From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sunâs Rotation
Why in the News?
Indian astronomers at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) have achieved a groundbreaking feat by mapping, for the first time, the variation in the Sun’s rotation speed from its equator to its poles.
Sunâs Rotation: Key Facts
Unlike a solid body, the Sun exhibits differential rotation, meaning different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
The rotation speed varies depending on latitude, with faster rotation near the equator and slower rotation toward the poles.
This variation is primarily due to the Sunâs composition of gaseous plasma rather than solid material.
Rotation Period Variation by Latitude:
Equatorial Regions: The rotation period at the equator is the fastest, around 24.47 days (sidereal rotation).
Sunspot Zones (about 16 degrees latitude): Rotation slows slightly, with a period of about 27.3 days.
Higher Latitudes (up to 75 degrees): Rotation slows significantly; for example, at 75 degrees latitude, the rotation period is about 33.4 days.
Poles: The slowest rotation occurs at the poles, with a period around 31.1 days.
Sidereal vs. Synodic Rotation Periods:
Sidereal Rotation Period: The time taken for the Sun to complete one full rotation relative to distant stars. It varies by latitude, from 24.47 days at the equator to around 33.4 days at higher latitudes.
Synodic Rotation Period: This is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to appear in the same position when observed from Earth. It is longer than the sidereal period due to Earthâs own movement around the Sun, averaging around 26.24 days.
Why Differential Rotation Occur?
Gaseous Plasma Composition: The Sun is composed of plasmaâa hot, ionized state of matterâwhich allows its different regions to rotate at different speeds.
Convective Zone Dynamics: The outer convective layer of the Sun contributes to differential rotation. Plasma circulates, rising and sinking, which influences the rotational speed at different latitudes.
Scientific Implications
Solar Dynamo Theory: The differential rotation of the Sun is central to theories about the solar dynamoâthe process that generates the Sunâs magnetic field.
Mystery of Differential Rotation: Despite extensive research, the exact mechanism behind the Sunâs differential rotation remains an active area of investigation in solar physics.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Hole Triple and its formation
Why in the News?
Scientists have discovered a âblack hole tripleâ in space, marking the first time such a system has been identified.
Black Hole Triple: What does it mean?
Many black holes are found in binary systems with another star or black hole.
This triple system includes two stars orbiting a black hole:
The nearer star orbits the black hole every 6.5 days.
The distant star orbits approximately every 70,000 years.
The system, located in the constellation Cygnus, features V404 Cygni, one of the oldest black holes known, which is nine times larger than the Sun.
It is 8,000 light years away from Earth.
What is a Black Hole?
A black hole is a space region with such strong gravity that no light or matter can escape.
Most black holes form from supernova explosionsâthe death of massive stars.
This triple system suggests an alternative, less violent formation process.
How was it discovered?
Researchers from Caltech and MIT discovered the system while reviewing astronomical data from telescopes.
They described the stars as being gravitationally bound, indicating they form a triple system.
It is believed that V404 Cygni did not form through a supernova explosion, which typically ejects outer stars.
Instead, it likely formed through direct collapse: the star collapsed inward without exploding.
Known as a âfailed supernovaâ, this process causes an implosion without expelling matter, leading to a gentler black hole formation.
Future of the Triple System
The triple system may not remain as such, as V404 Cygni is consuming the nearby star.
This discovery suggests that some existing binary systems may have originally been triple systems, where the black hole later consumed one of its members.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant âblackholesâ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?
(a) âHiggs boson particlesâ were detected.
(b) âGravitational wavesâ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through âwormholeâ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand âsingularityâ
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalka-Shimla Heritage Railway
Why in the News?
Himachal Pradesh CM has requested the Centre to consider running the Kalka-Shimla narrow-gauge railwayâa UNESCO World Heritage Siteâon green hydrogen to promote clean energy.
The CM emphasized that this initiative aligns with Himachal Pradeshâs goal of becoming a âgreen energy stateâ by March 31, 2026.
About the Kalka-Shimla Railway
The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway with a width of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm).
It was constructed in 1898 to link Shimla with the broader Indian rail system under the guidance of chief engineer H. S. Harington.
The total length of the railway is approximately 96.6 km.
This engineering marvel features 107 tunnels, of which 102 are still in use, along with 864 bridges along its route.
