Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Schemes and facts
Mains level: Evaluation of schemes
Central idea
The article scrutinizes various Union government welfare schemes, citing issues in health insurance, education, water mission, nutrition, financial inclusion, and minority scholarships. It urges corrective measures to rectify identified challenges, emphasizing the reassessment of budget allocations for improved transparency and program efficacy.
Key Highlights:
- Critique of BJP’s welfare schemes, questioning their effectiveness and highlighting discrepancies.
- Examination of schemes like Ayushman Bharat, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Jal Jeevan Mission, PM POSHAN, Jan Dhan Yojana, and Minority Scholarships.
- Mention of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report exposing issues in Ayushman Bharat, including fraudulent practices.
- Emphasis on the allocation and utilization of funds in schemes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and PM POSHAN.
- Challenges in the implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission, particularly the slow progress in providing functional tap connections.
- Criticism of the decrease in allocation for PM POSHAN despite the persisting issue of child malnutrition.
- Statistics revealing issues in Jan Dhan Yojana, including a high percentage of zero-balance accounts and decreased claim settlements.
Key Phrases for mains marks enhancement:
- “Hype than substance” in describing BJP’s welfare schemes.
- “Glaring discrepancies” in the Ayushman Bharat scheme, as highlighted by CAG.
- “Measly budget allocation” for Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and structural barriers to girls’ education.
- “Certified” villages under Jal Jeevan Mission and the slow progress in providing tap connections.
- “Decrease in allocation” for PM POSHAN despite the prevalence of child malnutrition.
- “Zero balance accounts” and “dormant or inoperative” Jan Dhan accounts.
- “Discontinuation” and “reduction of funding” for Minority Scholarships, impacting educational opportunities.
Analysis:
The article critically examines several welfare schemes launched by the BJP government, questioning their impact and effectiveness. It highlights discrepancies in implementation, allocation, and utilization of funds in schemes related to healthcare, education, water supply, nutrition, and financial inclusion. The analysis draws attention to issues such as fraudulent practices, slow progress in achieving objectives, and reductions in budget allocations despite persistent challenges.
Key Data:
- 5 lakh beneficiaries linked with a single cell phone number in Ayushman Bharat.
- 80% of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao funds spent on media campaigns.
- Only 35% of villages under Jal Jeevan Mission certified for providing drinking water.
- Rs 11,600 crore allocation for PM POSHAN in 2023, a 9% decrease from the previous year.
- Over 8% of Jan Dhan accounts as zero balance, and 18% either dormant or inoperative.
- Discontinuation of the Maulana Azad Fellowship scheme and reduction of funds for Minority Scholarships.
Ayushman Bharat:
- Challenges: Glaring discrepancies highlighted by the CAG, including fraudulent practices and data manipulation.
- Analysis: The scheme faces credibility issues due to these discrepancies, raising questions about its transparency and effectiveness.
- Way Forward: Implement corrective measures based on the CAG report findings to ensure transparency and accountability.
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao:
- Challenges: Heavy spending on media campaigns (80%), structural barriers hindering girls’ education.
- Analysis: Allocation concerns and structural barriers indicate shortcomings in achieving the scheme’s objectives.
- Way Forward: Reevaluate budget allocations, focusing on direct implementation and addressing barriers to girls’ education.
Jal Jeevan Mission:
- Challenges: Slow progress in providing functional tap connections, only 35% of villages certified.
- Analysis: Concerns about achieving objectives by the 2024 deadline due to slow progress and incomplete certifications.
- Way Forward: Intensify efforts to expedite tap connections and ensure the certification of remaining villages.
PM POSHAN:
- Challenges: Decreased budget allocation (9% reduction), persisting child malnutrition issues.
- Analysis: Despite the prevalence of child malnutrition, reduced funding raises concerns about the scheme’s impact.
- Way Forward: Reconsider budget decisions to align with the magnitude of challenges and enhance the effectiveness of nutritional interventions.
Jan Dhan Yojana:
- Challenges: High percentage of zero-balance accounts (8%) and decreased claim settlements.
- Analysis: Issues with inactive accounts and declining claim settlements indicate challenges in the scheme’s implementation.
- Way Forward: Enhance outreach and awareness programs to ensure the effective utilization of financial inclusion schemes.
Minority Scholarships:
- Challenges: Discontinuation of Maulana Azad Fellowship, reduction of funds for educational opportunities.
- Analysis: Discontinuation and reduced funding impact educational opportunities for minorities.
- Way Forward: Reconsider decisions to discontinue or reduce funding, supporting educational opportunities for minorities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Statistical data
Mains level: Growth sectors
Central idea
India’s robust economic growth faces challenges in digital inclusion, governance equity, and managing post-COVID-19 effects. Government initiatives, encompassing reforms, infrastructure focus, and poverty alleviation, drive progress. Recognizing successes and addressing shortcomings is vital for informed public discourse and sustained development momentum.
Key Highlights:
- Impressive Economic Growth: India’s post-COVID-19 economic growth is remarkable, with FY2023 showing a YoY growth of 7.2%, the fastest among major economies.
- Policy Reforms Driving Growth: Government initiatives, including economic liberalization, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), demonetization, GST, and corporate tax reduction, have propelled India’s economic trajectory.
- Inclusive Growth Focus: The government’s commitment to “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas” reflects in poverty alleviation, rural welfare, and inclusive growth measures, leading to improved living standards.
- Multidimensional Poverty Reduction: NITI Aayog’s report indicates a significant reduction in multidimensional poverty, with 13.5 crore Indians escaping poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
- Agricultural Success: Support for agriculture has resulted in unprecedented growth in fruits, vegetables, dairy, livestock, and fishery, enhancing the nutritional value of the food basket.
Challenges:
- Critique of Growth Metrics: Some critics argue for using compound annual growth rates post-COVID-19, questioning the validity of YoY growth rates as a true measure of economic progress.
- Long Road to High-Income Status: Acknowledging the challenges, India recognizes the need for sustained efforts to achieve high-income status and a high quality of life for its citizens.
Key Phrases for mains value addition:
- “Fastest-growing major economy”: The tagline emphasizes India’s rapid economic growth in the global context, driven by its large size and robust domestic demand.
- “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas”: The government’s inclusive growth mantra focusing on uplifting people above the poverty line through various support initiatives.
- “Multidimensional Poverty”: NITI Aayog’s report highlights a significant decline in multidimensional poverty, reflecting comprehensive progress.
Analysis:
The article underscores the importance of considering YoY growth rates as a measure of post-pandemic progress and highlights the success of government reforms in driving economic growth and inclusive development.
Key Facts/Data for value addition:
- India is the fifth largest economy globally and projected to become the third largest by 2027.
- The Capex budget of the central government has risen from 1.6% of GDP in FY19 to 2.7% in FY23, further budgeted to increase to 3.3% in FY24.
Government Measures Since 2014:
- Government initiatives post-2014 aim to boost the economy, including liberalization, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, demonetization, GST rollout, and corporate tax reduction.
- In FY22, a substantial Capex program and state-level resource support aimed to bridge infrastructure gaps and attract private corporate investment.
Poverty Alleviation and Rural Welfare:
- Government commitment to ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas’ reflects a focus on inclusive growth, poverty reduction, skill development, and infrastructure enhancement.
- NITI Aayog’s report highlights a significant reduction in multidimensional poverty, particularly in rural areas, with improved living standards and health indicators.
Innovative Way Forward:
- Digital Inclusion for Economic Growth: Accelerate digital inclusion strategies to empower citizens, enhance education, and facilitate online business, fostering economic growth.
- Green Infrastructure Development: Prioritize sustainable and green infrastructure projects, aligning with global environmental goals, to ensure long-term economic resilience.
- Blockchain for Financial Inclusion: Leverage blockchain technology to enhance financial inclusion, enabling secure and transparent transactions, especially in rural and underserved areas.
- AI-driven Skill Development: Implement artificial intelligence (AI) in skill development programs, customizing learning paths and enhancing employability in emerging sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAG
Mains level: Social Audit
Central idea
The article highlights the pivotal role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in India’s democracy, emphasizing citizen engagement, social audits, and capacity building for local governance. It underscores challenges in finding skilled personnel and the imperative to ensure effective grassroots service delivery. The way forward involves an international center for local governance and online courses to address competency gaps.
Key Highlights:
- Role of CAG in Democracy: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) ensures transparency, accountability, and financial integrity. Maintains separation of powers and promotes good governance through audit findings.
- Citizen-Centric Approach: Emphasis on citizen engagement for better audit focus. Use of technology and digital solutions to enhance citizen involvement.
- Social Audit and Local Governance: Introduction of social audit as a tool for citizen oversight. Empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies for grassroots participation.
- Capacity Building and Online Courses: Collaboration with Institute of Chartered Accountants for online courses. Aiming to create a pool of competent accountants for local governance.
Challenges:
- Competent Accountants Shortage: Difficulty in finding skilled accountants for local governments, especially in remote areas.
- Grassroots Service Delivery: Ensuring effective delivery of devolved functions at the grassroots level.
- Capacity Building Imperatives: The article highlights the necessity for robust capacity-building initiatives to overcome challenges and strengthen local self-governance.
