heatwaves: Unlike heatwaves, thirstwaves account for multifactorial stress, combining temperature, humidity, wind, and solar input.
- Thirstwave in India: There is no dedicated data yet on thirstwaves in India, but researchers are beginning to investigate, especially in South Asia’s climate-vulnerable zones.
| [UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?
1. Hard and waxy leaves
2. Tiny leaves
3. Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 * |
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Why in the News?
The IBAT Alliance, a coalition of leading global conservation bodies, announced a record $2.5 million investment in biodiversity data for the year 2024, more than double the amount in 2023.
About Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT):
- What is it: IBAT is a web-based biodiversity mapping and reporting platform launched in 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress.
- Objective: It was launched to enable the private sector, government, and civil society to integrate biodiversity into planning and risk management processes.
- Utility: It helps screen biodiversity risks, assess conservation priorities, and align business practices with global frameworks like the UN SDGs and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
- Members: The IBAT Alliance is a coalition of 4 major global conservation organizations:
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- BirdLife International
- Conservation International (CI)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)
- Headquarters: David Attenborough Building, Cambridge (UK), with access to global scientific and conservation networks.
| [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.
2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.
3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?
Linkage: This question directly addresses a central component of the “U.S.-West Asia calculus”—the US-Iran dynamic. The article explicitly states that the U.S. conducted military strikes against Iranian nuclear installations and that the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) was focused on the situation in West Asia and how to deter Iran with Pakistan’s support. |
Mentor’s Comment: On June 22, U.S. President Donald Trump launched The USA recently carried out military attacks on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could influence the future of West Asia for a long time. on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could shape the future of West Asia for years. This decision may trigger a long-term conflict between the U.S. and Iran, but it also has major links to South Asia. Just days before the strikes, Pakistan’s Army Chief Asim Munir had an unusual private lunch with President Trump at the White House—something rare for anyone who isn’t a head of state. This points to deeper strategic changes. At the same time, Pakistan is facing rising sectarian tensions, serious economic troubles, and higher defense spending. Its sudden border closure with Iran and growing support from the U.S. raise important questions about Pakistan’s new role in the Iran-Israel conflict and what it could mean inside the country.
Today’s editorial looks at how the USA’s military strikes on three Iranian nuclear sites and Pakistan’s Army Chief Asim Munir’s rare private lunch with President Trump could affect international relations. This is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The USA recently carried out military attacks on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could influence the future of West Asia for a long time.
What could be the impact of a U.S. strike on Iran have on West Asia and the subcontinent?
- Escalation of Conflict: The strike may trigger a prolonged confrontation between Iran and Western allies, increasing instability in West Asia. Eg: Past U.S. interventions in Iraq (2003) and Libya (2011) resulted in regime change but long-term chaosand extremist expansion.
- Realignment of Regional Powers: Countries like Pakistan may shift alliances to support U.S. actions, potentially isolating Iran and affecting critical land-based trade routes. Eg: Pakistan closed its land border with Iran in June 2025, limiting Iran’s trade access to South Asia.
- Security Tensions: U.S. engagement with Pakistan’s military leadership amid regional conflict could embolden Pakistan strategically, raising concerns for India.
Why is General Munir’s meeting with Trump strategically significant?
- Geopolitical Signalling to India and Iran: The timing and optics of the meeting send a message to both India and Iran about Pakistan’s rising strategic relevance in U.S. calculations. Eg: Coinciding with Pakistan closing borders with Iran and India-Pak tensions easing, the visit reshapes regional power equations.
How do Pakistan-Iran ties affect regional dynamics?
- Border Tensions and Proxy Conflicts: Pakistan and Iran share a volatile border in Balochistan, where militant groups operate across both sides, causing frequent skirmishes. Eg: In early 2024, both countries exchanged missile strikes after attacks on Iranian security forces allegedly by groups based in Pakistan.
- Geopolitical Rivalry in Afghanistan: Both countries compete for influence in Afghanistan, affecting regional alliances and the balance of power in Central Asia. Eg: Iran backs Shia groups, while Pakistan supports Sunni factions, intensifying sectarian divides and shaping Afghanistan’s internal politics.
- Strategic Role in U.S.-Iran Tensions: Pakistan could play a critical role in isolating Iran, especially during a U.S.-Iran conflict, by shutting trade routes and cooperating with U.S. military interests. Eg: On June 15, 2025, Pakistan closed its border with Iran, coinciding with the Pakistani Army Chief’s visit to Washington, signaling alignment with U.S. strategy.
Where does Pakistan stand economically amid rising defence spending?
- High Debt Burden : Interest payments consume 74% of revenue, leaving little for other public services. Eg: In FY2025‑26, PKR (Pakistan’s revenue) 8.207 trillion was allocated to interest, out of PKR 11.07 trillion in total revenue.
