Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India’s Gold Imports
Why in the News?
India is facing a rise in gold smuggling due to higher global gold prices, with a recent high-profile case where an actor was arrested for smuggling over 14 kg of gold from Dubai to Bengaluru.
Laws Against Gold Smuggling in India:
- Gold smuggling is regulated by the Customs Act, 1962.
- Sections 111 & 112 allow confiscation and fines for illegal imports.
- Section 135 provides up to 7 years imprisonment if the smuggled goods’ value exceeds ₹1 lakh.
- Under the Baggage Rules, 2016, men abroad for 1+ year can bring 20g duty-free (₹50,000 cap); women can bring 40g (₹1 lakh cap).
- Customs duty rates:
- 3% duty: Men (20-50g), Women (40-100g).
- 6% duty: Men (50-100g), Women (100-200g).
- 10% duty: Beyond these limits.
- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, punishes organized smuggling with 5 years to life imprisonment under Section 111.
- Under UAPA Section 15, smuggling that affects India’s monetary stability is treated as a terrorist act, attracting life imprisonment.
- The Supreme Court (2003) ruled that non-compliant imports are prohibited goods, liable for confiscation and punishment.
India’s Gold Imports:
- India is the second-largest gold consumer after China, with gold making up 5% of total imports, mostly for the jewellery industry.
- Major import sources: Switzerland (40%), UAE (16%), South Africa (10%).
- Budget 2024 reduced import duty from 15% to 6% to control smuggling and balance trade.
- In April-July 2024-25, gold imports dipped by 4.23%, easing pressure on the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
- April-June 2024:
- Gems & jewellery exports: US$ 6.87 bn.
- Diamonds: 53.47%, gold jewellery: 32.39% (US$ 608 mn), silver jewellery: 3.36%.
- Gold jewellery imports: US$ 88.61 mn (June 2024).
- Major production hubs: Surat, Mumbai, Jaipur, Thrissur, Nellore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata.
- India targets US$ 100 billion gems & jewellery exports by 2027, making it a focus sector for export promotion.
PYQ:
[2016] What is/are the purpose/purposes of Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’?
1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.
2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector.
3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals
Why in the News?
Union Coal and Mines Minister has launched the first-ever auction of Exploration Licences (ELs) for 13 critical mineral blocks.
About the Critical Minerals Exploration Policy
- India’s Critical Minerals Policy is designed to reduce import dependence, boost domestic production, and ensure secure access to essential minerals required for modern technology, defense, and clean energy.
- It is driven by amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR), 2023, introduces systematic exploration, private sector participation, and transparent auctions.
- Key Features of the Policy:
-
- Private Sector Involvement: Allows private companies to explore and develop mineral blocks through Exploration Licences (ELs).
- Transparent Auction Process: Introduces an auction-based allocation of exploration blocks, ensuring efficiency and competition.
- Focus on Deep-Seated Minerals: Encourages the exploration of hard-to-extract minerals like lithium, rare earth elements (REEs), and platinum group metals (PGMs).
- Financial Support for Exploration: Provides risk-sharing mechanisms, where 50% of exploration costs are borne by the government if minerals are not found.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical minerals are essential elements required for high-tech industries, clean energy technologies, and national security.
- They are however at risk of supply chain disruptions due to their limited availability or geopolitical factors.
- India’s 30 Critical Minerals (2023 List) includes: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Graphite, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Platinum Group Elements (PGEs), Silicon, Phosphorous, Potash, Tin, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, and others.
Uses of Critical Minerals:
- Electronics & Semiconductors: Copper, gallium, germanium, indium.
- Electric Vehicles & Batteries: Lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite.
- Renewable Energy Technologies: Rare Earth Elements (REEs) for wind turbines and solar panels.
- Aerospace & Defense: Titanium, tungsten, platinum group elements (PGEs).
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:
- Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
- State governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government.
- State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H5N1 Bird Flu
Why in the News?
Bihar is currently facing a bird flu outbreak, yet the state lacks a dedicated testing facility for confirming cases.
What is H5N1 Bird Flu?
- H5N1 (Avian Influenza A) is a highly contagious virus affecting birds and some mammals.
- It was first detected in China in 1996 and has since spread globally, including India.
- In 2020, a highly pathogenic strain emerged, leading to outbreaks in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Impact of H5N1 on Animals:
- Wild birds, especially endangered species like California condors, have suffered mass casualties.
- The virus previously targeted poultry, but now marine mammals (sea lions, dolphins) and terrestrial mammals (foxes, bears, pumas, minks) are also infected.
- India’s first H5N1 outbreak occurred in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2015.
