Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah and his contemporaries
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- A digital twin of the Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s tomb was unveiled by a reality technology company, Hexagon in Hyderabad.
Who was Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah?
- Parentage: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was born on April 4, 1565, as the third son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali and his Hindu mother Bhagirathi.
- Literary Talent: He was not only an able administrator but also a skilled poet who composed verses in Persian, Telugu, and Urdu.
Contemporaries of Quli Qutb Shah
- Akbar (1556–1605): Mughal Emperor known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms.
- Rani Durgavati (1550–1564): Queen of the Gondwana Kingdom in central India, renowned for her bravery in resisting Mughal expansion.
- Maharana Pratap (1572–1597): Rajput ruler of Mewar, famous for his defiance against Mughal Emperor Akbar and his valor in battles.
- Chand Bibi (1550–1599): Regent of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in Deccan, known for her role in defending Ahmadnagar against Mughal forces.
- Guru Ram Das (1574–1581): Fourth Sikh Guru who established the city of Amritsar and contributed significantly to Sikhism’s growth.
- Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545): Founder of the Sur Empire in North India, celebrated for his administrative reforms and construction of the Grand Trunk Road.
|
Key Accomplishments
[A] Reign and Accomplishments
- Ascension to the Throne: Muhammad Quli succeeded his father in 1580 at the age of 15 and ruled for 31 years.
- Military Campaigns: Despite facing rebellions, he effectively led troops and quelled disturbances, ensuring stability in his realm.
[B] Foundation of Hyderabad
- Urban Planning: Concerned about overcrowding in Golkonda, Muhammad Quli initiated the construction of Hyderabad in 1591.
- Land Selection: While folklore suggests a romanticized version of land selection, Muhammad Quli’s vision for Hyderabad’s development aimed at relieving congestion and promoting growth.
[C] Architectural Marvels and City Planning
- Charminar: As the architectural centrepiece, Charminar was built under Muhammad Quli’s patronage, symbolizing the city’s grandeur.
- City Layout: Hyderabad was meticulously planned with a gridiron layout, featuring significant landmarks like Darulshafa, Mecca Masjid, and Badshahi Ashurkhana.
[D] Support for Arts and Literature
- Calligraphic Art: Under Muhammad Quli’s rule, calligraphy flourished, with various scripts adorning buildings such as the Mecca Masjid.
- Literary Contributions: Muhammad Quli’s poetic works in Urdu and Dakhni languages reflected his diverse interests and cultural appreciation.
- Taraqqi: He was a poet himself and composed poetry in Persian and Telugu under the pen name “Taraqqi”.
[E] Medical and Literary Contributions
- Intellectual Hub: Hyderabad became a centre for medical and literary pursuits, with scholars producing notable works during Muhammad Quli’s reign.
- Preservation of Culture: Muhammad Quli’s literary legacy, including his Diwan, is preserved in institutions like the Salar Jung Museum, showcasing his contribution to cultural heritage.
Legacy and Influence
- Cultural Integration: Muhammad Quli’s reign represents a period of cultural fusion, blending Hindu and Islamic traditions in the Deccan region.
- Symbol of Unity: His efforts to promote harmony and coexistence endure as a testament to the inclusive ethos of his administration.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Endometrial Stem Cells
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Approximately 20 years ago, biologist Caroline Gargett embarked on a quest to uncover remarkable cells within hysterectomy tissue.
- Dr. Gargett discovered two types of cells in the endometrium through rigorous microscopy examination, suspected to be adult stem cells due to their regenerative capabilities.
- The discovery of these cells, known as endometrial stromal mesenchymal stem cells, opened new avenues for research in tissue repair and disease treatment.
What are Endometrial Stem Cells?
- Potential for Regeneration: Endometrial stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neurons, cartilage, fat, bone, heart, liver, and skin cells.
- Collection Methods: These stem cells can be obtained through a biopsy procedure or harvested from menstrual blood, offering a less invasive and more accessible means of procurement.
Application in Women’s Health
- Understanding Endometriosis: Endometrial stem cells have been linked to endometriosis, a condition affecting millions of women worldwide, providing insights into its etiology and potential therapeutic targets.