- Defense Budget Surge at Development’s Expense: Despite an overall cut in spending, defense gets a 17% increase, while developmental funds are halved. Eg: Defense allocation in FY2025‑26 is PKR 3.29 trillion, whereas development spending dropped to PKR 1 trillion.
- Heavy Reliance on Bailouts: Pakistan depends on IMF packages and debt rollovers to meet fiscal commitments amid shrinking revenues. Eg: After its 25th IMF bailout, Pakistan secured PKR 1.4 billion in climate resilience funds, along with PKR 16 billion in loan rollovers.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Strategic Engagement with Iran and Gulf Nations: India continues to balance its ties with Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to safeguard energy security and trade interests. Eg: India is actively involved in developing the Chabahar Port in Iran, enhancing access to Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan. At the same time, India is deepening partnerships with Saudi Arabia and the UAE, including in defence and energy sectors.
- Heightened Border Surveillance: The Indian government has directed increased surveillance and intelligence gathering along the western borders, especially in Jammu & Kashmir, to counter any proxy threats or destabilisation efforts. Eg: Deployment of UAVs and satellite imaging systems has been intensified across vulnerable stretches, and border infrastructure under the Vibrant Villages Programme is being upgraded.
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What should India do? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Strategic Autonomy in West Asia: India must maintain balanced relations with both Iran and the U.S., ensuring that its energy security and regional interests are safeguarded. Eg: Continue investing in Chabahar Port, a strategic counter to China-backed Gwadar, while also deepening ties with the Gulf monarchies for energy and investment.
- Enhance Intelligence and Military Vigilance along Western Borders: With increasing Pakistan-U.S. military cooperation and Iran-Pakistan tensions, India must stay alert to any spillover effects. Eg: Boost surveillance in Jammu & Kashmir, especially given General Munir’s renewed rhetoric on Kashmir and increased Pakistani defense spending.
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Why in the News?
Despite headlines celebrating India’s less than 3% inflation rate in May 2025, deeper economic indicators tell a more troubling story. The same month saw a rise in unemployment from 5.1% to 5.8%, and GDP growth has slowed sharply from 9.2% in 2023-24 to 6.5% in 2024-25.
What caused the recent fall in inflation despite rising unemployment?
- Faster Agricultural Growth Narrowed Supply-Demand Gap: In 2024-25, agriculture grew faster than non-agricultural sectors, leading to an increased supply of food items. E.g., higher food production reduced scarcity, stabilising prices and easing inflationary pressure.
- Sharp Decline in Food Inflation: Food-price inflation fell from nearly 11% in October 2024 to less than 1% in May 2025. Eg: This drop significantly pulled down the overall Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Why is the RBI’s inflation control strategy being questioned?
- Mismatch Between Interest Rates and Inflation Trends: The RBI’s key tool—repo rate hikes—did not align with the sharp fall in inflation, especially food inflation. Eg: Despite no major repo rate hike since June 2022, inflation fell from ~11% in Oct 2024 to <1% in May 2025.
- Inflation Expectations Remain Unchanged: Household inflation expectations remained high and stable, even as actual inflation dropped, undermining the theory that RBI can anchor inflation through expectations. Eg: RBI’s own surveys (Mar 2024–May 2025) show expectations stayed well above the 4% target.
- Policy Reactivity, Not Proactivity: The RBI’s approach appears reactive, adjusting repo rates after inflation changes instead of steering inflation proactively. Eg: RBI Governor stated repo rates may be reduced if inflation continues to fall—indicating policy follows rather than leads inflation.
How does sectoral growth affect inflation?
- Balanced Sectoral Growth Reduces Supply-Demand Gaps: When agriculture and non-agriculture sectors grow at similar rates, it narrows the supply-demand gap, especially for essentials like food. Eg: In 2024–25, agriculture grew faster than non-agriculture, helping reduce food shortages and lowering food inflation.
- Agricultural Growth Directly Lowers Consumer Prices: A rise in farm output increases food availability, leading to a direct fall in food prices, which are a major part of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). E.g., food inflation fell from nearly 11% in Oct 2024 to under 1% in May 2025 due to a strong agricultural season.
- Wage Effects Spill into Non-Agricultural Prices: Lower food inflation slows down wage growth demands, especially for rural labour, which indirectly eases price pressures in services and manufacturing. Eg: Cheaper food reduces pressure on industrial wages, helping contain broader inflation in non-farm sectors.
What does the data say about interest rates and managing inflation?
- Weak Link Between Interest Rates and Inflation Control: Econometric studies show no conclusive evidence that interest rate hikes directly reduce inflation in India. Eg: Despite a repo rate increase of over 10% in June 2022, food inflation fell in 2025 largely due to improved agricultural supply, not rate changes.