Human Risk and Potential Transmission:
- Direct human infections are rare and usually occur through close contact with infected birds.
- Climate change is worsening the spread, altering bird migration patterns and increasing interspecies interactions.
- Human-to-human transmission is uncommon, but experts warn that mutations could make it possible in the future.
PYQ:
[2015] H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases?
(a) AIDS
(b) Bird flu
(c) Dengue
(d) Swine flu |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aditya L1 Mission, CMEs
Why in the News?
India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1, has made a significant scientific observation—a flareless Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) using the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) Payload.
About Flareless Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)
- A Flareless CME is a solar eruption that occurs without an associated solar flare.
- Unlike typical CMEs, which are often linked to intense bursts of electromagnetic radiation, flareless CMEs result from magnetic instabilities in the solar corona without sudden energy releases.
Key Features of Flareless CMEs:
- No Solar Flare Trigger: Unlike most CMEs, they do not originate from an intense energy burst.
- Magnetic Instability Driven: Plasma ejection occurs due to internal rearrangements in the Sun’s magnetic field.
- Gradual Energy Release: These CMEs may expand more slowly compared to CME-flare events.
- Scientific Significance: Helps differentiate CME mechanisms from flare activities, improving space weather forecasts.
About the Aditya-L1 Mission
- Aditya-L1 is India’s first space-based observatory dedicated to solar studies.
- Launched by ISRO, it is positioned at Lagrange Point 1 (L1), about 1.5 million km from Earth.
- It takes 125 days to reach L1, where gravitational equilibrium allows continuous solar observation.
- It is India’s second space observatory after AstroSat (2015).
- Mission Objectives:
- Study the solar corona, photosphere, chromosphere, and solar wind dynamics.
- Monitor solar activity, flares, and CMEs to predict space weather events.
- Provide early warnings for geomagnetic storms affecting Earth’s satellites and power grids.
- Scientific Instruments:
-
- Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC): Observes the solar corona and tracks CMEs.
- Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT): Captures images of the Sun’s lower atmosphere.
- Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS): Measures soft X-ray emissions from the Sun.
- High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS): Detects high-energy solar X-rays.
- Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX): Studies solar wind particles and their impact on space weather.
- Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA): Analyzes plasma properties in the solar wind.
- Magnetometer: Measures magnetic field variations at L1.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth ?
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only (d) 2, 5 and 6 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Quantum Mission (NQM)
Why in the News?
The Government of India has launched four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) for quantum computing research, with Uttar Pradesh receiving the highest allocation of ₹28.7 crore for quantum technology development in FY 2024-25, followed by Karnataka, Maharashtra, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
About the Quantum Hubs
- Quantum Hubs, also known as Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs), are specialized research centres established under India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM).
- They are designed to drive innovation, research, and development in different aspects of quantum technology.
- Four T-Hubs have been established in leading academic institutions.
- Each hub focuses on a specific domain of quantum research:
- Quantum Computing (IISc Bengaluru).
- Quantum Communication (IIT Bombay).
- Quantum Sensing & Metrology (IIT Delhi).
- Quantum Materials & Devices (IIT Madras).
- IIT Kanpur serves as the management coordinating center, overseeing administration and funding allocation.
- The hubs operate across 17 States and 2 Union Territories, with 14 technical research groups collaborating on different projects.
About National Quantum Mission (NQM)
- The NQM was launched by the Union Cabinet on April 19, 2023, with a total budget of ₹6,003.65 crore for a period of eight years (2023-2031).
- It is implemented by the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Ministry of Science & Technology.
- The mission aims to build intermediate-scale quantum computers, starting with:
- 20-50 qubits in 3 years,
- 50-100 qubits in 5 years, and
- 50-1,000 qubits in 8 years.
- Additionally, it seeks to establish satellite-based quantum communication over 2,000 km within India, inter-city quantum key distribution (QKD), and multi-node quantum networks.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?
(a) Cloud Services
(b) Quantum Computing
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hantavirus
Why in the News?
Betsy Arakawa, wife of Oscar-winning actor Gene Hackman, died from a respiratory illness linked to hantavirus, a rare disease transmitted by infected rodents, officials have confirmed.
What is Hantavirus?
- Hantavirus is a family of viruses carried by rodents that cause severe illnesses in humans. The two primary diseases it causes are:
- Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – A fatal respiratory illness common in the Americas.
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) – Affects the kidneys and causes internal bleeding, mostly found in Asia and Europe.
- Hantavirus spreads through contact with infected rodent waste, primarily via:
- Inhalation (Aerosolization) – Breathing in airborne particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva.
- Direct Contact – Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.
- Open Wounds – Virus entering through cuts or scratches.
