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Type: Prelims Only

  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    IAF spokesperson quotes Ramcharitmanas

    13 May 2025 | Prelims Only | History
    Mains Paper 1: GS1-01.Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

    Why in the News?

    India’s briefing on Operation Sindoor was opened with lines from poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar and concluded with a reference to the Ramcharitmanas (by Tulsidas) by the IAF spokesperson.

    About Tulsidas:

    • Tulsidas, born as Ram Bola Dubey, was a Brahmin poet-saint believed to have been born in Rajapur (present-day Banda district, Uttar Pradesh).
    • He composed the Ramcharitmanas on the banks of the Ganga in Varanasi.
    • Writing began on Ram Navami in 1574, and the composition was completed over the following years.
    • Tulsidas lived during the time of Emperor Akbar, and some sources suggest he had contact with Abdurrahim Khan-e-Khanan, son of Akbar’s general Bairam Khan.

    About the Ramcharitmanas:

    • Ramcharitmanas was written in the 16th century in the Awadhi dialect and is spoken across Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya regions.
    • It is a retelling of Valmiki’s Ramayana in a vernacular language accessible to the common people.
    • It is divided into seven chapters (Kand), covering Lord Ram’s life from birth to his coronation.
    • It is referred to simply as “Ramayan” across the Hindi heartland.
    • It is regarded as the holiest text in the Indo-Gangetic region.
    • Geeta Press (Gorakhpur) has reportedly sold nearly 7 crore copies.
    [UPSC 2002] Who among the following was the first Bhakti saint to use Hindi for the propagation of his message?

    Options: (a) Dadu (b) Kabir (c) Ramananda* (d) Tulsidas

     

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Gold’s Cosmic Origins from Magnetar Flares

    12 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    A new study by Columbia University, suggests that the universe may have an alternate mechanism for producing gold — not just in neutron star collisions, as previously believed, but also in magnetar flares.

    Gold's Cosmic Origins from Magnetar Flares

    What are Magnetars?

    • Magnetars are a rare type of neutron star with immensely strong magnetic fields, among the most powerful in the universe.
    • They are formed when a massive star collapses during a supernova, leaving a highly dense stellar core.
    • Due to magnetic instability, magnetars sometimes release intense flares of X-rays and gamma rays.
    • These flares can be millions of times stronger than typical solar flares.
    • A magnetar’s magnetic field is estimated to be about a thousand times stronger than that of ordinary neutron stars.

    r-Process in a Magnetar Flare:

    • The r-process (rapid neutron-capture process) forms heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium by rapidly attaching neutrons to atomic nuclei.
    • It was earlier believed to occur mainly in neutron star mergers.
    • In a 2024 study, scientists analysed a 2004 magnetar flare followed by delayed gamma-ray emissions, recorded by NASA’s Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
    • The radiation patterns matched those of radioactive decay from r-process elements, suggesting neutron-rich nuclei were produced.
    • Around 1.9 septillion kilograms of matter was ejected at near-light speeds, marking the first direct evidence of r-process nucleosynthesis in a magnetar flare.

    Implications for Gold Formation:

    • The study shows that magnetar flares may also produce gold and other heavy elements, not just neutron star collisions.
    • This implies such elements could have formed earlier in the universe than previously believed.
    • The findings broaden our understanding of the origins of chemical elements in space.
    • It confirms that multiple astrophysical events contribute to the formation of heavy elements.
    • It also offers a new perspective on cosmic gamma-ray bursts and ancient stellar compositions.
    [UPSC 2012] Consider the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of the universe?

    1. Detection of microwaves in space

    2. Observation of redshift phenomenon in space

    3. Movement of asteroids in space

    4. Occurrence of supernova explosions in space

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • Genetically Modified (GM) crops – cotton, mustards, etc.

    Scientists create first ‘Pangenome’ of Asian Rice

    12 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    Chinese researchers has developed a first-of-its-kind rice pangenome by integrating genetic data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties from Asia (similar to the Human Genome Project).