The railway has a ruling gradient of 1 in 33 (about 3%), making it quite a steep climb in places, and it includes 919 curves, with the sharpest curve being at 48 degrees.
The elevation of the railway starts at 656 meters (2,152 feet) in Kalka and rises to 2,076 meters (6,811 feet) in Shimla, resulting in a height difference of 1,420 meters (4,660 feet).
Diesel locomotives began operation on the railway in 1955, followed by diesel-hydraulic models introduced in 1970.
On 8 July 2008, it was designated as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site as part of the Mountain Railways of India.
Note:
Three of the lines, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the KalkaâShimla Railway, are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name “Mountain Railways of India”.
Two more, the Matheran Hill Railway and the Kangra Valley Railway, are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is also the only rack and pinion railway in India.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thadou Tribe
Why in the News?
The Thadou tribe, one of the oldest and largest non-Naga tribes in Manipur, has expressed support to implement the National Register of Citizens (NRC)in the state.
About the Thadou Community
Details
Overview
One of the oldest indigenous tribes in Manipur, recognized as a distinct community.
One of 29 officially recognized indigenous tribes in Manipur with rich cultural practices and folklore.
Historical Background
Recognized as the largest tribe in Manipur since the First Census of India (1881), with a distinct historical narrative from Kukis.
ST Recognition
Acknowledged as an independent Scheduled Tribe under the 1956 Presidential Order.
PopulationÂ
As per the 2011 Census, the Thadou population stands at 2,15,913;
Identity
Asserts a distinct identity from the Kuki community, emphasizing unique language, culture, and history.
Language
Belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family, with a distinct dialect from other nearby tribes.
Geographic Distribution
Primarily located in Manipur; also present in Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram, inhabiting hilly regions.
Socioeconomic Status
Engaged in agriculture (particularly jhum cultivation) and knowledgeable about medicinal plants; faces challenges in infrastructure and education.
Religious Practices
Traditionally practiced animism; many have converted to Christianity, blending traditional and Christian customs.
Position Amid Ethnic Conflict
Affected by the ethnic conflict between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 3, 2023; asserts their distinct identity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gompertz Model
Why in the News?
Indian researchers have developed a predictive model based on the Gompertz Model to estimate a newbornâs birth weight using routine pregnancy scans.
What isthe Gompertz Model?
It is a mathematical model developed by English mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 19th century.
It was originally designed to modelpopulation growth in a constrained environment, such as a specific geographic region.
The model uses an S-shaped (sigmoid) curve to represent growth patterns that start slowly, accelerate, and then slow again as they approach a plateau.
Applications:
Biology: The Gompertz Model is used to study tumor growth and cell population dynamics, reflecting constrained growth in biological systems.
Epidemiology: Applied in predicting the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, capturing how transmission rates slow with interventions.
Ecology: Useful for modelling species population growth in habitats with limited resources, aiding conservation and ecosystem management.
Healthcare: Recently adapted to predict foetal birth weight, helping identify potential risks associated with low or high birth weight.
Aging Research: Employed to analyze mortality rates and lifespan patterns, contributing to studies on aging and longevity.
Recent Research and Significance
Recent research has applied the Gompertz Model in predicting foetal birth weight using routine scans, as shown by researchers from IISER Pune and IMSc Chennai, offering a non-invasive alternative for maternal health.
The model is used in tumor growth studies, allowing researchers to understand and predict cancer progression.
Its predictive accuracy under constrained conditions makes it useful for biological systems, including population growth and cell dynamics.
In healthcare, it supports early detection and intervention for conditions impacted by growth patterns, such as low or high birth weight risks.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glacial Lakes
Why in the News?
Since 1977, the South Lhonak Lake, a glacial lake in Sikkim has expanded significantly, growing from 17 hectares to 167 hectares by 2023.
Formation of Glacial Lakes:
When a glacier melts and retreats, the hollow left behind often fills with water, creating a glacial lake.
The rocky moraine at the glacierâs end can act as a natural dam, holding the water to form the lake.
Glacial lakes act as hydrological buffers, regulating water flow from melting ice, which can sometimes pose challenges to downstream communities.
Glacial lakes often have a vivid blue color, similar to swimming pools, due to the scattering of light by fine rock particles (rock flour) in the water.
