Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sengol
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Prime Minister is set to install the ‘Sengol,’ a historical sceptre from Tamil Nadu, in the new Parliament building, which will be inaugurated on May 28, 2023.
What is Sengol?
- Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
- Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance.
- In the Chola era, the transfer of power from one king to another was sanctified with the sceptre being handed over as a symbol of authority and the responsibility to rule with fairness and justice.
- It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence.
History: Traditional Chola Practice and Symbolism
- Historical Practice: The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
- Symbol of Justice and Good Governance: The Sengol, a symbol of justice and good governance, holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.
Sengol’s recent context and creation
- Lord Mountbatten’s Question: Prior to Independence, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, asked Nehru about the ceremony that should symbolize the transfer of power.
- Inspiration from Chola Dynasty: Rajagopalachari, the last Governor-General of India, suggested a ceremony from the Chola dynasty, where the transfer of power was sanctified and blessed by high priests.
- Manufacturing the Sengol: Rajagopalachari approached Thiruvaduthurai Atheenam, a renowned Shaivite mutt in Tamil Nadu’s Tanjore district, which commissioned the creation of the Sengol from Chennai-based jewellers, “Vummidi Bangaru Chetty.”
- Craftsmanship: Vummidi Ethirajulu and Vummidi Sudhakar skillfully crafted the five-foot-long Sengol, featuring a symbolic ‘Nandi’ bull representing justice.
Significance of the ‘Sengol’
- Symbolic importance: Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” the ‘Sengol’ represents a significant historical symbol of Independence.
- Marks Transfer of Power: On August 14, 1947, Pandit Nehru, the first PM, received the ‘Sengol’ from the Adhinam of Tamil Nadu, marking the shift of power from the British to the Indian people.
The Handover Ceremony
- Arrival of the Sengol: Three individuals, including the deputy high priest of the Adheenam, a Nadaswaram player, and an Oduvar (singer), brought the newly made Sengol from Tamil Nadu.
- The Ceremony: On August 14, 1947, the Sengol was handed over to Lord Mountbatten during a procession, and later taken to Jawaharlal Nehru’s house, where it was officially presented to him.
- Sacred Song and Attendees: A special song composed by the 7th-century Tamil saint Tirugnana Sambandar, as specified by the high priest, accompanied the ceremony. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first president, and other dignitaries were present during the event.
Ceremonial Procession and Tamil Traditions
- Grand Procession: The Sengol will be ceremoniously transported to the House in a grand procession.
- Musical Ensemble: Traditional Nadaswaram musicians, playing Tamil Nadu’s iconic instrument, will lead the procession, and PM is expected to walk alongside them, embracing Tamil culture.
- Adheenams and Sanctification: Adheenams, priests from Shaivite mutts in Tamil Nadu, will be present in the Lok Sabha’s Well. They will sanctify the Sengol with holy water after Prime Minister Modi greets them, honoring Tamil traditions.
- Oduvars and Sacred Recitation: Tamil temple singers known as Oduvars will recite the “Kolaru Padhigam” lyrically, while the Nadaswaram musicians enchant with their soulful music.
Conclusion
- The Sengol continues to be revered as a representation of India’s independence and serves as a tangible reminder of the country’s rich cultural heritage and the values it upholds.
- Its installation in the new Parliament building further emphasizes its importance and aims to educate and inspire people about this historical event and the principles it embodies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Supercomputing
Mains level: National Supercomputing Mission
Central Idea
- India is set to significantly enhance its supercomputing capabilities by installing an 18-petaflop system this year.
- This development aims to improve complex mathematical calculations, particularly in weather forecasting, by providing greater processing power and accuracy.
Understanding Supercomputers
- A supercomputer is a high-performance computer capable of processing massive amounts of data at extraordinary speeds.
- Performance is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) rather than million instructions per second (MIPS).
- Supercomputers have the ability to perform trillions (peta) of FLOPS.
India’s Journey in Supercomputing
- India’s supercomputing journey began in the late 1980s when the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was established in response to technology embargoes imposed by the United States.
- Since then, India has steadily progressed, unveiling the PARAM 800 in 1991, which was the world’s second-fastest supercomputer at the time.
- The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM), launched in 2015 with a budget of ₹4,500 crore, has been instrumental in propelling India’s supercomputing capabilities.
- The mission aims to create a network of supercomputers across academic and research institutions in the country, supporting academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups.
Current Supercomputing Infrastructure
- India’s most powerful civilian supercomputers, Pratyush and Mihir, have a combined capacity of 6.8 petaflops.
- Pratyush is located at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune, while Mihir is housed at the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) in Noida.
- These supercomputers became operational in 2018 after an investment of ₹438 crore.
- Both institutions are affiliated with the MoES.
Acquisition of New Supercomputers
- The new supercomputers, sourced from French corporation ATOS, were procured as part of a deal signed between the Indian and French governments in December 2018.
- The Government aims to acquire high-performance computers worth ₹4,500 crore by 2025, with an estimated cost of ₹900 crore for the new earth-sciences Ministry computers.
Enhanced Capabilities and Future Outlook
- Upgrading the supercomputing systems every 4-5 years is essential to improve performance.
- The new system will enhance resolution from the current 12×12 km to 6×6 km, providing greater clarity and accuracy in local weather forecasts.
- The ultimate goal is to represent areas using 1 km-square grids, enabling the prediction of rapidly evolving weather phenomena such as cloudbursts.
- The current fastest high-performance computing system in the world is the Frontier-Cray system at Oakridge National Laboratory in the United States, with a peak speed of 1 exa-flop (equivalent to 1,000 petaflops).
Way forward
To further enhance India’s supercomputing capabilities and maintain technological advancements, the following steps can be considered:
- Continued investment in research and development to stay at the forefront of supercomputing technology.
- Collaboration with international partners and organizations to leverage global expertise.
- Encouraging academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups to utilize the supercomputing infrastructure for scientific breakthroughs and innovation.
- Strengthening the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) by expanding its network and providing adequate resources.
- Regularly upgrading supercomputing systems to keep up with evolving computational demands and maintain competitiveness on a global scale.
Also in news
Recently, India’s AI Supercomputer ‘AIRAWAT’ has been ranked at No. 75 in the world at the International Supercomputing Conference (ISC 2023) in Germany.
About Airawat
- The supercomputer ‘AIRAWAT’ has recently been named in the 61st edition of the Top 500 Global Supercomputing List.
- Installed at C-DAC in Pune, ‘AIRAWAT’ is an AI supercomputer implemented under the National Program on AI by the Government of India.
- The manufacturer of ‘AIRAWAT’ is Netweb Technologies.
- ‘AIRAWAT’ PSAI stands out as India’s largest and fastest AI supercomputing system, boasting an impressive speed of 13,170 teraflops.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Development over BRICS expansion
Mains level: Global Dynamics and increasing relevance of BRICS
Central Idea
- Mysterious are the ways in which multilateral groupings prosper and wither away. The case of BRICS grouping is truly remarkable. Despite initial achievements, BRICS has started losing its sparkle due to various global and regional challenges. However, the paradox lies in the fact that numerous nations are eager to join the group, showcasing the continuing appeal of BRICS.
BRICS’s Origins and Evolution
- Conception of BRIC: The term BRIC was coined by economist Jim O’Neill in a 2001 research paper, identifying Brazil, Russia, India, and China as emerging economies with significant growth potential.
- Formalization of BRIC: The first formal meeting of BRIC leaders took place in 2009 on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Russia, marking the group’s establishment as a platform for cooperation and dialogue.
- Addition of South Africa: In 2011, South Africa was invited to join BRIC, expanding the group to BRICS. China advocated for South Africa’s inclusion, seeking broader representation in Africa and increasing the group’s diversity.
- Economic Focus: Initially, BRIC was primarily an economic grouping, emphasizing the rising influence of these countries in the global economy due to their large populations, expansive territories, and rapid economic growth rates.
- Geopolitical Cooperation: Over time, BRICS evolved to include geopolitical cooperation and joint positions on global issues. Leaders began discussing political matters and advocating for a more equitable international order.
- Annual Summits: BRICS started holding annual summits where leaders from member countries gather to discuss and coordinate their positions on various global challenges and explore avenues for cooperation
Key achievements of the BRICS
- Economic Cooperation: BRICS has fostered economic cooperation among member countries, leading to increased trade, investment, and business opportunities. The group has launched initiatives to expand trade and investment cooperation, promoting economic growth and development.
- New Development Bank (NDB): BRICS established the New Development Bank, also known as the BRICS Bank, which provides financial assistance for infrastructure projects and sustainable development initiatives in member countries and other emerging economies. The NDB has committed significant funds to various projects, contributing to infrastructure development and regional connectivity.
- Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): The CRA, established by BRICS, acts as a financial mechanism to provide liquidity support during times of financial stress and protect against global liquidity pressures. This arrangement has helped member countries mitigate potential financial crises and enhance financial stability.
- Geopolitical Influence: BRICS has projected a non-western perspective on global and regional issues, strengthening the world’s march towards multipolarity and curbing the dominating influence of the West. The group has articulated common positions on various global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and global governance reform.
Facts for prelims
New Development Bank (NDB)
- Establishment: The NDB was established by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in 2014.
- Headquarters: The NDB’s headquarters are located in Shanghai, China.
- Objectives: The bank aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging economies and developing countries.
- Authorized Capital: The initial authorized capital of the NDB is set at $100 billion.
- Governance Structure: The NDB operates on the principle of equal representation, with each member country having an equal say in decision-making. It is governed by a Board of Governors, a Board of Directors, and a President.
- Funding: The NDB’s funding comes from the contributions of its member countries. Each BRICS member contributes an equal share to the bank’s capital.
- Sustainability Focus: The NDB places a strong emphasis on sustainability and green finance. It aims to allocate a significant portion of its lending portfolio to projects that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Internal Imbalance and Challenges withing BRICS
- Diverse Economic Systems: BRICS member countries have diverse economic systems, ranging from state-controlled economies to market-based economies. These differences in economic models can lead to variations in policy priorities, approaches to trade and investment, and economic challenges, creating potential frictions within the group.
- Varying Levels of Development: BRICS member countries represent a wide spectrum of development stages. While China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, other members like Brazil, India, Russia, and South Africa face developmental challenges and socioeconomic disparities. These differing levels of development can result in differing priorities and resource allocation, potentially straining cooperation within BRICS.
- Geopolitical Ambitions and Rivalries: BRICS member countries have their individual geopolitical ambitions and interests. As emerging powers, they may compete for influence and resources in certain regions, leading to potential rivalries or divergent approaches to geopolitical issues. These geopolitical dynamics can complicate decision-making and alignment within BRICS.
- Political and Governance Differences: BRICS comprises countries with varying political systems and governance structures. While some members uphold democratic values, others have different approaches to governance and human rights. These differences can result in divergent perspectives on political and human rights issues, potentially creating challenges in reaching consensus on certain matters.
- Economic Vulnerabilities: BRICS member countries are susceptible to economic vulnerabilities, including structural issues, external shocks, and fluctuations in commodity prices. Economic challenges, such as high inflation, fiscal imbalances, and currency volatility, can strain the economic cooperation and stability within BRICS.
- Coordination and Decision-Making Processes: BRICS operates as a consensus-based grouping, requiring agreement among member countries on various issues. Coordination and decision-making can be complex due to the diverse interests, priorities, and institutional frameworks of member countries. Reaching consensus on critical matters can be time-consuming and challenging.
- Institutional Development: The institutional development within BRICS, such as the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, requires effective governance structures, operational frameworks, and decision-making processes. Establishing and managing these institutions while addressing the diverse needs and interests of member countries can pose institutional challenges.
The demand for expansion in BRICS
- Global Influence: Many countries see BRICS as a prominent grouping that holds influence on the global stage. Joining BRICS would provide an opportunity for countries to enhance their global influence and have a voice in shaping global agendas.
- Economic Opportunities: BRICS represents a significant portion of the world’s population and economy. Joining the group could potentially provide countries with access to a large market and increased economic cooperation, including trade and investment opportunities among member countries.
- Limited Options: Some countries may see BRICS as an attractive option for collaboration and engagement, particularly if they face limited opportunities to join other major multilateral groupings or regional blocs.
- South-South Cooperation: BRICS is seen as a platform for South-South cooperation, promoting dialogue and collaboration among countries in the Global South. Joining BRICS allows countries to strengthen ties with like-minded nations and contribute to a collective voice for the interests of developing countries.
- Counterbalance to Western Influence: The demand for expansion in BRICS can also stem from a desire to counterbalance the dominance of Western powers in global affairs. By joining BRICS, countries may seek to align themselves with a grouping that projects a non-western perspective and advocates for a more equitable international order.