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential: Differences in menstrual stem cells between healthy individuals and those with endometriosis offer promising avenues for diagnostic tests and targeted treatments.
- Treatment Innovations: Clinical trials exploring the transplantation of menstrual stem cells have shown potential for treating pelvic organ prolapse and other gynecological conditions.
Beyond Gynecological Diseases
- Wider Therapeutic Applications: Research indicates the potential of menstrual stem cells in treating diseases beyond gynecological disorders, including diabetes and wound healing.
- Clinical Trials and Future Prospects: Small-scale trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation in humans, paving the way for further exploration and application in diverse medical fields.
Challenges and Biases
- Underrepresentation in Research: Despite their therapeutic potential, menstrual stem cells constitute a minuscule fraction of stem cell research, attributed to cultural taboos and biases surrounding menstruation.
- Funding and Investment: Limited funding and gender bias in research funding pose significant challenges to advancing research on menstrual stem cells, necessitating greater advocacy and support.
Way Forward
- Addressing Bias: Tackling sex and gender bias in research funding is crucial for fostering equitable investments in women’s health research.
- Recognition and Validation: By overcoming cultural taboos and biases, menstrual stem cells can be recognized as a valuable resource in regenerative medicine, transforming perceptions of menstruation from inconvenience to scientific opportunity.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RuPay and UPI
Mains level: Rupee as regional and global currency
Introduction
- RBI has announced the establishment of RuPay card and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) connectivity between India and Mauritius, as well as UPI connectivity between India and Sri Lanka.
- This initiative aims to deepen financial integration and facilitate digital payments among citizens of the three countries.
Discussion: Rupee Integration with Neighbours
- UPI in Mauritius: Indian travellers visiting Mauritius can now pay merchants in Mauritius using UPI, while Mauritian travellers can utilize the Instant Payment System (IPS) app for payments in India.
- RuPay Adoption: The MauCAS card scheme in Mauritius will leverage RuPay technology, allowing banks to issue RuPay cards domestically. These cards can be used at ATMs and Point of Sale (PoS) terminals in Mauritius and India.
- First Adoption: Mauritius becomes the first country outside Asia to implement RuPay technology, enabling acceptance of Indian RuPay cards at ATMs and PoS terminals within Mauritius.
- QR Code Payments in SL: Indian travellers can make QR code-based payments at merchant locations in Sri Lanka using their UPI apps.
About RuPay and UPI
[A] RuPay Debit Cards
|
Details |
| Launch Year |
2012 |
| Conceived by |
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |
| Key Features |
First global card payment network of India
Wide acceptance at ATMs, POS devices, and e-commerce websites |
| Security Measures |
Highly secure network against anti-phishing
Supports electronic payments at all Indian banks and financial institutions |
| International Acceptance |
NPCI maintains ties with Discover Financial, JCB for international acceptance |
| Issuers |
More than 1100 banks including public sector, private, regional banks, and cooperatives |
| Core Promoter Banks |
SBI, PNB, Canara Bank, BOB, Union Bank of India, Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Citibank, HSBC |
[B] Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
|
Details |
| Launch |
April 11, 2016 |
| Developed by |
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |
| Key Features |
Enables simple, easy, and quick transactions using Unified Payments Interface (UPI) |
| Payment Methods |
Direct bank payments using UPI ID or QR code scanning
Requesting money from a UPI ID |
| Working |
Transfers using UPI ID, mobile number, QR code, or Virtual Payment Address.
Offers consistent transaction PIN across apps, enhancing cross-operability.
Supports push and pull transactions, over-the-counter payments, and recurring payments such as utility bills and subscriptions. |
Countries where UPI works
|
Details |
| Bhutan |
Launched in July 13, 2021.
Partnership between NPCI International Payments Ltd (NIPL) and the Royal Monetary Authority (RMA) of Bhutan.
First country to adopt UPI. |
| Oman |
Launched on October 4, 2022.
Enables acceptance of Indian RuPay cards at all OmanNet network ATMs, POS & E-commerce sites.