There are several types of glacial lakes, each formed by specific processes and glacier dynamics:
Moraine-Dammed Lakes: Formed when moraine debris piles up at the end of a glacier and traps meltwater behind it. These are common and pose risks of outburst flooding.
Kettle Lakes: This was created when a chunk of glacier ice is buried in the moraine and eventually melts, leaving a depression filled with water.
Cirque Lakes: Formed in circular basins (cirques) carved by glaciers at high elevations. These lakes are often small and located at the glacier’s original head.
Pro-glacial Lakes: Situated in front of the glacier, between the ice and the moraine dam. These lakes are sometimes formed when the glacierâs snout melts and deposits water in the valley.
Tarn Lakes: Formed in depressions left behind in the cirques or basins after the glacier has completely melted.
Major Glacial Lakes in India
Indiaâs Himalayan region is home to numerous glacial lakes, each with unique characteristics:
Gurudongmar Lake (Sikkim): One of the highest lakes in the world at 5,430 meters above sea level, fed by glacial melt and known for its religious significance.
Chandra Taal (Himachal Pradesh): A stunning crescent-shaped lake in the Lahaul-Spiti region at 4,300 meters. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and fed by glacier melt.
Samiti Lake (Sikkim): Located along the trek to Kanchenjunga and known for its clear blue waters and reflective quality.
Satopanth Tal (Uttarakhand): Found in the Garhwal Himalayas, this lake lies close to Satopanth Glacier and is considered sacred by locals.
South Lhonak Lake (Sikkim): A growing lake fed by three glaciers, expanding rapidly due to climate change and posing risks of glacial lake outburst floods.
PYQ:
[2019] Â Consider the following pairs:
Glacier: River
Bandarpunch: Yamuna
Bara Shigri: Chenab
Milam: Mandakini
Siachen: Nubra
Zemu: Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 3 and 5 only
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Why in the News?
A recent study from Michigan Medicine found that Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a common sleep disorder, increases the risk of dementia (loss of cognitive functioning) in adults, especially in women.
What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?
OSA is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep due to blocked airways.
It is marked by episodes of disrupted or restricted breathing, leading to brief awakenings throughout the night.
Symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air, morning headaches, and daytime drowsiness.
Risk Factors: Common in individuals who are overweight, have large tonsils or suffer from nasal congestion.
In India, approximately 10.4 lakh people are reported to suffer from OSA, as per government data.
Untreated OSA is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and cognitive decline.
Recent Findings on OSA and Dementia Risk
A study from Michigan Medicine found a link between OSA and increased dementia risk, especially in older adults over 50.
Women with known or suspected OSA were found to have a higher likelihood of developing dementia compared to men, with dementia diagnoses increasing as women age.
Another study by NIMHANS focused on the link between stroke and OSA.
105 stroke patients over the age of 50 were studied using polysomnography (PSG), which tracks brain waves and sleep breathing patterns.
Results showed that 88%of stroke patientshadsleep apnea soon after their stroke, with 38% having severe OSA.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)
Why in the news?
Employees of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) institutions have expressed concerns over the delay in revising their pay scales.
Aboutthe Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR):
Details
Establishment
It was established as an Autonomous organization, in 1969 on the recommendation of Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao Committee (National Income Committee).
Nodal Ministry
Operates under the Ministry of Education.
Function
Promote, fund, and support social science research in India.
Objectives
⢠Encourage social science research
⢠Fund and coordinate research in various branches
⢠Collaborate with international research organizations
⢠Provide policy recommendations based on research
Organizational Structure
It is governed by a Council of eminent scholars and policymakers, supported by 24 research institutes and 6 regional centers.
Research Institutes
Funds institutes such as:
⢠Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Thiruvananthapuram
⢠Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru
⢠Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (CSSS), Kolkata
⢠Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune
Key Programs and Initiatives
⢠ICSSR Data Service: National repository for social science data
⢠NASSDOC: Documentation and library services
⢠Workshops and conferences to enhance research capabilities
International Collaboration
Collaborates with organizations like UNESCO and the Indian Council of World Affairs for joint projects and scholar exchanges.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24
Why in the News?