Key Terms:
- Devolved Functions: Functions transferred to local governments for implementation.
- Audit Diwas: Day marking the commencement of registration for online courses on November 16, 2023.
Key Phrases:
- Citizen Oversight: Involving citizens in identifying high-risk areas for audit.
- Social Audit: Facilitating citizen engagement through regular audits and follow-up actions.
- Capacity Building: Strengthening local governance through training and online courses.
Analysis:
The article underscores the critical role of CAG in upholding democratic principles and the evolving strategies to enhance citizen engagement. It highlights challenges in local governance, emphasizing the need for skilled personnel and effective service delivery at the grassroots.
Key Facts/Data:
- The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Audit of Scheme Rules was notified in 2011 to facilitate social audits.
- The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments created a three-tier structure for rural self-governance.
Way Forward:
- International Centre for Local Governance: Establishing a center for excellence to enhance the capacity of local government auditors globally.
- Online Courses: Introducing online courses to address the shortage of competent accountants for local bodies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: cognisable offences
Mains level: e-FIR
Central idea
The Law Commission proposes e-FIR registration for unknown accused in cognizable offenses, combining electronic submission with physical signing within three days. Despite ensuring swift crime registration, concerns arise over limited efficacy, emphasizing the importance of human intervention, especially in cases requiring immediate police involvement. The article suggests exploring e-authentication techniques for enhanced verification.
What is e-FIR?
- Definition: Digital system for reporting crimes to the police.
- Process: Information submitted online through a national portal. Complainant required to physically sign the report within a specified timeframe (usually three days).
- Objective: Streamline crime registration with initial electronic submission.
Key provisions of law commissions report
- e-FIR Recommendation: Proposal for e-FIR registration in all cognizable offenses with unknown accused. Verification through OTP and Aadhaar ID proof suggested by the Law Commission.
- Verification Process: Complainant verification through OTP for authenticity. Aadhaar ID proof mandated to confirm the complainant’s identity.
- Information Deletion: Automatic deletion of unverified information within two weeks. Complainant’s failure to sign the e-FIR within the prescribed time leads to deletion.
- Timeframe for Physical Signing: Complainants given three days to physically sign the e-FIR for formal registration. Failure to sign within the stipulated time results in non-registration.
- Human Intervention: The article emphasizes the importance of human interaction in certain cases, suggesting that electronic registration may be suitable only for offenses where immediate police interaction is not crucial.
What are cognisable offences?
- Cognizable Offenses Definition: Offenses for which police can make an arrest without a warrant. Immediate police action is permissible upon receiving information or a complaint.
- Serious Nature: Generally involves more severe crimes. Examples include murder, robbery, kidnapping, and certain types of fraud.
- No Court Permission Needed: Law enforcement can initiate an investigation without court authorization. Immediate action can be taken by the police upon learning about the offense.
- Jurisdictional Variations: Classification as cognizable or non-cognizable may vary in different legal systems. The severity and nature of offenses determine their categorization.
Challenges:
- Limited Efficacy: The concept of e-FIR relies on obtaining information electronically but requires physical signatures within a prescribed time, limiting the effectiveness of the online process.
- Lack of Discussion: The article notes that the Law Commission did not discuss models adopted by states currently lodging e-FIRs, leading to potential gaps in understanding the practical implementation.
Key Phrases:
- Cognizable Offenses: Offenses for which police can make an arrest without a warrant.
- E-authentication Technique: The use of digital signatures or e-authentication techniques, not extensively discussed in the Law Commission’s recommendations.
- Human Interaction: Highlighted as crucial, especially in cases like kidnapping, where immediate police involvement is essential for both medical examinations and crime scene visits.
Key Facts/Data:
- Verification Methods: OTP and Aadhaar are suggested as methods for verifying the complainant’s identity in the e-FIR process.
- Three-Day Timeframe: Complainants have three days to physically sign the e-FIR; otherwise, the information is automatically deleted from the portal.
Way Forward:
- Mandating E-authentication: The article suggests considering the use of e-authentication techniques, such as digital signatures, to enhance the verification process and facilitate immediate e-FIR registration.
- Clarification on Models: The Law Commission and states should provide clearer insights into the practical models adopted for e-FIR registration, addressing potential gaps in the recommendations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kangani System
Mains level: Decolonization
Central idea
The article explores the historical exploitation of indentured labor, particularly focusing on the plight of Plantation Tamils in Sri Lanka. Shashi Tharoor emphasizes the challenges, discrimination, and struggles faced by this community, calling for a post-colonial, inclusive identity and highlighting the importance of decolonization in shaping a more equitable future for nations with colonial histories.
What is indentured labour?
- Definition: Indentured labor is a historical practice where individuals, often from impoverished backgrounds, enter a contract (indenture) with an employer.
- Terms: In exchange for their service, laborers receive passage, accommodation, and sometimes wages, binding them to work for a specified number of years (typically 4 to 7).
- Purpose: Common during the 17th to 20th centuries, indentured labor served as a substitute for slavery, especially in regions where slavery had been abolished.
Key Highlights:
- Bicentenary Commemoration: The article discusses the recent commemoration of the bicentenary of Tamil indentured laborers’ arrival in Sri Lanka, emphasizing the historical significance of this event.
- Impact of British Empire: Shashi Tharoor highlights the detrimental impact of the British Empire’s policies, including the exploitation of colonies, draining of resources, and the introduction of indentured labor as a form of bonded servitude.
- Plight of Plantation Tamils: The article sheds light on the challenges faced by Plantation Tamils in Sri Lanka, detailing their exploitation, discrimination, and struggles for basic rights, identity, and integration.
- Identity and Integration: Despite adversities, Plantation Tamils forged an identity rooted in Tamil traditions and values. The article acknowledges their journey towards integration and efforts to reclaim their heritage as equal citizens of Sri Lanka.
Challenges faced by these labors :
- Indentured Labor Exploitation: The article highlights the exploitative nature of indentured labor, depicting the harsh conditions, misinformation, and economic hardships faced by laborers brought to distant lands.
- Discrimination and Statelessness: Plantation Tamils faced discrimination by colonial practices, being labeled “foreigners” and rendered stateless. Discriminatory laws, like the Citizenship Act of 1948, further marginalized them.
- Kangani System: The detrimental role of the sub-contractor system, known as kanganies, is discussed, emphasizing the abuse of power and exploitation faced by Indian laborers even after the indenture period.
| Highly important term from prelims perspective
Kangani System:
Role: Kangani was like a boss who hired and supervised workers.
Function: Managed laborers on plantations, overseeing their work.
Abuse of Power: Kangani could be unfair, exploiting workers and causing them to be in debt.
After Work Ended: Unlike other workers, Plantation Tamils had no escape from the kangani system even after their work time was over.
Restrictions: Workers couldn’t ask to go home or buy land because of unclear contracts with the kangani. |
Key Phrases:
- Licensed Looting: Describes the initial phase of the British imperial project as a form of licensed looting in service of crude capitalism.
- Indentured Labour: Refers to the replacement of slavery with bonded servitude, termed “indentured labor,” as a consequence of the abolition of slavery.
- New Kind of Slavery: Hugh Tinker’s characterization of indentured labor, highlighting its exploitative and degrading nature.
- Decolonization: Stresses the importance of post-colonial countries breaking free from oppressive practices and attitudes inherited from their imperial rulers.
Analysis: Tharoor critically analyzes the historical exploitation by the British Empire, juxtaposing the wave of liberal humanism in Europe with the continued oppression in the colonies. He underscores the challenges faced by Plantation Tamils, portraying their struggle for identity and integration as a valorous subaltern endeavor.
Key Data/Facts:
- Bicentenary: Marks the 200th anniversary of Tamil indentured laborers’ arrival in Sri Lanka in November 1823.
- Citizenship Act of 1948: The legislation rendered Plantation Tamils stateless, hindering their assimilation into Sri Lankan society.
- Economic Shift to Tea: The shift from coffee to tea plantations in Sri Lanka resulted in a massive transfer of Indian Tamils due to increased demand for labor.
Way Forward:
- Decolonization: Tharoor emphasizes the need for post-colonial countries like Sri Lanka to actively decolonize themselves from oppressive practices inherited from imperial rulers.
- Inclusive Identity: The article suggests that forging an inclusive, post-colonial identity for all people in Sri Lanka should be central to the nation-building process.
- Land Ownership: The government’s potential plan to divide plantations, making workers owners of the land they work on, is seen as a positive step, representing a potential way forward.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: deepfake
Mains level: Discussions on Deepfakes
Central idea
The article highlights challenges in deepfake regulation using the example of the Rashmika Mandanna video. It calls for a balanced regulatory approach, citing existing frameworks like the IT Act, and recommends clear guidelines, public awareness, and potential amendments in upcoming legislation such as the Digital India Act to effectively tackle deepfake complexities.
What is deepfake?
- Definition: Deepfake involves using advanced artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning algorithms, to create manipulated content like videos or audio recordings.
- Manipulation: It can replace or superimpose one person’s likeness onto another, making it appear as though the targeted individual is involved in activities they never participated in.
- Concerns: Deepfakes raise concerns about misinformation, fake news, and identity theft, as the technology can create convincing but entirely fabricated scenarios.