- Rodent Bites (Rare).
- Human-to-Human Transmission – Extremely rare, except for Andes virus in South America.
Is there a Cure or Treatment?
- No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine exists.
- Medical care focuses on symptom management:
- Oxygen therapy for breathing difficulties.
- ICU support & mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
- Early detection is crucial – Seek medical help immediately after potential rodent exposure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission
Why in the News?
India achieved a major milestone in space docking technology with the successful undocking of satellites under the SpaDeX mission, marking ISRO’s first-ever undocking operation on March 14, 2025, just two months after the initial docking.
With this success, India joins an elite group of nations—the U.S., Russia, and China—that have demonstrated space docking and undocking capabilities.
What is PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission?
- The PSLV-C60 SpaDeX Mission is a landmark mission aimed at demonstrating in-space docking and undocking technology.
- This mission would position India as the fourth country in the world to master space docking, following the US, Russia, and China.
- Objective:
- To demonstrate the docking, undocking, and rendezvous capabilities of two satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO).
- Facilitate power transfer between docked spacecraft, an essential capability for future space missions.
- Satellites: (Each weighing 220kg.)
- SDX01 (Chaser): Equipped with a High-Resolution Camera (HRC).
- SDX02 (Target): Carries a Miniature Multispectral Payload (MMX) and a Radiation Monitor (RadMon).
- Configuration:
- The satellites will be launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C60) in a core-alone (CA) configuration, meaning without strap-on boosters.
- They will be placed in a 476-km circular orbit with an inclination of 55°.
- Post-Docking:
- After the docking demonstration, the satellites will continue standalone missions for two years, conducting imaging, natural resource monitoring, and radiation environment studies.
- Significance: It is a strategic step towards several ambitious space objectives, including:
- Preparing for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight program
- Enabling Chandrayaan-4 lunar sample return missions
- Developing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), India’s proposed space station35
What is Space Docking?
- Space docking refers to the process where two spacecraft in orbit rendezvous and physically connect to form a single entity. It is a highly complex and precise maneuver essential for advanced space missions.
- Key Steps of Space Docking:
- Rendezvous: Involves bringing two spacecraft into the same orbit with minimal distance and velocity difference.
- Docking: Establishing a mechanical connection between the spacecraft using specialized docking systems.
- Power and Resource Sharing: Once docked, the spacecraft can transfer power, fuel, or crew to support joint operations.
|
PYQ:
[2018] “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to-
Options:
(a) Voyager-2 (b) New Horizons (c) LISA Pathfinder (d) Evolved LISA |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three-Stage Cycle of Addiction
Why in the News?
A groundbreaking study at the University of British Columbia, published in Nature Mental Health, reveals that addiction involves a complex neural circuit regulating cravings, emotions, and decision-making, shifting approaches to treatment and recovery.
Key Findings of the Research:
- Addiction Alters a Network of Brain Regions: A multi-center study analyzing 144 neuroimaging studies with 9,000 participants confirmed that addiction does not affect isolated brain areas but rather disrupts a circuit responsible for craving, emotional regulation, and decision-making.
- Brain’s Reward System is Hijacked: The nucleus accumbens releases dopamine, reinforcing pleasurable behaviors. Addictive substances exploit this mechanism, making substance use compulsive over time.
- Withdrawal Causes Emotional Distress: The extended amygdala triggers stress, anxiety, and irritability when substance use stops, driving continued consumption to avoid discomfort.
- Decision-Making is Impaired: The prefrontal cortex weakens, reducing impulse control and rational thinking, making quitting extremely difficult despite awareness of harm.
- Adolescents are More Vulnerable: Since the prefrontal cortex matures last, early substance exposure increases long-term addiction risk.
- Neuroadaptations Persist Even After Abstinence: Brain changes caused by addiction do not immediately reverse, leading to relapse vulnerability even after long periods of sobriety.
|
The Three-Stage Cycle of Addiction
- Binge/Intoxication Stage (Basal Ganglia – Reward Processing)
-
- Substance use triggers dopamine release, reinforcing pleasurable behaviors.
- Over time, the brain associates substance use with intense rewards, increasing dependence.
- Users experience cravings, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
- Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage (Extended Amygdala – Emotional Distress)
-
- When substance use stops, individuals experience withdrawal symptoms like stress, anxiety, and depression.
- The brain craves relief, pushing individuals toward continued substance use to avoid discomfort.
- This stage makes quitting extremely difficult, reinforcing addiction.
- Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage (Prefrontal Cortex – Impulse Control & Cravings)
-
- The prefrontal cortex weakens, impairing decision-making and self-control.
