Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's services sector growth, key players, Manufacturing sector Potential and Future Prospects
What’s the news?
- In a major economic development, India’s service exports surged by $60 billion over three years, with diversification beyond IT services. Additionally, domestic tech startups are poised to expand into manufacturing, potentially revitalizing the sector and bolstering job creation.
Central idea
- Two significant transformations are reshaping India’s services sector, potentially defining the nation’s growth trajectory. These changes involve the rapid evolution of service exports and the transformation of domestic services. As both of these sectors modernize, they are not only changing in form but also venturing into manufacturing, offering exciting prospects for India’s economic future.
India’s services export sector
- In recent years, India’s service exports have undergone a remarkable expansion, delivering an additional $60 billion in annual revenues compared to just three years ago.
- The catalyst behind this surge was the COVID-19 pandemic, which spurred a surge in demand for IT services due to the widespread adoption of remote work arrangements.
- However, India’s service exports have transcended their traditional roles, shedding their identity as merely call centers or software solution providers.
- Instead, India now proudly offers an extensive array of professional services, encompassing accounting, legal, HR, business development, design, and cutting-edge R&D.
Key players
- Large IT Firms: Large information technology (IT) companies have traditionally been prominent players in India’s services export sector. They continue to play a significant role in providing IT services, software solutions, and technology-related services to clients worldwide.
- Mid-sized IT Firms: While large IT firms remain influential, mid-sized IT companies have been gaining market share in the services export sector. These mid-sized firms have demonstrated their ability to compete and thrive in the global market, contributing to the sector’s growth.
- Consulting Firms: Consulting firms are another crucial category of key players. They have expanded their service export portfolios to include a wide range of advisory and consulting services, catering to the needs of global clients.
- Global Capability Centers (GCCs): India boasts the world’s largest share of Global Capability Centers (GCCs). These entities, initially focused on providing tech support to multinational parent companies, have evolved into offering higher-value-added services such as legal, audit, design, and research and development (R&D). GCCs have become integral to India’s service export landscape.
What are Global Capability Centers (GCCs)?
- The GCCs are specialized centers or units established by multinational corporations (MNCs) in India to provide a wide range of services to their parent companies and global operations.
- Originally, GCCs primarily focused on offering technical and IT support services to their parent MNCs.
- However, over time, they have evolved and expanded their service offerings to include higher-value-added functions and services.
- In 2022–23, around 1,600 GCCs made up a market of $46 billion, employing 1.7 million.
- Although professional and consulting services exports account for only a quarter of India’s services exports when compared to IT services, they have experienced the fastest growth with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 31% over the last four years. This is followed by computer services with a 16% CAGR and R&D services with a 13% CAGR.
Future Prospects
- Permanent Shift Towards Remote Work: The enduring trend of remote work is expected to drive ongoing demand for IT services.
- India’s Diverse Skill Portfolio: India’s workforce boasts a wide range of skills, from engineering to design, catering to a broad spectrum of services. This diversity positions India as a versatile service provider capable of meeting evolving global demands.
- Cost Competitiveness: India’s cost-competitive advantage in providing high-quality IT services is likely to endure. As businesses seek cost-effective solutions without compromising on quality, India remains an attractive destination for outsourcing IT services.
- Tipping Point for Stronger Growth Trends: India is at a crucial juncture where the growth trends in services exports are expected to become even more robust.
- Government Support and Policy Initiatives: The Indian government’s initiatives to promote the IT and services sector, such as the Digital India campaign and the development of technology parks, will likely continue to foster an enabling environment for growth.
- Comparison with Other Economies: India’s growth trajectory resembles that of countries like the US, the UK, Germany, and Ireland, which saw rapid acceleration in services exports once they reached a certain size. This suggests the potential for even higher growth.
Manufacturing Sector Potential
- Digital infrastructure can alleviate common challenges faced by small manufacturers.
- Start-ups can facilitate access to formal credit, cheaper raw materials, larger markets, improved warehousing and logistics, and enhanced quality control for small manufacturers.
- Evidence shows that domestic services sector companies, particularly in transport services, procurement support, and e-commerce, are venturing into manufacturing.
Conclusion
- India’s services sector is at an exciting crossroads, with both services exports and domestic services undergoing transformation. Embracing this potential requires proactive policy measures and continued innovation in the services sector to propel India toward higher economic prosperity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Israel-Palestine crisis, Impact on the region, India's relations and its Impact
What’s the news?
- The recent escalation of violence between Hamas, the Palestinian terrorist group, and Israel has resulted in a significant loss of life and raised concerns internationally. At the heart of this conflict is Operation Al-Aqsa Deluge, initiated by Hamas, which has led to a series of events with far-reaching implications for the region.
Central idea
- The recent Hamas operation, Toofan Al-Aqsa (Al-Aqsa Flood), bears uncanny similarities to the launch of the 19-day Yom Kippur War that occurred 50 years ago. While the Yom Kippur War had inconclusive results, it led to a significant regional shift, ultimately resulting in Israel’s acceptance of the ‘land for peace’ formula at the Camp David Accords six years later.
Quick recap: Understand the conflict
- Muhammad Deif’s Statement: Muhammad Deif, the military commander of Hamas, delivered a recorded message, characterizing the operation as a moment for people to regain their revolution.
- The Significance of Al-Aqsa Mosque: Central to this conflict is the Al-Aqsa Mosque, one of the holiest sites in Islam after Mecca and Medina. Situated on a hill known as Temple Mount to Jews and the Noble Sanctuary to Muslims, the mosque is located in the heart of Jerusalem’s Old City. It houses two important Muslim holy sites: the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque (also known as the Qibli Mosque), dating back to the 8th century AD.
- Historical Context: The Al-Aqsa Mosque complex overlooks the Western Wall, a sacred site for Jews believed to have been constructed 3,000 years ago by King Solomon.
- Capture by Israel: In 1967, during the Middle East War, Israel captured the site and later annexed it, actions not recognized internationally.
- Triggering Tensions: The Al-Aqsa Mosque has been a long-standing focal point of Israeli-Palestinian tensions, leading to clashes and conflicts.
- 2021 Conflict: Recent clashes in 2021 resulted in a 10-day-long war, leading to casualties on both sides.
- April Clashes: In April of the same year, Israeli police clashed with Palestinians at the site, sparking cross-border exchanges of fire.
- International Concern: The ongoing violence, particularly centered around Al-Aqsa Mosque, has raised international concerns and has broader implications for regional stability.
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An overview of major flare-ups and significant events (2005 to October 2023)
- August 2005: Israel unilaterally withdraws from the Gaza Strip, leaving it under Palestinian Authority control.
- January 25, 2006: Hamas wins a majority of seats in Palestinian legislative elections, leading to a cutoff of aid by Israel and the U.S. due to Hamas’s refusal to renounce violence and recognize Israel.
- June 25, 2006: Hamas militants capture Israeli army conscript Gilad Shalit, leading to Israeli air strikes and incursions. Shalit is released more than five years later in a prisoner exchange.
- June 14, 2007: Hamas takes over Gaza in a brief civil war, ousting Fatah forces loyal to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
- December 27, 2008: Israel launches a 22-day military offensive in Gaza in response to rocket attacks. A ceasefire is eventually agreed upon after casualties on both sides.
- November 14, 2012: Israel kills Hamas’s military chief of staff, Ahmad Jabari, leading to eight days of conflict involving Palestinian militant rocket fire and Israeli air strikes.
- July-August 2014: The kidnapping and killing of three Israeli teenagers by Hamas lead to a seven-week war, resulting in casualties in both Gaza and Israel.
- March 2018: Palestinian protests begin at Gaza’s border with Israel, leading to clashes and casualties.
- May 2021: Tension during Ramadan leads to clashes at the Al Aqsa compound in Jerusalem. Hamas launches rocket attacks from Gaza, and Israel responds with airstrikes, resulting in an 11-day conflict.
- August 2022: Israeli airstrikes target an Islamic Jihad commander, leading to rocket attacks from Islamic Jihad in Gaza and a limited escalation.
- January 2023: Islamic Jihad fires rockets into Israel in response to Israeli actions in a refugee camp.
- October 2023: Hamas launches a major attack on Israel from Gaza, combining a border crossing with rocket barrages. Islamic Jihad joins the attack.
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Potential Outcomes of the Ongoing Conflict
- Israel’s Military Superiority: Israel is not under an existential threat from Hamas, and the outcome of the conflict is expected to favor Israel. A massive ground incursion into Gaza may follow to restore morale, re-establish strategic dominance, and rescue captives.
- Reevaluation of Israeli Strategies: The conflict’s experiences, including intelligence failures and overreliance on high-tech missile defense and artificial intelligence, may compel Israel to revise its strategic doctrines.