Allows reciprocal acceptance of Oman cards/MPCSS in the networks of NPCI in India. |
| Mauritius |
Connectivity allows Indian visitors in Mauritius to use UPI for local payments, and vice versa for Mauritian tourists in India using the Instant Payment System (IPS) app.
Enables issuance of RuPay cards by banks in Mauritius through the MauCAS card network. |
| Sri Lanka |
Digital payments connectivity enables Indian travellers to make QR code-based payments at merchant locations in Sri Lanka using their UPI apps. |
| Nepal |
Nepali users can make bank transfers to India using a unified payment interface (UPI) ID through mobile banking. |
| France |
UPI service launched at the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France this year.
Partnership between NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) and Lyra, a French leader in securing e-commerce and proximity payments. |
| Southeast Asia |
Agreement signed between NIPL and Liquid Group to enable QR-based UPI payments in 10 countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, Cambodia, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. |
Why such move?
- Tourism Promotion: Facilitating digital payments through RuPay and UPI encourages tourists from India to visit Mauritius and Sri Lanka by providing them with convenient payment options.
- Financial Integration: The rollout of RuPay and UPI fosters closer economic ties between India, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka by enabling cross-border transactions and financial services.
- Diversification (away from Maldives): By providing modern payment infrastructure and options comparable to those in popular tourist destinations like Mauritius and Sri Lanka can attract more tourists and diversify their tourism sectors.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Hole and related terminologies
Mains level: Evidences confirming gravitational waves, relativity theory and black holes
Introduction
- Scientists have revealed new insights into a colossal black hole located 53 million light-years away, initially captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017.
- This groundbreaking achievement provided the first visual confirmation of the existence of black holes, validating a key prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
Key Findings by EHT
- The new data, obtained with improved telescope coverage and resolution, reiterated the previous discovery of the black hole’s ‘shadow’.
- The findings confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure consistent with strong gravitational lensing effects.
- Observations indicated a stable ring formation process over time, with subtle changes suggesting variations in the magnetic field structure.
About Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
|
Description |
| About |
A large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes.
Uses Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI).
Resolution of 25 micro-arc-seconds |
| Collaboration |
International collaboration involving over 300 members and 60 institutions across 20 countries and regions |
| Launch Year |
Initiated in 2009 |
| First Image Published |
April 10, 2019 (First image of a black hole, M87*) |
| Objective |
Observation of objects the size of a supermassive black hole’s event horizon |
| Key Targets |
Black holes including M87* and Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) |
| Recent Developments |
First image of black hole (March 2021), first image of Sgr A* (May 12, 2022) |
| Reconstructive Algorithms |
Includes CLEAN algorithm and regularized maximum likelihood (RML) algorithm |
| Scientific Implications |
Verification of general relativity, measurement of black hole mass and diameter, study of accretion processes |
Back2Basics: Black Holes and Related Concepts
|
Definition |
| Black hole |
A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. |
| Event horizon |
The boundary surrounding a black hole beyond which nothing can escape its gravitational pull. |
| Singularity |
A point within a black hole where gravity becomes infinitely strong and spacetime curvature becomes infinite. |
| Gravitational collapse |
The process by which massive stars collapse under their own gravity to form black holes. |
| Schwarzschild radius |
The radius of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole. |
| Hawking radiation |
Radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects near the event horizon, predicted by physicist Stephen Hawking. |
| Accretion disk |
A rotating disk of matter that forms around a black hole as it pulls in surrounding gas and dust. |
| Supermassive black hole |
A black hole with a mass millions or billions of times greater than that of the Sun, found at the center of most galaxies. |
| Quasar |
A luminous object powered by an active galactic nucleus, thought to be fueled by the accretion of material onto a supermassive black hole. |
| Neutron star |
A highly compact star composed primarily of neutrons, formed from the collapsed core of a massive star. |
| White dwarf |
A small, dense star composed of electron-degenerate matter, formed from the remnants of a low to medium mass star. |
| Gravitational waves |
Ripples in spacetime caused by the acceleration of massive objects, such as black holes or neutron stars. |
| Black Hole Information Paradox |
The theoretical problem concerning the loss of information about the initial state of matter swallowed by a black hole, which contradicts the principles of quantum mechanics. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SWATI Portal
Mains level: Women in STEMM, Various initiatives
Introduction
- The “Science for Women-A Technology & Innovation (SWATI)” Portal was recently launched by the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India.