Prospects for expansion of BRICS and the criteria for new member admission
- Prospects for Expansion:
- There is a growing interest from several countries in joining BRICS, indicating the perceived significance and appeal of the group.
- As of now, 19 countries, including Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, UAE, and Bangladesh, have expressed their desire to become members of BRICS.
- The interest in expansion stems from various factors such as the desire to enhance global influence, the fear of missing out on membership in a prominent group, limited options for joining other groupings, and the aspiration to create a substantial forum for the Global South.
- Criteria for New Member Admission
- Economic Size and Potential: Potential new members should have a significant and growing economy, demonstrating the potential to contribute to the group’s economic strength and cooperation.
- Regional Representation: BRICS has aimed to have diverse regional representation, as seen with the inclusion of South Africa to represent Africa. New members could be considered based on their regional representation and the desire to ensure a broader geographic scope.
- Political Stability and Compatibility: Political stability and compatibility with the values and principles of BRICS, including democracy, human rights, and governance, could be important considerations in the admission process.
- Commitment to Cooperation: Prospective members should demonstrate a genuine commitment to international cooperation, multilateralism, and the principles and objectives of BRICS.
- Mutual Benefits: The admission of new members should be mutually beneficial for both the existing members and the prospective members, contributing to enhanced economic cooperation, geopolitical influence, and the achievement of common goals.
- Consensus Among Existing Members: Consensus among the existing BRICS member countries would be crucial in determining the admission of new members. The existing members would need to agree on the expansion and the specific countries to be admitted.
The Future of BRICS: Key aspects
- Economic Collaboration: BRICS has the potential to deepen economic collaboration and promote intra-BRICS trade and investment. By leveraging their collective market size and resources, member countries can explore new areas of economic cooperation, such as digital economy, technology, sustainable development, and infrastructure investment.
- Institutional Development: The New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) are key institutions established by BRICS. The group can focus on further developing and expanding the role of these institutions to effectively address financial challenges and support sustainable development projects.
- Geopolitical Influence: By coordinating their positions on global governance, security, and geopolitical issues, member countries can amplify their collective voice and influence international discussions and decision-making processes. BRICS can also foster South-South cooperation and advocate for the interests of developing countries in global forums.
- Expansion and Outreach: The interest from other countries to join BRICS presents an opportunity for expansion and outreach. The group can carefully consider the admission of new members, ensuring that the expansion aligns with the group’s objectives, principles, and criteria. By including new members, BRICS can broaden its geographic representation and potentially strengthen its collective influence.
- Innovation and Technology Cooperation Member countries can collaborate in areas such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, space exploration, and digital governance. Sharing expertise, research, and best practices can propel the group’s technological advancement and foster mutual growth.
- Adaptation to Global Challenges: BRICS should collectively address global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and sustainable development. By coordinating efforts, sharing knowledge, and pooling resources, the group can contribute to finding solutions and shaping global agendas on critical issues.
Conclusion
- The paradox of BRICS lies in its diminishing allure while attracting numerous nations eager to join. Despite facing internal tensions, BRICS has made significant contributions to the world’s multipolarity and economic cooperation. By addressing internal imbalances, seizing opportunities for growth, and staying responsive to global dynamics, BRICS can continue to play a significant role in shaping the international order and promoting the interests of emerging economies and the Global South.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ordinance powers of Central government
Mains level: Battle for control in Delhi between the elected government and the Central government
Central Idea
- In recent times, we have witnessed a significant development in the power struggle between the Delhi government and the Central government. The Supreme Court’s unanimous recognition of the Delhi government’s control over administrative services marked an emancipation of the people’s will. However, the subsequent promulgation of an ordinance by the Central government to nullify the court’s decision has subverted the Delhi government’s power and handed it back to Central government appointees.
The Delhi government’s struggle for control
- Stripping of Control: In 2015, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs took away the elected Delhi government’s control over administrative services and handed it to the Lieutenant Governor (LG), an appointee of the Union government. This decision severely impeded the functioning of the Delhi government.
- Day-to-Day Problems: The transfer of control over services resulted in day-to-day problems in the functioning of important departments. Secretaries were frequently changed, leading to a lack of continuity, vision, and efficiency in governance.
- Frequent Transfers of Officials: The Delhi government witnessed frequent transfers of officials, hindering their ability to familiarize themselves with the departments they were working in. This constant reshuffling minimized the potential for effective governance and hindered the government’s relief efforts during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Lack of Functional Control: As the elected government had no functional control over services, it faced challenges in punishing errant officers and addressing issues such as vacancies, vigilance enquiries, and corruption cases. The government also witnessed a high number of vacancies in crucial positions due to mismanagement by the Lieutenant Governor.
- Conflicting Directives: Officials faced a dilemma in following directives as they felt duty-bound to honor the will of the elected government expressed by the people, while also staying under the functional control of the LG. This created confusion and hindered effective decision-making.
- Lack of Answerability: The Services Department, under the control of the LG, refused to answer questions raised by Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the Vidhan Sabha. This limited transparency and accountability, preventing MLAs from obtaining crucial information related to vacancies, corruption cases, and other issues.
- Penalization of Officials: Honest and efficient officials were often penalized for their merits and subjected to punishment postings. This created an environment of uncertainty and discouraged officials from performing their duties effectively.
The Supreme Court’s intervention in the Delhi government’s struggle for control
- Recognition of Delhi Government’s Control: The Supreme Court, in a landmark decision, recognized the control of the Delhi government over administrative services. A five-judge Bench unanimously upheld the government’s authority, ensuring that decisions on appointments and transfers would be made by the elected government.
- Restoration of Chain of Accountability: The Court’s judgment restored the chain of accountability involving the people, the legislature, the government, and the bureaucracy. It reinforced the principle that elected governments have the power to govern and make decisions regarding the bureaucracy.
- Empowerment of the Elected Government: The Supreme Court’s decision empowered the elected Delhi government to make appointments and transfers based on performance and merit. It allowed the government to take action against errant officials and implement its policies effectively.
- Efficient and Compassionate Bureaucracy: The Court’s ruling paved the way for an efficient, honest, responsive, accountable, and compassionate bureaucracy. It provided clarity on the roles and responsibilities of officials, enabling them to work towards the development of Delhi and the welfare of its people.
- Clarification on Services Department: The Court’s intervention brought clarity regarding the Services Department, which had previously refused to answer questions raised by MLAs in the Vidhan Sabha. The judgment ensured that the elected government had functional control over the department, enabling transparency and answerability.
- Encouragement for Overhauling the Bureaucracy: The Delhi government, empowered by the Court’s decision, planned to overhaul the bureaucracy. It sought to establish a skilled administration model, leveraging the success of its health and education models.
The significance of the Supreme Court judgment
- Upholding Democratic Principles: The Supreme Court judgment recognizing the control of the Delhi government over administrative services upholds democratic principles. It affirms the importance of elected governments in decision-making and governance, ensuring that the will of the people expressed through their votes is respected.
- Restoration of Accountability: The judgment restores the chain of accountability involving the people, the legislature, the government, and the bureaucracy. It clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the elected government and the bureaucracy, fostering transparency and answerability.
- Empowering Elected Government: By recognizing the control of the elected Delhi government, the Court empowers the government to make appointments and transfers based on performance. It enables the government to take action against errant officials and implement its policies effectively, leading to improved governance.
- Strengthening Good Governance: The judgment paves the way for an efficient, honest, and responsive bureaucracy. It ensures that officials work towards the development of Delhi and the welfare of its people. It promotes vision, consistency, and efficiency in governance, fostering good governance practices
Impact of the ordinance issued by the Central government on the power dynamics in Delhi
- Shift of Control: The ordinance has effectively shifted control over services in Delhi back to the Lieutenant Governor (LG), appointed by the Central government. This overturns the Supreme Court’s decision recognizing the control of the elected Delhi government over administrative services. It diminishes the authority of the elected government and centralizes power in the hands of the LG.
- Undermining Democratic Process: The ordinance undermines the democratic process by disregarding the elected government’s role in matters of services. It reduces the value of the citizen’s vote and weakens the accountability of officers to the elected representatives. This move goes against the principles of cooperative federalism and disempowers opposition-run governments.
- Disruption of Policy Implementation: The ordinance hampers the implementation of policies and initiatives by the elected government. It allows the LG to exercise sole discretion in matters of services, potentially leading to conflicting views and hindrances in executing the government’s policies. This can result in delays, inefficiencies, and a lack of coordination in governance.
- Disempowerment of Elected Government: The ordinance disempowers the elected Delhi government by granting the LG significant decision-making powers. It limits the government’s ability to appoint officers who align with its policies and goals, undermining the concept of an accountable and responsive administration.
- Potential for Discord and Inefficiency: The ordinance introduces the possibility of discord between the LG and the elected government, as the LG can veto the Chief Minister’s views. This can create conflicts and hinder effective decision-making and cooperation between the two entities. The lack of coordination and cooperation can lead to bureaucratic delays, inefficiencies, and an inability to address the needs of the people.
- Centralization of Power: The ordinance reflects a trend of centralizing power in the hands of the Central government and the LG. It institutionalizes the use of the Governor/LG position to undermine democratically elected non-BJP governments and weaken their authority. This concentration of power challenges the principles of federalism and decentralization.
Facts for prelims
The constitutional provisions related to the ordinance powers
- Article 123: It grants the President of India the power to issue ordinances during the recess of Parliament. The President can promulgate ordinances when both Houses of Parliament are not in session if they deem it necessary to take immediate action. The ordinances have the same force and effect as an act of Parliament but must be laid before both Houses for approval.
- Article 213: It grants similar powers to the Governor of a state to issue ordinances during the recess of the state legislature. The Governor can promulgate ordinances when the state legislature is not in session if they believe it is necessary to take immediate action. Like in the case of the President, the ordinances issued by the Governor must be laid before the state legislature for approval.
- Article 123(3) and Article 213(3): These provisions require that any ordinance promulgated by the President or the Governor, respectively, must be laid before both Houses of Parliament or the state legislature, as the case may be, as soon as it reconvenes. The ordinance ceases to operate if it is not approved within a specified period or if both Houses pass resolutions disapproving it.
- Article 213(2)(a): This provision states that an ordinance issued by the Governor will have the same force and effect as an act of the state legislature but is subject to the power of the state legislature to pass an act inconsistent with the ordinance
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The way forward
- Respect for Judicial Decisions: It is crucial for all stakeholders to respect and abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court. Upholding the rule of law and the independence of the judiciary is essential for a functioning democracy. Any further legal challenges should be pursued through proper legal channels.
- Dialogue and Collaboration: It is important for the Central government and the elected Delhi government to engage in constructive dialogue and collaboration. Both entities should work towards finding common ground and resolving their differences through discussions and negotiations. This will help establish a cooperative and inclusive approach to governance.
- Clarity on Roles and Responsibilities: There should be a clear delineation of roles and responsibilities between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor. This will help avoid conflicts and ensure effective coordination in decision-making and policy implementation. Establishing transparent guidelines for the exercise of power and cooperation is essential.
- Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: Both the Central government and state governments, including the government of Delhi, should uphold the principles of cooperative federalism. This involves respecting the autonomy and authority of elected state governments and promoting meaningful collaboration for the benefit of the people.
- Effective Governance Mechanisms: Efforts should be made to establish effective governance mechanisms that promote transparency, accountability, and efficiency. This includes streamlining administrative processes, ensuring timely appointments and transfers, and implementing performance-based evaluation systems for officials.
- Public Participation and Engagement: Engaging the public in decision-making processes and policy formulation can foster a sense of ownership and enhance the quality of governance. Platforms for public participation, such as citizen feedback mechanisms and public consultations, should be established to ensure the voices of the people are heard.
- Strengthening Institutions: The strengthening of democratic institutions, including the judiciary and administrative bodies, is crucial. Upholding their independence, ensuring merit-based appointments, and promoting professionalism and accountability within these institutions will contribute to effective governance.
- Focus on Development and Welfare: Irrespective of the power dynamics, the primary focus should be on the development and welfare of the people of Delhi. Efforts should be made to deliver essential services, address pressing issues, and implement policies that cater to the needs and aspirations of the citizens.
Conclusion
- The battle for control in Delhi between the elected government and the Central government has witnessed both the emancipation and subversion of the people’s will. It is crucial for all parties involved to prioritize the well-being of the citizens and work together to establish a cooperative and inclusive governance framework. By doing so, Delhi can overcome the challenges posed by the power struggle and strive towards effective governance that caters to the needs and aspirations of its people.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Impact of social media on public discourse and adaptability and Solutions
Central Idea
- The recent wave of violence in Manipur serves as another grim reminder of the deterioration of our social fabric. The Finance Minister’s recent expression of sorrow over the lack of personal regard among politicians despite ideological differences resonates with many of us. We reminisce about a time when meaningful conversations and differing opinions could coexist without animosity. However, in today’s landscape, we find ourselves drifting apart from those with whom we disagree and nurturing a deep aversion towards them.