- Impact on Non-State Arab Militias: Depending on the conflict’s endgame, it could potentially boost the standing of non-state Arab militias such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, and others in the region.
- Geographic Confinement: The crisis is likely to remain geographically confined to Gaza and its immediate surroundings, due to limited support for Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the region.
- The Palestinian Authority’s Dilemma: The Palestinian Authority is divided between the West Bank and Gaza, with Fatah losing credibility. Hamas and Islamic Jihad are capitalizing on this to establish their presence in the West Bank.
- Regional Non-Support for Hamas: Regionally, there is little support for Hamas, except for Turkey. Egypt, in particular, does not favor Hamas, given its past ties to the Muslim Brotherhood. Gulf monarchies, except Qatar, strongly disapprove of Hamas.
- Iran’s Involvement: Iran has been a mentor to Hamas and Islamic Jihad and has attempted to supply weapons to Gaza. Iran’s involvement could escalate the crisis further.
Impact on the Region
- Risk of Delay in Regional Diplomacy: The crisis may delay regional diplomatic efforts, including the potential rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Israel, due to Israel’s reluctance to make concessions sought by Riyadh.
- Repercussions for the Abraham Accords: The Abraham Accords, which normalized relations between Israel and some Arab states, could face challenges due to the ongoing conflict.
- Potential Iranian Gains: Iran may feel emboldened by the conflict, potentially affecting regional dynamics and tensions.
Impact on India
- While India is not directly affected, it could feel some indirect effects, such as an oil price rise, impacts on the Indian diaspora, and potential setbacks for regional economic initiatives.
- However, India’s reputation as a stable and fast-growing economy may be enhanced in this context.
Conclusion
- The Toofan Al-Aqsa crisis has regional implications that could alter the dynamics in the Middle East. As the situation evolves, it remains essential for stakeholders, including India, to monitor developments closely and prepare for potential repercussions while seeking avenues for diplomatic engagement and stability in the region.
Must read:
India’s Evolving Relations with Israel and Palestine
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NFCS and the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
Mains level: National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS) and its significance, global best practices
What’s the news?
- India is embarking on a significant endeavor to launch its maiden national-level framework for providing climate services and information.
Central idea
- Spearheaded by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS) aims to create a seamless platform for users of climate information and services. It will play a crucial role in mitigating climate risks across key sectors such as agriculture, energy, disaster management, health, and water.
What is the NFCS?
- The NFCS is India’s response to the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), a global partnership established to enhance the production and utilization of climate information and services.
- The GFCS fosters collaboration between researchers and users to make informed decisions for long-term climate resilience.
- The NFCS will be tailored to India’s specific weather patterns and stakeholder requirements, with the IMD serving as the nodal agency.
Why is it significant?
- Bridging Functional Gaps: The NFCS will address gaps in the coordination between various agencies that rely on climate services, including hydrology, power, renewable energy, transportation, dams, irrigation, and health. It will ensure better integration and data sharing among these sectors.
- Expanding Sectoral Focus: While initially targeting key sectors like agriculture, energy, health, water, and disaster risk reduction, India can incorporate other relevant sectors like transportation and tourism as needed.
- Enhancing Data Collection: The NFCS will strengthen India’s observational network on land and sea, improving data inflow. This data will be used to run weather and climate models for more accurate climate predictions.
- Tailored Climate Information: Climate data and information products will be customized to meet the needs of users. This will help in identifying trends in agriculture, health, population distribution, infrastructure planning, energy generation, and more.
- Climate Resilience: NFCS will support efforts to prepare for and adapt to new climate conditions, helping mitigate impacts on various sectors, including water supplies, health risks, extreme events, farm productivity, and infrastructure development.
All you need to know about the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
- The National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS) is based on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).
- Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS): The GFCS is an international initiative that brings together governments and organizations at a global level. Its primary objective is to enhance the production and utilization of climate information and services. The GFCS was officially established following the announcement made during the third World Climate Conference held in Geneva in 2009.
- Partnerships and Collaboration: GFCS emphasizes partnerships and collaboration among various stakeholders, including governments, meteorological and hydrological services (NMHS) at the national level, researchers, policymakers, planners, investors, and vulnerable communities or sectors.
- User-Friendly Format: GFCS recognizes the importance of presenting climate information and services in a user-friendly format.
- Data Generation: GFCS aims to generate high-quality climate data from both national and international sources. This data includes information on critical weather parameters such as temperature, rainfall, wind, soil moisture, ocean conditions, and more.
Major components:
- Observations and Monitoring: This component focuses on collecting and monitoring climate-related data from various sources.
- Research: Research activities contribute to the development of climate models and prediction tools.
- Modeling and Prediction: Climate models and prediction systems are crucial for generating forecasts and long-term projections.
- Climate Services Information System: This system facilitates the collection and management of climate data and information.
- User Interface Platform: User-friendly platforms and tools are designed to make climate information accessible to a broad audience.
How India plans to implement NFCS?
- Global Examples: India acknowledges the successful implementation of NFCS in countries like Switzerland, China, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Learning from their experiences, India can adapt and refine its own NFCS.
- Advanced Stages: Several countries in Africa, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Madagascar, Moldova, Niger, Senegal, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, Vanuatu, and South Africa, have made significant progress in NFCS implementation. India can draw lessons from these nations’ experiences.
- Workshops and Consultations: India has taken an active role in organizing workshops related to NFCS, such as the one held in Pune. It is also planning national consultation workshops in collaboration with countries like Cuba, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo-Brazzaville, and Ethiopia. These forums facilitate knowledge sharing and the exchange of best practices.
- Historical Perspective: While the idea of NFCS in India dates back to 2008, its actual implementation faced delays. Given the increasing frequency of climate-related events, India now understands the urgency of accelerating NFCS implementation.
- Mission-Mode Approach: To expedite NFCS, India is adopting a mission-mode approach. This approach involves a focused, time-bound, and high-priority effort, often driven by the highest decision-making offices in the country.
- Statement Release: India is preparing to release an official statement on NFCS. This statement will outline the objectives, strategies, and expected outcomes of NFCS in India.
Conclusion
- As climate variability and extreme events become increasingly common, India’s NFCS comes at a critical juncture. By involving key stakeholders and leveraging global partnerships, India can harness climate information to make informed decisions for a sustainable and climate-resilient future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Money Bill and related provisions and procedure
Mains level: Money Bill debate and Supreme Court in interpretations
What’s the news?
- In recent years, some major legislations have been passed via the money bill route. Now a seven-judge SC bench will hear a challenge to the Centre’s use of money bills for passing important laws.
Central idea
- In a significant development, the Chief Justice of India announced that a seven-judge bench will be constituted to address a series of pleas challenging the government’s use of the money bill route to enact certain key legislations. This move comes in response to mounting concerns about the validity and constitutional propriety of this legislative procedure.
- A money bill is a type of legislative proposal that is defined and governed by Article 110 of the Indian Constitution.
What constitutes a money bill?
- Subject: A bill is considered a money bill if it exclusively deals with specific financial matters outlined in Article 110(1)(a) to (g) of the Indian Constitution. These matters include taxation, government borrowing, and the appropriation of money from the Consolidated Fund of India, among others.
- Introduction in Lok Sabha: Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of India’s Parliament. They cannot originate in the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house.
- Exclusion of Rajya Sabha Consent: Unlike ordinary bills, money bills do not require the consent or approval of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Lok Sabha has the exclusive authority to pass or reject money bills.
- Final Decision of the Speaker: Article 110(3) of the Constitution states that if any question arises whether a bill is a money bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha on this matter shall be final.
- Judicial Scrutiny: While the Constitution grants the Speaker the final authority in deciding whether a bill is a money bill, the Indian judiciary has the power to review and examine the Speaker’s decision for compliance with constitutional provisions.
Challenged Legislations
- Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Amendments:
- In July 2022, a three-judge bench composed of Justices A. M. Khanwilkar, Dinesh Maheshwari, and CT Ravikumar upheld the PMLA and the extensive powers of the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
- However, they left the validity of amendments to the PMLA via the Money Bill route open for review by a larger Constitution bench.
- The Finance Acts passed in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019 introduced significant changes to the PMLA, raising questions about the constitutionality of their passage.
- Aadhaar Act:
- The Aadhaar case marked a significant challenge to the categorization of a bill as a money bill.
- In 2018, the Supreme Court, in a 4:1 majority, ruled in favor of the government, declaring the Aadhaar Act a valid money bill under Article 110 of the Constitution.
- Notably, Justice Chandrachud dissented, condemning the government’s action as a fraud on the Constitution and subterfuge.
- Tribunal Reform:
- In the case of Roger Matthew vs. Union of India in November 2019, the Supreme Court confronted the issue of changes in the service conditions of tribunal members introduced as a money bill in the Finance Act, 2017.