About SWATI Portal
- Objective: Designed to be a comprehensive online platform, SWATI aims to showcase the contributions of Indian women and girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM).
- Single portal: SWATI serves as a single online portal representing Indian women and girls in STEMM fields.
- Database: It hosts a database that will aid in policy-making to address gender-gap challenges in STEMM.
- Interactive Platform: SWATI offers an interactive database, a pioneering initiative in India, developed, hosted, and maintained by the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi.
- Faculty: Featuring faculty members from Indian universities, autonomous organizations, and key ministries such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, CSIR, DBT, DST, MHRD, UGC, GATI, and KIRAN.
Objectives
- Scaling Efforts: The portal seeks to exponentially scale up efforts to include every Indian woman in science (WiS), covering all career stages and subjects in both academia and industry.
- Research Facilitation: By enabling reliable and statistically significant long-term research on equality, diversity, and inclusivity issues in India, SWATI aims to develop an active search engine and searchable database.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nazool Land, Laws governing it
Mains level: Issues with anti-encroachment drives
Introduction
- Violence erupted in Uttarakhand’s Haldwani district after the administration conducted a demolition drive at the site allegedly on Nazool Land.
What is Nazool Land?
- Definition: Nazool land refers to government-owned land that is often leased out to entities for specific purposes, rather than being directly administered as state property.
- Lease Terms: Entities leasing Nazool land typically hold it for a fixed period, ranging from 15 to 99 years, with the option to renew the lease upon expiration.
Historical Context
- Origins: Nazool land emerged during British rule in India when lands confiscated from opposing kings and kingdoms were designated as state property.
- Post-Independence: After Independence, these lands were transferred to the respective state governments due to a lack of proper documentation to prove prior ownership by the former royal families.
Governance of Nazool Land
- Legal Framework: While various states have implemented government orders to regulate Nazool land, the Nazool Lands (Transfer) Rules, 1956, are frequently utilized for adjudication.
- Lease Renewal Process: The renewal or cancellation of leases for Nazool land is typically managed by the Revenue Department of the local development authority.
Utilization of Nazool Land
- Public Purposes: Nazool land is commonly used by the government for public infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals, and Gram Panchayat buildings.
- Housing Societies: In urban areas, Nazool land is often leased out for housing societies and other residential developments.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brumation, Hibernation, Estivation (Inactivity in response to high temperatures)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Imagine seeing an alligator resting quietly underwater, with only its snout visible. Is it alive or dead? There’s another possibility: brumation.
What is Brumation?
- Definition: Brumation is a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, similar to hibernation in mammals. It occurs during colder months when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce.
- Purpose: Reptiles enter brumation to conserve energy and survive adverse environmental conditions.
- Habitat: They may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices, or other sheltered areas where temperatures are stable.
- Metabolic Slowdown: During brumation, their metabolism significantly slows, allowing them to go weeks or months without eating.
- Reduced Activity: Reptiles minimize their resource requirements and conserve energy during this period of reduced activity.
Observations
- Species Affected: Researchers have observed brumation in various reptilian species across habitats.
- Examples: Box turtles and painted turtles burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes seek refuge in underground dens or caves, while lizards hide under rocks or within vegetation.
Significance of Brumation
- Survival Strategy: Brumation is crucial for reptiles to survive cold climates and endure challenging environmental conditions.
- Re-emergence: It allows reptiles to conserve energy until they can re-emerge to feed and reproduce in more favorable conditions.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru, India, recently conducted the inaugural test flight of a solar-powered High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) vehicle, marking a significant stride in indigenous HAPS technology.
- India now joins a select group of nations, including China, South Korea, and the UK, pioneering the development of HAPS for diverse applications.