The phenomenon of polarization
- Ideological Divisions: Polarization refers to the growing ideological divisions within societies. It is characterized by an increasing separation of people into distinct ideological camps, often with extreme views and a lack of willingness to engage with opposing perspectives.
- Us vs. Them Mentality: Polarization fosters an us vs. them mentality, where individuals identify strongly with their own group and view those outside their group as adversaries. This mentality fuels hostility, animosity, and a deep sense of distrust towards those who hold different beliefs or opinions.
- Echo Chambers: Polarization is exacerbated by the prevalence of echo chambers, which are created by social media and other platforms. Echo chambers are virtual spaces where like-minded individuals reinforce each other’s beliefs and shield themselves from differing viewpoints. This reinforces preexisting biases and prevents exposure to alternative perspectives.
- Confirmation Bias: Polarization is fueled by confirmation bias, whereby individuals seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and dismiss or ignore contradictory evidence. This selective exposure to information further entrenches people in their ideological positions and prevents the formation of nuanced opinions.
- Emotionalization of Issues: Polarization often leads to the emotionalization of issues, where discussions become heated and personal. Emotions such as anger, fear, and resentment drive the discourse, making it difficult to engage in rational and constructive conversations.
- Loss of Civil Discourse: Polarization erodes civil discourse and respectful disagreement. Rather than engaging in meaningful dialogue, individuals tend to resort to personal attacks, demonization, and dehumanization of those with differing views. This breakdown of civility undermines the foundations of a healthy democratic society.
- Political Gridlock: Polarization can result in political gridlock, where the inability to find common ground hinders policy-making and governance. As political parties become more polarized, finding compromises and reaching consensus becomes increasingly challenging, leading to a stalemate in decision-making processes.
- Social Fragmentation: Polarization contributes to social fragmentation, dividing communities and societies along ideological lines. It undermines social cohesion, trust, and cooperation, making it harder to address common challenges and work towards collective goals.
- Threat to Democracy: Polarization poses a significant threat to democratic processes. It undermines the principles of compromise, inclusivity, and consensus-building that are essential for a functioning democracy. When polarization intensifies, it can lead to social unrest, political instability, and a breakdown of democratic institutions.
- Implications for Social Well-being: Polarization has negative consequences for societal well-being. It can contribute to heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation. It impedes constructive problem-solving, stifles innovation, and hampers social progress.
Impact of Social Media
- Positive Impact:
- Connectivity and Communication: Social media platforms have revolutionized communication, allowing individuals to connect and stay in touch with friends, family, and communities across geographical boundaries.
- Information Sharing: Social media provides a platform for the rapid dissemination of information, enabling users to access news, updates, and educational content from various sources.
- Amplification of Voices: Social media empowers marginalized individuals and communities by providing them with a platform to share their stories, experiences, and perspectives, thereby amplifying their voices and fostering inclusivity.
- Business and Entrepreneurship Opportunities: Social media platforms offer businesses and entrepreneurs the ability to reach a global audience, market their products or services, and build brand awareness at a relatively low cost.
- Awareness and Activism: Social media plays a crucial role in raising awareness about social and environmental issues, mobilizing communities, and facilitating social and political activism.
- Negative Impact:
- Spread of Misinformation: Social media platforms are susceptible to the rapid spread of misinformation, fake news, and rumors, which can lead to confusion, polarization, and manipulation of public opinion.
- Cyberbullying and Online Harassment: Social media platforms have provided a platform for cyberbullying, hate speech, and online harassment, causing emotional distress and harm to individuals, especially young people.
- Privacy and Data Security Concerns: Social media platforms collect and store vast amounts of user data, raising concerns about privacy breaches, data misuse, and unauthorized access to personal information.
- Impact on Mental Health: Excessive use of social media has been linked to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and low self-esteem, as individuals compare themselves to others and seek validation through online interactions.
- Erosion of Civil Discourse: The anonymity and distance provided by social media can lead to the erosion of civil discourse, with conversations turning hostile, polarized, and lacking empathy and respect for diverse opinions.
- Addiction and Time Management Issues: Social media addiction can disrupt daily routines, affect productivity, and lead to an excessive focus on virtual interactions at the expense of real-life relationships and activities.
How Social media amplifies narcissistic tendencies?
- Social media has the potential to amplify narcissistic tendencies and prioritize personal opinions over the feelings of others in several ways:
- Self-Centric Nature: Social media platforms often encourage users to present curated versions of their lives, focusing on self-presentation and self-promotion. This self-centric nature can fuel narcissistic tendencies, as individuals seek validation, attention, and admiration from their online peers.
- Selective Self-Presentation: Social media allows individuals to carefully select and highlight aspects of their lives that project a positive image. This selective self-presentation can contribute to a self-centered mindset, where individuals prioritize their own opinions and perspectives without fully considering or empathizing with the feelings and experiences of others.
- Validation through Likes and Followers: Social media platforms often employ metrics such as likes, followers, and shares as measures of popularity and social validation. This can incentivize users to prioritize personal opinions and content that garners attention and positive feedback, further reinforcing self-centered behavior and disregarding the impact on others.
- Echo Chambers and Confirmation Bias: Social media algorithms create echo chambers, where individuals are exposed to content that aligns with their existing beliefs and perspectives. This reinforces confirmation bias, leading users to seek out and engage with content that supports their own opinions.
- Disinhibition and Online Anonymity: Social media platforms often provide a sense of anonymity and detachment from real-life consequences. This can lead to disinhibition, where individuals feel freer to express their opinions without the social norms and inhibitions present in face-to-face interactions.
- Limited Non-Verbal Cues: Social media communication lacks non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, which are crucial for understanding others’ emotions and maintaining empathy. The absence of these cues can make it easier for individuals to prioritize their own opinions without fully recognizing or acknowledging the impact their words may have on others.
Way forward: A Citizen-Led Solution
- Critical Media Consumption: Develop critical media literacy skills to discern reliable information from misinformation or fake news. Be vigilant about verifying information before sharing it and actively seek out diverse perspectives to avoid falling into echo chambers.
- Mindful Social Media Usage: Be mindful of your social media usage and the impact it has on your well-being. Set boundaries, allocate specific times for social media engagement, and prioritize real-life interactions and relationships over virtual ones.
- Responsible Sharing: Before sharing content on social media, consider the accuracy, credibility, and potential impact of the information. Share content responsibly, ensuring that it contributes positively to public discourse and avoids the spread of misinformation or hate speech.
- Promote Civil Discourse: Engage in respectful and constructive discussions online. Foster empathy and understanding, even when encountering differing opinions. Be open to listening and learning from others, while maintaining a respectful tone.
- Support Digital Literacy Initiatives: Advocate for and support initiatives that promote digital literacy and critical thinking skills. Encourage educational institutions, policymakers, and community organizations to prioritize digital literacy programs that equip individuals with the skills needed to navigate the digital landscape responsibly.
- Advocate for Responsible Platform Practices: Encourage social media platforms to prioritize responsible content moderation practices, transparency, and user privacy. Support efforts that combat hate speech, misinformation, and cyberbullying on these platforms.
- Engage in Positive Online Activism: Use social media as a platform for positive activism and constructive dialogue. Support causes, campaigns, and initiatives that promote inclusivity, tolerance, and social justice. Share stories and content that uplift and inspire others.
- Foster Digital Empathy: Cultivate empathy in online interactions by considering the perspectives and feelings of others. Treat online interactions as you would face-to-face conversations, with respect, kindness, and consideration for others’ emotions.
- Promote Offline Connections: Encourage offline interactions and relationships. Invest time in meaningful face-to-face conversations, community engagement, and real-world connections. Strengthening offline relationships can help balance and reduce dependence on social media.
- Advocate for Ethical Tech Practices: Support efforts to regulate and hold social media companies accountable for their practices. Advocate for ethical tech practices, user privacy protection, and responsible use of user data.
Conclusion
- The impact of social media on public discourse and the unraveling of our social fabric cannot be underestimated. It is imperative that individuals take responsibility and break free from the addictive allure of social media platforms. By prioritizing genuine human connections, engaging with diverse perspectives, and rebuilding our social bonds, we can mitigate the threats posed by social media and restore a healthier, more respectful public discourse.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-Australia Relations, Role of Indian Diaspora
Central Idea
- PM Modi addressed a community event in Sydney, emphasizing the strong foundations of trust and respect between India and Australia.
- He credited the Indian diaspora for the success of this relationship.
- The event aimed to strengthen cultural ties and was attended by over 21,000 people, including Australian PM Anthony Albanese.
India-Australia Relations: A Backgrounder
- The India-Australia bilateral relationship has undergone evolution in recent years, developing along a positive track, into a friendly partnership.
- The two nations have much in common, underpinned by shared values of a pluralistic, Westminster-style democracies, Commonwealth traditions, expanding economic engagement etc.
- Several commonalities include strong, vibrant, secular and multicultural democracies, free press, independent judicial system and English language.
Historical Perspective
- Early colonization: The historical ties between India and Australia started immediately following European settlement in Australia from 1788.
- A penal colony: All trade, to and fro from the penal colony of New South Wales was controlled by the British East India Company through Kolkata.
- Diplomatic ties: India and Australia established diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence period, with the establishment of India Trade Office in Sydney in 1941.
- Expansion of ties: The end of the Cold War and simultaneously, India’s decision to launch major economic reforms in 1991 provided the first positive move towards development of bilateral ties.
Various dimensions of ties
[A] Political partnership
- Both countries are members of-
- G-20
- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF),
- IORA (Indian Ocean Rim Association),
- Asia Pacific Partnership on Climate and Clean Development,
- East Asia Summit and
- The Commonwealth
- QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)
- Australia has been extremely supportive of India’s quest for membership of the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation).
- Australia wholeheartedly welcomed India’s joining of the MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime).
[B] Trade and Economy
- 5th largest trade partner: India is the 5th largest trade partner of Australia with trade in goods and services.
- Huge trade volume: Two-way trade between India and Australia was worth A$ 24.3 billion ($18.3 billion) in 2020, up from just $13.6 billion in 2007, according to the Australian government.
- Uranium exports: After a series of attempts, in 2016, Australia opened the door for uranium exports to India.
- R&D: An Australia-India Strategic Research Fund (AISRF) which was established in 2006, supports collaboration between scientists in India and Australia on cutting-edge research.
[C] Cultural ties
- P2P ties: There is a longstanding people-to-people ties, ever increasing Indian students coming to Australia for higher education.
- Bond over cricket and tourism: Growing tourism and sporting links, especially Cricket and Hockey, have played a significant role in further strengthening bilateral relations between the two countries.
- Skilled workforce: India is one of the top sources of skilled immigrants to Australia.
- Indian students: The number of Indian students continue to grow with approximately 105,000 students presently studying in Australian universities.
- Diaspora: After England, India is the second largest migrant group in Australia in 2020.
[D] Strategic Partnership
- In 2009, India and Australia established a ‘Strategic Partnership’, including a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation which has been further elevated to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2020.
- The Mutual Logistics Support Agreement has been signed during the summit that should enhance defence cooperation and ease the conduct of large-scale joint military exercises.
- There is a technical Agreement on White Shipping Information Exchange.
- Both nations conduct bilateral maritime exercise AUSINDEX. In 2018, Indian Air Force participated for the first time in the Exercise Pitch Black in Australia.
- Foreign and Defence Ministers of both countries agreed to meet in a ‘2+2’ format
- The first-ever Quad Leaders’ Virtual Summit held on 12 March 2021 saw the participation of Prime Ministers of India, Australia, Japan and President of USA.
- A Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement between the two countries was signed in September 2014 during the visit of then PM Tony Abbott to India.
Significance of the ties
- COVID Management: Australia is one of the few countries that has managed to combat COVID-19 so far through “controlled adaptation” by which the coronavirus has been suppressed to very low levels.
- STEM: From farming practices through food processing, supply and distribution to consumers, the Australian agribusiness sector has the desired R&D capacity, experience and technical knowledge.
- Natural resources: Australia is rich in natural resources that India’s growing economy needs. It also has huge reservoirs of strength in higher education, scientific and technological research.
- Alliance with US: The two countries also have increasingly common military platforms as India’s defence purchases from the US continue to grow.
- Affinity with ASEAN: Australia has deep economic, political and security connections with the ASEAN and a strategic partnership with one of the leading non-aligned nations, Indonesia.