- While a five-judge bench deemed the law unconstitutional for impinging on judicial independence, it referred the money bill aspect to a larger constitution bench.
- This move also cast doubt on the correctness of the five-judge Constitution Bench’s 2018 verdict upholding the Aadhaar Act as a money bill.
The Larger Bench and Implications
- Constitutional Significance: The cases involve the interpretation of Article 110 and the determination of whether specific bills genuinely qualify as money bills. The decisions reached by the larger bench will establish crucial precedents in constitutional law.
- Clarifying Legislative Boundaries: The larger bench’s decisions will play a pivotal role in clarifying the boundaries of legislative power in India. It will provide guidance on when a bill can be categorized as a money bill and, consequently, whether it requires the consent of the Rajya Sabha.
- Impact on Challenged Legislations: The decisions of the larger bench will directly impact the validity of specific legislations challenged for being passed as money bills. For instance, in the case of amendments to the PMLA, the outcome will determine the fate of these amendments and whether they must undergo further scrutiny in both houses of Parliament.
- Judicial Review of Speaker’s Decision: The larger bench’s deliberations may provide further clarity on the extent of judicial review over the Speaker’s decision regarding the classification of bills as money bills.
Conclusion
- The announcement of a seven-judge bench by CJI Chandrachud signals a substantial step toward addressing these concerns and providing clarity on the boundaries of this legislative process, which has far-reaching implications for India’s legal and political framework.
Also read:
Money Bills vs Finance Bills: What are the differences, what the court has ruled
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SDGs report 2023
Mains level: NEP 2020 and Its Alignment with SDGs and the significant role of Universities
What’s the news?
- Though it has been eight years since the inception of these goals, the SDGs Report 2023 flagged slow progress and painted a grim picture.
Central idea
- The SDGs Report 2023 highlights sluggish progress exacerbated by the lingering effects of COVID-19, climate change impacts, geopolitical conflicts, and a fragile global economy. This universal struggle is particularly pronounced in the least developed countries, including India. Despite India’s resilience in facing global crises, achieving the SDGs remains a challenge.
About SDGs
- The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a global commitment to address pressing socio-economic and environmental challenges.
- These 17 goals with 169 targets, unanimously agreed upon by all 193 UN member states, aim to eradicate poverty, enhance education, reduce inequality, and stimulate economic growth by 2030.
NEP 2020 and Its Alignment with SDGs
- India’s commitment to realizing the SDGs is evident through recent actions and policies.
- The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in India closely aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG4, which focuses on quality education.
Here’s how NEP 2020 aligns with the SDGs:
- Quality Education and Lifelong Learning (SDG4): NEP 2020 emphasizes quality education for all in India, addressing disparities and promoting inclusivity, in alignment with SDG4. It also recognizes the importance of lifelong learning, supporting SDG4’s objective of inclusive and equitable quality education throughout one’s life.
- Gender Equality (SDG5): The policy promotes gender equality in education, ensuring equal opportunities for girls and women. It aims to eliminate gender-based discrimination and stereotypes in education, aligning with SDG5’s objective.
- Employability and Skills Development (SDG8): NEP 2020 focuses on equipping students with practical skills and knowledge, making them more employable. This aligns with SDG8’s goal of promoting sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
- Environmental Sustainability (SDG 13): The policy acknowledges the significance of environmental education and sustainability. It encourages eco-friendly practices and awareness of environmental issues among students, aligning with SDG 13’s objective of combating climate change.
- Research and Innovation (SDG9): NEP 2020 underscores the importance of research and innovation in higher education. It seeks to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, aligning with SDG 9’s goal of promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation.
- Global Partnerships for Development (SDG17): The policy promotes international collaboration in higher education and research. It aims to establish partnerships with global institutions, foster knowledge exchange, and align with SDG17’s objective of strengthening global partnerships for sustainable development.
Enhancing the Role of Universities
- Research-Teaching Nexus: Universities should strengthen the connection between research and teaching in higher education. By bridging the gap between research and teaching, universities can provide students with real-world insights and solutions to global challenges.
- Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Education: Universities should promote multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to education. Such systems produce well-rounded individuals capable of conducting research and finding innovative solutions to complex issues.
- Innovative Solutions and Start-ups: Collaboration with private companies and the development of innovative solutions and start-ups should be encouraged. Universities can serve as hubs for innovation and entrepreneurship, contributing to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).
- Value-Based Education (VBE): Introducing value-based education can help instill a sense of responsibility in citizens towards themselves, society, and the planet. This values-based approach can align with SDG 15 (Life on Land) by fostering a deeper connection between individuals and the environment.
Suggestions for the Universities
- Mapping Operations with SDGs: NEP 2020 should guide Indian higher education institutions to align their daily operations with the SDGs.
- Ranking according to SDGs: While ranking universities based on SDG achievement is commendable, it should be bolstered with comprehensive measures to meet the SDG deadline.
- Stakeholder Education and Orientation: All stakeholders in higher education should be educated and oriented to ensure no activities neglect the SDGs. Collaboration among the 56,205 higher educational institutions and universities in India is essential.
- Community Engagement: Universities should actively engage with their local communities, focusing on community health, energy conservation, efficient resource allocation, waste reduction, and skill development. Sharing resources and infrastructure with other universities and external partners should become the norm.
- Institutional Strategies: Sustainability and SDGs should be integrated into the core institutional strategies of universities, influencing daily administration, teaching, and research.
- Socio-economic Integration: Higher education must be closely integrated with socio-economic development to ensure meaningful and multiple impacts on the SDGs. Universities should contribute directly to the well-being and nation-building of every citizen.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to the SDGs, particularly in higher education through NEP 2020, is a positive step towards achieving the 2030 agenda. To accelerate progress, universities must embrace sustainability as a guiding principle and incorporate the SDGs into their daily operations. By doing so, they can play a pivotal role in addressing pressing global challenges and ensuring a better future for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change, green energy initiatives
Mains level: Climate change: a global crisis, Challenges, global commitments, India's remarkable progress and initiatives, Challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- In the face of mounting global concerns about climate change, India is firmly committed to reducing emissions and championing green energy initiatives
Central idea
- In recent years, environmentalists have expressed growing concern about the deteriorating state of our planet. Their apprehensions are substantiated by a century-long analysis of temperature data, revealing a significant 1.10°C increase in Earth’s temperature from 1880 to 2022. This upward trend in temperatures has dire implications, with experts predicting severe social, economic, and environmental consequences.
Climate change challenges
- Temperature Rise: Earth’s temperature increased by approximately 1.10 degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2022. This temperature rise is expected to result in major social, economic, and environmental problems.
- Extreme Weather Events: More frequent climate-related disasters, including droughts, forest fires, ice melting, rising sea levels, flooding, and cyclones, are occurring globally. These events significantly impact people’s lives and livelihoods.
- Climate Refugees: Rising sea levels, coastal erosion, and other climate-induced events are leading to the migration of communities.
- Agricultural Disruption: Climate change disrupts agricultural production, potentially leading to food shortages, rising commodity prices, and increased poverty.
- Resource Conflicts: Climate change can exacerbate conflicts over limited resources such as water and arable land as competition intensifies in resource-scarce areas.
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas, contributes significantly to climate problems. These activities generate greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane), which trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming.
- Global Warming: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb heat, preventing it from being adequately reflected into space. This phenomenon intensifies global warming.
The role of green energy
- Green Energy Definition: Green power is electricity produced from sources such as wind, sun, biomass, geothermal, biogas, and low-impact small hydropower projects.
- Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Green energy is a major solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as it doesn’t produce significant carbon dioxide or other pollutants during electricity generation.
- Diverse Green Energy Sources:
- Wind Energy: Generated using turbines harnessing wind power.
- Solar Energy: Produced from sunlight using solar panels.
- Biomass: Utilizes organic material like wood and agricultural residue for energy.
- Geothermal: Extracts heat from the Earth’s core for power generation.
- Biogas: Captures methane from decomposing organic matter.
- Low-Impact Small Hydropower: Uses natural water flow for electricity generation with minimal environmental impact.
- Reducing Fossil Fuel Dependence: Transitioning to green energy reduces reliance on conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, thereby curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Sustainable and Renewable: Green energy sources are sustainable, relying on replenishable natural processes for long-term energy production while minimizing environmental harm.
Environmentally Friendly Practices
- Promotion of Public Transport: Encouraging the use of public transportation to reduce carbon emissions from individual vehicles.
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): Advocating for the adoption of electric vehicles as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional combustion engine vehicles.
- Non-Motorized Transport: Promoting non-motorized transport options, such as walking and cycling, to reduce the reliance on motorized vehicles.