    About the Rice Pangenome:

    • A pangenome includes both the core genes shared by all members of a species and the unique genes found in specific varieties, offering a complete view of genetic diversity.
    • The rice pangenome was built using data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties across Asia, making it the first comprehensive genomic resource for rice.
    • Researchers led the project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to explore rice evolution and domestication.
    • Researchers used PacBio HiFi sequencing and advanced computational tools to detect variations, uncovering 3.87 billion base pairs of genetic material previously missing from the standard rice genome.

    Key Findings:

    • The study identified 69,531 genes, including 28,907 core genes common to all varieties and 13,728 genes unique to wild rice.
    • About 20% of all genes were exclusive to wild rice, offering potential for trait improvement in cultivated varieties.
    • The study confirmed that all Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) originated from Or-IIIa, a subgroup of Oryza rufipogon.
    • Japonica rice was first domesticated in China, while indica rice arose later via hybridization as japonica spread across Asia.
    • Wild-specific genes were linked to environmental adaptation, phenotypic flexibility, and regenerative traits, offering insights for future crop resilience.
    • Bridging the genetic gap between wild and cultivated rice could lead to climate-resilient and high-yield varieties.

    India’s Contribution:

    • Rice is India’s staple food and the main monsoon crop, grown from June to September.
    • In 2024–25, India produced a record 220 million tonnes of rice over 51,000 hectares, with an average yield of 4.2 tonnes per hectare.
    • The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed two genome-edited rice varieties — Samba Mahsuri and MTU 1010 — known for higher yields and drought resistance; these are currently under testing.
    [UPSC 2001] Assertion (A): Scientists can cut apart and paste together DNA molecules at will, regardless of the source of the molecules. Reason (R): DNA fragments can be manipulated using restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases.

    Options: (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A * (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT a correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is fasle but R is true

     

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  • Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

    Delhi Morphological Ridge

    12 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court notified civic officials of allegedly violating its 1996 directive in the M.C. Mehta vs Union of India case (1996) by approving a private housing project in Delhi’s ecologically sensitive Morphological Ridge area.

    Delhi Morphological Ridge

    About Delhi Morphological Ridge:

    • The Delhi Ridge is the northern extension of the ancient Aravalli Range, stretching approximately 35 km from Tughlaqabad to Wazirabad, along the Yamuna River.
    • It is composed mainly of quartzite rock, is over 1.5 billion years old, and significantly older than the Himalayas.
    • It functions as Delhi’s green lungs, aiding in carbon sequestration, temperature regulation, and air pollution reduction.
    • It acts as a natural barrier against desert winds from Rajasthan and supports rich biodiversity, making Delhi one of the world’s most bird-rich capitals.
    • It is divided into four zones: Northern Ridge, Central Ridge, South-Central Ridge, and Southern Ridge.
    • Key conservation areas include the Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park and the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary.

    Land Use Regulation in the Ridge:

    • Although the area shares ecological features with the Delhi Ridge, it is NOT officially notified as forest land, but it enjoys judicial protection.
    • A 1966 directive prohibits any NON-forest use or encroachment without court approval.
    • Any change in land use must be cleared by the Ridge Management Board (RMB) and the Supreme Court-appointed Central Empowered Committee (CEC).
    • The area is mapped using data from the Delhi Forest Department and the 2006 Seismic Zonation Map.
    • Formal notification as a Reserved Forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, is pending due to the absence of ground-truthing.
    • In revenue records, it is often marked as “gair mumkin pahad”, meaning uncultivable rocky hill.
    • The terrain is ecologically fragile, with shallow soil and rocky outcrops, making it unsuitable for construction.
    [UPSC 2001] The approximate age of the Aravalli range is-

    Options: (a) 370 million years (b) 470 million years (c) 570 million years (d) 670 million years

     

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  • Indian Missile Program Updates

    BrahMos: the ‘Fire and Forget’ Stealthy Cruise Missile 

    12 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

    brahmos

    Why in the News?

    The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile has garnered global attention as it was reportedly used for the first time in a combat scenario during Operation Sindoor.