The Indian Army contingent has departed for Cijantung, Jakarta, Indonesia to take part in the 9th edition of India-Indonesia Joint Special Forces Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24.
Note:Â
Exercise Garuda is a bilateral air forceexercise between the Indian Air Force and the French Air and Space Force.
Exercise Shakti is a biennial training event conducted alternatively in India and France.
AboutExercise GARUD SHAKTI 24
Details
What is it?
A bilateral joint special forces exercise between India and Indonesia aimed at enhancing military cooperation.
Held alternatively in India and Indonesia.
History
Initiated in 2012 as part of defense cooperation between India and Indonesia.
Objectives
⢠Enhance mutual understanding and cooperation between special forces
⢠Share best practices and experiences in counter-terrorism
⢠Conduct joint operations and drills to improve interoperability
Activities
⢠Joint planning and execution of special operations
⢠Orientation on advanced special forces skills
⢠Sharing information on weapons, tactics, and techniques
⢠Operations practice in diverse terrains
⢠Cultural exchanges between troops
Significance
⢠Strengthens bilateral relations
⢠Fosters trust between India and Indonesia
⢠Contributes to regional security and addresses terrorism challenges
⢠Enhances operational capabilities of both armies
Recent Edition
Ninth Edition (2024): Scheduled from November 1 to 12, focusing on enhancing understanding, cooperation, and interoperability.
PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?
This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR
Why in the News?
The Indian Army contingent departed today for the 15th edition of VAJRA PRAHAR, a joint Special Forces exercise with the US Army.
AboutExercise VAJRA PRAHAR:
Details
What is it?
A joint Special Forces exercise between India and the US aimed at enhancing military cooperation.
Inception
Started in 2010 as part of bilateral defense cooperation between India and the US.
No exercises held between 2012 and 2015 and in 2020.
Frequency
Conducted annually, alternately in India and the United States.
15th Edition Dates
Scheduled from 2nd to 22nd November 2024 at the Orchard Combat Training Centre, Idaho, USA.
Participants
45 personnel from each country; Indian Army’s Special Forces and US Army’s Green Berets.
Objectives
⢠Enhance military cooperation
⢠Promote interoperability and tactical exchange
⢠Improve combined capabilities in joint operations
Key Focus Areas
⢠High physical fitness standards
⢠Joint planning and tactical drills
Significance
⢠Joint Team Mission Planning
⢠Reconnaissance Missions
⢠Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
⢠Execution of Special Operations
⢠Roles of Joint Terminal Attack Controllers
⢠Psychological Warfare
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) and its spread
Why in the News?
A case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was confirmed in the US.
About Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
CWD is a fatal, transmissible disease that affects the brain and central nervous system of deer, elk, and moose.
First identified in 1967, CWD is a prion disease where normal proteins misfold, leading to symptoms that eventually cause death.
Transmission occurs through animal-to-animal contact or contamination of feed or water by infected saliva or bodily waste.
Environmental contamination can occur through soil exposure from infected carcasses or bodily fluids.
High-risk areas include places where deer and elk gather closely, like feeding or watering sites.
Species affected: CWD does not naturally infect cows, other livestock, or pets.
Although no strong evidence exists that it can spread to humans, officials advise against eating meat from infected animals.
Symptoms of CWD:
Symptoms: Drastic weight loss, lack of coordination, drooling, listlessness, and excessive thirst. Infected animals may also show drooping ears and lose their fear of humans.
Prevention: To prevent the spread of CWD, avoid handling or eating sick animals, use synthetic lures, dispose of carcass waste in landfills, and report any sick or unusual deer to local wildlife authorities.
PYQ:
[2012] Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to:
(a) The destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species
(b) A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle
(c) Scarcity of food available to them
(d) A widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DANA
Why in the News?
The extreme conditions in eastern Spain which saw Valencia get a year’s worth of rainin just 8 hours can be blamed on an event locally known as Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA).
What is DANA?
Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA), is commonly referred to as the âcold dropâ in English.
It is a meteorological phenomenon in the western Mediterranean region that brings intense rainfall and flooding.
The term âDANAâ was coined by Spanish meteorologists to specifically describe this weather phenomenon.
Features and Location:
DANA occurs when cold airfrom the Polar Regions separates from the polar jet stream and descends over the warmer Mediterranean Sea.