- Energy-Efficient Gadgets: Encouraging the use of energy-efficient electronic devices and appliances to reduce energy consumption.
- Sustainable Diet: Highlighting concerns about the consumption of non-vegetarian food, especially red meat, due to its resource-intensive nature.
- Reduce, Reuse, Repair, and Recycle: Advocating for practices that reduce waste generation, including reusing and recycling products and resources like water and waste materials.
International Commitments
- UN Call for Net-Zero Emissions: The United Nations (UN) has called upon world leaders to achieve net-zero emissions by the year 2050.
- Climate Finance Support: Industrialized countries have been asked to provide $100 billion annually as climate finance to support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
India’s Role in Emission Reduction
- Commitment to Renewable Energy: India has made substantial commitments to expanding its renewable energy capacity. The country aims to achieve 50% of its power generation from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 and reach net-zero emissions by 2070.
- Solar Energy Expansion: India has been actively promoting solar energy through initiatives like the National Solar Mission. By the end of 2022, India had installed 63.30 gigawatts of solar power capacity. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Karnataka have made significant progress in this regard.
- Bio-Energy Programs: The National Bio-energy Programme focuses on generating energy from biomass, such as agricultural residue, wood, and solid waste. Over 800 biomass plants have been installed in various states, contributing to 10.73 gigawatts of installed capacity.
- Green Hydrogen Mission: India launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission in 2023, with the goal of producing about 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2030. This initiative is a step towards clean energy generation.
- Wind and Hydro Energy: India also emphasizes wind energy, wind-solar hybrid projects, and small hydro projects, which together contribute significantly to its renewable energy capacity.
- Government Support: The Indian government allocates significant funds to support renewable energy projects. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) allocated substantial funding in 2023-24, prioritizing solar and wind energy initiatives.
Hold On! Don’t Scroll Past This
Local success stories
- Solar Rooftop Infrastructure in Coimbatore and Salem:
- Solar rooftop infrastructure was installed in Coimbatore and Salem to meet the local electricity demand.
- This initiative improved access to affordable and reliable electricity supplies for citizens and benefited supply agencies through energy savings.
- Floating Solar Plants in Chandigarh:
- Floating solar plants were established at waterworks in Chandigarh, contributing to meeting local energy demand and reducing power bills.
- Bio-CNG Plant in Indore:
- Indore set up a bio-CNG plant that treats segregated wet waste.
- The biogas produced is utilized to power city transport buses, contributing to sustainable transportation and waste management.
- Household and Institutional Green Energy Generation:
- Various households and institutions across different parts of India have adopted green energy generation, primarily through solar power, at a local level.
|
Challenges
- Continued Reliance on Fossil Fuels: India still heavily depends on fossil fuels, with about 60 percent of installed capacity coming from conventional sources.
- Energy Import Dependency: A significant portion of oil (about 85 percent) and gas (about 45 percent) is imported annually, posing challenges related to energy security.
- Rising Energy Demand: Meeting the growing energy demands driven by urbanization, infrastructure expansion, and industrial production is a pressing challenge.
Way Forward
- Reducing Dependency on Non-Renewables: India must decrease its reliance on non-renewable resources, particularly fossil fuels, to mitigate emissions and environmental impact.
- Self-Reliance in Green Energy: Achieving self-reliance in green energy production is vital to meeting future energy needs sustainably.
- Effective Implementation of Green Initiatives: Ensuring the successful implementation of green energy initiatives and the maintenance of green assets created is crucial.
- Affordable and Efficient Alternatives: Providing cost-effective and efficient alternatives, such as renewable energy solutions and energy-efficient technologies, can facilitate the adoption of green practices.
- Shift in Habits and Attitudes: Encouraging changes in consumption patterns and fostering a more environmentally responsible mindset among the public is imperative for a successful transition to green energy and sustainability.
Conclusion
- Climate change is a global crisis that demands immediate action. India’s commitment to green energy initiatives is a significant step toward mitigating the effects of climate change. However, a concerted effort is required from governments, industries, and individuals to transition to sustainable practices and secure a greener future for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ARTIP
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- India’s Automated Radio Telescope Image Processing Pipeline (ARTIP) technology has been instrumental in facilitating remarkable discoveries from distant galaxies observed by South Africa’s MeerKAT Telescope.
- MeerKAT acts as a precursor to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Telescope, known for its outstanding sensitivity and sky survey capabilities.
- ARTIP’s cutting-edge image data processing is vital for harnessing MeerKAT’s potential for groundbreaking research.
What is ARTIP?
- Development by Thoughtworks: ARTIP was developed by global technology consultancy firm Thoughtworks at its India offices in Bengaluru and Pune.
- Automation of Data Processing: Since 2017, this collaboration has aimed to automate various critical processes, including data processing, flagging, calibration, and imaging.
How ARTIP operates?
- Configurability: ARTIP is highly configurable and customizable, designed to process MeerKAT-generated data. While initially configured for MeerKAT, its adaptability allows it to process data from uGMRT and VLA class telescopes.
- Pipeline Components: It consists of four individual sub-pipelines, including calibration, cube imaging, continuum imaging, and diagnostics, each serving different stages of the data processing workflow.
- Calibration (ARTIP-CAL): This component calibrates data against known astronomical sources and extracts the target source of interest.
- Cube Imaging (ARTIP-CUBE): The calibrated target is then used to generate sky images using this component.
- Continuum Imaging (ARTIP-CONT): This pipeline focuses on generating images from the calibrated data.
- Diagnostics (ARTIP-DIAGNOSTICS): Providing analysis insights into data processing and quality, it functions as a quality assurance pipeline.
Impactful Discoveries by ARTIP
- Hydroxyl Radical (OH) Detection: ARTIP has contributed to significant discoveries, including the detection of the hydroxyl radical (OH), an essential chemical species found throughout the atmosphere in a distant galaxy.
- Identification of Hydrogen Atoms: It has also played a crucial role in identifying massive hydrogen atoms (Rydberg atoms) in another distant galaxy.
- Scientific Recognition: The MALS data processing with ARTIP has received recognition in the international astronomical journal, Proceedings of Science, for its contributions to these discoveries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PUSA-44
Mains level: Stubble burning control measures
Central Idea
- Punjab CM recently announced the state’s decision to ban the cultivation of the PUSA-44 paddy variety starting from the next agricultural season.
- This move has raised questions about why such a popular paddy variety is facing a ban and what implications it holds for the state’s agriculture.
About PUSA-44
- Origin: Developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), PUSA-44 gradually gained popularity among Punjab’s farmers.
- Rapid Adoption: Due to its high yield, Punjab’s farmers started cultivating it on a larger scale, covering 70 to 80 percent of the area under paddy cultivation.
Yield Comparison
- High Yield: Farmers favor PUSA-44 for its impressive yield, producing nearly 85 to 100 quintals per acre compared to other varieties’ 28 to 30 quintals per acre.
- Economic Advantage: The higher yield translates to increased income, with potential earnings of Rs 15,000 to 22,000 per acre above the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
Reasons for Ban
- Long Maturity Period: PUSA-44 requires around 160 days to mature, significantly longer than other varieties, necessitating 5-6 additional cycles of irrigation.
- Groundwater Depletion: Punjab faces severe groundwater depletion, and with an expanding area under paddy, the government aims to conserve water resources by banning PUSA-44.
- Stubble Burning: PUSA-44’s extended maturity period exacerbates the issue of stubble burning. The narrow timeframe between harvesting and wheat sowing makes stubble management challenging, leading to increased incidents of stubble burning.
- Air Pollution: Stubble burning contributes to severe air pollution in North India during the winter, impacting public health.
Impact of PUSA-44 on Stubble Burning
- Harvest Timing: PUSA-44 is harvested just before the wheat sowing season, leaving a limited window for stubble disposal.
- Stubble Quantity: PUSA-44 generates approximately 2 percent more stubble than shorter-duration varieties, compounding the stubble burning problem.
- High-Incidence Districts: Several districts in Punjab, including Barnala, Sangrur, Ludhiana, Moga, Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Muktsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, and Mansa, witness higher stubble-burning incidents, coinciding with the PUSA-44 harvest.
Stubble Burning Statistics
- Burning Incidents: In 2022, several districts experienced a high incidence of stubble burning, primarily linked to the PUSA-44 harvest.
- Persistence: Stubble burning typically began in the third week of October, coinciding with the PUSA-44 harvest, and continued until November 25.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TRAI
Mains level: OTT Regulations
Central Idea
- The Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) has issued an interim order clarifying that Over the Top (OTT) platforms, such as Hotstar, fall outside the jurisdiction of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).