- Legitimate Use: Despite concerns, deepfake technology has legitimate uses, such as special effects in the film industry or anonymizing individuals, like journalists reporting from sensitive or dangerous situations.
- Sophistication Challenge: The increasing sophistication of AI algorithms makes it challenging to distinguish between genuine and manipulated content.
Key Highlights:
- Deepfake Impact: The article discusses the impact of deepfake technology, citing the example of a viral video of actor Rashmika Mandanna, which turned out to be a deepfake.
- Regulatory Responses: It explores different approaches to regulate deepfakes, highlighting the need for a balanced response that considers both AI and platform regulation. Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar’s mention of regulations under the IT Act is discussed.
- Legitimate Uses: The article recognizes that while deepfakes can be misused for scams and fake videos, there are also legitimate uses, such as protecting journalists in oppressive regimes.
Challenges:
- Regulatory Dilemma: The article points out the challenge of finding a balanced regulatory approach, acknowledging the difficulty in distinguishing between lawful and unlawful uses of deepfake technology.
- Detection Difficulty: Advancements in AI have made it increasingly difficult to detect deepfake videos, posing a threat to individuals depicted in such content and undermining trust in video evidence.
- Legal Ambiguities: The article highlights legal ambiguities around deepfakes, as creating false content is not inherently illegal, and distinguishing between obscene, defamatory, or satirical content can be challenging.
Key Facts:
- The article mentions the viral deepfake video of Rashmika Mandanna and its impact on the debate surrounding deepfake regulations.
- It highlights the challenges in detecting the new generation of almost indistinguishable deepfakes.
Government Actions:
- Legal Frameworks in Action: The Indian government relies on the Information Technology (IT) Act to regulate online content. For instance, platforms are obligated to remove unlawful content within specific timeframes, demonstrating an initial approach to content moderation.
- Policy Discussions on Deepfakes: Policymakers are actively engaging in discussions regarding amendments to the IT Act to explicitly address deepfake-related challenges. This includes considerations for adapting existing legal frameworks to the evolving landscape of AI-generated content.
What more needs to be done:
- Legislative Clarity for Platforms: Governments should provide explicit guidance within legislative frameworks, instructing online platforms on the prompt identification and removal of deepfake content. For instance, specifying mechanisms to ensure compliance with content moderation obligations within stringent timelines.
- AI Regulation Example: Develop targeted regulations for AI technologies involved in deepfake creation. China’s approach, requiring providers to obtain consent from individuals featured in deepfakes, serves as a specific example. Such regulations could be incorporated into existing legal frameworks.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Drawing inspiration from successful public awareness initiatives in other domains, governments can implement campaigns similar to those addressing cybersecurity. These campaigns would educate citizens about the existence and potential threats of deepfakes, empowering them to identify and report such content.
- Global Collaboration Instances: Emphasizing the need for global collaboration, governments can cite successful instances of information-sharing agreements. For example, collaboration frameworks established between countries to combat cyber threats could serve as a model for addressing cross-border challenges posed by deepfakes.
- Technological Innovation Support: Encourage research and development by providing grants or incentives for technological solutions. Specific examples include initiatives that have successfully advanced cybersecurity technologies, showcasing the government’s commitment to staying ahead of evolving threats like deepfake.
Way Forward:
- Multi-pronged Regulatory Response: The article suggests avoiding reactionary calls for specialized regulation and instead opting for a comprehensive regulatory approach that addresses both AI and platform regulation.
- Digital India Act: The upcoming Digital India Act is seen as an opportunity to address deepfake-related issues by regulating AI, emerging technologies, and online platforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NACP
Mains level: One Health approach
Central idea
The article delves into the alarming air pollution crisis in Delhi and the National Capital Region, highlighting global and local concerns. It emphasizes the health impact of air pollution, particularly on vulnerable groups like children, and evaluates India’s National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) and potential strategies for effective air quality management.
Key Highlights:
- Air Quality Crisis: Delhi and the National Capital Region face a severe air pollution crisis, with the Air Quality Index (AQI) touching 500, prompting various restrictions and interventions.
- Global Air Pollution Concerns: Air pollution is a global issue, affecting low- and middle-income countries the most. The World Health Assembly Resolution 68.8 emphasizes addressing the health impact of air pollution, highlighting its role in millions of global deaths.
- India’s Efforts: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) launched in 2019 aims to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations by 20-30% by 2024 through diverse interventions targeting vehicular pollution, industrial emissions, waste management, and more.
| Let’s revise for prelims
India’s National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
Ministry Under Which NCAP Operates: Operated under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
Establishment and Jurisdiction: Launched in 2019 to address air pollution and improve air quality. Encompasses various interventions to reduce pollution levels.
Objective: Aims to achieve a 20-30% reduction in concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 by 2024 (base year, 2017).
Key Components: Focuses on reducing vehicular pollution through regulatory norms. Promotes public transport and enhances infrastructure. Addresses industrial emissions, waste management, and stubble burning.
Legal Framework: Aligned with existing environmental laws and regulations. Operates within the framework of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. |
Challenges:
- Health Impact: Air pollution, laden with pollutants like PM2.5, leads to severe health consequences, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory issues, and neurological disorders.
- Vulnerability of Children: Children are particularly vulnerable due to developing lungs, higher exposure, and increased susceptibility to neurotoxic compounds, leading to various health issues.
- Social Gradient in Exposure: Studies indicate that air pollution often exhibits a social gradient, impacting marginalized communities more, challenging the notion that it affects everyone equally.
Key Phrases:
- Air Quality Index (AQI): Measures air pollution levels, categorized into ranges with associated health advisories. Delhi’s AQI touching 500 signifies hazardous air quality.
- NCAP: India’s National Clean Air Programme, launched to combat air pollution, emphasizing reductions in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations through diverse strategies.
- One Health Approach: Recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, urging comprehensive actions to address the impact of land, air, and water use on well-being.
Analysis:
- Global Concerns: Nearly 90% of the global population breathes air exceeding prescribed pollution limits, with low- and middle-income countries facing the most significant impact.
- NCAP Effectiveness: The NCAP outlines specific interventions to combat air pollution, but the effectiveness of measures like the odd-even scheme in Delhi is debated, with studies showing mixed results.
Key Data:
- Health Impact: Air pollution contributes to chronic diseases and cancer, with a third of deaths from major diseases linked to air pollution, rivaling the impact of smoking.
- Global Scenario: Delhi ranked as the most polluted city globally in terms of fine particulate matter, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive air quality management.
Way Forward:
- Stringent Standards: Evolve more stringent air quality standards, considering the absence of safe thresholds, especially for particulates and ozone.
- Airshed-Centric Approach: Transition from city-centric to airshed-centric air quality management, recognizing the local factors affecting pollutant dispersion.
- Global Cooperation: Leverage international platforms like the G20 to address pollution in the context of climate action and promote a One Health approach globally.
In essence, the article underscores the critical need for immediate and comprehensive measures to combat the escalating air pollution crisis, emphasizing the global and local impact on health and the environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NCRB
Mains level: Mental Health
Central idea
The article sheds light on the alarming rates of student suicides in Kota, primarily attributed to academic pressure. It explores the various pressures students face, their coping mechanisms, and the significant impact on mental health, emphasizing the urgent need for institutionalized counseling and holistic well-being programs.
Key Highlights:
- Student Suicides in Kota: According to NCRB data in 2021, student suicides in India accounted for 8% of total suicides. Kota, a prominent coaching hub, witnessed 25 suicides this year, raising concerns about academic pressure.
- Impact of NEET and JEE Exams: Students believe clearing these exams is crucial for a better life, leading to heightened stress. Almost 20% often suffer from thoughts related to under-performing, impacting mental health.
- Contributing Factors: Parental pressure, financial stress, and peer pressure contribute to students’ anxieties. Loneliness is prevalent, with 53% experiencing it occasionally.
Different Kinds of Pressures:
- NEET and JEE Significance: Students perceive success in NEET and JEE exams as vital for a better future, intensifying academic pressure.
- Fear of Under-Performance: Nearly 20% constantly grapple with thoughts of potential consequences if they under-perform, leading to heightened stress levels.
- Immediate Family Influence: Students with family members who studied in Kota before them often face additional academic pressure.
- Parental Expectations: Almost 10% experience frequent parental pressure, while a quarter encounters it occasionally, affecting mental well-being.
- Gender Disparity: Girls tend to face slightly higher parental pressure compared to boys, highlighting gender-specific challenges.
- Financial Pressure: 6% of students frequently feel financial stress, and 25% experience it occasionally, adding to the array of pressures.
Impact on Mental Health:
- Post-Coaching Mental Health: Close to 30% report a decline in mental health after joining coaching classes, indicating the adverse impact of the academic environment.
- Body Pain and Emotional Changes: A significant portion experiences heightened nervousness, mood swings, and physical discomfort, adversely affecting mental health.
- Loneliness Prevalence: More than half (53%) experience loneliness occasionally, reflecting the emotional toll of the academic journey in Kota.
- Psychological Strain: Emotional challenges such as increased nervousness, mood swings, and loneliness affect approximately three in every ten students.