    About the BrahMos Missile:

    • BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by India and Russia through BrahMos Aerospace.
    • The name is derived from the Brahmaputra River (India) and the Moskva River (Russia).
    • It is one of the world’s fastest cruise missiles, reaching speeds up to Mach 3.
    • It was first successfully tested on June 12, 2001, from Chandipur, Odisha.
    • It is a ‘fire and forget’ missile, requiring no further guidance after launch.
    • It can be launched from land, sea, air, and submarine platforms.
    • It has been inducted into the Indian Navy (2005), Army (2007), and Air Force (2017).
    • Key Features:
      • Classified as a stand-off weapon, it can be launched from a safe distance, avoiding enemy defences.
      • The original range was 290 km, now extended to 350–400 km, with future variants targeting 800 km and hypersonic speeds (Mach 5).
      • It offers high accuracy, extended seeker range, and 9 times more kinetic energy than subsonic missiles.
      • It operates in all weather conditions, day or night, and strikes both land and sea targets with precision.

    Anatomy of the BrahMos Missile:

    • BrahMos is a two-stage missile with advanced propulsion and stealth capabilities.
    • The first stage is a solid-propellant booster that accelerates the missile to supersonic speed.
    • The second stage uses a liquid-fuelled ramjet engine to sustain high-speed cruise up to Mach 3.
    • The ramjet is an air-breathing engine that combines liquid fuel with incoming air for efficient thrust.
    • It features stealth technologies, such as low radar cross-section and special materials.
    • The missile can cruise at up to 15 km altitude and descend to 10 metres in the terminal phase for pinpoint accuracy.
    • It supports multiple launch platforms, including mobile launchers, naval ships, Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft, and submarines.

    Key Weapons and Systems used by India in Operation SINDOOR:

    Type Name Features & Role in Operation SINDOOR
    Air-Launched Missile SCALP (Storm Shadow) Long-range missile launched from Rafale jets; used for deep strikes on terror camps with minimal collateral damage.
    Precision-Guided Bomb HAMMER Modular weapon with 15–70 km range; delivered from aircraft to hit mid-range targets with high accuracy.
    Surface-to-Air Missile Akash Indigenous system that can engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously; intercepted enemy drones and missiles.
    Air Defence System SAMAR Rapid-response missile system for low-flying threats like UAVs and drones; bolstered India’s layered air defence.
    Anti-Drone System D-4 (Detect, Deter, Destroy) Uses radar, jammers, and laser weapons to disable or destroy hostile drones and UCAVs.
    Loitering Munition SkyStriker Kamikaze drone that hovers over targets before striking; used for precision attacks on enemy assets.
    Satellite Systems Cartosat, RISAT, EOS Series Provided real-time surveillance and intelligence for target tracking and mission planning.
    Navigation System NavIC India’s satellite-based navigation system; enabled sub-metre precision for missile and drone targeting.
    Anti-Aircraft Gun Upgraded L-70 (Bofors) Equipped with radar and auto-tracking; used to shoot down low-flying drones in conflict zones.

     

    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:

    1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.

    2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

    [pib] 20th Session of UN Forum on Forests (UNFF20)

    10 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    India participated in the 20th session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF20) held at the UN Headquarters, New York, reaffirming its commitment to the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) 2017–2030.

    About United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF):

    • UNFF was established in 2000 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
    • It aims to promote sustainable forest management and global forest policy coordination.
    • It holds annual sessions at UN Headquarters:
      • Technical discussions in odd years
      • Policy-level dialogues in even years
    • It has universal membership — includes all UN Member States and relevant forest-related agencies.
    • India is a founding member and plays an active role in shaping forest policies.
    • The UN Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) is the guiding framework for achieving global forest goals by 2030.
    • The 19th UNFF Declaration secured high-level political commitment for forest conservation.