- Cravings dominate thoughts, leading to obsessive focus on substance use.
- Despite knowing the negative consequences, individuals struggle to quit due to impaired cognitive function.
This cycle continuously repeats, making addiction a self-reinforcing loop.
PYQ:
[2007] Which one of the following parts of the human brain is the regulating center for swallowing and vomiting?
Options:
(a) Cerebellum (b) Cerebrum (c) Medulla oblongata (d) Pons |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mycelium Bricks
Why in the News?
A promising eco-friendly alternative gaining attention is mycelium bricks—a biodegradable, lightweight, and fire-resistant material derived from fungal filaments.
What Are Mycelium Bricks?
- Mycelium is a network of thin fungal strands called hyphae that function similarly to plant roots.
- It grows in soil or other substrates, secreting digestive enzymes to break down organic material, providing nutrients to the fungi, plant partners, and other organisms.
- Mycelium bricks are made by combining sawdust, husk, and fungal spores, which then solidify into a lightweight, insulating material over a few days.
- They are biodegradable, fire-resistant, and offer thermal insulation, making them a potential green alternative to conventional bricks.
Advantages of Mycelium Bricks
- Lower Carbon Footprint: Mycelium bricks don’t require high-temperature kilns, significantly reducing CO₂ emissions.
- Lightweight: Easier to transport and handle, reducing logistics-related emissions.
- Good Thermal Insulation: Helps regulate indoor temperatures, reducing energy consumption in buildings.
- Biodegradability: Mycelium naturally decomposes, making it a zero-waste material.
- Versatile Applications: Potential use in interior panelling, circuit boards, liquid filters, and sports equipment.
Challenges Limiting Large-Scale Adoption
- Lower Load-Bearing Strength: Mycelium composites have a high strength-to-weight ratio, but they are 100 times weaker than concrete.
- Susceptibility to Moisture: Mycelium is highly absorbent, making it prone to fungal decay and moisture damage in humid environments.
- Shorter Lifespan: Unlike conventional bricks, mycelium biodegrades within a few years, raising concerns about long-term durability.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements:
1.Some mushrooms have medicinal properties.
2.Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties.
3.Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties.
4.Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
Why in the News?
The PM chaired the 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) at Gir National Park, marking the first full-body meeting of the NBWL since 2012.
What is National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)?
|
Details |
| About |
- NBWL is India’s apex statutory advisory body for wildlife conservation and policy formulation.
- Established in 2003 under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).
|
| Evolution from IBWL to NBWL |
- 1952: IBWL formed;
- 1961: Declared Peacock as National Bird;
- 1972: Wild Life (Protection) Act (WLPA) passed;
- 1973: Project Tiger launched; 1982-83: Keoladeo National Park declared a Ramsar site;
- 1997: IBWL last met under PM H.D. Deve Gowda;
- 2003: IBWL replaced by NBWL.
|
| Structure of NBWL |
- Chairperson: Prime Minister of India (ex officio).
- Vice-Chairperson: Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
- Members (47 total): – Government Officials: Chiefs of Army Staff, Secretaries from Defence, Tribal Affairs, Finance, I&B Ministries.
- Parliamentary Members: 3 Lok Sabha MPs, 1 Rajya Sabha MP.
- Experts: 10 eminent conservationists, ecologists, environmentalists.
- NGO: 5 from non-governmental sectors.
- + Director General of Forests (MoEFCC).
|
| Mandate of NBWL |
- Wildlife Conservation Policy: Formulates and updates India’s wildlife policies and provides recommendations on biodiversity conservation.
- Development Project Regulation: Reviews and grants environmental clearances for projects near wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and eco-sensitive zones (ESZs).
- Protected Area Management: Recommends creation and expansion of protected areas.
- Monitoring Conservation Programs: Oversees Project Tiger (1973), Project Elephant (1992), Project Cheetah (2022), and Project Lion Expansion.
- Ecological Impact Assessment: Evaluates deforestation, poaching, and human-wildlife conflicts.
Standing Committee of NBWL:
- A smaller body that evaluates infrastructure projects impacting wildlife habitats, grants fast-track approvals, and advises on conservation policies.
- It has the power to approve or reject projects affecting protected areas.
|
| Major Contributions |
- Framed key wildlife policies including National Wildlife Action Plan.
- Approved eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) around national parks and sanctuaries.
- Strengthened Project Tiger, Project Elephant, and species-specific conservation programs.
|
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Viticulture in India
Why in the News?
Despite concerns over high tariff rates that India applies on European wine, going up to 150%, Italy sees the Indian market, along with China, as a big window of opportunity for its signature wines.