The contrast between cold air aloft and warm, moist air near the surface causes atmospheric instability, leading to the rapid formation of cumulonimbus clouds and intense thunderstorms.
It primarily affects Spain and Portugal but can also impact Italy, France, and other areas around the Mediterranean Sea.
This occurs in autumn and spring, as temperature variations are more pronounced during these seasons.
PYQ:
[2014] The seasonal reversal of winds is the typical characteristic of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Konark Wheels, Sun Temple, Kalinga Architecture
PC: konark.in
Why in the News?
Four replicas of the Konark wheels, made of sandstone, have been installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre and Amrit Udyan.Â
About Konark Wheels
Details
Design
The temple is designed in the shape of a huge chariot drawn by 7 horses and features 24 wheels.
Dimensions of Wheels
Each wheel has a diameter of 9 feet 9 inches with 8 wider spokes and 8 thinner spokes.
Symbolism of Wheels
The wheels represent various time-related aspects:
⢠7 horses symbolize the days of the week.
⢠12 pairs of wheels signify 12 months.
⢠24 wheels represent 24 hours in a day.
⢠8 spokes symbolize prahars (three-hour periods).
Architectural Features
⢠The wheels are intricately carved, showcasing designs of foliage, animals, and figures of women in various poses.
⢠Rims of the wheels have decorative carvings.
Sun Dial Functionality
Two of the wheels function as a sundial, accurately indicating time from sunrise to sunset using the shadow cast by the axel.
Modern Representation
Featured in Indian currency, specifically in the old Rs. 20 and new Rs. 10 notes, representing Odisha’s rich cultural heritage.
Rs. 10 note released by the RBI on January 5, 2018, features the Konark Wheel on its reverse side.
Its significance
The Konark Wheel, serving as an ancient sundial, symbolizes the advanced understanding of timekeeping and astronomy in 13th-century India.
Its intricate carvings reflect exceptional craftsmanship and cultural significance, embodying the cycle of life and the worship of Surya, the Sun God.
Its depiction on Indian currency highlights its enduring legacy and significance in promoting national identity and tourism in Odisha.
Back2Basics: Konark Sun Temple
Approximately 64 km from Bhubaneswar.
Built in the 13th century (around 1250 CE) during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
Dedicated to Surya, the Sun God.
Exemplifies Kalinga architecture, known for its intricate stone carvings and elaborate sculptures.
Constructed from Khondalite stone, which is durable and intricately carved.
Designed as a chariot with 7 horses and 24 wheels.
Structure originally included a sanctum (deul) and a jagamohan(assembly hall) that have largely collapsed but were once adorned with exquisite carvings.
PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples?
1. Arasavalli
2. Amarakantak
3. Omkareshwar
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maithili; Eighth Schedule
Why in the News?
While five languages were granted classical status earlier this month, Maithili was not considered as the Bihar governmenthad not officially forwarded the proposal, despite ongoing demands for its inclusion.
About Maithili Language
Maithili belongs to the eastern sub-group of the Indo-Aryan branch of languages.
It is believed to have evolved from Magadhan Prakrit.
The poet Vidyapati (14th century) popularized Maithili, establishing its importance in literature and folk culture.
It was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2003, making it one of the 22 officially recognized languages of India.
It is an optional subject in the UPSC exams, providing an opportunity for candidates to take it as a paper.
It was granted second official language status in Jharkhand in 2018.
It is spoken primarily in Bihar and Jharkhand in India, with a significant presence in Nepal.
According to the 2011 Census, there are around 12 million Maithili speakers in India.
It is the second most spoken language in Nepal, especially in the Terai region.
Mithilakshar, also known as Tirhuta, is the original script used for writing Maithili.
It belongs to the same family as Bangla, Assamese, Odia, Tibetan, and Nepali scripts.
The scriptâs oldest records date back to 950 AD, found in Sahodara stone inscriptions.
AboutEighth Schedule:
Details
Purpose
Lists the official languages of India as recognized by the Constitution.
Relevant Articles
Part XVII (Articles 343 to 351) of the Constitution outlines provisions for official languages.
Key Constitutional Provisions
⢠Article 344(1): Mandates the formation of a Commission by the President to recommend steps to promote Hindi after five years of the Constitutionâs commencement.