- Instead, they are governed by the Information Technology Rules, 2021, established by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
Context for TDSAT’s Decision
- The All India Digital Cable Federation (AIDCF) initiated the petition, alleging that Star India’s free streaming of ICC Cricket World Cup matches on mobile devices through Disney+ Hotstar is discriminatory under TRAI regulations.
- This is because viewers can only access matches on Star Sports TV channels by subscribing and making monthly payments.
Diverging Opinions on OTT Regulation
- IT Ministry vs. DoT: The IT Ministry contends that internet-based communication services, including OTT platforms, do not fall under the jurisdiction of the DoT, citing the Allocation of Business Rules.
- DoT’s Draft Telecom Bill: The DoT proposed a draft telecom Bill that classifies OTT platforms as telecommunications services and seeks to regulate them as telecom operators. This move has encountered objections from MeitY.
TRAI’s Attempt at OTT Regulation
- Changing Stance: TRAI, after three years of maintaining that no specific regulatory framework was required for OTT communication services, began consultations on regulating these services.
- Consultation Paper: In June, TRAI released a consultation paper seeking input on regulating OTT services and exploring whether selective banning of OTT services could be considered as an alternative to complete Internet shutdowns.
- Telecom Operators’ Demand: Telecom operators have long advocated for “same service, same rules” and have pushed for regulatory intervention for OTT platforms.
Significance of TDSAT’s Order
- TDSAT decision holds significance due to ongoing debates over the regulation of OTT services.
- TRAI and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) have been attempting to regulate OTT platforms, while the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology opposes these efforts.
Recommendations and Monitoring
- In September 2020, TRAI recommended against regulatory intervention for OTT platforms, suggesting that market forces should govern the sector.
- However, it also emphasized the need for monitoring and intervention at an “appropriate time.”
Conclusion
- The recent TDSAT ruling on OTT platform jurisdiction adds complexity to the ongoing debate over the regulation of these services in India.
- While TRAI and the DoT seek regulatory measures, the IT Ministry contends that such services fall outside the purview of telecommunications regulation.
- The evolving landscape highlights the need for a nuanced approach to balance the interests of various stakeholders, including telecom operators, government authorities, and the broader public.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Money Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- CJI announced that a seven-judge bench will be established to address a series of petitions challenging the government’s use of the money bill route to pass significant legislations.
- This move aims to provide clarity on the interpretation and application of money bills under Article 110 of the Constitution and their validity.
Understanding the Money Bill Issue
- The PMLA Challenge: CJI Chandrachud’s statement came during the hearing of challenges against amendments made to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
- Previous Judgment: In July 2022, a three-judge bench upheld the PMLA and the extensive powers of the Enforcement Directorate (ED). However, the validity of amendments to the PMLA passed as money bills remained open for review by a larger Constitution bench.
- Finance Acts’ Impact: Key amendments to the PMLA were introduced through Finance Acts passed in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019, which are presented as money bills during the budget sessions under Article 110 of the Constitution.
Challenges beyond PMLA
[A] Aadhaar Controversy:
- The issue of whether a bill qualifies as a money bill under Article 110 was first raised during the Aadhaar case.
- In a 4:1 majority ruling in 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the Aadhaar Act as a valid money bill.
- Notably, Justice Chandrachud dissented, criticizing the government’s passage of the Aadhaar Act as a money bill, labelling it a “fraud on the Constitution.”
[B] Tribunal Reform:
- In the case of Roger Matthew vs. Union of India (2019), the Supreme Court addressed challenges related to changes in the service conditions of tribunal members, introduced as a money bill in the Finance Act of 2017.
- While declaring the law unconstitutional for interfering with judicial independence, the court referred the money bill aspect to a larger constitution bench, expressing doubts about the correctness of its 2018 verdict upholding the Aadhaar Act.
Understanding a Money Bill
- Article 110(1): A bill is considered a money bill if it exclusively pertains to matters specified in Article 110(1)(a) to (g), such as taxation, government borrowing, and appropriation of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- Lok Sabha Exclusive: Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and do not require Rajya Sabha’s consent.
- Role of Speaker: According to Article 110(3), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final say in determining whether a bill is a money bill. However, the court in the Aadhaar case emphasized that the Speaker’s decision is subject to judicial scrutiny.
Conclusion
- The formation of a seven-judge bench signifies a significant step towards resolving controversies surrounding money bills and their passage, ensuring a clearer understanding of their application under the Constitution.
- This move underscores the importance of judicial review in upholding the constitutional principles of parliamentary proceedings and ensuring transparency and accountability in legislative processes involving money bills.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Delhi Excise Policy Scam
Central Idea
- A Delhi court has remanded a member of Rajya Sabha in Enforcement Directorate (ED) custody in the Delhi Excise Policy Scam.
- This has created a big furore among people over the alleged involvement of a hardliner political party which was established solely to fight political corruption.
About Delhi Excise Policy Scam
- Background: Both individuals face corruption allegations related to the formulation and implementation of the Delhi Excise Policy 2021-22, which came into effect but was later scrapped.
- Procedural Lapses: The allegations stemmed from a report submitted by Delhi Chief Secretary to the Lieutenant Governor in July 2022. The report pointed to procedural lapses in the policy’s formulation.
- Financial Losses: The report claimed that “arbitrary and unilateral decisions” led to estimated “financial losses to the exchequer.”
- Alleged Irregularities: It alleged that leaders received “kickbacks” from businesses for preferential treatment, such as discounts, license fee waivers, and relief due to disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. These funds were purportedly used for electoral influence.
Involvement of the Enforcement Directorate (ED)
- ED’s Role: Following the CBI’s FIR, the ED asserted that the alleged proceeds of crime required investigation to establish the modus operandi.
- Investigation Details: The ED alleged that the “scam” involved irregularities in the wholesale liquor business, margin-fixing, and receiving kickbacks. It claimed that the policy was designed with “deliberate loopholes” to benefit key figures.
- Financial Transactions: The ED also alleged that individuals, acting as intermediaries, received substantial sums from a group, allowing them access to various businesses.
Differences in the Delhi Excise Policy
- Policy Goals: The Delhi Excise Policy 2021-22 aimed to exit the state from the liquor business, eliminate black marketing, increase revenue, enhance consumer experiences, and ensure equitable distribution of liquor vends.
- Private Operation: Under the policy, Delhi was divided into zones, each with liquor vends operated by private licensees. Licensees had the freedom to offer discounts and set prices.
Issues and Reversals
- Deviation from Procedures: A report in July 2022 highlighted deviations from established procedures in the policy formulation.
- Market Distortions: The report pointed out that discounts offered by liquor retailers were causing market distortions.
- Policy Reversals: It noted policy reversals, leading to questions about the justification for such changes.
- Blanket Relaxations: The report flagged blanket relaxations granted for default in license fee payments.
ED Chargesheets and Allegations
- Campaign Funding: The ED has alleged financial improprieties related to campaign funding.
- Conduit for Financial Transactions: Individuals are alleged to have acted as intermediaries in financial transactions.
- Involvement of Key Figures: The ED has claimed the involvement of certain individuals in meetings and interactions related to the case.
Conclusion
- The scam has led to arrests and legal proceedings involving corruption allegations and procedural lapses.
- Allegations of financial improprieties and irregularities in the policy’s implementation have created a complex legal landscape.
- The involvement of the Enforcement Directorate adds to the intricacies of the case, while ongoing investigations seek to establish the veracity of the allegations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hakki- Pikki Tribe
Mains level: NA
Central idea: Thirty-one tribals belonging to the ‘Hakki-Pikki’ community from Karnataka are stranded in Sudan due to violent clashes between a paramilitary force and the country’s armed forces.
Who are the Hakki-Pikkis?
|
Description |
| Origin |
Migrated from northern India to Karnataka. |
| Traditional Occupation |
Traditionally known for bird hunting, which was later outlawed. |
| Language |
Indo-Aryan language called ‘Vaagri’ and use Kannada for daily business. |
| Location |
Predominantly found in Shivamogga, Davanagere, and Mysuru districts of Karnataka |
| Lineage |
A matriarchal community, where women have an important role in decision-making. |
| Traditional Knowledge |
Known for selling indigenous medicines developed based on their knowledge of plants and herbs. |
Language and UNESCO Listing
- ‘Vaagri’ has been listed as one of the endangered languages by UNESCO.
- This indicates that the language is at risk of becoming extinct in the future, highlighting the importance of preserving and promoting it.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Battle of Colachel
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Battle of Colachel in 1741, where King Marthanda Varma led the Travancore army against the Dutch East India Company, marked a significant turning point in India’s history.
- It was the first instance of an Asian kingdom defeating a European power, effectively halting Dutch colonial ambitions in India.
- This battle also had profound implications for the formation of the unified Travancore state.