- Sectoral Growth Differences Matter More: Inflation responds more to the relative growth of agriculture and non-agriculture sectors than to interest rate tweaks. Eg: In 2024–25, faster agricultural growth narrowed the supply-demand gap, lowering inflation, independent of any monetary policy shift.
- Inflation Expectations Remain High Despite Rate Hikes: Even with a tighter monetary policy, household inflation expectations remained above the 4% RBI target, questioning the effectiveness of interest rate-driven expectations control. E.g., from March 2024 to May 2025, inflation expectations stayed high despite stable repo rates.
Why should inflation and unemployment be assessed together?
- Inflation Control Alone Doesn’t Reflect Economic Well-being: Focusing only on low inflation can hide deeper problems like joblessness, which directly affects livelihoods. Eg: In May 2025, inflation dropped to 2.8%, but unemployment rose to 5.8%, showing a weak job market despite price stability.
- Policy Trade-offs Require Balanced Assessment: Sometimes policies that lower inflation may slow economic growth and reduce employment opportunities. Eg: Growth fell from 9.2% in 2023–24 to 6.5% in 2024–25, aligning with rising unemployment—highlighting that price stability came at the cost of jobs.
Way forward:
- Adopt a Dual-Mandate Approach: Policymakers, especially the RBI, should consider both inflation and unemployment while framing monetary policy—moving beyond inflation targeting alone.
- Promote Inclusive Growth through Sectoral Investment: Encourage job creation by investing in labour-intensive sectors like manufacturing, MSMEs, and services, while ensuring agricultural support to maintain price stability.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss.
Linkage: This question is highly relevant because it explicitly mentions both “inflation and unemployment” together and the need for their effective management. This article talks about the inflation has fallen, unemployment has risen, and it criticizes the focus on inflation while neglecting unemployment.
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Why in the News?
The growing trade war between the U.S. and China, marked by rising tariffs, has drawn attention to rare earth elements and critical minerals.
What is the role of critical minerals in key industries?
- Clean Energy and Digital Technologies: Critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt are essential for lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronics.
- Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Minerals like dysprosium and neodymium are used in wind turbines, while tellurium, indium, and gallium are critical for solar photovoltaic cells, vital for clean energy generation.
- Defence and Strategic Industries: Rare earth elements are critical for manufacturing missile guidance systems, jet engines, and advanced communication equipment. Eg: Gallium and indium are used in high-frequency radar systems and military-grade semiconductors.
Why is China’s control over rare earths a global concern?
- Supply Chain Vulnerability: China controls over 90% of global rare earth refining and has the largest reserves, making other countries highly dependent on its exports. In May 2025, China’s export restrictions on rare earth magnets led to global panic and supply concerns in the automobile and electronics sectors.
- Geopolitical Leverage: China’s dominance allows it to use rare earths as a strategic tool in trade wars or diplomatic tensions, affecting global industrial stability. In response to U.S. tariffs, China imposed restrictions on rare earths, disrupting supply to key U.S. industries.
- Disruption of Global Industries: Restrictions can hinder production in sectors like renewables, EVs, and defence, slowing global progress in critical technologies. Eg: India’s automobile sector expressed concern about rare earth shortages impacting EV manufacturing and sought government intervention.
How are countries responding to China’s restrictions?
- Diplomatic and Trade Negotiations: Major economies like the U.S. and EU are engaging with China to secure continued access to rare earth supplies. Eg: The U.S.-China framework includes commitments that “Full magnets, and any necessary rare earths, will be supplied… by China.”
- Diversification of Supply Sources: Nations are turning to alternative producers to reduce dependence on China. Eg: Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam are actively exploring their critical mineral resources to establish new supply options.
- National Self-Reliance Missions: Countries are launching domestic initiatives to boost exploration, mining, and processing of critical minerals. Eg: India’s National Critical Mineral Mission (2025) aims to conduct 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to bolster local supply chains.
What measures has India taken for mineral self-reliance?
- Launch of the National Critical Mineral Mission (2025): A central initiative aimed at securing India’s future needs in critical and rare minerals. This mission includes plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 under the Geological Survey of India.
- Expanding Domestic Exploration & Mining: India is ramping up on-ground efforts to locate and extract critical minerals within its own borders. Eg: The Geological Survey of India is actively spearheading new lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elementexploration programs across several states.
- Building Processing and Supply Chain Ecosystems: The government is promoting infrastructure for domestic processing, refining, and manufacturing related to critical minerals. Eg: Policy support and incentives are being extended to companies to set up mineral processing plants, reducing dependence on foreign sources.
Why is a multi-level strategy needed in this sector?
A multi-level strategy refers to a comprehensive approach that operates on different layers or fronts simultaneously to address a complex issue effectively.
- To Ensure Short-Term Supply Security: Relying on a single country like China for essential minerals creates risks of disruption during geopolitical tensions or trade restrictions. Eg: After China’s 34% tariff and export restrictions in 2025, global industries, including India’s auto sector, faced supply uncertainty.