- Containing China: The Indo-Pacific region has the potential to facilitate connectivity and trade between India and Australia. Both nations can leverage their equation in QUAD to contain China.
International cooperation
- Support at UNSC: Australia supports India’s candidature in an expanded UN Security Council.
- APEC: Australia is an important player in APEC and supports India’s membership of the organisation. In 2008, Australia became an Observer in SAARC.
Some irritants in ties
- Trade imbalance: India’s trade deficit with Australia has been increasing since 2001-02 due to India-Australia Free Trade Agreement. It is also a contentious issue in the ongoing RCEP negotiations which India left.
- High tariff on agri products in India: India has a high tariff for agriculture and dairy products which makes it difficult for Australian exporters to export these items to India.
- Non-tariff barriers in Australia: At the same time, India faces non-tariff barriers and its skilled professionals in the Australian labour market face discrimination.
- Visa Policy: India wants greater free movement and relaxed visa norms for its IT professionals, on which Australia is reluctant.
- Future of QUAD: Australian lobby has sparked speculation over the fate of the Quadrilateral Consultative Dialogue (the ‘Quad) involving India, Australia, Japan and the United States.
- Nuclear reluctance: Building consensus on non-nuclear proliferation and disarmament has been a major hurdle given India’s status as a nuclear power.
- Racism against Indians: Increasing Racist attacks on Indians in Australia has been a major issue.
Way forward
- Upgradation of 2+2 format: It is prudent too for New Delhi and Canberra to elevate the ‘two plus two’ format for talks from the Secretary level to the level of Foreign and Defence Ministers.
- Removal of trade barriers: Both nations need to resolve disputes at the WTO with regard to the Australian sector can act as a serious impediment.
- Balancing China: An ‘engage and balance’ China strategy is the best alternative to the dead end of containment.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ordinances
Mains level: Issues with Ordinance
Central Idea
- The central government issued an Ordinance on May 19, overturning a unanimous Supreme Court verdict.
- The Ordinance grants the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi authority over services, challenging the elected government’s control over officials’ transfer and posting.
- This raises constitutional concerns about the balance of power between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor.
Issues with this ordinance
- The Ordinance bestowed power over services to the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.
- It established the “National Capital Civil Service Authority,” consisting of the Chief Minister and two senior IAS officials, to decide matters by majority vote.
- This provision potentially allows the elected Chief Minister’s viewpoint to be overruled.
Key issues with the current model of Governance of Delhi
- Undermining the elected government: The LG, who will be the government, is under no obligation to implement any law passed by the assembly or carry out the directions of the house as he is not responsible to the assembly.
- Lack of Executive Accountability: The Lieutenant Governor, who is the head of government, is not accountable to the assembly, which undermines the principle of executive accountability.
- Against the privilege of legislature: Framing the rules to conduct its proceedings is thus a part of the privilege each house of a legislature enjoys.
- Delay in decision-making: The requirement for LG’s approval for many decisions has led to delays in decision-making, which has impacted the development and governance of the city.
- Accountability issues: The division of responsibilities between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor has led to difficulties in fixing responsibility for actions and decisions.
- Against Co-operative Federalism: The Act not only negates cooperative federalism but also upturns the fundamental principles laid down by the Supreme Court in Government of NCT Delhi vs Union of India case (2018).
- Control over Services Department: Governance has always been a contentious issue since Delhi is not a full state and the Services department comes under the L-G.
What is Ordinance?
- Under Article 123 of the Constitution, the President possesses law-making powers through the issuance of ordinances during the recess of Parliament.
- Article 213 grants the Governor of a state the authority to issue ordinances when the state legislative assembly or either of the two Houses (in states with bicameral legislatures) is not in session.
- However, there are limitations to this authority:
- Issuance during Recess: The President can only promulgate an ordinance when one or both Houses of Parliament are not in session.
- Immediate Action: An ordinance can only be issued when the President deems it necessary for immediate action.
- Justiciability: The President’s intentions to issue ordinances can be subject to judicial review if mala fide intentions are proven.
Features of Ordinances
Several characteristics and provisions are associated with ordinances:
- Retrospective Effect: An ordinance can have a retrospective application, meaning it can be enacted prior to its approval.
- Nullity during Parliamentary Session: An ordinance issued while Parliament is in session is considered null and void.
- Time Limit for Approval: An ordinance must be approved by Parliament within six weeks of its reassembly. Failure to do so leads to its expiration.
- Continuation of Acts and Laws: Acts, laws, and events resulting from the ordinance remain in effect until its expiration.
- Limits on Legislative Authority: Ordinances can only be passed on subjects within the legislative competence of the Indian Parliament.
- Protection of Fundamental Rights: Ordinances cannot be used to revoke the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. Their enforcement would render them null and void if both Houses pass a resolution opposing them.
Issues with the Ordinances
The use of ordinances has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse and circumvention of democratic processes. Some key concerns are:
- Bypassing the Legislature: Deliberate bypassing of the legislature to avoid debate and deliberation on contentious legislative proposals undermines democratic principles.
- Repromulgation of Ordinances: Repromulgation without placing the ordinance before the legislature subverts democratic legislative processes and the separation of powers.
- Presidential Satisfaction: The satisfaction of the President as a requirement for issuing an ordinance provides scope for potential misuse.
- Ignoring Supreme Court’s Judgments: Instances of ordinances being promulgated despite Supreme Court judgments highlighting their conditional and exceptional nature raise concerns about adherence to constitutional principles.
Judicial Safeguards to avoid re-promulgation of ordinances
- Supreme Court in RC Cooper vs. Union of India (1970) held that the President’s decision to promulgate ordinance could be challenged on the grounds that ‘immediate action’ was not required, and the ordinance had been issued primarily to bypass debate and discussion in the legislature.
- It was argued in DC Wadhwa vs. the State of Bihar (1987) that the legislative power of the executive to promulgate ordinances is to be used in exceptional circumstances and not as a substitute for the law-making power of the legislature.
- Supreme Court in Krishna Kumar Singh v. the State of Bihar held that the authority to issue ordinances is not an absolute entrustment, but is “conditional upon satisfaction that circumstances exist rendering it necessary to take immediate action”.
Way ahead
- Every ordinance issued must be laid before both the Houses of Parliament or state legislature within six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament or state legislature and it ceases to exist if it is not approved within six weeks of reassembly.
- 44th Constitutional Amendment has reiterated that the satisfaction of the President to promulgate ordinance could be challenged in case an ‘immediate action’ was not required.
- Our Constitution has provided for the separation of powers among the legislature, executive and judiciary where enacting laws is the function of the legislature.
- The executive must show self-restraint and should use ordinance making power only in unforeseen or urgent matters and not to evade legislative scrutiny and debates.
Conclusion
- The recent Ordinance and its constitutional implications highlight the need for a balanced distribution of powers between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor in Delhi.
- It is essential to uphold democratic principles and ensure that legislative functions are carried out by the appropriate constitutional authorities.
- A comprehensive review of the governance framework in Delhi may be necessary to address these concerns and ensure effective and harmonious governance in the capital city.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital India Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Digital India Bill, a comprehensive overhaul of Internet laws, will be unveiled in June 2023. This bill represents a significant update since the Information Technology Act of 2000.
What is the Digital India Bill?
- DIA will consist of 4 parts:
- Digital Personal Data Protection Bill,
- DIA rules,
- National Data Governance Policy, and
- Indian Penal Code amendments
Need for such legislation
- India has 850 million internet users, making it the world’s largest “digitally connected democracy.”
- The IT Act, created for the pre-digital era, lacks provisions for user rights, trust, safety, and modern cyber threats.
- Growing cyber crimes, disinformation, and privacy concerns necessitate an updated legislation.
Goals of the Digital India Bill
- Evolvable digital law: Flexible rules adaptable to changing technological trends.
- Adjudicatory mechanism: Accessible mechanism for resolving online civil and criminal offenses.
- Principles and rules-based approach: A legislative framework based on overarching governing principles.
Key components of the DIA
- Open Internet: Promotes choice, competition, diversity, fair market access, and ease of doing business, preventing the concentration of power.
- Online Safety and Trust: Safeguards users against cyber threats, revenge porn, defamation, cyberbullying, and moderates fake news. Advocates for digital rights and protects minors.
- KYC Requirements: Mandates Know Your Customer (KYC) for privacy-invading devices like spy camera glasses.
- Monetization Rules: Overhauls rules for platform and user-generated content to align with the DIA.
Key feature: Reconsideration of Safe Harbour
- The government is reconsidering a key aspect of cyberspace — ‘safe harbour’.
- Safe harbour is the principle that so-called ‘intermediaries’ on the internet are not responsible for what third parties post on their website.
- This is the principle that allows social media platforms to avoid liability for posts made by users.
- Safe harbour has been reined in in recent years by regulations like the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which require platforms to take down posts when ordered to do so by the government, or when required by law.
Way Forward
- The detailed timeline is undisclosed, but the government aims to conduct a comparative study of global laws and consult with experts, industry, the public, and relevant forums.
- The draft Bill will undergo consultation, followed by a draft Cabinet note before the final version is released.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Population Register (NPR)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The article discusses implementation of a digital Census and the option for citizens to self-enumerate through updating their National Population Register (NPR) details online.
What is the news?
- Census 2021, the first digital Census, will allow citizens to “self-enumerate” when it is conducted.
- The government has not announced the date for the Census yet, and a notification from January 2, 2023, indicates that the exercise is postponed until at least September.
What is National Population Register (NPR)?
- The NPR is a register that records the usual residents of the country.
- It is prepared at various levels, including local, sub-district, district, state, and national.
- The creation of the NPR is governed by the provisions of the Citizenship Act 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.
- It is mandatory for every usual resident of India to register in the NPR.
- A usual resident is defined as a person who has resided in a local area for the past 6 months or more, or a person intending to reside for next 6 months or more.
Differences between NPR and Census
- The census involves a detailed questionnaire, collecting information such as age, sex, marital status, occupation, religion, and more.
- The NPR collects basic demographic data and biometric particulars.
- The census is governed by the Census Act, 1948, while the NPR operates under a set of rules framed under the Citizenship Act, 1955.
Stipulated process for self-enumeration
- Self-enumeration for the Census will be available only to households that have updated their NPR details online.
- The Office of the Registrar General of India (ORGI), responsible for the Census, has developed a web-based “self-enumeration (SE)” portal, presently available in English.
- The mobile-friendly portal, yet to be launched, will allow users to register their mobile numbers in the NPR database, self-enumerate, and fill in Houselisting Operations details.
- During self-enumeration, the collection of Aadhaar or mobile numbers is mandatory.
How are NPR and NRC related?
- According to the Citizenship Rules 2003, the NPR is the initial step in compiling the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC/NRC).
- The NPR was updated in 2015, but new questions were added as part of a trial exercise involving 30 lakh respondents in September 2019.
- The exercise is seen as a step towards the compilation of the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRC) as per the Citizenship Rules, 2003.
What about data confidentiality?
- While similar data is collected through the Census, individual data remains confidential under Section 15 of the Census Act, 1948.
- Only aggregated data is released at administrative levels.
- Data collected under the NPR are shared with states and used by the Central government for various welfare schemes at the individual level.
Way forward
To ensure the success of the digital Census and self-enumeration process, the government should consider the following:
- Conduct thorough awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the self-enumeration process and its benefits.
- Provide multi-language support on the self-enumeration portal to accommodate diverse language preferences.
- Address concerns regarding data privacy and security to build trust among citizens.
- Establish a robust support system to assist citizens in case of technical issues or questions during self-enumeration.
- Regularly update and improve the self-enumeration portal based on user feedback to enhance user experience and ease of use.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Smart Cities Mission
Mains level: Urban transformation initiatives
Central Idea
- The Union Urban Affairs Ministry announced that significant progress has been made under the Smart Cities Mission, with more than 90% of the allocated funds being utilized and 73% of the projects already completed.
Why discuss this?
- The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city.
- However, in 2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline for Shillong alone.
What is Smart Cities Mission?
- The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was launched by PM on June 25, 2015.
- Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.
- Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.
How does it work?
- Each smart city has created a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) responsible for planning, appraising, approving, releasing funds, implementing, and managing, operating, monitoring, and evaluating development projects.
- The SPV is led by a full-time CEO and includes nominees from the Central and State governments, as well as the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) on its Board.
Monitoring and Reporting
- The implementation of the SCM is overseen by an Apex Committee, led by the Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
- The committee utilizes the Real Time Geographical Management Information System (GMIS) to provide regular reports on project progress.
Features of the mission
- Smart Infrastructure: Upgrading urban systems, including transportation, water, and waste management.