Travancore’s Complex Landscape Before 1741
- Fragmented Territories: Travancore, formerly known as Thiruvithamcode, was not a unified state but a network of south Malabar temple states and settlements, characterized by fragmented territories and chieftaincies.
- Marthanda Varma’s Leadership: Born in 1705, Marthanda Varma ascended to power and set his sights on unifying the kingdom by annexing neighboring regions and eliminating internal opposition.
- Territorial Expansion: His ambition to expand threatened neighboring rulers in Kayamukulam, Kollam, Attingal, and others, leading them to seek Dutch intervention against Varma.
- English Connection: Varma’s military relations with the English, who supplied weaponry, further strained Dutch-Travancore relations.
Factors Leading to the Battle
- Dutch Resistance: The Dutch, perturbed by Varma’s expansion and territorial disputes, prepared their forces in Colachel to counter Travancore.
- Internal Conflicts: Some Dutch officials, including Carl August Duijvenschot, defected to Travancore due to internal conflicts within the Dutch ranks.
- Neighboring Rulers’ Instigation: Cochin and Kayamukulam rulers instigated the Dutch against Varma to safeguard their borders.
Battle of Colachel: Unfolds
- Dutch Aggression: In February 1741, the Dutch initiated attacks on several villages and the Travancore army, committing atrocities and plundering the region.
- Varma’s Response: Marthanda Varma deployed his military commander, Rama Iyer Dalawah, to confront the Dutch and protect his kingdom.
- International Support: The French supported Varma against the Dutch, and even the English participated in the siege of Colachel alongside Varma’s forces.
Siege and Surrender
- Long Siege: The continuous attacks and siege depleted Dutch supplies and manpower, leading to a dire situation.
- Explosion and Surrender: On August 5, 1741, a gunpowder explosion occurred in Colachel, devastating the Dutch. Two days later, they surrendered.
- Outcome: Only 24 Dutchmen survived, and Travancore captured 389 muskets, cannons, and swords.
- Mukkuvar Community: The Mukkuvar fishermen community, by refusing to assist the Dutch with fortifications and supplies, played a crucial role in Travancore’s victory.
Aftermath and Legacy
- Resilience to Colonial Rule: The victory at Colachel bolstered Varma’s expansion plans and resistance to colonial rule.
- Dutch Retreat: The Dutch never fully recovered from their defeat and signed the Treaty of Mavelikkara in 1753, ending their dominance on the Kerala coast.
- De Lannoy’s Contribution: Eustachius De Lannoy, captured during the battle, played a vital role in training Travancore’s army and fortifying the region. He was conferred the title ‘Valia Kappithan’ (senior admiral) and served Travancore for 36 years.
Back2Basics: Colonization of India
| Colonial Power |
Arrival Year |
Departure Year |
| Portuguese |
Arrived in 1498 through Vasco da Gama’s voyage. |
Departed in 1961 (Goa), with gradual integration of smaller settlements into India over subsequent years. |
| Dutch |
Established presence in 1602. |
Departed in 1802, with the formal cession of their Indian territories to the British through the Treaty of Amiens. |
| British |
British East India Company granted a charter in 1600.
The first factory was established in Surat in 1619. |
Departed in 1947 when India gained independence.
It also led to Partition of India and creation of Pakistan. |
| French |
Established the first trading post in 1668. |
Departed in 1954 with the formal handover of Pondicherry and other French settlements to India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rooppur Nuclear Plant
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Bangladesh marked a significant milestone in its energy journey with the arrival of the first uranium delivery for its Russia-backed nuclear power plant.
- This $12.65-billion project aims to strengthen the nation’s energy grid, plagued by chronic blackouts.
- Moscow is funding 90% of the project’s cost through a loan, a testament to the close relationship between Russia and Bangladesh.
Rooppur Nuclear Plant
- Construction of the Rooppur nuclear plant in Rooppur village, west of Dhaka, began in 2017.
- It consists of twin 1,200-megawatt units, with the first unit set to begin operations in the coming year, and both expected to be fully operational by 2025.
- It will become Bangladesh’s largest power station in terms of generating capacity once fully operational.
Bangladesh’s Pursuit of Moscow’s Friendship
- Loan Repayment Challenges: US sanctions on Russian entities, including state nuclear agency Rosatom, had previously delayed construction due to Bangladesh’s inability to make loan repayments in US currency.
- Chinese Yuan Payment: In April, Bangladesh agreed to make payments exceeding $300 million in Chinese Yuan to bypass the sanctions, although these payments are yet to be made.
Bangladesh’s Energy Imperatives
- Overcoming Energy Challenges: Bangladesh faces severe energy shortages, with daily power blackouts lasting up to 13 hours, affecting the lives of millions.
- Reducing Fossil Fuel Reliance: The country aims to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels by embracing nuclear energy and other cleaner sources.
- Climate Change Mitigation: Bangladesh presents its nuclear energy ambitions as part of its strategy to combat climate change and reduce carbon emissions significantly by 2030.
Challenges and Concerns
- Safety and Waste Disposal: There remain concerns about the safety risks and disposal of nuclear waste associated with nuclear energy projects.
- Time-Consuming Construction: Nuclear plants take many years to build, compared to more swiftly deployable renewable energy sources.
- Energy Mix: The nation’s energy journey is a complex blend of diplomacy, economics, and environmental considerations, aimed at securing a sustainable energy future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sammakka-Sarakka Tribal University
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal to set up a central Sammakka-Sarakka Tribal University in Telangana.
- The establishment of this University was a commitment made by the Central government under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, of 2014.
- Both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana were promised support to establish a tribal university each.
Legend of Sammakka and Sarakka
- Sammakka-Sarakka: The university is named after Sammakka-Sarakka, a revered mother-daughter duo among the local tribal community.
- Historical Significance: Sammakka was married to Pagididda Raju, a feudal chief of the Kakatiyas dynasty, and had two daughters, Sarakka and Nagulamma, along with a son named Jampanna. The legend revolves around their battle against local rulers in protest against taxing the Koya people.
- Sammakka Saralamma Jatara: This biennial festival, held in Mulugu, commemorates the 13th-century battle of the mother-daughter duo. It is considered one of the world’s largest tribal gatherings.
- Evolution of the Festival: Initially, only around 2,000 people, primarily from the Koya tribe, attended the festival. However, over time, it transformed into a large Hindu religious event, with millions of devotees attending.
- Political and Social Impact: The festival gained immense political and social significance, leading to its declaration as a state festival in 1996. Infrastructure development, including a motorable road, further boosted its popularity.
Significance of Sammakka and Sarakka
- Massive Footfall: The festival attracts around 1.5 crore devotees from various tribal and non-tribal communities, including those from multiple states such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Jharkhand.
- Ministry of Tribal Affairs Participation: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the Telangana state government actively participate in the festival, with significant financial support.
- Infrastructure Development: Funds have been allocated for community shelters and infrastructure in and around Medaram, the festival’s location.
- Tribal Circuit Development: The Ministry of Tourism sanctioned funds for the integrated development of the tribal circuit, including the temple of Sammakka-Sarakka.
Significance of Mulugu
- Population and Demographics: Mulugu, a reserved Scheduled Tribes (ST) assembly seat, has a population of approximately 2.6 lakhs, with a 75% ST population as per the 2011 Census.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ramappa Temple, located about 15 km from Mulugu, adds to the area’s cultural richness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Freedom on the Net 2023' Report
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Freedom House’s latest report highlights the 13th consecutive year of declining global Internet freedom.
- This decline has seen deteriorations in the human rights online situation in 29 countries, with only 20 countries registering improvements.
Report: ‘Freedom on the Net 2023: The Repressive Power of Artificial Intelligence’
- Key Concerns: The report underscores the escalating use of artificial intelligence (AI) by governments worldwide, emphasizing its role in censorship and the dissemination of disinformation.
- Scope: Covering events from June 2022 to May 2023, the 13th edition evaluates Internet freedom in 70 countries, collectively accounting for 88% of global Internet users.
Regional Findings
- Iran’s Sharp Rise in Digital Repression: Iran witnessed the sharpest escalation in digital repression. Authorities resorted to Internet shutdowns, blocked WhatsApp and Instagram, and intensified surveillance to quell anti-government protests.
- China’s Perennial Status: For the ninth consecutive year, China retained its position as the world’s worst environment for Internet freedom, followed by Myanmar, the second most repressive nation concerning online freedoms.
Legal Repercussions and Arrests
- Global Crackdown on Expression: The report highlights that individuals faced legal consequences for online expression in a record 55 countries this year.
- Widespread Arrests: The number of countries conducting widespread arrests and imposing multi-year prison terms for online activities has surged, growing from 18 in 2014 to 31 in 2023.