About India’s Wine Market
- Wine accounts for only 2% of India’s alcohol market, while whiskey and beer dominate with 98%.
- India’s per capita wine consumption is just 9 ml—1/8000th of France’s.
- The domestic wine market is expanding at 20-30% annually, fueled by urban demand.
- Mumbai, Goa, Bengaluru, and Delhi-NCR account for 70% of total wine consumption.
- Goa leads in per capita wine consumption, driven by tourism and relaxed liquor policies.
- India has 110+ wineries, with Maharashtra and Karnataka leading in production.
- Sula Vineyards, India’s largest and most popular winery, produces over 1 million cases annually.
- Events like the Nashik Wine Festival and Bengaluru Wine Festival attract tourists and wine enthusiasts.
- Vineyard tourism is boosting the rural economy in Nashik and Nandi Hills of Karnataka.
Viticulture in India
- India’s wine industry revival in the 1980s and 1990s led to increased vineyard expansion, making viticulture a key agricultural activity.
- Nashik, Maharashtra, is known as the “Wine Capital of India”, producing over 80% of the country’s wine.
- The semi-sandy soil, dry winters, and proximity to major cities like Mumbai and Pune make it ideal for viticulture.
- The region has over 6,000–7,000 acres of vineyards dedicated to winemaking.
- Key Wine Regions in India:
- Nashik, Maharashtra – India’s largest wine-producing region, with optimal conditions for vineyards.
- Nandi Hills, Karnataka – A cooler climate and high altitude favor premium wine production.
- Himachal Pradesh & Tamil Nadu – Emerging high-altitude viticulture hubs.
- Types of Grapes Used in Indian Wines:
- Red Wine Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinot Noir.
- White Wine Grapes: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin Blanc.
- Indian Varieties: Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Thompson Seedless.
PYQ:
[2002] Consider the following plants:
1. Bougainvillea 2. Carnations 3. Cocoa 4. Grapes
Which of these plants are propagated by stem cuttings?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
[2006] Consider the following statements:
1. Caffeine, a constituent of tea and coffee, is a diuretic.
2. Citric acid is used in soft drinks.
3. Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.
4. Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2, only (b) 1, 2 and 3, only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4″ |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat 6G Alliance
Why in the News?
Prime Minister has released India’s 6G vision “Bharat 6G Vision” document which envisaged India to be a frontline contributor in design, development and deployment of 6G technology by 2030.
What is the Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA)?
- The B6GA is a collaborative platform established to drive India’s leadership in 6G technology.
- It is an alliance of public and private enterprises, academic institutions, research organizations, and standardization bodies.
- Objectives of B6GA:
- Foster Global Collaboration: Partner with international 6G alliances to share knowledge and best practices.
- Develop India-Centric 6G Use Cases: Identify key industry applications suited to India’s socio-economic landscape.
- Drive High-Impact Research & Development: Facilitate cutting-edge research in terahertz communications, AI-driven networks, and quantum-enabled security.
- Standardization & Spectrum Identification: Influence global 6G standards through active participation in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC-27).
Operationalization of 6G Technology:
The Bharat 6G Project is structured into 2 key phases:
- Phase 1 (2023-2025): Focus on:
- Exploratory research on futuristic telecom technologies.
- Proof-of-concept testing in research labs.
- Risky and innovative pathways in wireless communication.
- Phase 2 (2025-2030): Focus on:
- Intellectual property (IP) creation for India-led 6G innovations.
- Deployment of testbeds leading to large-scale commercialization.
- International Telecom Union (ITU) is evaluating new spectrum bands for 6G:
- 4400-4800 MHz, 7125-8400 MHz, and 14.8-15.35 GHz.
- Final decision to be taken at World Radiocommunication Conference 2027 (WRC-27).
- Currently, 600 MHz to 26 GHz spectrum bands are allocated for IMT (2G-6G) services in India.
PYQ:
[2019] With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference / differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?
1. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.
3. VoLTE requires IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network for voice calls.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MAHASAGAR Initiative
Why in the News?
PM Modi has unveiled ‘MAHASAGAR’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) during his March 2025 visit to Mauritius, outlining India’s expanded vision for security and development across the Global South.
What is MAHASAGAR?
- Mahasagar is India’s expanded strategic vision aimed at enhancing security, trade, and development cooperation across the Global South.
- It builds on India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, which focused on the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Three Core Pillars:
- Trade for Development: Enhancing economic ties through technology-sharing and trade facilitation.
- Capacity Building for Sustainable Growth: Supporting nations with infrastructure, education, and economic partnerships.
- Mutual Security for a Shared Future: Strengthening regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense ties.