    Key Highlights of UNFF20:

    • India reaffirmed its commitment to Voluntary National Contributions (VNCs) under the UNSPF (2017–2030).
    • It reported an increase in forest and tree cover to 25.17% of its geographical area.
    • National efforts included the Aravalli Green Wall, a 7.86% rise in mangrove cover, 1.55 lakh hectares afforested under the Green India Mission, and 1.4 billion seedlings planted under the Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam campaign.
    • India invited countries to join the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) for big cat conservation.
    • It urged support for outcomes of the Country-Led Initiative (CLI) on forest fire management held in Dehradun (2023).
    • In a high-level panel, India presented findings on carbon sequestration, water services, biodiversity, and tools like System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA).
    • It stressed the need to mainstream ecosystem valuation in forest policy.
    [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014.

    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests.

    3. It is a legally binding international declaration.

    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies, and indigenous communities.

    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1, 2, and 4* (b) 1, 3, and 5 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 5

     

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    Competition Commission issues norms to assess Predatory Pricing

    10 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the News?

    The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has introduced new Cost Regulations 2025 to check if companies are selling below cost to unfairly drive out competitors.

    About Competition Commission of India (CCI):

    • The CCI was established on 14 October 2003 and became fully operational in May 2009.
    • It aims to eliminate anti-competitive practices, prevent abuse of dominant positions, and promote fair competition.
    • It was formed under the Competition Act, 2002, later amended in 2007, replacing the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 based on Raghavan Committee recommendations.
    • The headquarters is located in Kidwai Nagar (East), New Delhi, and the Commission includes 1 Chairperson and up to 6 Members, all appointed by the Central Government.
    • Members must have at least 15 years of experience in areas such as law, economics, business, finance, or public administration.
    • Jurisdiction of CCI:
      • It is a quasi-judicial statutory body under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
      • It has the authority to initiate cases suo motu or respond to public/institutional complaints, and can impose penalties for violations.
      • Its jurisdiction spans all sectors across India, and it is empowered to frame its own regulations under the Act.

    New Cost Definitions under Cost Regulations, 2025:

    • Under the Cost Regulations 2025, Average Variable Cost (AVC) is used to measure cost, calculated by dividing total variable costs by total output.
    • Variable cost excludes fixed costs and overheads and varies with production.
    • Although a sector-specific approach was considered, the CCI adopted a case-by-case evaluation after stakeholder feedback.
    • The new framework is sector-agnostic, allowing flexibility for diverse industries, including the digital economy, and supports better adaptation to market dynamics.
    [UPSC 2020] With reference to Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Quantitative restrictions on imports by foreign investors are prohibited. 2. They apply to investment measures related to trade in both goods and services. 3. They are not concerned with the regulation of foreign investment.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Kosmos 482 Mission

    9 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    A 500-kg piece of a Soviet spacecraft, part of the Kosmos 482 mission launched in 1972, is expected to crash back to Earth.

    About Kosmos 482 Mission:

    • Kosmos 482 was a Soviet space probe launched on March 31, 1972 as part of the Venera Program, aimed at exploring Venus.
    • It was launched just four days after its twin mission, Venera 8, which successfully landed on Venus 117 days later.
    • The mission’s goal was to:
      • Study Venus’s atmosphere and surface
      • Demonstrate technological and scientific superiority during the Cold War
    • Kosmos 482 was equipped with instruments to measure:
      • Temperature, pressure, and wind speed
      • Atmospheric gases and rock composition
      • Capable of transmitting data back to Earth
    • Venus was a target due to:
      • Speculation about life beneath its thick clouds
      • Its strategic importance in space exploration rivalry
    • Under the broader Venera Program (1961–1984):
      • 28 missions were launched toward Venus
      • 13 probes entered the atmosphere
      • 10 probes landed, but could only function for 23 minutes to 2 hours due to harsh surface conditions
    [UPSC 2014] Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

    Spacecraft: Purpose

    1. Cassini-Huygens : Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth.

    2. Messenger : Mapping and investigating.

    3. Voyager 1 and 2 : Exploring the outer solar system.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only

     

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Centre releases Draft Climate Finance Taxonomy Framework

    9 May 2025 | Prelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    To channel investments into clean-energy projects and climate-resilient infrastructure, the Finance Ministry has released a draft document titled ‘Framework of India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy’.