Test Flight Details of India’s HAPS
- Prototype Description: NAL’s test featured a small-scale HAPS weighing 23 kilograms, boasting a wingspan of 12 meters.
- Location: Engineers conducted the successful trial at the Challakere testing facilities in Karnataka state, soaring to an altitude of approximately 3 kilometers and sustaining flight for 8.5 hours.
- Progress: Despite its scaled-down size, the prototype’s performance exceeded expectations, paving the way for future full-scale models.
HAPS Technology Overview
- Definition: HAPS represents a class of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that operate autonomously in the stratosphere.
- Features: These aircraft incorporate solar cells and batteries, enabling extended flights resembling satellite persistence without the need for costly rocket launches.
Capabilities and Applications
- Altitude and Endurance: HAPS can autonomously operate at altitudes of 18-20 kilometers for months or even years, offering persistent aerial monitoring and surveillance capabilities.
- Strategic Uses: These platforms hold potential for applications such as border surveillance, disaster response, and communication network restoration.
Future Development Goals
- Milestone Objectives: NAL aims to achieve continuous flight for 24 hours in upcoming trials, further validating the aircraft’s energy storage and solar recharging capabilities.
- Operational Deployment: India anticipates deploying refined HAPS technology for practical defense by 2027 purposes, particularly in border monitoring.
Benefits and Challenges
- Cost benefits: HAPS operate closer to Earth than satellites and do not require expensive rocket launches for deployment.
- Flight Duration: Advanced HAPS can remain airborne for months or years with solar cell-powered battery recharging.
- Advantages: HAPS offer advantages over traditional satellites, including lower deployment costs, modular payloads, and increased flexibility in targeting and redirection.
- Obstacles: Challenges include navigating minimal stratospheric flight regulations and addressing unpredictable weather conditions at high altitudes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darwin Day, Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- February 12 is celebrated globally as Darwin Day to honor the birth of naturalist Charles Darwin and his contributions to evolutionary theory.
- Darwin’s seminal work, ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,’ published in 1859, revolutionized our understanding of evolution.
Who was Charles Darwin (1809–1882)?
|
Description |
| Early Life |
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England |
| Education |
Studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh but later shifted focus to natural history at the University of Cambridge |
| Famous Work |
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection |
| Scientific Contributions |
- Theory of evolution by natural selection
- Extensive studies on the Galápagos Islands
- Contributions to the fields of geology, botany, and zoology, research on barnacles
|
| Research Expeditions |
Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836), a significant expedition during which Darwin collected specimens and made observations that influenced his theories |
| Death |
April 19, 1882, at Down House, Downe, Kent, England |
| Legacy |
Considered one of the most influential figures in scientific history, his work laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology |
Evolutionary Insights
- Contributions of Darwin and Wallace: Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, sparking a paradigm shift in biology.
- Scientific Advancements: Darwin Day serves as an occasion to highlight recent scientific advancements in evolutionary biology and promote public engagement with science.
- Impact on Modern Biology: Darwin’s ideas continue to shape modern biology, providing a framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.
Key Propositions by Darwin
[A] Understanding Genetic Variations
- Role in Adaptation: Genetic diversity within populations facilitates adaptation to changing environments, as observed in the process of natural selection.
- Example: Genetic variants conferring heat tolerance in a population become advantageous in warmer climates, leading to their increased prevalence through natural selection.
- Mechanisms of Variation: Mutation, recombination, and gene flow contribute to the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity within populations.
[B] Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection: Darwin and Wallace’s theory of natural selection explains how advantageous traits become more common in populations over successive generations.
- Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, known as genetic drift, can lead to significant changes in small populations.
- Gene Flow: Migration and gene flow between populations can introduce new genetic variations and prevent genetic divergence.
Universal Principles of Evolution
- Biodiversity and Evolution: Evolutionary processes have shaped the rich biodiversity observed on Earth, spanning billions of years.
- Conservation Implications: Understanding evolution informs conservation efforts aimed at preserving species and ecosystems.