- To Develop Domestic Capabilities: Long-term resilience requires countries to invest in local exploration, mining, and processing infrastructure. Eg: India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission with plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to reduce import dependence.
Way forward:
- Strengthen International Collaborations for Strategic Reserves: India should forge long-term mineral supply agreements and joint ventures with resource-rich countries. Eg: Bilateral ties with Australia, Argentina, and Africa can help secure lithium and cobalt through assured offtake deals.
- Boost Domestic R&D and Green Mining Technologies: Investing in sustainable exploration, extraction, and recycling technologies will reduce environmental impactand enhance efficiency. Eg: Support for CSIR and private firms in developing indigenous technologies for rare earth processing and battery recycling.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.
Linkage: The article highlights that China dominates the production and reserves of rare earth elements and has placed export restrictions on them, causing panic over supply shortages. This question encapsulates the broader geopolitical and economic context that necessitates India’s strategy to counter China’s dominance and secure critical supplies, such as rare earths.
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Why in the News?
On June 26, 2025, India marks the 50th anniversary of the Emergency, imposed in 1975 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
What is National Emergency? (Article 352)
- Definition: A national emergency is a constitutional provision under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.
- Grounds for Proclamation: It can be proclaimed by the President of India when the security of India or any part of it is threatened by:
- War
- External Aggression
- Armed Rebellion
- (Earlier also included “internal disturbance”, removed via the 44th Amendment, 1978)
Grounds of Proclamation: Evolution
- Original Provision (1950): Allowed Emergency for “internal disturbance”, which was vague and broad.
- 38th Amendment Act (1975): Made the President’s satisfaction final and beyond judicial scrutiny.
- 44th Amendment Act (1978):
- Replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” to curb misuse.
- Restored judicial review of the President’s decision.
Process of Proclamation
- Initiation: The Union Cabinet (not just the PM) must send a written recommendation to the President.
- Anticipatory Power: The proclamation can be issued before the actual occurrence of war, aggression, or rebellion.
- Parliamentary Approval:
- Must be ratified by both Houses within 1 month.
- Requires a special majority:
- Majority of the total membership.
- Two-thirds of members present and voting.
- Valid for 6 months; can be extended indefinitely with fresh approvals every 6 months.
Territorial Application
- Original Scope: Applied to the entire nation.
- 42nd Amendment Act (1976): Permitted partial emergencies limited to specific states or territories.
Judicial Review:
- Before 1975: Emergency proclamations could be challenged in courts.
- After the 38th Amendment: Made proclamations immune to judicial review.
- Post-44th Amendment: Judicial review restored.
- Minerva Mills Case (1980): SC ruled that Emergency can be struck down if based on mala fide, irrelevant, or absurd grounds.
Revocation of National Emergency:
- Duration: Can continue indefinitely with periodic 6-month renewals.
- Revocation: The President can revoke anytime without Parliamentary approval.
- Lok Sabha Oversight:
- If 1/10th of Lok Sabha members give written notice, the Speaker/President must convene a session within 14 days.
- Disapproval motion can pass with a simple majority.
Historical Precedents:
India has witnessed 3 National Emergencies:
- 1962–1968: Due to war with China (external aggression).
- 1971–1977: Triggered by war with Pakistan, later extended on grounds of internal disturbance.
- 1975–1977: Declared on June 25, 1975, for internal disturbances—widely seen as misuse of power.
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Implications of Imposition of National Emergency:
- Centre-State Relations:
- Executive Control: The centre gains dominant powers over state governments.
- Legislative Powers:
- Parliament can legislate on State List subjects.
- President can issue ordinances on State subjects.
- Such laws remain valid for 6 months after Emergency ends.
- Financial Control:
- President can alter financial distribution between Centre and states.
- Reduced grants or tax transfers can continue till end of financial year after Emergency is lifted.
- Legislature:
- Lok Sabha:
- Under Article 83(2), its term can be extended by one year at a time.
- Cannot continue beyond 6 months after Emergency ends.
- State Assemblies: Term can be similarly extended with the same limitation.
- Fundamental Rights:
- Article 358 – Automatic Suspension:
- Article 19 is automatically suspended, only when Emergency is due to war or external aggression.
- Applies nationwide, regardless of where Emergency is declared.
- Article 359 – Presidential Order:
- President can suspend court enforcement of specified Fundamental Rights.
- Does not apply to Articles 20 and 21.
- Can be regional or nationwide, covering all or selected rights.
- Judiciary:
- 38th Amendment: Shielded Emergency from judicial scrutiny.
- 44th Amendment: Restored court oversight.
- Minerva Mills Judgment: Upheld that proclamations can be invalidated if mala fide or irrational.
| [2022] Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?