- Anger and Frustration: Nearly 30% feel a rise in anger, and over a quarter report increased frustration and fear, showcasing the multifaceted impact on emotional well-being.
Challenges and concerns:
- Deteriorating Mental Health: Close to 30% feel their mental health worsened after joining coaching classes. Over 40% feel more fatigued, and many report increased nervousness, loneliness, and mood swings.
- Limited Professional Help: Despite poor mental health indicators, only 3% seek assistance from mental health professionals, emphasizing a lack of awareness and proactive initiatives.
- Need for Proactive Measures: Almost half (48%) don’t feel the need for mental health visits, underlining the necessity for more proactive efforts in promoting mental well-being.
- Advocacy for Mental Health: The data highlights the urgency of institutionalized counseling mechanisms and increased awareness to encourage young individuals to prioritize mental health.
Way Forward:
- Implementing Comprehensive Counseling: Establishing structured counseling services within coaching centers and Kota to address students’ mental health needs.
- Promoting Awareness: Conducting awareness campaigns to emphasize the importance of seeking professional mental health support.
- Integrating Holistic Approaches: Incorporating holistic well-being programs that address not only academic stress but also overall physical and mental health.
- Educational Initiatives: Launching educational initiatives to equip students with coping skills and stress management techniques.
- Scholarship Programs: Expanding scholarship programs to ease financial burdens and create a more inclusive educational environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dopamine
Mains level: The problem with social media and its business model
Central idea
The article delves into the social media crisis, pointing fingers at Meta for exacerbating youth mental health issues through Instagram’s addictive features. Legal actions highlight the platforms’ intentional exploitation of young users’ vulnerabilities. To address this, a suggested solution is contemplating a shift from the current profit-driven business model to a subscription-based one.
Key Highlights:
- Social Media Crisis: Social media platforms, especially Meta (formerly Facebook), are facing a crisis due to concerns about their impact on mental health, particularly among youth.
- Legal Action Against Meta: Forty-two US Attorney Generals have filed lawsuits against Meta, alleging that Instagram, a Meta-owned platform, actively contributes to a youth mental health crisis through addictive features.
- Allegations Against Meta: The lawsuit claims that Meta knowingly designs algorithms to exploit young users’ dopamine responses, creating an addictive cycle of engagement for profit.
- Dopamine and Addiction: Dopamine, associated with happiness, is triggered by likes on platforms like Facebook, leading to heightened activity in children’s brains, making them more susceptible to addictive behaviors.
Prelims focus – Dopamine
- Neurotransmitter: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in the brain.
- Feelings of Pleasure: It is associated with feelings of pleasure, reward, and satisfaction.
- Reward System: Dopamine plays a crucial role in the brain’s reward system, reinforcing certain behaviors.
- Motivation: It is linked to motivation, focus, and regulating mood.
- Addiction and Habits: Dopamine is involved in the development of addictive behaviors and habits.
- Social Media Impact: Activities on social media, like receiving likes or positive feedback, can lead to a release of dopamine.
|
Key examples for mains value addition
- The Social Dilemma (2020): A Netflix show that revealed how social media, led by Meta, messes with our minds and influences our behavior, especially impacting the mental health of youngsters.
- Frances Haugen’s Revelations: A whistleblower exposed internal Meta documents showing that Instagram worsened body image issues for teen girls, making social media’s impact on mental health a serious concern.
- US Surgeon General’s Advisory: The government’s health expert issued a warning about the negative effects of social media on young minds, emphasizing its importance in President Biden’s State of the Union address.
Challenges:
- Addictive Business Model: The core issue with social media is its business model, focusing on user engagement and data monetization, potentially at the expense of user well-being.
- Transformation from Networks to Media: Social networks, initially built for human connection, have transformed into media properties where users are treated as data for advertisers, impacting their habits and behaviors.
- Global Regulatory Scrutiny: Meta faces regulatory challenges beyond the US, with UK, EU, and India considering legislative measures. India, having the largest Instagram user base, emphasizes accountability for content hosted on platforms.
Analysis:
- Business Model Critique: The article argues that the problem with social media lies in its business model, which prioritizes user engagement for data collection and monetization.
- Regulatory Consequences: If the lawsuit succeeds, Meta could face significant penalties, potentially adding up to billions of dollars, and signaling a major setback for the company.
- Global Impact: Regulatory scrutiny extends beyond the US, indicating a need for platforms to be more accountable and responsible for their content and user interactions on a global scale.
Key Data:
- Potential Penalties: Meta could face penalties of up to $5000 for each violation if the lawsuit succeeds, posing a significant financial threat considering Instagram’s large user base.
- Regulatory Pressure in India: India, with 229 million Instagram users, emphasizes the end of a free pass for platforms, signaling a global shift towards increased accountability.
Way Forward:
- Shift to Subscription Model: The article suggests that social networks might consider adopting a subscription model, akin to OpenAI’s approach, to prioritize user well-being over advertising revenue.
- Listen to Regulatory Signals: Platforms are urged to heed regulatory signals and work collaboratively to address issues rather than adopting a confrontational stance.
- Long-term Survival: To ensure long-term survival, social media networks may need to reevaluate their business models, aligning them with user well-being rather than prioritizing engagement and data monetization.
In essence, the article highlights the crisis in social media, legal challenges against Meta, the critique of the business model, global regulatory scrutiny, and suggests potential shifts in the industry’s approach for long-term survival.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Poshan Tracker APP
Mains level: Malnutrition and health
What is poshan tracker?
Poshan Tracker is a centralized ICT-enabled platform developed by the Government of India, serving as the largest mobile nutrition monitoring system globally. Embraced by 1.3 million Anganwadi workers, it collects real-time data on the height and weight of 72 million children under five, aiming to address malnutrition challenges through transparency, accountability, and targeted interventions in the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) sector.
Key Facts:
- Poshan Tracker is the largest mobile nutrition monitoring system globally, adopted by 1.3 million Anganwadi workers in India within two years.
- It collects height and weight data for 72 million children under five, representing over 50% of the population, with 94% Aadhar verification.
- The system includes modules for beneficiary registration, growth monitoring, migration facility, dashboard for underperforming districts, and a portal for reporting community engagements.
- Poshan Tracker serves as a real-time feedback loop for frontline workers, aiding in early identification of malnutrition and monitoring service delivery.
- The data captured includes information on Anganwadi infrastructure, beneficiaries receiving rations and meals, and nutritional outcomes at national, state, and district levels.
Key Terms:
- Poshan Tracker: The centralized ICT-enabled platform developed by the Government of India for nutrition monitoring, promoting transparency and accountability in service delivery.
- Anganwadi Workers (AWCs): Frontline workers in India responsible for implementing Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) at the community level.
- Aadhar Verification: The process of confirming the identity of beneficiaries using the Aadhar system, ensuring accuracy in data.
- Feedback Loop: A continuous cycle of collecting, analyzing, and applying feedback to improve the user-friendliness and effectiveness of the monitoring system.
- Granularity: The level of detail in data, addressing variability in malnutrition rates and providing localized, observed information.
Key Data:
- 72 Million Children: Height and weight data collected for this number, representing over 50% of children under five in India.
- 94% Aadhar Verified: High percentage of beneficiaries whose identities are verified through Aadhar, ensuring data accuracy.
- 1.3 Million Anganwadi Workers: Universal adoption of Poshan Tracker among these frontline workers.
- Underperforming Districts: A dashboard monitors key performance indicators in selected underperforming districts.
- 80% Accuracy Improvement: Similar mobile apps in Indonesia improved accuracy of growth monitoring, particularly for underweight children, by 80% on average.
Key Highlights:
- Unprecedented Scale: Poshan Tracker is the largest mobile nutrition monitoring system globally, with universal adoption by 1.3 million Anganwadi workers in India within two years.
- Real-Time Monitoring: It collects height and weight data for 72 million children under five, representing over 50% of the population, providing real-time monitoring and 94% Aadhar verification.
- Comprehensive Dashboard: Captures data on Anganwadi infrastructure, beneficiaries receiving rations and meals, and nutritional outcomes at national, state, and district levels.
- Feedback Loop: Acts as a feedback loop for frontline workers, aiding in early identification of malnutrition, targeting at-risk beneficiaries, and monitoring service delivery.
- Modules: Various modules include beneficiary registration, growth monitoring, migration facility, dashboard for underperforming districts, and a portal for reporting community engagements on nutrition.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Data Quality Doubts: Global experience raises concerns about the quality of monitoring data; the accuracy of Poshan Tracker data is a critical consideration.
- Timeliness: Paper-based reporting is time-consuming, and while Poshan Tracker enables real-time transmission, the challenge lies in maintaining this speed and efficiency.
- User Overburden: Anganwadi workers are overburdened; ensuring Poshan Tracker’s user-friendliness through feedback and ongoing training is crucial for sustainability.
Analysis:
- Accuracy Improvement: Studies show mobile apps improve accuracy; Poshan Tracker’s automatic calculations can reduce errors and provide more reliable data than manual methods.
- Granularity: Poshan Tracker’s granularity addresses the variability in malnutrition rates, providing decision-makers with on-the-ground, observed data for timely action.