- E-Governance: Digital platforms for transparent government services and citizen engagement.
- Smart Solutions: Integration of IoT and data analytics to optimize urban systems.
- Sustainability: Green initiatives, renewable energy, and eco-friendly practices.
- Social and Economic Development: Affordable housing, healthcare, and fostering entrepreneurship.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Utilizing data for evidence-based planning and resource allocation.
Progress status
(1) Funds Utilization
- As of May 1, a total of ₹38,400 crore was released for the Smart Cities Mission.
- Out of this amount, ₹35,261 crore has already been utilized for various projects.
- The utilization of funds accounts for over 90% of the allocated budget.
(2) Project Completion
- The Smart Cities Mission encompasses approximately 7,800 projects, valued at ₹1.8 lakh crore.
- Among these projects, more than 5,700, valued at ₹1.1 lakh crore, have been completed.
- The remaining projects are expected to be completed by June 30, 2024.
- Currently, only 22 out of the 100 designated cities have successfully concluded all projects under the mission.
Conclusion
- By emphasizing effective funds utilization and project completion, the government intends to transform cities into smarter, more sustainable, and citizen-centric urban spaces.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Krishna Water Dispute
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The dispute over the water share of the Krishna River between Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana has remained unresolved for nine years since the bifurcation of the combined state.
About Krishna River
|
Explanation |
| Origin |
Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra |
| Length |
Approximately 1,400 km |
| States swept |
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh |
| Tributaries |
Tungabhadra, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Musi |
| Significance |
Irrigation, hydropower, drinking water |
| Basin |
Approximately 2,59,000 sq km |
| Dams |
Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, Almatti, Koyna |
| Delta |
Forms fertile delta in Bay of Bengal |
What is Krishna Water Dispute?
- The dispute dates back to the formation of AP in November 1956.
- Before the formation of AP, a Gentlemen’s Agreement was signed in February 1956 by four senior leaders from different regions of Andhra.
- The agreement aimed to protect Telangana’s interests and ensure equitable distribution of water resources based on global treaties.
- However, the focus on irrigation facilities favored Andhra, which had existing systems developed by the British at the expense of drought-prone areas in Telangana.
Resolution achieved till now
(1) Bachawat tribunal
- In 1969, the Bachawat Tribunal (KWDT-I) was established to settle the water share dispute among Maharashtra, Karnataka, and AP (before bifurcation).
- The Tribunal allocated 811 tmcft (thousand million cubic feet) of dependable water to AP.
- The water was later divided in a 512:299 tmcft ratio between Andhra and Telangana, respectively, based on the command area developed by each region.
- The Tribunal recommended diverting water from the Tungabhadra Dam to the drought-prone Mahabubnagar area of Telangana, but this recommendation was not implemented, leading to discontent.
(2) Water-sharing arrangement after bifurcation
- The AP Reorganisation Act, 2014, did not mention water shares, as the KWDT-I Award was still in force and had not specified region-wise allocations.
- In 2015, the two states agreed to an ad hoc arrangement of sharing water in a 34:66 ratio (Telangana: Andhra) during a meeting convened by the Ministry of Water Resources.
- The arrangement was supposed to be reviewed annually.
- The Act focused on the establishment of the Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) and the Godavari River Management Board (GRMB) for water resource management.
Claims by each state
- Telangana argues that it is entitled to a minimum of 70% share in the allocation of the 811 tmcft based on global practices and basin parameters.
- Telangana highlights how AP diverts around 300 tmcft of water from within the basin, affecting drought-prone areas in Telangana.
- AP also claims a higher share of water to protect the interests of already developed command areas.
Centre’s position
- The Centre convened two meetings of the Apex Council in 2016 and 2020, involving the Union Minister and Chief Ministers of Telangana and AP, but no substantial progress was made.
- In 2020, following a suggestion by the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), Telangana withdrew its petition from the Supreme Court with the assurance that the matter would be referred to a Tribunal.
- However, the Centre has not taken any action on the issue for over two years, while the two states continue to engage in ongoing disputes.
Way Forward
Considering the prolonged dispute and the failure to reach a resolution, it is crucial for all stakeholders to take proactive steps. The following measures could be considered:
- Mediation: Appoint an independent body or mediator to facilitate negotiations between the two states and assist in finding a fair and mutually agreeable solution.
- Scientific assessment: Conduct a comprehensive scientific assessment of the basin parameters, water requirements, and the impact of existing water utilization practices to inform the allocation of water shares.
- Public awareness: Raise public awareness about the importance of water conservation, efficient utilization, and sustainable practices to reduce the overall demand for water resources.
- Implementation of recommendations: Act upon the recommendations of previous tribunals and committees to ensure equitable distribution of water resources and address the grievances of both states.
- More deliberations: Foster a spirit of cooperation and collaboration between AP and Telangana to jointly manage and sustainably utilize the Krishna River water resources for the benefit of both regions.
It is crucial for the central government to play an active role in facilitating dialogue, providing necessary support, and expediting the resolution process to ensure a fair and just outcome for all parties involved.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Civil Aviation Safety Advisory Council, DGCA and other related departments and mandates
Mains level: Aviation sector, safety concerns and reforms
Central idea
- In 2010, a tragic accident at Mangalore airport claimed the lives of 158 people. Despite prior warnings and PILs filed by the Environment Support Group, the concerned authorities neglected to address safety concerns regarding the airport’s second runway. It highlights the lack of accountability and transparency in the system, the failure to learn from past accidents, and the urgent need for reforms in India’s aviation sector.
Background
- In 1997, the Environment Support Group raised concerns about the inadequacy of Mangalore airport’s second runway during emergencies. However, the PIL filed by the NGO was dismissed by the Karnataka High Court.
- In 2002, another PIL emphasized the potential dangers of the runway, but it faced the same fate. Dissatisfied with the verdict, the group approached the Supreme Court, which ruled that the government must adhere to applicable laws and environmental norms during airport construction
- Following the Mangalore crash, the Ministry of Civil Aviation established the Civil Aviation Safety Advisory Council (CASAC) to identify deficiencies and propose corrective measures.
- CASAC pointed out the court of inquiry’s failure to identify critical errors and suggested improvements, particularly at airports like Mangalore and Calicut. However, their warnings were disregarded by the Ministry and the DGCA.
- The subsequent accident at Calicut on August 7, 2020, claiming 21 lives, further exposed the disregard for safety concerns.
- The recommendations made by the committee formed after the accident remain unimplemented due to prioritizing commercial interests over safety.
Lessons ignored
- Neglecting Compliance with Laws and Norms: Government agencies responsible for airport construction failed to comply with applicable laws and environmental norms, as mandated by the Supreme Court. This negligence resulted in violations that ultimately led to the tragic crash.
- Dismissing Expert Opinions: The Supreme Court’s dismissal of the PIL that highlighted the violations and safety concerns surrounding Mangalore airport indicates a reluctance to hold government agencies accountable. The judiciary’s unwillingness to intervene despite expert opinions undermined the pursuit of justice and prevention of future accidents.
- Lack of Accountability: The blame for accidents was often placed solely on pilots, while the systemic deficiencies and regulatory failures were overlooked. The absence of accountability within the aviation sector perpetuated a culture of negligence and hindered efforts to address underlying safety issues.
- Failure in Accident Investigations: The investigations conducted by the DGCA and AAIB failed to identify the root causes of accidents and provide effective preventive measures. Instead of rectifying systemic shortcomings, investigations often resorted to blaming pilot error, leaving the real issues unresolved.
- Neglecting Recommendations: The warnings and recommendations put forth by the Civil Aviation Safety Advisory Council (CASAC) were disregarded by the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the DGCA. The failure to implement necessary safety measures, such as Runway End Safety Areas (RESA), despite expert advice, highlights a disregard for passenger safety.
- Prioritizing Commercial Interests: Commercial interests were given precedence over safety considerations, as implementing certain safety measures would have affected the runway length and payload. This compromise on safety standards underscores the need to prioritize the well-being of passengers over commercial gains.
Role and responsibilities of Civil Aviation Safety Advisory Council (CASAC)
- Identify Deficiencies: CASAC is tasked with identifying deficiencies in safety measures, regulations, infrastructure, and operational practices across airports, airlines, and regulatory bodies. It conducts thorough assessments and inspections to pinpoint areas where safety standards may be compromised.
- Provide Recommendations: Based on its assessments, CASAC formulates recommendations and proposes corrective measures to address the identified deficiencies. These recommendations cover a wide range of aspects, including operational procedures, infrastructure improvements, training programs, safety audits, and regulatory enhancements.
- Review Reports and Investigations: CASAC reviews accident investigation reports and court of inquiry findings related to aviation accidents and incidents. It examines these reports to determine if proper root cause analysis has been conducted and if adequate preventive measures have been recommended. CASAC ensures that critical errors or safety gaps are identified and addressed in the reports.
- Advise on Safety Enhancements: CASAC advises the Ministry of Civil Aviation on safety enhancements, both immediate and long-term. It provides guidance on the implementation of best practices, industry standards, and international safety protocols. CASAC’s recommendations aim to improve safety outcomes and minimize risks within the aviation sector.
- Monitor Compliance: CASAC monitors the compliance of airports, airlines, and regulatory bodies with recommended safety measures and regulations. It reviews progress reports submitted by stakeholders to assess their adherence to the proposed corrective actions. This monitoring function ensures that safety improvements are implemented effectively.
- Collaborate with Stakeholders: CASAC collaborates with various stakeholders in the aviation industry, including airlines, airports, regulatory bodies, industry experts, and international organizations. It engages in discussions, knowledge-sharing, and cooperative initiatives to promote a collective approach to aviation safety.
- Continuous Evaluation: CASAC conducts periodic evaluations and reviews of the aviation sector’s safety performance. It assesses the effectiveness of implemented safety measures, identifies emerging safety concerns, and recommends adjustments or additional measures as required.
Way ahead: The Need for Urgent Action in the aviation sector
- Regulatory Reforms: Initiate comprehensive regulatory reforms to strengthen oversight and enforcement mechanisms. This includes enhancing the authority, capabilities, and resources of regulatory bodies like the DGCA to effectively monitor compliance with safety regulations.
- Transparent and Independent Investigations: Establish an independent and transparent accident investigation process that identifies root causes without bias or external influence. This will enable the implementation of effective preventive measures and foster a culture of learning from past incidents.
- Safety Management Systems: Promote the adoption of Safety Management Systems (SMS) by airlines and airports. An SMS provides a systematic approach to identifying and managing safety risks, ensuring proactive safety measures are in place, and promoting continuous improvement.
- Robust Training and Human Factors Programs: Enhance training programs for aviation personnel, including pilots, air traffic controllers, and maintenance staff, focusing on areas such as emergency procedures, risk management, and human factors. Emphasize the importance of fatigue management and mental well-being to mitigate human error.
- Infrastructure Upgrades: Invest in upgrading and modernizing airport infrastructure, including runways, taxiways, and air traffic control systems. Ensure compliance with international safety standards and implement necessary enhancements to address deficiencies.
- Enhanced Collaboration: Foster collaboration and information sharing among industry stakeholders, including airlines, airports, regulators, and international aviation organizations. Establish platforms for regular communication and exchange of best practices to drive collective efforts towards improved safety.
- Accountability and Transparency: Strengthen accountability mechanisms to ensure that responsible individuals and entities are held liable for safety lapses. Foster a culture of transparency, where safety-related information is shared openly, and reporting systems protect whistleblowers.
- Public Awareness and Passenger Education: Increase public awareness about aviation safety and passenger rights through education campaigns. Empower passengers to make informed decisions regarding safety when choosing airlines and demand transparency from regulatory bodies.
Conclusion
- The Mangalore airport crash and subsequent incidents have shed light on the critical need for comprehensive reforms in the aviation sector to ensure the safety of passengers and personnel. The establishment of the CASAC was a step in the right direction. However, to achieve a safer aviation environment it requires collective efforts, commitment, and ongoing vigilance to prevent accidents, learn from past incidents, and ensure the well-being of passengers and personnel in the skies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ice-albedo feedback cycle, Climate change, global sea rise
Mains level: Decline in Antarctic sea ice, global sea rise and impact on weather patters, Need of immediate actions
Central Idea
- The recent record-breaking drop in Antarctic Sea ice extent on February 19 has raised significant concerns about the impacts of global warming. This worrying trend, accompanied by rising global temperatures, poses a threat to coastal cities and has far-reaching consequences for weather patterns and underwater ecosystems. As sea ice continues to melt and global sea levels rise, urgent action is needed to address the environmental challenges presented by this alarming decline.
Melting Sea Ice and Rising Sea Levels: A worrying trend
- Over the past six years, the Antarctic Sea ice cover has witnessed substantial declines, resulting in a rise in global sea levels.