1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency
2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers
3. To impeach the President of India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only * (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only |
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Why in the News?
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India has taken suo motu cognizance of an alleged gang rape in Odisha.
About the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):
- Legal Status: The NHRC is a statutory body, established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
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- Mandate: It functions as the national watchdog for human rights, aiming to ensure that state institutions respect and protect fundamental human dignity.
- Objective: To strengthen institutional mechanisms for addressing human rights concerns.
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- Core Members: It consists of a Chairperson and 4 full-time members.
- Chairperson: The Chairperson must be a former Chief Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court.
- Other Members: Other members include retired judges, human rights experts, and at least one woman.
- Ex-Officio Members: There are 7 ex-officio members—Chairpersons of the SC, ST, Women, Minorities, Backward Classes, Child Rights Commissions, and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
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- Investigation Role: To inquire into human rights violations or failure to prevent them, either suo motu, on a petition, or through court direction.
- Custodial Oversight: To visit jails and detention centres to examine conditions.
- Legal Reform Advice: To review legal protections for human rights and recommend reforms.
- Awareness Promotion: To promote awareness and literacy around human rights issues.
- NGO and Research Support: To support NGOs and academic research on human rights.
- Global Alignment: To study international treaties and suggest implementation strategies.
Appointment and Tenure:
- Selection Process: Appointments are made by the President of India based on the recommendation of a 6-member committee headed by Prime Minister and including the Speaker of Lok Sabha, Opposition leaders, Home Minister, and others.
- Term Limits: The Chairperson and members serve for 3 years or until the age of 70, whichever comes first.
Removal and Service Conditions:
- Grounds for Removal: The President can remove a member for reasons like insolvency, misconduct, or infirmity, subject to inquiry by the Supreme Court in some cases.
- Salary and Benefits: Salaries and service conditions are fixed by the Central Government and cannot be altered to the disadvantage of the appointees after their appointment.
Working Procedure and Limitations:
- Quasi-Judicial Powers: The NHRC operates with civil court powers, can summon reports, and has an investigative staff.
- Inter-Agency Support: It can request help from Central or State agencies for investigation.
- No Enforcement Authority: Its role is recommendatory, with no power to punish violators or grant relief. Governments must respond within one month to its recommendations.
- Time and Jurisdiction Limits: It cannot investigate violations reported after 1 year of the alleged act and has a limited role in probing armed forces misconduct in human rights issues.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following organizations/bodies in India:
1. The National Commission for Backward Classes
2. The National Human Rights Commission
3. The National Law Commission
4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
How many of the above are constitutional bodies?
Options: (a) Only one* (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has launched the NAVYA initiative.
About the ‘NAVYA’ Initiative:
- Overview: NAVYA stands for Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls.
- Nodal Agencies: It is a joint pilot initiative by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
- Target Beneficiaries: It targets adolescent girls aged 16–18 years who have completed at least Class 10, particularly from under-served regions.
- Implementation: The pilot phase will be implemented in 27 districts across 19 states, including Aspirational Districts and those from North-Eastern regions.
- Objective: To build skills, confidence, and employability among young girls in sectors beyond traditional roles.
Key Features:
- Focus on Non-Traditional Skills: Girls will receive training in emerging fields like electronics repair, drone technology, solar energy, and more.
- Certification Support: Beneficiaries will receive skill certificates under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) and PM Vishwakarma.
- Post-Training Pathways: Designed to ensure employment, entrepreneurship, or further education opportunities for girls.
- Inclusive Development Goal: Empowers girls to be agents of socio-economic change, aligning with India’s growth trajectory toward Viksit Bharat by 2047.
| [UPSC 2017] Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’?
1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only* (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only |
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Why in the News?
Pilgrims have begun arriving in Guwahati, Assam, for the Ambubachi Mela, held annually at the Kamakhya Temple, one of the most sacred centres of Tantric Shaktism in India.
About Ambubachi Mela:
- Festival Overview: Ambubachi Mela is an annual Hindu fertility festival celebrated at the Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Assam.
- Timing and Season: It is held during the Assamese month of Ahaar (mid-June), coinciding with the monsoon season.
- Religious Significance: The festival marks the annual menstruation of Goddess Kamakhya symbolising fertility and life-giving power.
- Ritual Closure: During the festival, the sanctum sanctorum (innermost sacred chamber) of the temple is closed for three days to observe the goddess’s retreat.
- Ceremonial Reopening: The temple reopens ceremonially on the fourth day, when lakhs of devotees gather for darshan.
- Pilgrim Footfall: It is considered the largest religious gathering in Northeast India, with pilgrims arriving from across the country.
- Etymology: The name ‘Ambubachi’ literally means ‘water flowing’ (denoting menstruation and the flow of life).