- Timely Intervention: Real-time data transmission enables faster government response and quicker retrieval of information at the Anganwadi level, saving time for nutritional promotion activities.
Way Forward:
- Continuous Feedback: Regular updates based on Anganwadi workers’ feedback are essential to ensure the system’s user-friendliness.
- Skill-Building: Ongoing skill-building and technical assistance are crucial for the sustainability of the monitoring system.
- Actionable Outcomes: Recognizing data as a tool, investments should focus on delivering essential services promptly when malnutrition is detected.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TRAI
Mains level: Net Neutrality
The article discusses the telecom industry’s revenue challenges due to free OTT services, the debate over regulating OTT platforms, and the concern for net neutrality. Telecom’s call for OTT platforms to share bandwidth costs is critiqued as a threat to net neutrality principles, with a focus on the way forward involving global collaboration, innovation-friendly policies, and digital literacy initiatives for an open and informed digital landscape.
- Net neutrality is the principle that Internet service providers must treat all data on the Internet the same way, without discriminating or charging differently based on the type of content or websites.
- It ensures equal and unbiased access to online information, preventing providers from favoring or blocking particular websites or services. Net neutrality aims to maintain an open and level playing field on the Internet, promoting fair competition, innovation, and equal access for all users.
Key Highlights:
- TRAI Consultation: TRAI, at the government’s request, initiated a consultation on regulating Over-The-Top (OTT) services, sparking debates over telecom companies’ revenue challenges and the need for regulation.
- Telecom Revenue Pressure: Telecom companies face declining revenue from traditional services due to free competing OTT services, coupled with heavy infrastructure investments for increased data traffic.
- Net Neutrality Concerns: Telecom companies argue for OTT services like Netflix to share bandwidth costs, raising concerns about net neutrality principles and an uneven playing field.
Prelims focus
| TRAI
Formation: The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established on February 20, 1997.
Regulatory Body: TRAI is the regulatory body for the telecommunications industry in India, responsible for ensuring fair competition, protecting consumer interests, and promoting the orderly growth of the telecom sector.
Autonomous Body: TRAI operates as an autonomous body, independent of government control, to maintain transparency and impartiality in its regulatory functions.
Chairperson and Members: TRAI is headed by a Chairperson and consists of six full-time members and two part-time members, each appointed by the central government.
Key Functions: TRAI formulates regulations and recommendations related to tariffs, quality of service, licensing, and other aspects of the telecom sector. It also resolves disputes between service providers.
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Challenges:
- Revenue Strain: Telecom companies claim OTT services strain their revenue as consumers opt for free alternatives, impacting their ability to recover infrastructure costs.
- Taxation Disparity: Telecom companies argue that OTT services are not subjected to the same level of taxation and licensing fees, creating an imbalance.
- Double Dipping: The demand for OTT platforms to share bandwidth costs is criticized as a double-dipping strategy, challenging the principles of net neutrality.
Concerns:
- Undermining Net Neutrality: The argument for OTT platforms to contribute to bandwidth costs is seen as a threat to net neutrality, challenging the equal treatment of internet traffic.
- Consumer Impact: Compliance with telecom demands could lead to increased subscription fees or degraded service quality for OTT users, negatively impacting consumers.
Analysis:
- Infrastructure Investment: Telecom companies argue that they invest in infrastructure, but OTT services also contribute to increased data consumption, creating a growing revenue stream for telecom.
- Separation of Markets: The article argues for maintaining a separation of costs between OTT services and Internet access, considering them as distinct markets.
- Flawed Telecom Argument: The article deems the telecom argument for sharing costs with OTT platforms as flawed, highlighting that telecoms provide access to the internet but do not own it.
Key Data:
- Over a Decade: Telecom companies have faced revenue pressure for over a decade as traditional services decline.
- 72 Million Users: TRAI’s regulation on discriminatory tariffs in 2016 forced the withdrawal of platforms like Facebook’s Free Basics, impacting around 72 million users.
Key Terms:
- OTT Services: Over-The-Top services like Netflix and Amazon Prime that deliver content over the internet without traditional distribution methods.
- Net Neutrality: The principle that Internet service providers must treat all internet traffic equally, without discrimination or preferential treatment.
Way Forward:
- Upholding Net Neutrality: Policymakers and stakeholders should recognize the importance of upholding net neutrality for fostering innovation, competition, and consumer welfare in the digital era.
- Long-term Ramifications: Consideration of the long-term impact is crucial, emphasizing that preserving an open internet is integral to the success of Digital Public Infrastructure in countries like India.
- Global Collaboration: Advocate for net neutrality through global cooperation, establishing common principles for an open internet worldwide.
- Innovation-Friendly Policies: Craft policies that encourage innovation, balancing the interests of telecom and OTT sectors for a competitive and sustainable digital ecosystem.
- Digital Literacy: Invest in digital literacy to empower users, educating them about net neutrality implications and promoting an informed and engaged digital community.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MMP
Mains level: public awareness and education campaigns to familiarize voters with the MMP system
Central idea
The article explores split voting trends in Odisha and the mixed member proportional (MMP) system in New Zealand. It highlights the benefits of MMP, such as local accountability and improved representation, suggesting that a similar system could address concerns in India’s electoral framework, allowing for nuanced and diverse choices in a mature democracy.
What is mixed member proportional (MMP) system?
- The Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system is a voting method where voters have two choices. First, they pick their preferred political party, indicating their overall preference for the Parliament’s composition.
- Second, they choose a local representative from their specific area. This system aims to ensure a fair and balanced representation in the Parliament by combining both local and overall preferences of the voters.
Key Terms:
- Split Voting: Voters choosing different parties for different elections.
- MMP System: Mixed member proportional system used in New Zealand.
- Tactical Voting: Supporting a party strategically rather than based on genuine preferences.
- Compulsive Voting: Hesitation to vote outside preferred party or perceived winnable contenders.
- Nuanced Choices: Distinguishing between candidate and party preferences for a mature democracy.
- Switch Seats: Constituencies where voters pick a candidate from one party but give their party vote to another.
Key Data and Facts for mains value addition
- Odisha 2019 Elections: BJD led in Lok Sabha votes in 88 out of 146 Assembly Constituencies but won 113 out of 146 in Assembly votes, showcasing split voting.
- New Zealand MMP System: In the 2020 Auckland Central parliamentary election, 31.86% of votes were split votes, and 13 “switch seats” were created.
Key Highlights:
- Split Voting in Odisha: Despite socio-economic differences, Odisha exhibits split voting, where voters choose different parties for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.
- MMP System in New Zealand: New Zealand uses the mixed member proportional (MMP) system, allowing voters to cast separate votes for a party and a local MP. This results in diverse and mindful voting patterns.
- Benefits of MMP: The MMP system provides local accountability, policy focus, improved representation for various groups, enhanced democracy, flexibility, and lower entry barriers for young politicians.
Advantages of the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) electoral system:
- Local and Overall Representation: MMP allows voters to choose both a local representative and a preferred political party, ensuring representation at both local and national levels.
- Proportional Representation: It provides a more accurate reflection of the public’s overall preferences by allocating seats in proportion to the parties’ share of the total vote.
- Flexibility and Voter Choice: Voters have the flexibility to support a party they believe in while also selecting a local representative, promoting a diverse range of political choices.
- Reduced Wasted Votes: Fewer votes go to waste as the proportional representation aspect ensures that even parties with smaller followings receive some representation in the legislature.
- Coalition Building: Encourages coalition governments, fostering cooperation and compromise among different parties for effective governance.
Challenges and concerns
- Tactical Voting: Critics worry that MMP might encourage tactical voting, where voters strategically support a party not because it aligns with their true preferences, but to influence the outcome.
- Example: In MMP, a voter might vote for a larger party, not because they truly support it, but to prevent another party they strongly dislike from gaining power. This strategic voting can distort the true reflection of public preferences.
Limited Accountability in MMP:
- Explanation: Some argue that the MMP system might lead to less direct accountability of elected representatives to their local constituents, as they also rely on a party list for their position.
- Example: If a local representative is assured a seat through the party list, they might be less motivated to address the specific concerns of their local voters, as their position is not solely dependent on local support.
Complexity for Voters:
- Explanation: The two-vote system in MMP may be confusing for some voters, leading to potential errors or unintentional consequences in the voting process.
- Example: Voters may find it challenging to understand the strategic implications of splitting their votes between a party and a local candidate, leading to unintended outcomes that don’t align with their true preferences.
Possibility of Minority Governments:
- Explanation: MMP may result in coalition governments, and some argue that this can lead to instability and challenges in decision-making.
- Example: If no party gains a clear majority, parties may need to form coalitions to govern. While this ensures representation, it may also lead to compromises and difficulties in implementing policies.
Way Forward:
- Consideration of Split Voting in India: The article suggests that a split voting system in India could address concerns about compulsive voting, allowing voters to choose candidates based on merit while ensuring party preferences impact legislative composition.
- Democracy Enhancement: Emphasizes the essence of democracy in offering diverse and nuanced choices, with split voting seen as a way to achieve this.
- Public Awareness and Education: Emphasize the importance of public awareness and education campaigns to familiarize voters with the MMP system. This includes explaining the two-vote process and the impact of split voting, ensuring an informed electorate.