- Ecological Interactions: Evolutionary dynamics influence ecological interactions, including predator-prey relationships, competition, and mutualism.
Human Evolution and Genetic Diversity
- Human Origins: Humans share a common ancestry with other great apes and have undergone genetic divergence over millennia.
- Genetic Variation: Every individual carries unique genetic variations, contributing to the diversity within human populations.
- Cultural Evolution: Human societies have evolved culturally and genetically, contributing to the global pool of knowledge and skills.
Promoting Equality and Diversity
- Inclusive Society: Recognizing genetic diversity underscores the importance of equality and inclusion across all aspects of society.
- Cultural Diversity: Embracing cultural diversity enriches human experience and promotes mutual understanding and cooperation.
- Addressing Biases: Understanding the genetic basis of traits can help address biases and stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, and identity.
Challenges and Conservation
- Habitat Degradation: Human activities pose threats to biodiversity, necessitating conservation efforts to preserve genetic diversity.
- Climate Change: Rapid environmental changes, such as climate change, can impact the adaptive potential of species, highlighting the importance of evolutionary resilience.
- Community Engagement: Collaborative conservation efforts involving local communities and stakeholders are essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
Conclusion
- Continued Learning: Advancements in evolutionary biology deepen our understanding of life’s complexities and guide efforts towards a sustainable future.
- Celebrating Diversity: Embracing genetic, cultural, and ecological diversity enriches human experience and promotes harmony in a rapidly changing world.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Ratna
Mains level: Key achievements of the Dignitaries
Introduction
- The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
- This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.
About the Bharat Ratna Laureates
[1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
- Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
- Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
|
| Career Highlights |
- Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
- Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
- Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
- Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
|
| Green Revolution Contributions |
- Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
- Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
|
| Challenges and Advocacy |
Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns. |
| Legacy and Recognition |
- Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
- Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
- Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.
|
[2] PV Narasimha Rao
|
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
- Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
|
| Education |
- Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
- Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
|
| Political Career |
- Started in the Indian National Congress.
- Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
- Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
|
| Economic Reforms (1991) |
- Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
- Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
|
| Foreign Policy |
- Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
- Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
|
| South Asian Diplomacy |
- Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
- Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
|
| Political Legacy |
- Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
- Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
- Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.
|
[3] Choudhary Charan Singh
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
- Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
|
| Political Career |
- Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
- Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
- Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
- Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
- Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
- Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
|
| Legacy |
- Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
- Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
- His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
- Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.
|
Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna
|
Details |
| Nature |
- Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
|
| History and Evolution |
- Instituted in 1954.
- Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
- Criteria expanded in December 2011.
|
| First Recipients |
C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954. |
| Key Aspects |
- Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
- Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
- Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
- Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
- Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
- No monetary grant accompanies the award.
|
| Article Reference |
- Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
- Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DigiReady Certification
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Quality Council of India (QCI) and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) announced the launch of the DigiReady Certification (DRC) portal.
What is DigiReady Certification?
- Objective: QCI, in collaboration with ONDC, aims to assess and certify the digital readiness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Self-Assessment Tool: MSMEs can utilize this online self-assessment tool to evaluate their preparedness to onboard as sellers on the ONDC platform, enhancing their digital capabilities and business potential.
- Streamlined Seller Journey: The portal is designed to facilitate a smooth seller journey, ensuring seamless integration into existing digitized workflows for MSMEs and small retailers.
- Certification Process: Evaluates various aspects of digital readiness, including documentation for online operations, proficiency in technology usage, integration with existing workflows, and efficient order and catalogue management.
- Significance: Provides additional business prospects for sellers, enabling them to become integral participants in the digital ecosystem.
Back2Basics: Quality Council of India (QCI):
- Establishment: Founded in 1997 jointly by the Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT), the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, and the Indian industry.
- Legal Status: Registered as a non-profit organization under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.
- Operational Structure: Managed through constituent Boards, primarily the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) and the National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL).
- Composition:
-
- Governed by a Council comprising 38 members with equal representations from government, industry, and consumers.
- The Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister based on industry recommendations to the government.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) and Other Zoonotic Diseases
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Recent fatalities due to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), known as monkey fever, in Karnataka have sparked concerns about the spread of this viral infection.