- Spiritual Tradition: The practice is rooted in Tantric traditions (esoteric spiritual practices focusing on divine feminine energy).
- Cultural Observance: During this time, agricultural activities are halted to honour the goddess’s rest and align with nature’s rhythms.
Notable Features:
- No Idol Worship: No idol is worshipped; instead, the process of menstruation itself (biological and divine function) is venerated.
- Sacred Tokens: Devotees receive pieces of red cloth as sacred amulets.
- Spiritual Discipline: The mela includes ritual abstentions (temporary renunciation of daily activities), devotional silence, and spiritual observance (religious discipline).
About Kamakhya Temple:
- Mythology: It is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas (sacred sites where body parts of Goddess Sati are believed to have fallen).
- Location: It is located on Nilachal Hill beside the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati, Assam.
- Architectural Style: Architecturally, the temple follows the Nilachala Style (a blend of North Indian Nagara and Mughal Saracenic architecture).
- Structural Layout: The structure includes 5 chambers:
- Garbhagriha (sanctuary where the main deity resides),
- Antarala (vestibule or connecting passage),
- Jaganmohan (main audience hall),
- Bhogmandir (ritual chamber where offerings are made), and
- Natmandir (hall for performances and religious gatherings).
- Sacred Symbol: Instead of an idol, the temple houses a yoni-shaped stone (symbol of the goddess’s womb and creative energy).
- Tantric Centre: It is one of the most revered Tantric pilgrimage sites (destinations for practitioners of spiritual and mystical rituals).
- Cultural Depth: The temple’s rituals and legends have deep mythological (related to ancient stories and beliefs), astronomical, and cultural significance, especially during Ambubachi.
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| [UPSC 2017] Consider the following pairs : Traditions Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari — Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Options: (a) 1 only *(b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) None of the above |
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Why in the News?
The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has released its “State of the Climate in Asia, 2024” report.
About the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO):
- Overview: It is a specialised agency of the United Nations that deals with meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.
- Historical Origin: It was established in 1950, evolving from the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
- Headquarters Location: The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
- Global Coordination Role: WMO plays a key role in coordinating international efforts for climate data collection, forecasting, disaster preparedness, and climate change assessment.
- Members: It has a membership of 193 members (187 member states + 6 Territories), including India.
- Flagship Reports: WMO publishes annual climate reports such as the “State of the Climate” to highlight key trends and extreme weather impacts.
Key Highlights of the State of the Climate in Asia – 2024 Report:
- Record Warmth: 2024 was the warmest year on record in Asia, with heatwaves, extreme rainfalls, cyclones, and droughts devastating the region.
- Global Temperature Spike: The global mean temperature reached its highest level since 1850, surpassing the 2023 record of 1.45°C.
- Glacier Loss: 23 out of 24 monitored glaciers in the Himalayas and Tian Shan suffered mass loss, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
- Marine Heatwaves: Marine heatwaves of unprecedented extent and intensity affected Asian oceans, particularly around India, Japan, and China.
- Major Cyclones: Cyclone Remal struck Bangladesh and India with 111 km/h winds and 2.5-metre-high storm surges; Asna and Fengal also caused major damage in Oman, Sri Lanka, and India.
- Flash Floods and Landslides: Flash floods and landslides in Kerala, Nepal, and Sri Lanka resulted in hundreds of deaths and mass displacement.
- Extreme Heatwaves: Heatwaves broke records across East and South Asia, including Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, and India. Myanmar set a new national record at 48.2°C.
- Severe Drought in China: Drought in China affected 4.8 million people, damaged over 335,000 hectares of crops, and caused losses of CNY 2.89 billion.
| [UPSC 2018] Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by
Options: (a) The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (b) The UNEP Secretariat (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat* (d) The World Meteorological Organization |
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Why in the News?
The 47th Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML) Society, chaired by the Prime Minister, was recently held.
About the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML)
- Overview: The PMML, earlier called the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), is located at Teen Murti House, just south of Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.
- Origin: Built in 1929–30 as the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of British India, it was designed by Robert Tor Russel as part of Lutyens’ Delhi.
- Nehru’s Residence: After independence, it became the home of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru from 1948 to 1964 and was later dedicated to him following his death.
- Establishment: The PMML Society was founded on April 1, 1966, while the original museum was inaugurated on November 14, 1964, by President Dr S. Radhakrishnan to commemorate Nehru’s 75th birth anniversary.
- Renaming in 2023: The name was changed from NMML to PMML to reflect a broader mandate — documenting and honouring all Indian Prime Ministers, not just Nehru.
- Administrative Structure: PMML is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture, with the Prime Minister of India as the head of the Society.
- Mission and Scope: The institution promotes advanced research in modern and contemporary Indian history, especially related to Prime Ministers, governance, and the evolution of Indian democracy.
- Key Institutions: PMML includes:
- The Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (Museum).