- Continuous Evaluation and Adaptation: Implement a system of continuous evaluation and adaptation to address any challenges or shortcomings in the MMP system. This involves periodically reviewing the system’s functioning and making necessary adjustments to enhance its effectiveness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhartrihari Muni
Mains level: Claims Made by Rashtrabhashawadis
Central idea
Language, a magical interplay of sounds, is celebrated in Hindi as a rich connector of cultures. Challenges arise as some advocate for a rigid and exclusive form of Hindi, risking the loss of diversity and inclusivity. Balancing standardization with openness ensures Hindi remains vibrant and accessible to all.
- Hindi purists are individuals or groups who advocate for a more traditional and conservative approach to the Hindi language.
- They often emphasize linguistic purity, seeking to preserve Hindi in its classical form and resist the influence of foreign languages, especially Persian and Arabic.
- Hindi purists may promote the exclusive use of Sanskrit-derived vocabulary and resist the incorporation of words from other languages.
Key Characteristics of Hindi Purists:
- Sanskritic Purity: Hindi purists often advocate for purging Hindi of loanwords from Persian, Arabic, and other languages, aiming to maintain a more Sanskritic purity.
- Resistance to Linguistic Evolution: They may resist linguistic evolution and changes in grammar, vocabulary, or pronunciation, striving to uphold a more traditional and classical version of the language.
- Opposition to English Influence: Hindi purists may express opposition to the increasing influence of English on the language, advocating for the preservation of Hindi’s unique identity.
- Promotion of Indigenous Culture: Emphasis on promoting indigenous culture and values through language, rejecting elements perceived as foreign or detrimental to the cultural heritage of Hindi.
Key Highlights:
- Dhwani – The Magic of Sound: Bhartrihari’s philosophy highlights dhwani (sound) as the magical element infusing meanings into words, emphasizing the dynamic and ever-changing nature of language.
- Eclectic Nature of Hindi: Hindi, the author’s mother tongue, is celebrated for its eclectic richness, connecting individuals to diverse cultures, philosophies, and histories.
- Contested Position of Hindi: Modern Hindi faces contestation as questions arise about its openness to cultural influences. Anxieties stem from claims made by rashtrabhashawadis, leading to concerns among both non-Hindi and Hindi speakers.
| Prelims focus
Bhartrihari Muni, an ancient Indian philosopher and poet.
Era: Lived around the 5th century CE.
Philosophy of Language: Notable for the “Vakyapadiya,” a seminal work in linguistics and philosophy of language.
Poetry: Explored themes of love, detachment, and the impermanence of life through his poetic works.
Significance: Revered for shaping Sanskrit literature and leaving a lasting impact on linguistic and philosophical thought in ancient India.
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Challenges:
- Threat to Openness: Grand claims by language purists pose a threat to the inherently eclectic and open character of Hindi, causing anxieties among those who admire its diversity.
- Language as an Expansionist Monster: Hindi speakers are doubly threatened as the language faces a negative image and attempts to be portrayed as an expansionist force.
- Same Language Everywhere: People want Hindi to be the same for everyone, which might make all the different ways of speaking Hindi disappear.
- Not Letting Hindi Change: Some folks don’t like Hindi changing and learning new things, which might stop it from growing and getting better.
- Some People Feel Left Out: Making Hindi super important might make people who don’t speak it feel left out.
Key Phrases for mains value addition:
- Heritage of Words: Language is described as a heritage of words, with a live, ephemeral, and dynamic quality.
- Metaphorical Significance: Hindi is metaphorically termed as both “Om” and “Earth,” symbolizing its deep-rooted significance.
| Claims Made by Rashtrabhashawadis |
Aim/Objective |
| Language Purity |
Make Hindi more Sanskritic; Remove Persian and Arabic influences. |
| Urdu-Hindi Separation |
Establish Hindi as distinct from Urdu; Project them as separate and antagonistic languages. |
| Official Language Promotion |
Establish Hindi as the sole official language; Minimize the use of regional languages. |
| Purist Language Standards |
Set strict standards for Hindi; Resist linguistic diversity and regional dialect influences. |
| Nationalistic Language Identity |
Tie Hindi closely to a nationalistic identity; Position it as a symbol of a culturally pure nation. |
Constitutional Status of Hindi:
- Official Language (Article 343):
- The Constitution of India designates Hindi as one of the official languages of the country. It, along with English, is used for official communication at the central government level.
- Directive for Development (Article 351):
- Article 351 emphasizes the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language and to develop it so that it serves as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India.
- Special Provisions for Hindi States (Article 345):
- States with Hindi as their official language receive special provisions under Article 345 to regulate the use of Hindi in official matters within the state.
Government Schemes on Hindi Language:
- Rajbhasha Vibhag Scheme: Aimed at promoting the use of Hindi in government offices and public institutions. It includes initiatives for organizing Hindi workshops, promoting Hindi correspondence, and ensuring official documents are primarily in Hindi.
- Hindi Teaching Programs: Schemes dedicated to enhancing Hindi education, especially in non-Hindi speaking states. This involves the development of Hindi teaching modules, training programs for Hindi teachers, and incentives for schools promoting Hindi language skills.
- Hindi Literature Promotion Fund: A fund to support the publication, translation, and promotion of Hindi literature. This scheme encourages the dissemination of Hindi literary works globally and fosters cultural exchange.
Analysis:
- Historical Forces Shaping Hindi: Colonial connections and national awakening historically shaped modern Hindi, showing its openness to new influences and challenges.
- Separation of Languages: The article traces the separation of Hindi and Urdu, once part of Hindustani, into two distinct and antagonistic languages during a historical campaign.
Key Data:
- Chronology of British Expansion: Hindi, as Khari Boli, embraced Bengal’s leadership as a late entrant to the modern world during British expansion in India.
- Contributions from Other Languages: Hindi literature is enriched by individuals from languages like Urdu, Punjabi, Gujarati, and Marathi, exemplifying its cosmopolitan vision.
Way Forward:
- Global Collaboration: Encourage collaboration among countries to preserve language diversity. For instance, platforms like UNESCO could facilitate international agreements on language preservation, promoting the sharing of linguistic resources and knowledge.
- Innovation-Friendly Policies: Encourage policies that foster innovation and balance the interests of diverse language speakers, promoting a competitive and sustainable linguistic ecosystem.
- Digital Literacy: Initiatives like “Digital Language Literacy” courses, equipping individuals with the skills to navigate and comprehend the evolving nature of language in digital spaces.
In essence, the article explores the magical essence of language, the contested position of Hindi, challenges to its openness, and advocates for a future that embraces linguistic diversity and dynamicity.
| Quotes for mains value addition
“हिंदी हमारी पहचान, भाषा हमारी शान।” (Hindi Hamari Pehchaan, Bhasha Hamari Shaan) – “Hindi is our identity, our language is our pride.”
“हिंदी भाषा का महत्व उसकी सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक और राष्ट्रीय एकता में है।” (Hindi Bhasha ka Mahatva Uski Samajik, Sanskritik aur Rashtriya Ekta Mein Hai) – “The importance of the Hindi language lies in its social, cultural, and national unity.”
“हिंदी हैं हम, वतन हैं हिन्दोस्तान हमारा।” (Hindi Hain Hum, Vatan Hai Hindostan Hamara) – “We are Hindi speakers, and our homeland is Hindostan.” |
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Central idea
The article highlights challenges in combating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), citing an implementation gap in National Action Plans. It calls for global collaboration, emphasizing regional plans, international funding, and patent reforms. Key data underscores the urgency, especially in G20 nations, where coordinated efforts are crucial to address the significant toll of AMR-related deaths.
What is antimicrobial resistance?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is when germs like bacteria and viruses become strong and don’t respond to medicines, making the medicines not work well. This is a big problem because it makes it hard to treat infections, and the resistant germs can spread. We need to work together to make sure our medicines keep working against these germs.
Key Highlights:
- Delhi Declaration Commitments: The G20, including India, pledged to strengthen global health systems, implement the One Health approach, and prioritize tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) through research and development (R&D).
- AMR’s Global Impact: A Lancet report revealed that AMR caused 4.95 million deaths globally, comparable to HIV and malaria. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia faced the highest death rates.
- G20’s Significance: G20 countries, housing over 60% of the world’s population, address AMR’s threat. Africa, now part of the coalition, adds complexity due to lower investments in healthcare infrastructure.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Implementation Gap: Despite comprehensive National Action Plans (NAPs), the efficacy varies, hindering the global effort against AMR.
- Global Disparities: Low and middle-income countries, especially in Africa, face challenges in dealing with AMR due to limited healthcare infrastructure investments.
Analysis:
- Global Collaboration Needed: The success of the Delhi Declaration requires global and local efforts. Prioritizing regional AMR action plans, international funding for R&D, and patent reforms are crucial.
- Local-Level Action: Effective implementation of NAPs, strengthening surveillance, and promoting responsible antibiotic use are imperative. India’s existing initiatives like Free Diagnostic Services and Kayakalp can play a pivotal role.
Key Data and Facts:
- AMR’s Toll: Lancet’s 2021 report associates 1.27 million deaths directly with bacterial AMR, with Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia facing the highest death rates.