⢠Article 351: Promotes the development of Hindi as a medium to represent Indiaâs composite culture.
Languages in the Eighth Schedule
Currently includes 22 languages: Initially Included (14 languages): Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Later Additions: Sindhi (21st Amendment, 1967), Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (71st Amendment, 1992), Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (92nd Amendment, 2003).
Official Language Status
Hindi (in Devanagari script) is the official language of India, with English as an additional official language for administrative purposes.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following languages:
Gujarati
Kannada
Telugu
Which of the above has/have been declared as âClassical Language/Languagesâ by the Government?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)
Why in the News?
Israelâs Knesset has banned the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) from operating within its borders, citing alleged ties between UNRWA staff and Hamas.
What is Israelâs Knesset?
The Knesset is Israel’s unicameral parliament, established in 1949.
It consists of 120 members, elected every four years through proportional representation, and is responsible for legislation, government oversight, and electing the president.
About UNRWA:
Details
Full Name
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Establishment
Established by the UN General Assembly in 1949.
Primary Purpose
To provide relief, healthcare, and education for Palestinian refugees displaced after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
Headquarters
Originally in Beirut, moved to Vienna in 1978, and relocated to Gaza in 1996.
Mandate Renewal
The mandate has been renewed repeatedly, currently extended until June 30, 2026.
Fields of Operation
Operates in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.
Beneficiaries
Supports over five million Palestinian refugees and their descendants displaced in 1948 and 1967.
The Tamil Nadu government has officially declared heatwaves a State-specific disaster.
It announced an ex-gratia payment of âš4 lakh for families of individuals who die from heat-related causes, including those involved in relief operations.
Key Details of the Declaration
Purpose: This declaration allows the government to provide immediate relief to those affected by extreme heat, especially during the severe temperatures of April and May 2024.
OtherState-specific disasters in TN: Sea erosion, lightning, thunder, whirlwinds, and gale winds as State-specific disasters to ensure relief assistance for those impacted by these events.
Note:Â
Kerala in March this year, declared man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster, becoming the first state in the country to do so.
Once an issue is declared a state-specific disaster, the onus to deal with it shifts to the state disaster management authority, which, powered by the Disaster Management Act, can take quicker and more decisive action.
Also, district collectors can directly intervene in their capacity as the chairman of the district disaster body.
About Heatwaves:
Details
Definition
A heatwave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, relative to the usual climate of a region.
Occurrence
Typically occurs in India between March and June.
Declaration by IMD
Plains: The maximum temperature is at least 45°C
Hills: The maximum temperature is at least 30°C
Coastal regions: The maximum temperature is at least 37°C and the departure from normal is at least 4.5°C
Formation
⢠High-Pressure Systems: Develop when high pressure settles over a region for days or weeks.
⢠Air Sinking: Forces air to sink, warming and drying it.
⢠Increased Radiation: Fewer clouds lead to higher surface temperatures.
⢠Surface Winds: Warm air from lower latitudes or continental winds intensify heat.
Criteria for Declaring a Heatwave
At least two stations in a meteorological subdivision must meet one of the following criteria for two consecutive days (declared on the second day): Based on Departure from Normal:
– Heat Wave: Temperature departure of 4.5°C to 6.4°C above normal.
– Severe Heat Wave: Temperature departure of >6.4°C above normal. Based on Actual Maximum Temperature (plains only):
– Heat Wave: Maximum temperature reaches 45°C or higher.
– Severe Heat Wave: Maximum temperature reaches 47°C or higher.
Duration
Typically lasts a minimum of four days but can extend to seven or ten days. Longest Recorded Spell: May 2015, lasting from 18 to 31 May.
Impact of Heatwaves
⢠Heat Strokes: Increased risk, especially for the elderly and those with chronic illnesses.
⢠Increased Healthcare Costs: Higher hospital visits and death rates from related illnesses.
⢠Reduced Productivity: Extreme heat affects the output of over 1 billion workers.
⢠Risk of Wildfires: Heat domes can lead to wildfires.
⢠Effect on Vegetation: Prolonged heat damages crops and leads to droughts.
⢠Increased Energy Demands: Higher electricity usage for cooling, driving up rates.
PYQ:
[2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world.