    What is a Climate Finance Taxonomy?

    • A CFT is a classification system that defines which economic activities qualify as climate-friendly or sustainable investments.
    • It helps investors, financial institutions, and policymakers channel funds into low-emission and climate-resilient projects.
    • It acts as a safeguard against green-washing, where non-sustainable initiatives are falsely labelled as green.
    • It supports the mobilization of finance necessary to achieve global climate goals, including Net Zero targets.
    • It offers a structured decision-making framework to ensure that investments deliver measurable environmental benefits.

    About India’s Draft ‘Climate Taxonomy’ (May 2025)

    • The Finance Ministry released the draft ‘Framework of India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy’ to help meet India’s Net Zero by 2070 goal while maintaining energy access.
    • It categorizes activities as:
      • Climate Supportive Activities: Those that reduce GHG emissions, enable adaptation, or promote clean tech R&D.
      • Climate Transition Activities: Those that encourage gradual progress, especially in hard-to-abate sectors like steel, iron, and cement.
    • It aligns with the national vision of ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’.
    • It includes key sectors such as power, mobility, buildings, agriculture, food, and water security.
    • The framework was first announced in the Union Budget 2025.

    Global Context and Negotiation Relevance:

    • A standard taxonomy is critical in global forums like the Conference of Parties (COP) to resolve disputes over climate finance commitments.
    • Developing nations, including India, advocate for grants and technology transfers, while developed countries often include private investments in their finance counts.
    • At the Baku Climate Conference, developed countries pledged $300 billion annually by 2035, far below the $1.35 trillion required.
    • India’s taxonomy aims to provide a clear benchmark for climate-related financial flows, promoting transparency, credibility, and trust in international climate funding.
    [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct?

    1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.

    2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2  (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    100 Years of the Art Deco Style in Madras

    8 May 2025 | Prelims Only | History
    Mains Paper 1: GS1-01.Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

    Why in the News?

    The Art Deco style, first showcased at the Paris Exposition on April 29, 1925, took a decade to arrive in Madras. It spread to India via Bombay, where the country’s first Art Deco structure — the Syndicate Bank building — was completed in 1932.

    About Art Deco Style of Architecture:

    • Art Deco Style is a design style that emerged in the 1920s and 30s, characterized by sleek, geometric shapes, luxurious materials, and a focus on manufactured goods.
    • It signified a break from older styles like Neo-classical, Indo-Saracenic, and Bombay Gothic.
    • The style was embraced by Indian banks, insurance companies, cinemas, studios, and business houses to symbolize modernity and cultural identity.
    • In Madras, Art Deco became visible in cinema theatres like Casino (1941), preview halls of Gemini, AVM, and Vijaya-Vauhini studios, commercial buildings like Dare House (1938), hotels such as Oceanic and Dasaprakash, and residential areas including T. Nagar, Mylapore, Alwarpet, and Adyar.
    • Art Deco influenced furniture design, silverware, and even fonts in print.
    • By the 1950s, it was gradually replaced by Modernist/Brutalist styles, aligned with Socialist ideology.

    Contributions of Laxman Mahadeo Chitale:

    • Chitale (1892–1960) was a prominent architect who introduced Art Deco to Madras.
    • Recognized for his drawing skills by Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III of Baroda.
    • He trained under H.V. Lanchester, a British architect associated with New Delhi‘s early planning.
    • He worked on the Umaid Bhavan Palace in Jodhpur, a grand Art Deco residence.
    • After returning from England, Chitale settled in Madras and joined the PWD.
    • In 1932, he started his independent practice, marking the beginning of Art Deco architecture in the city.
    • His major works included the Oriental Insurance Building on Armenian Street, the National Insurance Building (1938) on China Bazaar Road, and the Andhra Insurance Building (1939).
    • His architectural style often included corner entrances and street-facing facades, inspired by Sir Edwin Lutyens.
    [UPSC 2007] Which one of the following was the first fort constructed by the British in India?

    Options: (a) Fort William (b) Fort St. George* (c) Fort St. David (d) Fort St. Angelo

     

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