- Elections as Triggers: Elections emerged as triggers for digital repression. Ahead of elections, incumbent leaders in various countries criminalized speech, restricted access to independent news sites, and imposed information controls to influence the electoral outcome in their favor.
AI-Enabled Repression in India
- Censorship in Legal Framework: The report spotlights India’s inclusion of censorship, including AI-based systems, within its legal framework. The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules mandate large social media platforms to employ AI-based moderation tools for diverse types of content.
- Example – BBC Documentary: The report cites the Indian government’s directive to YouTube and Twitter to restrict access to a BBC documentary on communal violence. The IT Rules compel these platforms to use automated scanning tools to remove related content.
Censorship Methods in India
- 5 Censorship Methods: The report evaluates countries on five censorship methods:
- Internet connectivity restrictions,
- Blocks on social media platforms,
- Blocks on websites,
- Blocks on VPNs, and
- Forced content removal.
- Further Censorship Actions: India has also been involved in blocking websites featuring political, social, or religious content, disrupting ICT networks, deploying pro-government commentators to manipulate online discussions, and conducting technical attacks against government critics and human rights organizations.
- Digital Freedom Index: On a scale of 1 to 100, where ‘100’ represents the highest digital freedom and ‘1’ signifies the worst repression, India received a score of 50. In contrast, Iceland emerged as the leader with a score of 94, boasting the best climate for Internet freedom.
Implications for India
- Uneven Playing Field: As India prepares for general elections in 2024, the government’s expanding censorship regime is highlighted as a threat to Indian democracy.
- Curb on free speech: It suppresses criticism and independent reporting on the ruling party.
Conclusion
- The report’s findings underscore the global decline in Internet freedom, driven partly by the increasing use of AI for censorship and disinformation campaigns.
- The implications of this trend on freedom of expression, privacy, and democracy necessitate vigilant monitoring and international action to protect digital rights in an increasingly interconnected world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cape Town Convention
Mains level: Aviation Sector Crisis
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) issued a notification exempting aircraft-related transactions from certain sections of the IBC, aligning Indian regulations with the Cape Town Convention (CTC).
- The notification eliminates the automatic moratorium on aircraft, engines, airframes, and helicopters, allowing lessors to repossess planes during airline insolvency.
Understanding the Go First Crisis
- Bankruptcy: Go First, a prominent budget airline in India, filed for bankruptcy, becoming the second Indian airline to do so in recent years, following Jet Airways’ bankruptcy in 2019.
- Debt and Lessors: Go First faced substantial debt, including over ₹2,600 crore owed to various aircraft lessors.
- Engine Supplier Blame: The airline attributed its crisis to engine supplier Pratt & Whitney, claiming that faulty engines led to flight disruptions and significant financial losses.
Dispute between Indian Airlines and Aircraft Lessors
- Dependency on Foreign Lessors: Indian airlines heavily rely on foreign lessors to finance aircraft acquisitions, with approximately 80% of India’s 800 commercial aircraft under lease.
- Legal Barriers: Legal proceedings in Indian courts have prevented lessors from repossessing Go First’s aircraft, potentially intensifying disputes between lessors and Indian airlines.
- Higher Risk Premiums: Experts anticipate that lessors may charge higher risk premiums to mitigate future turbulence with Indian airlines, leading to increased business costs and potentially higher airfares for passengers.
About Cape Town Convention (CTC)
| Establishment |
2001, Entered into force on March 1, 2006. |
| Purpose |
Facilitates aircraft financing and leasing, establishing global standards and legal framework. |
| Global Registry |
International registry for aircraft and equipment ownership interests, enhancing transparency. |
| Leasing |
CTC simplifies aircraft leasing operations by allowing quick deregistration and repossession. |
| Priority Rules |
Determines the priority of interests in aircraft, crucial in cases of default or insolvency. |
| Default Remedies |
Outlines procedures and remedies in case of default, including repossession rights. |
| Coverage |
Encompasses aircraft and aircraft equipment (engines, avionics), offering comprehensive legal guidelines. |
CTC and India
- India is a signatory to the CTC since 2018.
- Despite being a party to the CTC, Indian laws have often prevailed over CTC provisions in cases of conflict, impacting lessors’ rights.
Government’s Vision for Aircraft Leasing in India
- Hub for Aircraft Leasing: The Indian government aims to establish the country as a hub for aircraft leasing, attracting global lessors.
- Alignment with International Norms: To achieve this vision, alignment with international aviation conventions like the CTC is crucial.
Lessors’ Current Challenges
- Prospective Impact: The MCA notification is effective prospectively and may not immediately assist Go First’s lessors in repossessing aircraft.
- Sub-Judice Matters: The matter of repossession is currently under judicial consideration.
- Previous Attempts: Lessors had applied to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to repossess planes from Go First before the NCLT’s admission of insolvency.
- Pending Legislation: The government had planned legislation to prioritize CTC provisions over conflicting Indian laws, but it has not been tabled in Parliament.
Need for CTC Legislation in India
- Current Status: India is a CTC signatory but lacks the necessary legal protection, resulting in conflicts between existing laws and CTC norms.
- Fueling Aviation Growth: Legalizing CTC provisions is essential to support the aviation market’s growth and facilitate smoother aircraft leasing operations.
- Impact on Passengers: Without proper legislation, higher premiums by lessors could lead to increased airline costs, ultimately affecting passengers through higher ticket prices.
Conclusion
- The urgent enactment of the Cape Town Convention (CTC) Bill in India is crucial to harmonize legal provisions, protect lessors’ rights, and ensure the sustainable growth of the aviation industry without burdening passengers with escalated airfares.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: key findings of the Reports
Mains level: Women's labour force participation In India, existing challenges, Government Initiatives and way forward
What’s the news?
- In a concerning revelation, India grapples with one of the world’s lowest female labor force participation rates, while rural women face widening gender wage gaps and continue to make substantial, often unpaid, contributions to the economy.
Central idea
- As the International Day of Rural Women approaches, it is essential to shed light on the grim reality that India is grappling with. India not only records one of the lowest female labor force participation rates (LFPR) globally, but also ranks lower than most South Asian nations, trailing only Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Rural Women’s Employment Landscape
- India has one of the lowest female LFPRs globally. The LFPR for women in the working-age group (15–59 years) is just 35.6 percent, and this figure varies significantly between rural and urban areas.
- In rural regions, the LFPR is comparatively higher at 39.3 percent, while in urban areas, it is much lower at 26.5 percent, according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data for 2021–22.
- Self-Employment and Agriculture:
- A significant portion of rural women in India are engaged in self-employment, particularly in agriculture and allied activities.
- Nearly three-fourths of rural working women are involved in these sectors, which include crop cultivation, livestock rearing, and related tasks.
- Agriculture remains a crucial source of livelihood for many rural women.
Gender Wage Gap in Rural India
- Higher Gender Wage Gap in Rural Areas: Rural women working as regular and casual wage laborers face a more pronounced gender wage gap compared to their urban counterparts. This wage disparity is particularly significant in the rural employment sector.
- Self-Employed Women’s Earnings: Self-employed rural women, particularly those engaged in agriculture and related activities, earn significantly less than self-employed men in similar roles. The self-employed rural women earn less than half of what self-employed men earn, indicating a substantial gender earning gap.
- Worsening of the Gender Wage Gap: The gender wage gap for self-employed women has deteriorated from 2017 to 2021. This means that the income divide between rural men and women is widening over time.
Unpaid and underpaid labor
- Unpaid Domestic Chores: A significant portion of rural women’s work involves unpaid domestic chores. While there has been a decline in the proportion of women engaged in these chores from 60 percent in 2017–18 to 46 percent in 2021–22, one-third of rural women will still remain involved in unpaid domestic chores in 2021–22.
- Time Allocation: The Time Use Survey conducted in 2019 reveals that, on average, rural women spend over five hours daily in unpaid domestic services and more than two hours in unpaid caregiving services. This is substantially more than the time men spend on these activities, highlighting the unequal distribution of domestic and caregiving responsibilities.
- Contribution to Agriculture: Rural women also make substantial unpaid contributions to agriculture. They spend over seven hours daily growing crops for both household use and the market in 2019, which is a critical but unpaid aspect of their work.
Land Ownership Disparity
- Women face a substantial gender disparity in land ownership in rural areas.
- The agriculture census of 2015–16 revealed that only 14.7 percent of operational landholdings were owned by women.
- Moreover, women’s landownership is concentrated in the marginal and small holding categories.
Government Initiatives in the Context of Rural Women’s Employment
- MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act): MGNREGA is a significant government initiative aimed at providing rural women with income-generating opportunities. It guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households, helping increase the labor force participation of rural women.