[2013] The annual range of temperature in the interior of the continents is high as compared to coastal areas. What is / are the reason / reasons?
1. Thermal difference between land and water
2. Variation in altitude between continents and oceans
3. Presence of strong winds in the interior
4. Heavy rains in the interior as compared to coasts
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 9th National Ayurveda Day
Why in the News?
On the occasion of the 9th Ayurveda Day, Prime Minister will launch several healthcare projects valued at Rs 12,850 crore.
The focal theme for Ayurveda day-2024 has been decided as âAyurveda Innovations for Global Healthâ.
About Ayurveda:
Details
Origins Â
⢠Rooted in four Vedas (5000â1000 BCE).
⢠References in Ramayana and Mahabharata epics.
⢠Fully developed by 1000 BCE with Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita.
Foundational Texts Â
⢠Brhattrayi (Three Major Treatises):
⢠Caraka Samhita (internal medicine)
⢠Susruta Samhita (surgery)
⢠Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya (Vrddha Vagbhata and Vagbhata, 6th-7th century CE).
⢠Takshashila and Nalanda universities attracted foreign students.
Global Influence
⢠Spread through Buddhism to Tibetan and Chinese medicine.
⢠Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans adopted concepts via trade and interactions.
⢠8th century CE saw Nagarjuna study medicinal use of metals.
Integration of Modern Techniques
⢠16th century saw inclusion of modern diagnostics and treatment for new diseases.
Revival in India (19th-20th Cent.)
⢠1827: First Ayurveda course at Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
⢠20th Century: Ayurveda colleges spread under regional patronage.
⢠1970s: Ayurveda revived, with academic research, publications, and global symposia.
Current Status Â
⢠Structured undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral education.
⢠Strong network of practitioners and manufacturers.
⢠Developed infrastructure for community outreach.
Global InfluenceÂ
24 countries recognize Ayurveda legally.
Collaborative platforms include:
⢠SCO Expert Working Group on Traditional Medicine
⢠BIMSTEC Taskforce on Traditional Medicine
⢠BRICS High-Level Forum on Traditional Medicine.
⢠Ayurveda products exported to 100+ countries.
WHO Standards and Milestones
⢠ICD-11 Integration: WHO included Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani in ICD-11 TM Module 2.
⢠WHO set global standards for practice and training.
⢠GCTM, Jamnagar (Gujarat): Focuses on Ayurveda research, education, and practice.
Philosophical Foundations
⢠Historical evidence dates to the first millennium BCE.
⢠Knowledge passed from gods to sages and then to human physicians.
⢠Central concepts align with Samkhya, Vaisheshika, Buddhism, and Jainism.
⢠Emphasis on balance and maintaining natural urges.
Initiatives and Programs by the Govt.
National Ayush Mission (2014): Aimed at promoting the development and growth of Ayush systems (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) in the country, focusing on strengthening educational institutions and enhancing the quality of services.
Ayurveda Research Portal (2021): Promotes research in Ayurveda by providing a digital platform for researchers, practitioners, and institutions to access data, funding opportunities, and collaborative initiatives.
Ayush Grid (2020): A digital initiative aimed at enhancing the accessibility of Ayush services and information through online platforms, connecting practitioners, patients, and educational institutions.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Similipal Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The Odisha government has translocated a female tiger from Maharashtraâs Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, the Stateâs largest, to enhance the genetic diversity of its tiger population.
Why discuss this?
The All Odisha Tiger Estimation (AOTE-2023-24) says a total of 30 tigers were found in Odisha. Similipal has 27 of them.
A total of 13 adult tigers (seven females and six males) were found to be pseudo-melanistic in Similipal, and no other wild habitat in the world has pseudo-melanistic tigers.
Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipalâs black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
About Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR):
Details
Location
Located in the Mayurbhanj District, Northernmost part of Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
Highest Peak
Twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini, at 1515 meters above mean sea level.
Designation
Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; included in the Project Tiger national conservation program in 1973.
UNESCO Recognition
Included as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009.
Terrain
Mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
Vegetation
A mix of different forest types, predominantly Northern tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen patches.
Tribal Communities
Inhabited by various tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
Flora
Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal being the dominant tree species.
Fauna
Diverse wildlife including Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, Pangolin, etc.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under âCritical Tiger Habitatâ?