- G20’s Population Impact: G20 countries house over 60% of the world’s population, making their commitment crucial in tackling AMR globally.
Way Forward:
- Regional Action Plans: G20 countries should collaborate with developing nations to create regional AMR action plans, enhancing global coordination.
- International Funding Mechanism: Advocating for an international funding mechanism focusing on AMR R&D is vital to address global disparities.
- Patent Reforms: G20 nations should consider promoting patent reforms to foster innovation and ensure affordability in new antibiotics, learning from models like the Medicines Patent Pool.
- Local-Level Prioritization: Countries need to prioritize NAP implementation, expand monitoring networks, and promote responsible behavior to combat AMR effectively.
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Central idea
India is becoming the most populous country soon, but it’s also aging rapidly. This brings challenges like fewer workers and a changed global role. To tackle this, we need plans for more kids, strategies for the elderly, and preparations for India’s new place in the world.
Key Highlights:
- India is set to become the most populous country by 2027, surpassing China.
- The global trend is “greying,” with aging populations becoming more prevalent.
- India’s elderly population is expected to double by 2050, constituting 20% of the total population.
- Fertility rates are declining in both developed and developing countries, affecting the old age dependency ratio.
- The world is witnessing a geopolitical shift, with India, Nigeria, China, and the US projected as dominant powers by 2100.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Aging populations mean fewer workers and taxpayers, impacting a country’s ability to generate wealth.
- Declining fertility rates pose economic challenges, especially in developing countries like India.
- The elderly population’s growth presents significant implications for health, economy, and society.
- Developed countries had a higher per capita income when their populations aged, unlike developing countries like India.
- A potential decline in India’s population by the turn of the century could impact its geopolitical standing.
Analysis:
- The article underscores the importance of understanding and addressing the challenges posed by aging populations and declining fertility rates.
- It emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to handle the economic and societal impacts of these demographic shifts.
- The geopolitical reorganization highlighted suggests a shift in power dynamics, with factors like immigration and reproductive rights playing crucial roles.
Key Data and Facts:
- India’s elderly population is expected to grow by 41% between 2021 and 2031.
- The share of older persons in India will double to 20.8% by 2050, with 347 million elderly individuals.
- Fertility rates in urban India are comparable to developed countries, with a rate of 1.6.
- By 2100, China’s population is projected to decline significantly, impacting its geopolitical influence.
- Japan and South Korea are the world’s fastest-aging countries, with South Korea holding the world’s lowest fertility rate.
Way Forward:
- Address declining fertility rates through policies that support work-life balance, childcare, and reproductive choice.
- Develop strategies to manage the economic and healthcare challenges associated with an aging population.
- Consider the geopolitical implications of demographic shifts and plan for a future where India plays a crucial role.
- Emphasize the importance of immigration and reproductive rights for women in shaping the global power structure.
- Encourage a holistic approach to demographics, taking into account societal, economic, and geopolitical factors.
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Central idea
The Supreme Court’s delayed review of electoral bonds probes the tension between voter information rights and donor confidentiality in a scheme initiated by Arun Jaitley in 2017. Despite its aim to enhance political funding transparency, electoral bonds are criticized for facilitating substantial anonymous donations, prompting a reassessment.
Key Highlights:
- Long Overdue Scrutiny: The Supreme Court belatedly addresses the electoral bonds case, underscoring the clash between voters’ right to information and donors’ right to confidentiality.
- Judicial Focus: Chief Justice DY Chandrachud leads a Constitution Bench, signaling a renewed focus on resolving the inherent tensions within the electoral bonds scheme.
- Intent vs. Reality: Arun Jaitley’s 2017 introduction aimed at enhancing transparency in political funding, yet it paradoxically raised concerns about anonymity in substantial donations.
- Unintended Consequences: The unexpected fallout prompts a reassessment of the electoral bonds’ actual impact on the transparency landscape.
Challenges:
- Unmasking Anonymity Issues: Electoral bonds permit significant anonymous donations, opening avenues for potential quid pro quo transactions.
- Transparency Dilemma: The challenge lies in striking a balance between protecting donor identities and ensuring transparency in political contributions.
- Commission’s Conundrum: The Election Commission’s reversal from initial skepticism to support introduces a new layer of complexity and skepticism.
- Trust Deficit: The sudden shift erodes trust in the consistency and impartiality of regulatory bodies, complicating the ongoing discourse on political funding transparency.
Concerns:
- Unraveling Legal Changes: The Finance Act of 2017’s amendments, while enabling electoral bonds, raise concerns about potential misuse and their overall impact on transparency.
- Legislative Tightrope: Striking a balance between facilitating political funding and safeguarding against misuse becomes a critical concern.
- International Implications: Changes in legislation raise apprehensions about unchecked foreign contributions, bringing to light potential implications for the integrity of Indian elections.
- National Security Nexus: The secrecy surrounding foreign funding raises concerns not just about transparency but also the broader national security landscape.
Analysis:
- Paradoxical Outcome: Electoral bonds, designed to enhance transparency, face criticism for paradoxically diminishing it by facilitating undisclosed, large-scale donations.
- Reassessing Intentions: An in-depth analysis of how the scheme’s intentions align with its real-world impact on political funding transparency.
- Reimagining Funding Landscape: Urgent calls for reconsideration of private funding advocate exploring alternatives like public funding or a National Election Fund.
- Navigating Change: The urgency lies in navigating a transformed funding landscape that prioritizes fairness, accountability, and public trust.
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Way Forward:
- Disclosing Donor Identities: A reevaluation of the use of electoral bonds, emphasizing transparency through the disclosure of donor identities.
- Stakeholder Collaboration: Collaborative efforts between regulatory bodies, political stakeholders, and the public to shape more transparent political funding mechanisms.
- Alternatives to Private Funding: Advocating for a shift towards public funding or the establishment of a National Election Fund to address concerns about donor reprisals.
- Balancing Act: Striking a balance between the need for funding and the imperative of transparency in reshaping the political funding landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key data from article
Mains level: Technological education and research
Central idea
The article focuses on challenges facing IITs, such as quality concerns, faculty shortages, and questionable overseas expansions. The central idea emphasizes prioritizing quality, addressing faculty shortages, evaluating international ventures carefully, and promoting collaboration with industries for sustained excellence in Indian higher education.
Key Highlights:
- IITs as Crown Jewels: IITs are globally renowned, known as India’s premier higher education institutions, producing leaders in high-tech fields.
- Global Ventures: IIT-Madras opens a branch in Zanzibar, raising questions about international expansion and its purpose.
- Domestic Expansion: IIT system expanded post-2015, facing challenges in maintaining high standards and faculty shortages.
Challenges:
- Quality Concerns: New IITs struggle to match the standards of traditional institutes, with varying levels of prestige.
- Faculty Shortage: Severe shortage of academics in the IIT system, hindering quality education.
- Overseas Campus Questions: Questions arise about the motivation and preparedness for IITs’ international expansion, such as the Zanzibar venture.
- Standard Disparity: Unequal standards among IITs, with new institutions struggling to meet the excellence of traditional ones.
Analysis:
- Quality Building Challenge: Ensuring quality in new IITs becomes a significant challenge, affecting the prestige of the entire system.
- Faculty Shortage Impact: Severe academic shortages affect the overall functioning and reputation of the IIT system.
- Domestic Expansion Questioned: The wisdom of expanding the IIT system domestically is questioned, considering the challenges faced.
Key Data:
- IIT Enrollment: Enrolment in all 23 IITs exceeds 1,20,000, indicating increased access and opportunity.
- Vacant Seats: In 2021-22, 361 undergraduate, 3,083 postgraduate, and 1,852 PhD seats remained empty in new IITs.
- Faculty Vacancies: Out of 10,881 sanctioned posts in 2021, 4,370 were vacant, signaling a severe shortage
Background:
- Established in 1950, the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) emerged as premier higher education institutions. Initially rooted in partnerships with foreign technological universities, they aimed to contribute to national development by producing leaders in high-tech fields.
- The early IITs, such as Kharagpur, built a reputation for excellence through collaborations with institutions in the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
Objectives:
- Excellence in Technology: The primary objective was to excel in technological education and research, aligning with global standards.
- National Development: IITs aimed to contribute significantly to India’s development by producing skilled professionals in engineering and technology.
- Global Recognition: Striving for global recognition, IITs sought to establish themselves as hubs of cutting-edge research and innovation.
- Industry Interface: Bridging the gap between academia and industry, fostering collaborations to address real-world challenges.
The vision behind IITs
- Nurture Talent: Fosters and nurtures exceptional talent in the field of science, engineering, and technology.
- Drive Innovation: Serves as a catalyst for innovation, pushing the boundaries of research and technological advancements.
- Contribute Globally: Produces graduates and research outputs that make substantial contributions at both the national and global levels.
- Maintain Quality: Upholds a commitment to maintaining high academic standards and a reputation for excellence.
Way Forward:
- Quality Over Quantity: Prioritize quality in new IITs over rapid expansion.
- Address Faculty Shortage: Attract and retain top talent through competitive salaries.
- Evaluate Overseas Ventures: Assess the purpose and viability of overseas campuses, ensuring high standards.