- NASA reports that meltwater from Antarctic ice accounts for approximately one-third of the global average sea level rise since 1993.
- The sea ice extent in 2023 has often been notably lower than the levels seen in 2022, which had the second-lowest summer sea ice extent in Antarctica.
- The Antarctic Sea ice extent as of May 21, 2023, has significantly shrunk compared to the median extent between 1981 and 2010
- The April temperature in the Antarctic region in 2023 was 0.93°C higher than the 1910-2000 average for that month, marking the second-highest increase in the millennium.
Impact decline in Antarctic Sea ice on Global Weather and Ecosystems
- Weather Pattern Alterations: The Southern Ocean, surrounding Antarctica, plays a crucial role in transferring heat from the atmosphere to the global oceans. Increased melting of Antarctic sea ice introduces cold, fresh water into the ocean, disrupting the circulation patterns of hot, cold, fresh, and salty water globally. This alteration in temperature and density can subsequently affect weather patterns, including wind patterns, precipitation, and storm formation.
- Oceanic Currents and Nutrient Flows: Changes in water temperature and density due to melting sea ice can disrupt oceanic currents and nutrient flows. These currents are vital for distributing heat, nutrients, and oxygen across the world’s oceans. The disturbance in these flows can have cascading effects on marine ecosystems, impacting the distribution and availability of nutrients for various organisms.
- Impact on Underwater Ecosystems: Sea ice serves as a critical habitat for various organisms, including algae, krill, and other marine life. Diminishing sea ice reduces the availability of food and alters the feeding patterns and reproductive cycles of species dependent on these ecosystems. This disruption can have significant consequences for the entire Antarctic food chain, affecting species such as whales, seals, penguins, and seabirds.
- Altered Albedo Effect: The decline in sea ice coverage reduces the Earth’s albedo effect. Albedo refers to the ability of a surface to reflect sunlight back into space. Sea ice has a high albedo, meaning it reflects a significant portion of incoming solar radiation. As sea ice diminishes, darker ocean water absorbs more solar radiation, leading to increased warming and amplifying the overall warming trend.
- Feedback Loops: The impacts of melting sea ice create feedback loops that exacerbate the effects of climate change. For example, as sea ice melts, more heat is absorbed by the ocean, further accelerating the melting process. These feedback loops contribute to the amplification of warming trends and the intensification of associated environmental changes.
Facts for prelims
What is ice-albedo feedback cycle?
- The ice-albedo feedback cycle, also known as the snow-ice albedo feedback, refers to a positive feedback mechanism that amplifies the effects of global warming. It involves the interaction between ice or snow cover and solar radiation.
- The albedo of a surface refers to its ability to reflect sunlight. Ice and snow have high albedo values, meaning they reflect a significant portion of incoming solar radiation back into space.
- This reflection helps to cool the Earth’s surface. However, when ice or snow melts, it reveals darker surfaces beneath, such as dark ocean water or land, which have lower albedo values. These darker surfaces absorb more solar radiation, leading to increased warming
- The ice-albedo feedback cycle operates in both polar regions, but it is particularly significant in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where extensive ice and snow cover exist.
- The reduction in sea ice extent and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets contribute to this feedback mechanism, accelerating the warming trend and exacerbating the impacts of climate change.
Understand this way: How do the ice-albedo feedback cycle operate?
- Initial Warming: Due to various factors, including greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth’s temperature increases, leading to the melting of ice and snow cover.
- Reduced Albedo: As ice and snow melt, the reflective white surface is replaced by darker surfaces with lower albedo values. These surfaces absorb more solar radiation rather than reflecting it back into space.
- Increased Heating: The absorption of more solar radiation by darker surfaces results in increased heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
- Further Melting: The increased heating leads to more melting of ice and snow, further reducing the overall ice and snow cover.
- Amplification of Warming: With less ice and snow cover, more heat is absorbed, contributing to a positive feedback loop. The amplified warming results in further ice and snow melt, creating a cycle of increasing temperatures.
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Impact of Rising Sea Levels on coastal communities around the worldwide
- Increased Flooding and Erosion: As sea levels rise, coastal areas are more susceptible to storm surges, high tides, and extreme weather events. This puts low-lying regions, including coastal cities and communities, at greater risk of inundation, property damage, and displacement of residents.
- Coastal Infrastructure Vulnerability: Increased flooding and erosion can lead to the degradation and loss of critical infrastructure, disrupting transportation, energy supply, and essential services. This vulnerability can have substantial economic, social, and public safety implications.
- Threat to Freshwater Resources: Rising sea levels can infiltrate freshwater sources and contaminate underground aquifers, particularly in coastal regions where freshwater and saltwater interfaces occur. This intrusion of saltwater can compromise drinking water supplies, agricultural irrigation, and ecosystems dependent on freshwater resources, exacerbating water scarcity issues.
- Displacement of Communities: As coastal areas become uninhabitable due to sea-level rise and increased flooding, communities may face the prospect of forced relocation. This displacement can result in the loss of homes, cultural heritage, and livelihoods, leading to social disruption, economic challenges, and psychological impacts on affected populations.
- Ecological Impacts: Coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, and wetlands, provide critical habitats, buffer against storms, and support biodiversity. Rising sea levels can inundate and degrade these ecosystems, leading to the loss of valuable ecological services, increased vulnerability to coastal hazards, and reduced coastal resilience.
- Economic Consequences: The impacts of sea-level rise and coastal flooding can disrupt tourism, fishing, and shipping industries, leading to economic losses, job displacements, and decreased productivity. Additionally, the costs of coastal protection measures and infrastructure adaptations to rising sea levels can place a significant burden on local economies and governments.
Way Forward
- Strengthening International Cooperation: Collaborate at global forums to address climate change and its impact on Antarctica, emphasizing the need for reduced emissions and sustainable practices.
- Enhanced Monitoring and Research: Invest in further research to understand the dynamics of melting sea ice, its impact on ecosystems, and potential mitigation strategies.
- Promoting Sustainable Practices: Encourage sustainable practices and responsible tourism in the Antarctic region to minimize human impact on the fragile ecosystem.
- Climate Resilience Planning: Develop robust climate resilience plans for coastal cities and communities, considering rising sea levels and potential threats posed by diminishing sea ice.
- Raising Public Awareness: Educate the public about the consequences of melting Antarctic sea ice, fostering a collective sense of responsibility and encouraging individual actions to mitigate climate change.
Conclusion
- The alarming decline in Antarctic sea ice poses grave threats to global sea levels, weather patterns, and underwater ecosystems. Urgent action is required to mitigate climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote sustainable practices. Through international collaboration, research, and public awareness, we can strive to protect the Antarctic region and safeguard coastal communities worldwide from the impacts of melting sea ice. The time to act is now, as the consequences of inaction will be felt by future generations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Diversification of religion and caste in contemporary India, new dynamics, challenges and way forrward
Central Idea
- The recent outcome of the Karnataka elections provides an opportunity to broaden our understanding of religion and caste as categories of identity and belief. It is essential to recognize that these identities go beyond mere labels and hold pan-India significance. Amidst the rapid urbanization of Gurugram, the interplay of technology, finance, infrastructure, and land markets has brought about intriguing effects on traditional aspects of life. Notably, the strengthening of caste and religious identities has occurred alongside the transformation of the local landscape
Contemporary dynamics of the religion and caste in society
- Social Media: The emergence and widespread use of social media platforms have significantly influenced the dissemination of information and the expression. Social media platforms have provided individuals with new avenues to express their beliefs, connect with like-minded individuals, and engage in discussions and debates related to religion and caste.
- Leisure Cultures: Changing patterns of leisure activities and cultural practices have contributed to the reshaping of religious and caste identities. The ways in which people engage with leisure, entertainment, and cultural events often intersect with their religious and caste affiliations. These leisure cultures can reinforce existing identities, foster a sense of community, and contribute to the preservation and celebration of religious and caste traditions.
- Globalization of Identities: The increased mobility, migration, and transnational interactions have allowed for the transmission and adoption of religious and caste practices, beliefs, and ideologies across different geographical locations. This globalization of identities has influenced how individuals perceive and express their religious and caste affiliations.
- Emphasis on Heritage: The promotion and celebration of cultural heritage, rituals, and customs have become significant aspects of identity formation and community building. This focus on heritage can reinforce religious and caste affiliations and contribute to the preservation of traditional practices.
Complexities of contemporary identities
- Intersectionality: Contemporary identities are often multifaceted and intersectional, encompassing multiple dimensions such as gender, class, religion, caste, and regional affiliations. Individuals’ identities are shaped by the interaction of these diverse factors, leading to complex experiences and perspectives.
- For example: In the context of Gurugram, caste identities intersect with the effects of urbanization, globalization, and economic transformations, creating intricate social dynamics.
- Shifting Meanings: The meanings attached to religious and caste identities have evolved over time. Globalization, technology, and changing social norms have influenced the ways in which individuals understand and express their religious and caste affiliations. These shifting meanings challenge traditional understandings and necessitate a deeper exploration of the contemporary dynamics surrounding religion and caste.
- Hybridity and Adaptation: As individuals navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing world, they might combine elements of their religious and caste backgrounds with new cultural practices, beliefs, and expressions. This hybridity reflects the fluid nature of contemporary identities and the ways in which individuals negotiate their sense of self within evolving social contexts.
- Global Influences: Increased exposure to diverse cultural and religious influences from around the world can impact individuals’ beliefs, practices, and self-perception. This global exchange of ideas and cultural practices contributes to the complexities of contemporary identities, blurring traditional boundaries and fostering new forms of identity expression.
- Individual Agency: Contemporary identities are influenced by individual agency, as individuals actively construct and negotiate their own sense of self and belonging. People have the autonomy to choose, reinterpret, or reject religious and caste identities based on their personal experiences, beliefs, and aspirations. This individual agency adds complexity to the understanding of contemporary identities and challenges rigid categorizations.
Why religious and caste sentiments thrive despite the seemingly impersonal nature of modern relations?
- Historical Significance: Religion and caste have deep historical roots in India, shaping the social, cultural, and political fabric of the country for centuries. These identities have been intricately woven into people’s lives and community structures, and their significance continues to endure even in the face of modernization. Historical legacies and the sense of identity associated with religion and caste contribute to the persistence of these sentiments.
- Social Cohesion and Belonging: Religion and caste provide individuals with a sense of belonging and community. They offer a framework for social cohesion, providing a sense of identity, support, and solidarity. In an increasingly fragmented and individualistic society, religious and caste affiliations can offer a sense of belongingness and a support system that individuals seek for social integration and a sense of purpose.
- Cultural Identity and Tradition: Religion and caste are deeply intertwined with cultural practices, rituals, and traditions which provide individuals with a connection to their cultural heritage and a sense of continuity with their ancestors.
- Social Networks and Support: Religious and caste communities network foster a sense of mutual aid and communal bonds, creating a support system that individuals rely on in times of need. This social support and network-based assistance further reinforce the importance of religious and caste identities.
- Political and Power Dynamics: Religion and caste continue to play a significant role in political mobilization, electoral strategies, and the distribution of resources and benefits. Political parties often exploit religious and caste identities for electoral gains, further reinforcing their salience and significance in public discourse.
Why the newly emerging religious identities sometimes manifest as hostility towards those of different faiths?
- Identity Assertion: The formation of new religious identities can be driven by a desire to assert and strengthen one’s own religious beliefs and practices. In some cases, this assertion may result in a sense of exclusivity and superiority, leading to hostility towards those who hold different beliefs. Individuals may perceive their newly emerging religious identity as being under threat from other faiths, and this defensive response can contribute to animosity and hostility.
- Socialization and Group Dynamics: If individuals are surrounded by like-minded individuals who reinforce a particular narrative of their religious identity, it can lead to the development of a group mentality that views other faiths with suspicion or hostility. Group dynamics, such as peer pressure, conformity, and the need for social acceptance, can further amplify negative attitudes towards different faiths.
- Perceived Threats and Insecurity: When new religious identities emerge, followers may perceive threats to their beliefs, traditions, or cultural practices from other faiths or societal changes. This perceived threat can evoke a defensive response, fueling hostility towards those seen as posing a challenge to their newly formed religious identity.
- Political Instrumentalization: Political actors may exploit religious sentiments and manipulate the narrative to gain support or advance their agenda. This instrumentalization can create an us versus them mentality, deepening divisions and fostering animosity towards religious groups perceived as adversaries.
- Economic Competition and Social Hierarchies: Economic disparities and perceived inequalities can fuel resentment towards religious groups seen as benefiting disproportionately or hindering one’s own economic advancement. This can result in the projection of animosity onto religious differences.