- It seeks to address China’s expanding presence in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean by promoting India-led cooperation models.
- It aims to position India as a champion of the Global South, amplifying their voice in global policymaking (e.g., G20, IORA, BRICS).
How Mahasagar builds on SAGAR (2015)?
- India’s SAGAR policy (2015) was a regional framework focused on maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Mahasagar broadens this vision to global engagement with the Global South.
|
SAGAR (2015) |
Mahasagar (2025) |
| Geographic Scope |
Indian Ocean Region (IOR) |
Global South, Indo-Pacific, Africa, Latin America |
| Focus Areas |
Maritime security, economic ties, blue economy, regional stability |
Trade-driven development, technology-sharing, capacity building, global security |
| Strategic Partnerships |
Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, IOR countries |
Expands to Africa, ASEAN, Latin America, Pacific Island Nations |
| Security & Defense Cooperation |
Anti-piracy, maritime domain awareness, EEZ protection |
Joint naval exercises, cyber security, defense partnerships |
| Economic & Developmental Focus |
Blue economy, infrastructure, trade corridors in IOR |
Technology transfer, concessional loans, trade in local currencies |
| Diplomatic Strategy |
Regional cooperation through IORA, BIMSTEC |
Voice of the Global South in G20, BRICS, UN initiatives |
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM SHRI Scheme
Why in the News?
Union Education Minister comment accusing the Tamil Nadu government of being “dishonest” in implementing the PM SHRI scheme caused disruption in the Lok Sabha.
What is the PM-SHRI Scheme?
| About |
- Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2022 to upgrade 14,500 schools as model institutions for NEP 2020 implementation.
- Objective: To create inclusive, nurturing schools with modern infrastructure, holistic education, and competency-based learning.
|
| Implementation |
From 2022-23 to 2026-27. After this, states/UTs will maintain the benchmarks achieved.
Funding Pattern:
- 60:40 (Centre: State/UTs with legislature, except J&K).
- 90:10 for Northeastern & Himalayan States, J&K.
- 100% Central funding for UTs without legislature. States must sign an MoU with the Centre to participate.
|
| Key Features |
- Holistic learning: Focus on communication, collaboration, critical thinking. Experiential, inquiry-driven, learner-centred pedagogy.
- Modern facilities: Smart classrooms, Computer Labs, Integrated Science Labs, Vocational Labs, Atal Tinkering Labs.
- Green initiatives: Water conservation, waste recycling, energy efficiency.
- Competency-based assessments linked to real-life applications.
|
| Eligible Schools |
Schools managed by Central/State/UT Governments & local bodies. Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs) & Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) (non-project, with permanent buildings).
School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) ensures performance evaluation & institutional excellence. |
| Selection Process |
Challenge Mode (3-stage process):
- Stage-1: Signing MoU with the Centre.
- Stage-2: Identifying eligible schools using UDISE+ data.
- Stage-3: Schools compete to meet selection criteria, verified by States/UTs/KVS/JNV.
Final selection by Expert Committee headed by the Education Secretary. |
PYQ:
[2017] What is the purpose of ‘Vidyanjali Yojana’?
1. To enable the famous foreign campuses in India.
2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.
3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RNA interference (RNAi)
Why in the News?
Scientists at Tropic, a UK-based biotech company, disabled the PPO gene in bananas slowing down the browning process while allowing normal ripening.
About the Genetically Engineered Bananas
- Genetically engineered bananas are modified using biotechnology to extend shelf life, resist browning, and enhance durability.
- These bananas stay yellow for 12 hours after peeling and are less prone to bruising.
- The modification prevents enzymatic browning, making bananas look fresh for longer without altering their ripening process.
- The modification targets polyphenol oxidase (PPO), the enzyme responsible for browning.
- By disabling PPO activity, oxidation of pigments is slowed, delaying the formation of brown spots.
Gene-Silencing Method Used:
- RNA interference (RNAi) is used to silence the PPO gene, reducing its activity without affecting overall banana development.
- RNAi introduces small RNA molecules that block PPO gene expression, preventing the synthesis of the browning enzyme.
- This method is precise and does not introduce foreign DNA, making it different from traditional genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
- Gene-editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are also being explored for future crop modifications.
PYQ:
[2019] ‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why?
1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies.
2. It can be used in developing therapies for-the treatment of cancer.
3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.
4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Collisionless Shock Waves
Why in the News?
A recent study published by Johns Hopkins University (USA) and Northumbria University (UK) reveals how Collisionless Shock Waves act as cosmic accelerators, helping subatomic particles gain ultra-high energy and travel vast distances in space.