- PM-SYM (Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan): This scheme is designed to offer financial security to unorganized sector workers, including rural women. It encourages them to save for retirement by providing a pension after the age of 60, thereby ensuring economic well-being in their later years.
- PMJDY (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana): PMJDY promotes financial inclusion among rural women by encouraging them to open bank accounts. This initiative allows women to save money, receive government benefits directly, and access credit facilities for income-generating activities.
- PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana): PMKVY focuses on skill development for rural youth, including women, to enhance employability. It offers training programs in various sectors to equip them with the necessary skills for job opportunities.
- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: This campaign encourages the education and welfare of girls in rural areas, indirectly empowering rural women by reducing gender disparities and promoting education among girls.
- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM): NRLM aims to reduce poverty among rural women by promoting self-employment and entrepreneurship. It provides training, financial support, and market access, empowering women to start and run their own businesses.
- Support for Training and Employment Programs for Women (STEP): STEP is another initiative focused on skill development and employment for disadvantaged women in rural areas. It offers training in various trades to enhance their employability.
Addressing the issue of unpaid labor in rural India requires a multi-faceted approach
- Recognition: There is a need to recognize and value the significant contributions of rural women to unpaid domestic chores and agriculture. Acknowledging this work is crucial for appreciating its economic and societal importance.
- Gender Equity: Promoting gender equity in domestic and caregiving responsibilities is essential to reducing the burden on rural women. Encouraging men to share these responsibilities can free up women’s time for productive activities.
- Economic Empowerment: Empowering rural women through education, skill development, and access to income-generating opportunities can help them transition from unpaid to paid work, improving their economic status.
- Policy Support: Government policies should be designed to address the gender disparities in unpaid labor and provide support mechanisms, such as access to affordable childcare and elderly care facilities, to reduce the time spent on unpaid caregiving.
Conclusion
- The contributions of rural women in India, whether unpaid, unaccounted, or underpaid, are the backbone of the country’s rural economy. Only by acknowledging the hidden work of rural women and bridging the gender gap in land ownership and access to support schemes can we truly empower the rural women of India and pave the way for a more equitable future.
Also read:
Women and India’s Labour force: Bridging the Gap
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Diabetes and related facts
Mains level: India's Diabetes stress, Factors behind, exploitative marketing, measures
What’s the news?
- In June 2023, a study conducted by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation in collaboration with the ICMR and the Union Health Ministry revealed alarming statistics about India’s diabetes crisis.
Central idea
- According to the study, 11.4% of India’s population, approximately 10.13 crore people, are living with diabetes. According to the WHO, a major reason for this is the consumption of unhealthy, ultra-processed foods and beverages. These statistics demand immediate attention and concrete actions to address the root causes of this public health crisis.
Key findings of the study
- Living with diabetes: 4% of India’s population, or 10.13 crore people, are living with diabetes.
- Pre-diabetic: 3% of the population, or an additional 13.6 crore people, are pre-diabetic.
- Obese Population: 6% of the population would be considered obese as per the BMI measure.
The consumption of ultra-processed foods: a significant contributor
- Contents of Ultra-Processed Foods:
- Ultra-processed foods encompass a wide range of products, including carbonated drinks, instant cereals, chips, fruit-flavored drinks, instant noodles, cookies, ice cream, bakery items, energy bars, sweetened yogurts, pizzas, processed meat products, and powdered infant formulas.
- These items are often characterized by their convenience and long shelf life.
- Increased Risk of Diabetes with Scientific Evidence:
- A concerning statistic reveals that a mere 10% increase in daily consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with a 15% higher risk of type-2 diabetes among adults.
- These foods are often high in sugar, fat, and salt, all of which contribute to insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar levels.
- Ultra-processed foods are engineered to be hyper-palatable. They often contain combinations of sugars, fats, and artificial additives that stimulate the appetite and lead to overconsumption.
- This excessive calorie intake can result in weight gain, a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
- When food undergoes extensive processing, its original structure is often destroyed. Cosmetic additives, colors, and flavors are added to enhance taste and appeal.
- This altered structure and excessive processing can disrupt the body’s natural regulation of hunger and satiety, leading individuals to eat more and gain weight.
- Association with Cardiovascular Risks:
- The negative effects of ultra-processed foods extend beyond diabetes. Obesity and diabetes are key risk factors for heart disease and premature mortality.
- Research indicates that those who consume more than four servings of ultra-processed foods per day face a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to those who consume fewer than two servings per day.
- A similar trend is observed for all-cause mortality.
Exploitative marketing practices
- Shifting Focus to Low- and Middle-Income Countries:
- In many high-income countries, the sale of sugar-sweetened beverages has declined over the past two decades due to growing awareness of their health impacts.
- To compensate for this loss of sales, food companies have shifted their attention to low- and middle-income countries, where there may be less stringent regulations and a growing consumer base.
- Aggressive Marketing and Advertising:
- These companies invest substantial amounts of money in marketing and advertising ultra-processed food and beverages in countries like India.
- These aggressive marketing campaigns often target vulnerable populations, including children and the emerging middle class.
- Techniques like the use of cartoon characters, incentives, gifts, and celebrity endorsements are employed to make these products more appealing.
- Blaming Individuals vs. Addressing Systemic Issues:
- The food industry tends to place blame on individuals, suggesting that personal choices are responsible for unhealthy dietary habits.
- However, the environment created by aggressive marketing and the easy accessibility of ultra-processed foods play a significant role in shaping these choices.
- The consequences of these marketing strategies are severe. They contribute to a deepening public health crisis, with diabetes being a ticking time bomb.
- Sugar-sweetened beverages, in particular, are highlighted as a major source of added sugar in diets, putting people at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other health issues.
The need for regulatory intervention
- Industry Opposition: The food industry resists marketing restrictions, citing economic concerns and portraying themselves as stakeholders.
- False Promises: Some industry initiatives, like ‘Eat Right,’ may appear health-focused but could divert attention from unhealthy product impacts.
- Impact on Regulation: Industry partnerships can hinder strong regulatory policies aimed at reducing ultra-processed food consumption.
- Role of Regulatory Authorities: Lackluster responses and industry dominance in regulatory bodies may impede effective public health regulations.
- Complementary Efforts: While exercise is essential, it should complement regulatory policies addressing marketing and warning labels on unhealthy foods.
- Balancing Interests: Governments must prioritize citizens’ health, striking a balance between industry interests and public well-being when implementing evidence-based, transparent regulations.
Strategy to safeguard: Mandatory Provisions
- To protect the public from the manipulative strategies of the food industry, the government must establish a legal framework or even an ordinance under Article 123 of the Constitution.
- This framework should focus on reducing or halting the consumption of ultra-processed foods and could include:
- Defining ‘healthy food’
- Implementing warning labels on unhealthy food
- Imposing restrictions on the promotion and marketing tactics of unhealthy food and beverages
- Raising public awareness about the risks associated with consuming such foods
Global Examples
- Several countries, including South Africa, Norway, and Mexico, have recently taken similar actions to regulate food labeling and marketing.
- The Indian government has the opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to public health by enacting similar laws.
- Much like the Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles, and Infant Foods Act, which successfully regulated commercial baby food, this proposed legislation could make significant strides in curbing the consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages.
Conclusion
- India stands at a critical juncture in its battle against diabetes and a food industry that prioritizes profits over public health. The time has come for the government to implement robust regulations. By taking decisive action, India can protect the well-being of its citizens and set a precedent for responsible food regulation in the global context.
Also read:
Is India a Diabetes capital of the world?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Japan Fund, NIIF
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) and Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) have jointly established a $600 million fund dedicated to climate and environment projects.
India-Japan Fund
- The Indian government will contribute 49% of the fund’s target corpus, marking NIIF’s inaugural bilateral fund, while JBIC will provide the remaining 51%, according to the finance ministry.
- The India-Japan Fund’s primary objective is to invest in environmental sustainability and low-carbon emission strategies.
- It aims to serve as a preferred partner for boosting Japanese investments in India, fostering collaboration and innovation in this critical sector.
Fund Management
- NIIF’s Role: NIIF Limited will manage the India-Japan fund, overseeing its strategic investments and initiatives.
- Support from JBIC IG: JBIC IG, a subsidiary of JBIC, will collaborate with NIIFL to promote Japanese investments in India, strengthening the partnership further.
About NIIF
- NIIF’s Background: Established in 2015, NIIF operates as a sovereign wealth fund, offering a platform for international and Indian investors to participate in India’s growth story.
- Ownership Structure: The government holds a 49% stake in NIIF, while the remaining 51% is owned by domestic institutional investors, sovereign wealth funds, international pension funds, and entities such as the US International Development Finance Corporation (USIDFC) and multilateral development banks including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and New Development Bank (NDB).
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