- Lack of Interfaith Dialogue and Understanding: Insufficient opportunities for interfaith dialogue and understanding can contribute to the persistence of hostility between religious communities. Limited interactions and communication between followers of different faiths may perpetuate stereotypes, misunderstandings, and a lack of empathy. Without platforms for open dialogue and mutual respect, tensions can escalate, leading to hostility.
Way forward: Adopting a forward-looking approach
- Contextual Understanding: Instead of relying solely on historical perspectives, it is crucial to engage with the complexities of the present. This involves analyzing the influence of social media, new leisure cultures, globalization of caste and religious identities, the politics of heritage, and the rise of consumer culture.
- Critical Questions: To address the contemporary manifestations of religious and caste identities, we need to ask fundamental questions. For instance, we must explore why religious and caste feelings gather strength despite the apparent prevalence of impersonal relations in a world organized through contracts and other similar mechanisms.
- Contemporary Relevance: The explanations regarding religious identity and caste should be grounded in the present rather than relying solely on the perspectives of historical figures like Gandhi and Ambedkar. While acknowledging their important contributions, we need to apply their vantage points to analyze and understand the contemporary realities.
- Interdisciplinary Approach: Addressing the complexities of caste and religious identities requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines insights from sociology, anthropology, history, political science, and cultural studies, among other disciplines. By bringing together diverse perspectives, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of these identities and their implications for contemporary society.
- Dialogue and Empathy: Encouraging interfaith dialogue, promoting understanding, and fostering empathy are crucial steps towards mitigating hostility and building bridges between different religious communities. Creating platforms for open and respectful discussions can help dispel stereotypes, bridge gaps in understanding, and promote mutual respect.
- Evolving Definitions: Given the altered meanings of caste and religion in a rapidly changing society, it is important to continuously reassess and redefine these concepts. By recognizing the shifting dynamics and meanings associated with caste and religion, we can develop more nuanced perspectives that align with the contemporary reality.
Conclusion
- As we witness the diversification of religion and caste in contemporary India, it is imperative to embrace a nuanced understanding that moves beyond historical interpretations. Recognizing the multifaceted factors influencing modern identities and the complexities of the present allows for a more comprehensive analysis. By exploring the contemporary dynamics and asking pertinent questions, we can better comprehend the changing meanings of religion and caste in today’s society and address the challenges and opportunities they present.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FIPIC
Mains level: Large Ocean Countries
Central Idea: The third summit of Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) was recently held at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. It was attended by PM Modi.
What is FIPIC?
- The FIPIC is an intergovernmental forum that facilitates cooperation and dialogue between India and the Pacific island countries (PIC).
- It was established by India in 2014 as a platform to enhance engagement and strengthen ties with the countries of the Pacific region.
- FIPIC serves as a mechanism for mutual collaboration, addressing shared challenges, and promoting development cooperation between India and its Pacific island partners.
Members of FIPIC:
- FIPIC consists of 14 member-countries.
- They are- Fiji, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
History of FIPIC
- The establishment of FIPIC reflects India’s commitment to deepening its engagement with the Pacific island nations.
- The inaugural FIPIC summit was held in November 2014 in Suva, Fiji, where India and the Pacific island countries came together to discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
- The summit marked a significant milestone in India’s efforts to strengthen relations with the Pacific island states and promote inclusive development in the region.
Key highlights of the Summit
(1) Imbibing perception change
- During the FIPIC-3 summit held in Port Moresby, PM Modi emphasized the importance of recognizing the small island nations of the Pacific Ocean as “large ocean states.”
- PM reiterated India’s commitment to supporting the development goals of the Pacific island states.
(2) Advancing development goals
- India expressed unwavering dedication to supporting Pacific island states in various ways.
- Acknowledged challenges such as climate change, natural calamities, and disruptions in food and fuel supply chains.
- India has been a reliable supplier of essential items, including vaccines, medicines, wheat, and sugar.
(3) Voices to lead Global South
- Prime Minister James Marape of Papua New Guinea urged India to serve as an advocate for the Global South.
- Requested India’s representation in key global forums like the G-7 and G-20.
Why does India need PIC?
- Geopolitical Significance: Strengthening ties in Indo-Pacific to bolster regional influence, promote stability, and shape regional dynamics.
- Maritime Trade Routes: Securing access to vital sea-lanes, ensuring smooth trade flow, and protecting maritime interests.
- Resources: Expanding access to valuable resources such as minerals, hydrocarbons, and fisheries for economic growth and energy security.
- Economic Opportunities: Exploring untapped markets, attracting investments, and fostering trade partnerships for mutual economic benefits.
- Climate Change and Disaster Management: Collaborating on climate resilience strategies, sharing expertise in disaster management, and supporting sustainable development.
- Diplomatic Relations: Establishing strategic alliances, enhancing multilateral cooperation, and strengthening India’s presence in the Pacific region.
- Indian Diaspora: Supporting and engaging with the Indian diaspora, promoting cultural ties, and leveraging their contributions for bilateral cooperation and understanding.
Conclusion
- The FIPIC-3 summit provided a platform for India and Pacific island nations to deepen cooperation and address shared challenges.
- India’s commitment to supporting development goals and its role as a reliable supplier underscores its dedication to the Pacific island states.
- India’s active engagement in global forums and advocacy for the Global South aims to amplify voices and advance interests.
- The summit signifies a strengthened partnership, fostering mutual growth and shared progress.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Comb Jellies, Neurons, Neural Network
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Comb jellies, or ctenophores, are marine animals with jelly-like bodies and iridescent combs.
- They represent an ancient animal lineage and have a distinct nervous system.
- A recent study published in Science examined the comb jelly nervous system and made surprising discoveries.
What are Comb Jellies?
- Comb jellies, also known as ctenophores, are marine animals that belong to the phylum Ctenophora. They are fascinating creatures with a unique and delicate appearance.
- Despite their name, comb jellies are not actually true jellyfish.
- They have a gelatinous, transparent body that is often luminescent and adorned with rows of cilia, or comb-like structures, which give them their characteristic shimmering appearance.
Findings of the new study
- The researchers aimed to investigate how nerve net neurons in comb jellies connect.
- Contrary to expectations, synapses (junctions between neurons) were absent in the nerve net.
- Instead, nerve-net neurons were continuously connected by a single plasma membrane.
Significance of ctenophores
- In the 1950s, electron microscopy confirmed the separate-cell nature of neurons connected by synapses.
- Ctenophores challenge this notion by having a syncytial nerve net, as observed in the new study.
- Ctenophores attracted attention due to their status as a potential early animal lineage.
- Whole-genome sequencing studies supported the theory that ctenophores branched off early in animal evolution.
Evolution of ctenophore nervous systems
- The evolution of ctenophore nervous systems remains unclear to biologists.
- Leonid Moroz proposed a controversial theory of independent nervous system evolution in ctenophores and other animals.
- Ctenophores exhibit a unique nervous system lacking classical neurotransmitter pathways and common neuronal genes.
- The absence of muscle-based movement and reliance on cilia might have driven the evolution of a different signal conduction system.
Questions for further research
- Researchers aim to study the development of nerve net neurons in ctenophores.
- They seek to determine if adult ctenophores retain syncytial nerve nets or develop synapses.
- The uniqueness of ctenophore nervous systems provides valuable insights into the evolution of the nervous system.
- Comparative analyses of unique animal systems like ctenophores aid in understanding neuronal function and treating disorders.
Conclusion
- Understanding the functional and evolutionary significance of syncytial nerve net neurons in ctenophores requires further research.
- This study serves as a crucial foundation for investigating the evolution of nervous systems in animals.
- Comparative studies on small marine creatures like ctenophores offer insights into the fundamental principles of brain function.
Key Terminologies
- Ctenophores: Another term for comb jellies, referring to marine animals belonging to the phylum Ctenophora.
- Nerve Net: The diffuse nervous system found in comb jellies, composed of interconnected neurons.
- Synapses: Junctions between neurons that allow for communication and transmission of signals in most animals, including humans.
- Plasma Membrane: The outer membrane of a cell that separates its internal components from the external environment.
- Neurotransmitter Pathways: The specific chemical signals used by neurons to communicate with each other in the nervous system.
- Syncytial Nerve Net Neurons: Neurons within the nerve net of comb jellies that are interconnected without the presence of synapses.
- Colloblasts: Specialized cells in comb jellies used for capturing prey by producing adhesive substances.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antarctic
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Sea ice in Antarctica reached its smallest area on record in February for the second consecutive year, continuing a decade-long decline.
Ice cover decline: Key data
(1) Square km decline
- The European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) provided the figures, highlighting the significant decrease in Antarctic sea ice.
- On February 16, the ocean surface covered by ice around Antarctica shrank to 2.09 million square kilometers (800,000 square miles), the lowest level since satellite records began.
(2) Warming trends
- Both the North and South poles have experienced significant warming, with temperatures rising by approximately 3 degrees Celsius compared to late 19th-century levels, three times the global average.
- Arctic sea ice has been diminishing by about 3 percent per year since the late 1970s, while sea ice in Antarctica has remained relatively constant with large annual variations.
(3) Regional variances and vulnerabilities
- Recent ice cover reduction during the southern hemisphere summer has been most pronounced in West Antarctica, which is more vulnerable to the impacts of global warming compared to East Antarctica.
- Antarctica witnessed its first recorded heatwave in 2020, with temperatures 9.2 degrees Celsius above the mean maximum. Unusual temperature spikes have been observed in various parts of Antarctica.
- The Arctic has also experienced significant declines in sea ice, with the record minimum sea ice extent occurring in 2012.
Impact of declining Ice Cover
- Global sea level rise: Melting ice in Antarctica contributes to rising sea levels worldwide.
- Disruption of ecosystems: Declining ice cover disrupts habitats and food sources for ice-dependent species.
- Increased warming: Less ice reflects sunlight, leading to more heat absorption and further ice melting.
- Changes in ocean circulation: Declining ice cover can disrupt currents and impact global climate patterns.
- Release of stored carbon: Melting ice releases trapped carbon, potentially affecting marine ecosystems and contributing to climate change.
- Amplification of global warming: Reduced ice cover creates a positive feedback loop, exacerbating climate change.
- Disruption of biodiversity and food chains: Changing ice conditions impact species relying on ice algae and affect the overall Southern Ocean ecosystem.
Future projections
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted with high confidence that the Arctic Ocean would become practically ice-free in September at least once by mid-century.
- The decreasing trends in both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice highlight the urgent need to address climate change and its impact on the Polar Regions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PARAKH
Mains level: Curriculum harmonization
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Education has organized a workshop in New Delhi to discuss the unification of 60 school examination boards operating across different states and union territories.
- The key component of this plan is PARAKH, the National Assessment Centre established under the National Council of Educational Research and Training.
What is PARAKH?
- PARAKH stands for Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development.
- It is an organization created to bring school boards from various states and union territories onto a unified platform.
- It has been launched as part of the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP)-2020.
- It acts as a constituent unit of the NCERT.
- It is tasked with holding periodic learning outcome tests like the National Achievement Survey (NAS) and State Achievement Surveys.
- It will work on three major assessment areas: large-scale assessments, school-based assessment, and examination reforms.
Key objectives of PARAKH
- Uniform Norms & Guidelines: Setting comprehensive norms, standards, and guidelines for student assessment and evaluation in all recognized school boards.
- Enhance Assessment Pattern: Encouraging school boards to adopt assessment patterns aligned with the skill requirements of the 21st century.
- Reduce Disparity in Evaluation: Establishing uniformity across state and central boards, which currently employ different evaluation standards, resulting in significant score disparities.
- Benchmark Assessment: Developing a benchmark assessment framework to move away from rote learning and align with the objectives of the NEP 2020.
Outcomes of the recent workshop
(1) Establishing Equivalence of Boards
- The Centre is planning for the equivalence of boards to facilitate seamless transitions for students across different boards or regions.
- The objective is to align curriculum standards, grading systems, and evaluation methodologies to enhance the credibility and recognition of certificates and grades obtained across boards.
(2) Moving away from Rote Examination Culture
- The workshop highlighted the need to reassess the prevailing rote examination culture in the education system.
- There is a growing realization that holistic assessments, considering various dimensions of a student’s abilities and potential, are equally important.
(3) Standardization and Fairness in Assessments
- The discussion emphasized the importance of well-designed and standardized question papers to ensure fairness and consistency across schools and boards.
- Striking a balance between formative and summative assessments was identified as a means to reduce the burden of high-stakes examinations while effectively measuring student progress.
Conclusion
- PARAKH’s significance lies in its potential to bring about transformative change, facilitating collaboration, and benchmarking assessments.