What are Collisionless Shock Waves?
- Collisionless shock waves are disturbances in plasma (ionized gas) where energy transfer occurs without direct particle collisions, relying instead on electromagnetic forces.
- They are found in supernova remnants, black hole disks, pulsars, magnetars, and planetary magnetospheres.
- They act as natural cosmic accelerators, boosting electrons and other charged particles to ultra-high speeds.
Key Findings from the Study
- NASA’s MMS, THEMIS, and ARTEMIS missions observed an electron acceleration event near Earth’s bow shock on December 17, 2017.
- Electrons in Earth’s foreshock region gained 500 keV of energy, reaching 86% of the speed of light, a huge increase from their usual 1 keV.
- Diffusive shock acceleration (known for producing high-energy cosmic rays) requires electrons to already be moving at 50% of light speed before further acceleration can occur.
- The study identifies how electrons receive this initial boost, a long-standing astrophysical mystery.
- Scientists have long assumed that supernova explosions are the primary source of cosmic rays.
- The recent study suggests that planetary magnetospheres interacting with stellar winds could also contribute to high-energy cosmic rays.
How Shock Waves accelerate Particles without Collisions?
- Unlike in solids, liquids, or gases, where energy is transferred via molecular collisions, plasma particles interact through electromagnetic fields.
- This allows shock waves to accelerate electrons without direct contact.
- Multi-Stage Acceleration Process:
- Plasma waves interact with electrons, imparting initial energy.
- Magnetic turbulence in the shock front causes electrons to spiral, further increasing their speed.
- Repeated interactions with plasma waves push electrons to relativistic speeds.
- Role of Earth’s Bow Shock & Foreshock:
-
- When the solar wind collides with Earth’s magnetosphere, it forms a shock wave.
- The foreshock region ahead of this wave is highly turbulent, enabling efficient electron acceleration.
PYQ:
[2009] In the year 2008, which one of the following conducted a complex scientific experiment in which sub-atomic particles were accelerated to nearly the speed of light?
(a) European Space Agency
(b) European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
(c) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
(d) National Academy of Sciences, USA |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Arms Imports, Make in India
Why in the News?
India remained the second-largest arms importer, despite a 9.3% decline in imports between 2015-19 and 2020-24 a/c to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Report.
About SIPRI
- The SIPRI is an independent organization established in 1966, based in Stockholm, Sweden, conducting research on conflict, arms control, and disarmament.
- SIPRI provides comprehensive data on global arms imports, exports, and military expenditures, tracking defense trends and geopolitical conflicts worldwide.
- It analyzes ongoing wars, nuclear proliferation, cybersecurity threats, and environmental security, offering policy recommendations for international peace and stability.
- SIPRI publishes flagship reports such as the SIPRI Yearbook, Arms Transfers Database, and Military Expenditure Database, which are widely used by governments, researchers, and policymakers.
|
India’s Arms Imports: Trends and Shifts
- India remained the world’s second-largest arms importer, despite a 9.3% decline in imports from 2015-19 to 2020-24.
- Russia accounted for 36% of India’s arms imports in 2020-24, significantly LOWER than 55% in 2015-19 and 72% in 2010-14.
- India has reduced dependence on Russia and increased arms deals with France, the U.S., and Israel.
- India became France’s largest arms importer (28%), with 36 Rafale fighter jets and six Scorpene submarines already contracted.
- India is finalizing agreements for 26 Rafale-M jets and three additional Scorpene submarines.
Global Arms Trade Highlights
- Ukraine – The Largest Importer: Due to the ongoing war, Ukraine’s arms imports surged nearly 100 times in 2020-24 compared to 2015-19.
- The U.S. accounted for 45% of Ukraine’s imports, followed by Germany (12%) and Poland (11%).
- U.S. dominance in exports: The U.S. expanded its global arms market share to 43%, reinforcing its position as the top exporter.
- Russia’s decline: Russian arms exports fell by 64%, dropping to 7.8% of global exports, behind France (9.6%).
- European rearmament: European arms imports surged by 155% in response to rising security threats from Russia.
- Pakistan’s growing imports: Pakistan’s arms imports grew by 61%, with China supplying 81% of its weapons, up from 74% in 2015-19.
- China’s self-reliance: For the first time since 1990-94, China dropped out of the top 10 arms importers, reflecting its expanding domestic defense industry.
- Italy’s rise in arms exports: Italy climbed from 10th to 6th place, with a 4.8% share of global arms exports.
PYQ:
[2020] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Preventive Detention
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court recently ruled against the Preventive Detention of a couple in Nagaland, emphasizing that constitutional safeguards must be strictly followed, and preventive detention cannot override fundamental rights.