- A world-class library.
- The Centre for Contemporary Studies.
- The Nehru Planetarium.
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] The economy is in a state of crisis due to global inflation. Critically examine whether this crisis and high inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.
Linkage: This PYQ directly mentions a specific global economic “trouble” – global inflation – and asks about its impact on the Indian economy. This article talks about the “monetary policy should continue to remain accommodative” and that “inflation currently under control and projected to be lower” can help “propel growth,” indicating that managing inflation is a key part of steering the economy amidst global challenges. |
Mentor’s Comment: The global trade order is witnessing a seismic shift amid renewed trade wars, evolving tariff regimes, and accelerating bilateral negotiations. In this flux, India’s exports of nearly one-fifth of its merchandise to the U.S., finds itself vulnerable, especially in sectors dominated by MSMEs like apparel, gems, and electronics. The uncertainty surrounding U.S. reciprocal tariffs, potential dumping threats, and the instability in trade negotiations pose a structural challenge. However, India also faces a rare geopolitical opportunity—to integrate into the reconfigured global supply chains, reduce dependency on traditional partners, and assert itself as a global manufacturing and export hub.
Today’s editorial analyses the impact of new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Indian Economy) in the mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The global economy is changing in a big way, mainly due to new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries.
Why are current global trade dynamics creating uncertainty for Indian exporters?
- Rise in protectionism and trade wars: Many countries are reviewing tariffs and adopting protectionist measures. This creates unpredictability in global trade flows, making it harder for Indian exporters to plan pricing and market strategies. Eg: The U.S. imposing or revising tariffs on Indian goods affects sectors like garments and pharmaceuticals.
- Geopolitical tensions: Conflicts like the U.S.-China trade war or the Russia-Ukraine war are disrupting supply chains and altering trade alliances, impacting Indian exporters’ access to global markets and increasing costs. Eg: Indian exporters face delays or higher freight costs due to changes in trade routes.
- Uncertain tariff regimes: Indian exporters face difficulty in decision-making due to fluctuating U.S. trade policies and lack of clarity on future duty structures, impacting pricing and margins. Eg: Sectors such as auto components and gems & jewellery, heavily reliant on the U.S., face profitability issues.
- Losing competitive advantage: Competing countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam may benefit from early trade deals with the U.S., while India’s relative tariff advantage remains unclear. Eg: Indian textile exports could become costlier compared to Bangladesh’s duty-free access.
- Planning uncertainty: Exporters hesitate to invest or plan for the long term in the absence of stable trade rules and policies. This impacts capacity expansion and export contracts, particularly for MSMEs. Eg: Indian MSMEs may cancel new orders or delay shipments due to lack of tariff clarity.
What challenges do Indian MSMEs face due to potential U.S. tariff changes?
- Profit Margin Erosion: Increased U.S. tariffs make Indian goods costlier, reducing profit margins for MSMEs and making their exports uncompetitive. Eg: A carpet-exporting MSME in Uttar Pradesh may struggle to maintain orders if buyers shift to cheaper alternatives from Bangladesh.
- Order Uncertainty and Planning Delays: Fluctuating tariff policies create hesitation among U.S. buyers, affecting long-term contracts and production planning for small businesses. Eg: An MSME manufacturing leather goods may face cancelled or delayed orders due to uncertainty over final landed prices.
- Limited Ability to Absorb Costs: Unlike large firms, MSMEs lack the financial cushion to absorb increased costs from tariffs, logistics, or compliance. Eg: A small pharmaceutical exporter may not afford sudden freight hikes or additional duties, making exports unviable.
How can bilateral and free trade agreements help India navigate global trade disruptions?
- Ensure Preferential Market Access: FTAs allow Indian exporters to access foreign markets with lower or zero tariffs, making their goods more competitiveeven amid global disruptions. Eg: An FTA with the UK can benefit Indian apparel exporters by reducing tariff barriers, boosting exports.
- Diversify Export Destinations: Bilateral trade deals reduce dependency on a single market like the U.S., helping India shift exports to Europe, Australia, or ASEAN during crises. Eg: The India-EU FTA under negotiation could open up multiple markets for Indian electronics and auto components.
- Address Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): FTAs help resolve issues like customs delays, quality standards, or licensing hurdles, ensuring smooth trade flowduring uncertain times. Eg: A mutual recognition agreement (MRA) under a BTA with the U.S. could simplify pharmaceutical exports by accepting Indian drug certifications.
What policies can boost India’s economic resilience?
- Strengthening Public Capital Expenditure: Increased government spending on infrastructure boosts domestic demand, generates employment, and crowds in private investment during global slowdowns. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti scheme accelerates infrastructure development, improving logistics and economic stability.
- Expanding Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Enhancing PLI coverage to include more sectors like IoT devices or battery raw materials promotes domestic manufacturing, attracts FDI, and reduces import dependency. Eg: PLI in electronics has boosted mobile phone exports and created supply chain resilience.