- It is an important step towards creating a standardized and equitable assessment system, providing students with a fair platform to demonstrate their abilities and skills.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C-20, U-20 and other such engagement forums within G-20 framework
Mains level: C-20 politicization, Civil Society Independence and way forward
Central Idea
- The civil society process of G-20, known as C-20, which is meant to provide a platform for independent voices and hold governments accountable, has been co-opted by the ruling party in India. Critiques argue that under the guise of civil society representation, C-20 has become a tool to further a politico-religious vision and legitimize neoliberal economic policies. This distortion of C-20 raises concerns about its credibility and ability to serve as a counter-balance to undue business influence.
What is C-20?
- C-20 refers to the civil society process of the Group of Twenty (G-20) summit.
- The C-20 process provides a platform for civil society organizations to engage with G-20 member governments, discuss relevant issues, and advocate for policy changes.
- It aims to ensure that the voices and concerns of civil society are taken into account in the decision-making processes of G-20.
- C-20 focuses on economic, social, and cultural issues, and its participants include non-governmental organizations, grassroots movements, and other civil society actors.
Facts for prelims
What is U20?
- A city diplomacy initiative called the “Urban 20” (U20) was launched in December 2017 within G20 ecosystem.
- It was meant to collectively raise critical urban issues of G20 cities during the G20 negotiations.
- U20 specifically focuses on climate change, sustainable development, and socio-economic issues in connection with the Sustainable Development Goals.
What is SAI20?
- SAI20 stands for Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of G20 countries.
- It is a forum where SAIs from G20 countries can engage with each other to share their experiences and expertise in auditing public policies and governance practices.
- The group meets annually to discuss important issues related to public auditing and to develop joint initiatives to promote good governance and accountability in their respective countries.
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What are the concerns about C-20 ‘s credibility?
- Politicization: The C-20 process in India has been co-opted by the party in power, using it as a platform to further its own politico-religious vision. This raises questions about the independence and neutrality of the civil society process.
- Lack of diversity: The composition of C-20 has raised concerns about the overwhelming presence of members from a single religion, which goes against the principle of inclusiveness. The dominance of a particular religious group undermines the diversity and representation of civil society voices.
- Censorship and suppression: There have been instances of censorship and attempts to control the narrative within C-20. Participants have been asked to refrain from making political statements about G-20 and C-20, limiting their ability to critically address policies and actions that may be detrimental to biodiversity and community interests.
- Limited influence: The C-20 process, along with other engagement forums of G-20, has not been allowed to play an independent role in holding governments accountable or countering undue business influence. The influence of civil society in shaping G-20 decisions and policies remains limited.
- Lack of transparency: The selection and decision-making processes within C-20 have been criticized for lacking transparency. The way the C-20 architecture is set up, with its Secretariat housed in a civil society organization linked to a particular political ideology, raises concerns about the independence and fairness of the process.
Impact of using international engagement forums for political gains?
- Undermining credibility: When international engagement forums, such as the G-20 and its civil society process, are used for political and electoral gains, it undermines their credibility and purpose. These platforms are meant for meaningful dialogue, collaboration, and decision-making on global issues, and politicizing them for short-term domestic interests erodes their legitimacy.
- Diminishing trust and cooperation: Political exploitation of international engagement forums can lead to a breakdown of trust and cooperation among participating countries and civil society organizations. It creates an atmosphere of suspicion and undermines the spirit of mutual respect and collaboration that these forums are intended to foster.
- Weakening global governance: The instrumentalization of international engagement forums for political gains can weaken global governance mechanisms. It hampers the ability of these forums to address pressing global challenges effectively and make informed decisions based on the common good, as decisions may be driven by narrow political considerations rather than sound policy-making.
- Impact on international reputation: The misuse of international engagement forums can have a negative impact on a country’s international reputation. It may be seen as a breach of trust and an attempt to manipulate global platforms for domestic political purposes, damaging the country’s standing in the international community.
- Impeding progress on global issues: When international engagement forums are exploited for political and electoral gains, the focus shifts from addressing global issues to advancing narrow domestic agendas. This can hinder progress on crucial matters such as climate change, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, and human rights, which require international collaboration and concerted efforts.
- Alienating civil society: The politicization of international engagement forums can alienate civil society organizations and undermine their trust in the process. When civil society voices are co-opted or marginalized for political gains, it weakens their role as independent actors, reduces their influence, and stifles their ability to contribute meaningfully to global policy discussions.
- Loss of long-term benefits: Prioritizing short-term political and electoral gains over the long-term benefits of meaningful international engagement can lead to missed opportunities for economic, social, and diplomatic advancements. It undermines the potential for constructive dialogue, knowledge sharing, and collaboration that can yield positive outcomes for the country and the global community.
Way ahead: Addressing the concerns over C-20
- Enhance transparency and inclusiveness: There should be greater transparency in the selection processes of C-20 members and the decision-making mechanisms. Efforts should be made to ensure diverse representation from different religions, ideologies, and sectors, fostering inclusivity and avoiding the dominance of any particular group.
- Safeguard independence: Measures should be taken to ensure the independence of C-20 from government influence. The Secretariat and coordination should be entrusted to neutral and independent organizations or institutions that have a proven track record of upholding the principles of civil society engagement.
- Strengthen civil society networks: Civil society organizations should strengthen their networks, collaborations, and solidarity to amplify their voices and advocate for meaningful engagement in the C-20 process. This can involve building alliances with other organizations, sharing information and resources, and collectively advocating for the principles of inclusiveness and accountability.
- Promote critical dialogue: Open and constructive dialogue should be encouraged within C-20, allowing for diverse perspectives and critical analysis of G-20 policies and actions. Participants should have the freedom to raise concerns, offer alternative viewpoints, and contribute to the discourse without fear of censorship or reprisal.
- Advocate for policy coherence: Civil society organizations should actively engage in advocacy and policy dialogue with both the government and international bodies like the G-20. They should highlight the need for policy coherence that integrates social, environmental, and economic dimensions, ensuring that biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and the rights of marginalized communities are prioritized.
- Strengthen public awareness: Efforts should be made to increase public awareness about the G-20 and its civil society process, including C-20. This can involve disseminating information, organizing awareness campaigns, and facilitating public participation in discussions and decision-making processes.
- International solidarity: Civil society organizations in India should foster collaborations and exchanges with international civil society networks and organizations working on similar issues. Sharing experiences, strategies, and best practices can strengthen the collective voice of civil society globally and exert pressure for more accountable and inclusive processes.
Conclusion
- The co-optation of C-20 by the ruling party in India has undermined its credibility as an independent civil society platform. Civil society organizations participating in C-20 must reflect on whether they will legitimize this distortion or challenge it, as their decisions will shape the future of this crucial platform for global dialogue and accountability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India and Australia growing relationships
Central Idea
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to Australia highlights the significance India attaches to its bilateral relationship with Australia, despite the cancellation of the Quad Summit meeting in Sydney. The transformation of this relationship over the past decade, coupled with its broad bipartisan support in Australia, demonstrates the establishment of a new chapter in India-Australia ties.
India-Australia Relations: A Backgrounder
- The India-Australia bilateral relationship has undergone evolution in recent years, developing along a positive track, into a friendly partnership.
- The two nations have much in common, underpinned by shared values of a pluralistic, Westminster-style democracies, Commonwealth traditions, expanding economic engagement etc.
- Several commonalities include strong, vibrant, secular and multicultural democracies, free press, independent judicial system and English language.
Historical Perspective
- The historical ties between India and Australia started immediately following European settlement in Australia from 1788.
- All trade, to and fro from the penal colony of New South Wales was controlled by the British East India Company through Kolkata.
- India and Australia established diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence period, with the establishment of India Trade Office in Sydney in 1941.
- The end of the Cold War and simultaneously, India’s decision to launch major economic reforms in 1991 provided the first positive move towards development of bilateral ties.
What is the Significance of this upcoming visit?
- Strengthening Bilateral Relations: The visit reaffirms the commitment of both India and Australia to further strengthen their bilateral relationship. It provides an opportunity for high-level engagements, discussions, and collaborations on various issues of mutual interest.
- Enhancing Economic Cooperation: The visit can pave the way for boosting economic cooperation between India and Australia. It provides a platform to explore new avenues for trade, investment, and technological collaboration, benefiting both economies and creating business opportunities.
- Showcasing Commitment to the Indo-Pacific Region: Prime Minister’s visit to Australia will demonstrates the commitment of both countries to the Indo-Pacific region’s peace, stability, and development. It reinforces the role of India and Australia as significant stakeholders in the region.
- Collaboration on Strategic and Security Issues: The visit presents an opportunity to discuss and collaborate on strategic and security issues, including maritime security, counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and defense cooperation. This will contribute to regional stability and address common security challenges.
- Promoting People-to-People Connections: People-to-people interactions and cultural exchanges are crucial for fostering closer ties between nations. Prime Minister Modi’s visit will promote people-to-people connections, strengthen the Indian diaspora’s engagement, and enhance cultural understanding between India and Australia.
The growing partnership between India and Australia
- Enhanced Bilateral Engagements: The frequency of high-level visits and interactions between the leaders of India and Australia has increased, showcasing the importance both countries place on their bilateral relationship.
- Multilateral Collaboration: India and Australia collaborate closely in various multilateral forums such as the Quad, G7, East Asia Summit, G20, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. They address important regional issues, including maritime domain awareness, supply chain resilience, climate change, and food and energy security.
- Strategic Cooperation: Both nations recognize the need to build secure and resilient supply chains. They focus on strategic areas such as clean energy, electric vehicles, semiconductors, aerospace, and defense, fostering collaboration and joint initiatives.
- Space Collaboration: Space cooperation has gained prominence in the India-Australia partnership. Australia participates in India’s Gaganyaan Space Programme, and the International Space Investment grants program encourages collaboration in the space sector.
- Educational Ties: Australia is a preferred destination for Indian students, with a large number of Indian students studying there. Efforts are being made to address challenges related to student mobility, visa backlogs, and research collaboration, strengthening educational ties between the two countries.
- People-to-People Linkages: Cultural exchanges, diaspora connectivity, and people-to-people contacts play a crucial role in strengthening the partnership. Initiatives like the opening of a new consulate in Bengaluru and the establishment of a center for Australia-India relations in Sydney contribute to fostering cultural linkages.
- Economic Cooperation: The focus is on expanding economic ties and trade relations. Efforts are being made to increase the current trading partnership, setting clear targets to elevate it by 2030. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Trade Agreement discussions are underway to deepen economic cooperation.
- Regional Stability: India and Australia, along with other Quad members, work together to ensure peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. They address regional challenges and maintain a rules-based order.
- Counterbalance to China: The India-Australia partnership is seen as a counterweight to China’s non-rules-based approach in the region. It provides a strategic balance and promotes a free and open Indo-Pacific.
The India-Australia partnership: Opportunities for further collaboration and growth
- Trade and Investment: There is immense potential to expand bilateral trade and investment between India and Australia. Both countries can explore new sectors and avenues for collaboration, including technology, renewable energy, infrastructure, agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing. Initiatives like the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) can further facilitate trade and investment flows.
- Innovation and Technology: India’s thriving tech ecosystem and Australia’s advanced research and development capabilities present opportunities for collaboration in innovation and technology-driven sectors. Joint research projects, technology transfer, and startup collaborations can foster mutual growth and innovation.
- Defense and Security: The defense and security collaboration between India and Australia can be further strengthened. Opportunities exist for joint military exercises, defense equipment co-production, technology-sharing, and intelligence cooperation. Collaborative efforts can contribute to maritime security, counterterrorism, and regional stability.
- Education and Research: The education sector offers opportunities for deeper collaboration, including student exchanges, joint research programs, and faculty exchanges. Strengthening academic ties can enhance cultural understanding and promote knowledge sharing between institutions in both countries.
- Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Both India and Australia face significant challenges related to sustainable development and climate change. Collaborative efforts in renewable energy, climate adaptation, and environmental conservation can address common concerns and promote sustainable development practices.
- Regional Engagement: India and Australia can leverage their partnership to enhance regional engagement and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. By working together in multilateral forums such as the Quad, ASEAN, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, they can promote a rules-based order, regional stability, and prosperity.
- Health and Biotechnology: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of collaboration in health and biotechnology. Joint research on vaccines, healthcare innovations, and disease prevention can strengthen public health systems and contribute to global health security.
Conclusion
- India and Australia have transcended past misperceptions and established a promising partnership that holds tremendous potential in the 21st century. As Prime Minister Menzies’ decision in 1955 remains a relic of the past, India and Australia are committed to nurturing a vibrant and enduring partnership, solidifying their place as key actors in the global arena.
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