Court’s Key Observations: Preventive Detention as a ‘Draconian Measure’
- Violation of Rights: The court ruled that depriving individuals of liberty without trial requires strict adherence to legal safeguards.
- Lack of Justification: Authorities failed to prove that the detainees posed a credible future threat, rendering the detention unjustified.
- Language Barrier: Detention orders were in English, a language the detainees did not understand, violating their right to be informed in an accessible manner.
|
What is Preventive Detention?
- Preventive detention is the detention of an individual without trial to prevent them from engaging in activities that may threaten national security, public order, or foreign relations.
- Unlike punitive detention, it aims to prevent future crimes rather than punish past offenses.
- Under Article 22 of the Constitution, preventive detention is allowed but with safeguards:
- Time Limit: Maximum three months, extendable only if an Advisory Board (comprising High Court judges) approves.
- Rights of the Detainee: Must be informed of reasons for detention (unless against public interest) and given the right to challenge it.
- Judicial Review: Courts can strike down unjustified detentions.
- Major Preventive Detention Laws:
-
- Public Safety Act (PSA), 1978: Used in J&K; detention up to two years.
- National Security Act (NSA), 1980: Up to one year for threats to national security.
- Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (PITNDPS Act), 1988: For drug trafficking cases.
- Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974: For economic offenses & smuggling.
Supreme Court’s Landmark Rulings
- Ameena Begum Case (2023): Preventive detention is an exception, not a routine measure.
- Ankul Chandra Pradhan Case (1997): It aims to prevent threats, not punish individuals.
- Harikisan vs Maharashtra (1962): Detention orders must be in a language the detainee understands.
- Gold Smuggling Case (2024): Authorities must consider bail conditions before imposing detention.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
- Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such an accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
- During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise KHANJAR-XII
Why in the News?
The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII is set to be held in Kyrgyzstan.
About Exercise KHANJAR-XII
- KHANJAR-XII is the 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise, aimed at enhancing counter-terrorism and special operations capabilities.
- It is a bilateral military exercise held annually since 2011, alternately hosted by India and Kyrgyzstan.
- The 2025 edition is being conducted in Kyrgyzstan.
- Participants:
- Indian Contingent: Parachute Regiment (Special Forces).
- Kyrgyzstan Contingent: Kyrgyz Scorpion Brigade.
- The primary objective is to strengthen military cooperation, improve joint operational capabilities, and enhance interoperability between the two nations’ Special Forces.
Key Features:
- Counter-Terrorism Focus: Training in urban and high-altitude warfare to counter modern security threats.
- Special Forces Interoperability: Strengthening coordination in joint military operations.
- Mountain Warfare & Survival Skills: Enhancing operational effectiveness in challenging terrains.
- Military Technology Exchange: Sharing expertise on weapons systems, surveillance, and intelligence gathering.
- Reinforcing India’s Central Asia Outreach: Strengthening India’s engagement with Central Asian nations under its Connect Central Asia policy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) Indicator
Why in the News?
The United Nations Statistical Commission has introduced a new global indicator on Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger.
About Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) Indicator
- The MDD indicator measures whether individuals consume a variety of foods within a 24-hour period to assess dietary quality.
- It tracks progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and helps identify micronutrient deficiencies in populations.
- It was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 56th session (March 4-7, 2025, New York) and developed by Switzerland, FAO, UNICEF, and WHO.
- The indicator records whether an individual has consumed at least 5 out of 10 food groups in the last 24 hours.
- It is measured for children (6-23 months old) and women of reproductive age (15-49 years) to ensure adequate nutrition.
- 10 Food Groups: It monitors intake from grains, white roots and tubers, pulses, nuts and seeds, milk products, meat, poultry and fish, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, and other vegetables and fruits.
-
- It addresses hidden hunger, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases by promoting nutrient-rich diets.
- The indicator strengthens long-term diet monitoring and ensures dietary diversity remains a global priority beyond 2030.
SDG 2: Zero Hunger – The Larger Goal
- Adopted in 2015, SDG 2 aims to eliminate hunger and promote sustainable agriculture.
- Recognizes interconnections between food security, rural development, and nutrition.
- Hunger remains a global crisis:
- 757 million people faced hunger in 2023 (nearly 10% of the world population).
- One in nine people worldwide sleeps hungry each night.
- 20 million people are at immediate risk of famine in South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen, and Nigeria.
|
PYQ:
[2016] Which of the following is/are the indicator/indicators used by IFPRI to compute the Global Hunger Index Report?
- Undernourishment
- Child stunting
- Child mortality
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3 only |
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