- Maintaining Accommodative Monetary Policy: Ensuring low interest rates and easy liquidity through monetary support helps businesses manage costs and stimulate investment during global headwinds. Eg: RBI’s repo rate cuts post-COVID helped MSMEs access cheaper credit, aiding recovery.
Why should India focus on foreign investment and PLI expansion?
- Diversify Global Supply Chains: Global companies are looking to reduce dependency on China and Southeast Asia. India can attract them by offering stable policies and incentives. Eg: Apple has shifted part of its iPhone manufacturing to India due to the PLI scheme and policy support.
- Boost Manufacturing and Employment: Expanding PLI coverage to sectors like wearables, batteries, and semiconductors can enhance local production, reduce imports, and generate jobs. Eg: The PLI for electronics has helped create thousands of direct jobs and increased exports.
- Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Foreign investments bring technology transfer, better quality standards, and improved productivity, which are crucial for export growth. Eg: Investments in the automobile and pharma sectors under PLI have enhanced India’s global competitiveness.
Way forward:
- Accelerate FTA Negotiations and Ensure Tariff Stability: India should fast-track bilateral and multilateral trade agreements (e.g., with the EU, Australia) to ensure stable market access and reduce uncertainty for exporters.
- Expand and Streamline PLI Schemes: Broaden the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes to include high-potential sectors (e.g., semiconductors, IoT), and simplify procedures to attract more foreign investment and boost domestic manufacturing.
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Why in the News?
The recent Iran–Israel conflict has again revealed the weaknesses in India’s system of sending students abroad for medical education. Due to the conflict, India had to carry out emergency evacuations of its students from war zones, similar to what was done during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga.
Why do Indian students, especially Kashmiris, prefer studying medicine in Iran?
- Affordability and Lower Fees: Studying medicine in Iran is far cheaper than Indian private colleges. Eg: Medical degrees in Iran cost nearly one-tenth of what private institutions in India charge.
- Cultural and Historical Ties: Kashmir shares strong historical and cultural links with Iran, often referred to as “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Iran Minor). Eg: 13th-century Iranian saint Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani brought crafts, industries, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
- Religious and Admission Advantages: Religious affinity due to a shared Shia population eases access for Kashmiri students. Eg: Iran provides admission concessions (Pargees quota) to Kashmiri students based on cultural-religious ties.
- Historical Connection: Kashmir has long-standing civilisational links with Iran, often called “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Little Iran). Eg: In the 13th century, Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani, an Iranian saint, brought crafts, culture, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
- Language and Educational Comfort: The Persian language, once widely used in Kashmir, and similar educational traditions make adaptation easier. Eg: Kashmiri students find Iran’s academic and cultural environment more familiar and accessible compared to Western countries.
What are the major risks and challenges associated with pursuing medical degrees abroad?
- Quality of Education Varies: Some foreign universities run dual-tier systems, offering lower-quality courses for international students. Eg: Certain programs are not designed to meet clinical standards required in India or even in the host country.
- Ineligibility to Practice Locally: Many students graduate from courses that do not allow them to practice in the host country. Eg: A student completing a degree in a university designed only for foreigners may not qualify for local medical licenses.
- FMGE and Licensing Issues in India: All foreign medical graduates must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), which has a low pass rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of foreign-trained students passed the FMGE.
- Lack of Transparency and Regulation: There is no official list of approved foreign colleges, leading to confusion and misinformation. Eg: Students often rely on agents or unverifiable online sources, resulting in enrolment in unrecognised institutions.
What challenges do foreign-trained doctors face in India?
- Low Pass Rate in FMGE: Foreign-trained doctors must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) to practice in India, which has a historically low success rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of candidates passed the FMGE, reflecting gaps in practical training and knowledge.
- Mismatch in Course Duration & Curriculum: Some foreign degrees do not meet the National Medical Commission (NMC) norms like minimum 54-month duration and one-year internship. Eg: Degrees from the Philippines (48 months) were not recognised, leading to rejection of registration applications.
- Employment and Clinical Training Gaps: Even after passing FMGE, doctors struggle with employment due to perceived inferior clinical exposure and lack of hands-on patient care experience. Eg: Many hospitals hesitate to hire FMG doctors citing practical skill deficiencies.
Way forward:
- Establish Clear Guidelines and Approved Lists – The National Medical Commission (NMC) should release an official list of recognised foreign medical institutions and standardise eligibility norms.
- Enhance FMGE Support and Skill Bridging – Provide preparatory support, internships, and clinical exposure to help returning students meet Indian medical practice standards.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: The Indian diaspora, which includes individuals who have moved abroad for higher education and subsequently stayed. Their presence abroad contributes to economic and political benefits for India.
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