- Standardization Efforts: Implement measures to standardize the quality and prestige across all IITs.
- Industry Collaboration: Foster collaboration with industries to bridge the gap between academia and emerging sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs), Global Innovation Index
Mains level: Challenges in Innovation Infrastructure
Central idea
India’s innovation journey, seen in Global Innovation Index (GII) progress and Amul’s community success, faces challenges in maintaining Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs). Collaborative clusters like ATL Sarthi highlight the need for a community-driven shift. The way forward involves community ownership, dialogue, and resource provision for continued success in innovation.
Key Facts:
- ATL Sarthi Impact: Over 90% of schools in clusters demonstrating high attendance and performance.
- Green and White Revolutions: Past successes serving as inspiration for future triumphs.
- ATL Utilization: Challenge of uniform and effective utilization addressed in the ATL Sarthi experiment.
- Government Vision: Push towards liberating innovation and entrepreneurship from complex processes.
Key Terms:
- GII: Global Innovation Index, measuring a nation’s innovation capabilities.
- ATL: Atal Tinkering Labs, fostering innovation in middle and high schools.
- ATL Sarthi: Clusters of ATLs overseen by a guidance committee for efficiency.
- Neoteric Innovators: Term defining students keeping pace with rapidly changing technology.
Key highlights of India’s innovation landscape
- GII Leap: From 81 to 40 India’s substantial improvement in the Global Innovation Index showcases a dedicated commitment to fostering innovation.
- Community-Driven Success Lessons from Amul: Examining the cooperative model of Amul as a testament to the power of community-driven initiatives in achieving global milestones.
- ATLs Nurturing the Next Generation Innovators : Understanding the role of Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) in cultivating a million “neoteric innovators” among middle and high school students.
- Government’s Vision of Liberating Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Analyzing the impact of the government’s push towards liberating innovation and entrepreneurship from complex processes.
Key Data:
- GII Progress: India’s notable rise from 81 to 40 in the Global Innovation Index.
- ATL Impact: Over 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) engaging more than 75 lakh students.
- Rural Emphasis: 60% of ATLs strategically located in rural areas.
- ATL Sarthi Clusters: Implementation in states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir.
Challenges in Innovation Infrastructure
- Infrastructure Expansion: The challenge of efficiently expanding and maintaining the infrastructure of Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs).
- Rural-Urban Disparities: The disparities in ATL infrastructure between urban and rural areas, with 60% of ATLs located in remote regions.
- Ensuring Effective Use of ATLs: The challenge of uniform and effective utilization of ATLs, particularly in schools facing economic and geographical constraints.
- Innovation Hubs: The ATL Sarthi experiment, exploring the creation of clusters overseen by a guidance committee to enhance ATL efficiency.
Way Forward
- Unlocking Maximum Potential: Emphasizing the timeless lesson that community ownership is essential to unlock the maximum potential of government-led initiatives.
- Green and White Revolutions Redux: Drawing parallels with past successes like the Green and White Revolutions, envisioning a similar triumph in the age of innovations.
- Fostering Dialogue: Advocating for the importance of fostering dialogue between government bodies, schools, and communities for sustained success.
- Resources and Support: Exploring the need for providing resources and support to communities, ensuring their active participation in the innovation ecosystem.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: United Nations and its structure
Mains level: UN's effectiveness in maintaining global peace
Central idea
The article discusses the escalating conflicts in the Israel-Hamas and Russia-Ukraine situations, questioning the UN’s effectiveness in maintaining global peace. It highlights challenges such as the post-Cold War dilemma, erosion of the liberal order, and veto impasse, emphasizing the need for innovative conflict resolution mechanisms, UN reforms, and global public engagement to address the complexities in today’s geopolitical landscape.
Key Highlights:
- Escalating Conflicts: Israel-Hamas clashes intensify post-October 7 attack. Simultaneous Russia-Ukraine conflict adds global complexity.
- Strategic Dialogue: Rakesh Sood and Vivek Katju discuss UN’s peacekeeping challenges. Moderated by Kallol Bhattacherjee, the dialogue addresses current geopolitical unrest.
- Global Impact: UN’s role questioned in resolving modern conflicts. Increasing doubts about UN’s effectiveness in maintaining global peace.
- Diverse Perspectives: Perspectives on the liberal international order and its alleged demise. Shift from unipolarity to multipolarity examined in the post-Cold War era.
Challenges:
- Post-Cold War Dilemma: Diminished UN conflict resolution post-Cold War. Major powers’ discord paralyzes UN decision-making.
- Erosion of Liberal Order: Dispute over the existence of a liberal international rules-based order. Unipolar moment disappears by 2008, raising concerns.
- Veto Impasse: UNSC’s efficacy hampered by veto powers. National interests obstruct addressing conflicts effectively.
- Internal Israeli Complexities: Netanyahu’s divisive leadership influences Israel’s stance. Domestic protests and judicial reforms contribute to complexity.
- Global Power Discord: Lack of consensus among major powers hinders UN efforts. Veto powers in the UNSC obstruct conflict resolution.
- Nuances in Israel’s Approach: Israel’s response to Hamas extends beyond national security. Commitment to eliminating Hamas reflects deep resolve.
- UN’s Passive Role: Criticism for UN’s passive role in recent conflicts. Major powers’ differences render the UN a bystander.
- Shift to Multipolarity: Multipolarity after 2008 presents challenges. Multipolarity without multilateralism leads to chaos.
Concerns:
- Global Power Discord: Lack of consensus hinders UN’s conflict resolution. Veto powers impede the organization’s ability to act decisively.
- Nuances in Israel’s Approach: Israel’s response to Hamas goes beyond national security. Commitment to eliminating Hamas reflects a profound resolve.
- UN’s Passive Role: UN criticized for passive role in recent conflicts. Major powers’ differences render UN a bystander.
- Shift to Multipolarity: Transition to a multipolar world after 2008 presents challenges. Multipolarity without effective multilateralism leads to chaos.
Analysis:
- Inert UN Dynamics: UN’s perceived ineffectiveness raises questions. Major powers’ disagreements cripple the UN’s active role.
- Multipolarity Challenges: Emergence of a multipolar world introduces complexities. Lack of a new order suited for a multipolar world contributes to global unrest.
- Strategic US Interventions: US interventions post-Cold War questioned for legitimacy. Iraq, Afghanistan, Mali, and Libya conflicts showcase UN’s limited role.
- Dilemmas in Conflict Resolution: Complexities in resolving conflicts beyond traditional UN approaches. Calls for exploring alternative mechanisms acknowledging evolving geopolitical landscapes.
Key Terms:
- UN, Israel-Hamas conflict, Russia-Ukraine crisis, liberal international order, multipolarity, major powers, ceasefire.
Way Forward:
- Revamping Conflict Resolution: Urgency in exploring innovative conflict resolution mechanisms. Recognition of complexities beyond traditional UN paradigms in today’s geopolitical scenario.
- India’s Global Role: Acknowledges India’s increasing global significance. Emphasizes the need for realistic expectations given the superior dynamics at play.
- Multilateral Diplomacy: Strengthening multilateral diplomatic efforts for conflict resolution. Encouraging dialogue and cooperation among major powers to overcome discord.
- UN Reforms: Advocating reforms in UN structures for increased agility. Addressing veto-related challenges to enhance the UN’s role in global peacekeeping.
- Global Public Engagement: Fostering global public engagement in conflict resolution. Leveraging public sentiment to influence diplomatic decisions and encourage peaceful solutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Biosphere Reserve Day
Mains level: global importance of UNESCO-designated reserves in conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change
Central idea
World Biosphere Reserve Day on November 3 emphasizes the global importance of UNESCO-designated reserves in conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. With 748 reserves in 134 countries, challenges like deforestation persist, necessitating local collaboration, sustainable tourism, and international cooperation for effective conservation.
Key Highlights:
- World Biosphere Reserve Day: Annual celebration on November 3 to raise awareness and promote the conservation of biosphere reserves.
- UNESCO Designation: Biosphere reserves designated by UNESCO for biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and research.
- Global Impact: 748 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, influencing the lives of over 250 million people.
- Transboundary Collaboration: 22 transboundary sites fostering cooperation between neighboring countries.
Key Organizations:
- UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization): Initiator and supporter of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programm Designates and recognizes biosphere reserves globally, promoting conservation and sustainable development.
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Collaborates with biosphere reserves to support sustainable development initiatives.
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Engages in activities to enhance environmental sustainability within biosphere reserves.
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Supports UNESCO in biodiversity conservation efforts and sustainable development.
| Prelims focus
UNESCO MAB Award:
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- The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust received the UNESCO Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management in 2023, recognizing exemplary efforts in conservation.
Origin of Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme:
Inception: Established by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 1971.
Inspiration: Evolved from the recommendations of the International Biological Programme (IBP), recognizing the need for a comprehensive approach to address the human-environment relationship.
MAB’s Foundation: Launched during the 16th session of the UNESCO General Conference in 1971, with the primary goal of integrating natural and social sciences for sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.
Key Drivers: Emerged as a response to growing concerns about the impact of human activities on the environment and the need for a coordinated effort to balance conservation and development.
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