What is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)?
- Origins and Identification: KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the Flaviviridae virus family. It was first identified in 1957 in Karnataka’s Kyasanur Forest.
- Incidence and Mortality: Between 400-500 human cases are reported annually, with an estimated case-fatality rate ranging from 3% to 5%.
Transmission and Spread
- Tick-Borne Transmission: Humans can contract KFD through tick bites or contact with infected animals, particularly sick or deceased monkeys.
- Limited Animal Role: While large animals like goats, cows, and sheep can become infected, they play a minor role in disease transmission. There’s no evidence of transmission through unpasteurized milk.
Signs and Symptoms
- Early Symptoms: The disease typically manifests with chills, fever, and headache after an incubation period of 3-8 days.
- Progression: Severe muscle pain, vomiting, gastrointestinal issues, and bleeding tendencies may develop within 3-4 days. Some patients experience neurological symptoms in the third week, including severe headaches and vision problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnostic Methods: Early diagnosis involves molecular detection through PCR or virus isolation from blood. Serologic testing using ELISA is conducted later.
- Treatment Approach: While no specific treatment exists, early hospitalization and supportive therapy, such as hydration maintenance, are crucial.
Prevention Strategies
- Vaccination: A vaccine for KFD is available and administered in endemic regions of India to prevent the disease.
- Preventive Measures: Insect repellents and protective clothing are recommended in tick-infested areas to minimize the risk of infection.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Commission Appointments Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The impending retirement of Election Commissioner Anup Chandra Pandey on February 14 signals a significant shift in India’s electoral procedures.
- For the first time, his successor will be selected through a consultative process, departing from past practices of government discretion as per the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.
EC Appointments: Judicial Imperative
- Supreme Court Intervention: In March 2023, the Supreme Court intervened to address the longstanding legislative gap surrounding the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- Emphasis on Independence: The Court emphasized the need for an independent Election Commission, paralleling other constitutional bodies with autonomous appointment mechanisms.
CEC and EC Appointment Act, 2023: Key Provisions
- Appointment Process: The Law establishes a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition or the largest opposition party’s leader in the Lok Sabha.
- Eligibility and Conditions: Eligible candidates must have held or hold positions equivalent to the Secretary to the central government, with salary parity to the Cabinet Secretary.
- Removal Mechanism: The Law outlines the removal process, retaining the constitutional provision for the CEC’s removal akin to a Supreme Court Judge and ECs’ removal upon the CEC’s recommendation.
Appointment of the CEC and ECs: Present Mechanism
[A] Constitutional Provisions:
- Part XV (Elections) of the Constitution outlines Articles 324-329, governing electoral processes.
- The Constitution does not prescribe a specific legislative procedure for appointing the CEC and ECs.
- Article 324 vests the responsibility of overseeing elections in an Election Commission comprising the CEC and other ECs, as determined by the President.
- President appoints them based on the Union Council of Ministers’ advice, led by the Prime Minister.
- Law Minister proposes suitable candidates to the Prime Minister, who advises the President on the appointments.
[B] Removal:
- Commissioners have the liberty to resign or be removed before completing their term.
- The removal process for the CEC mirrors that of a Supreme Court judge, necessitating parliamentary action.
- Removal of any other EC can only occur upon the CEC’s recommendation.
|
Current Challenges and Concerns
- Transparency and Independence: Concerns arise over the potential monopolization of the Selection Committee by ruling party members, undermining diversity and independence.
- Executive Influence: Equating the salary of Election Commissioners with that of executive officials raises apprehensions regarding government influence.
- Eligibility Criteria: Restricting eligibility to civil servants may limit diversity and expertise within the Election Commission.
- Lack of Parity: Disparities in the removal process between the CEC and ECs raise questions about fairness and institutional autonomy.
Way forward
- Safeguarding Independence: Upholding the integrity and independence of the Election Commission remains paramount, necessitating robust oversight mechanisms.
- Addressing Concerns: Mitigating concerns surrounding transparency, executive influence, and eligibility criteria is essential to foster public trust and confidence.
- Continued Judicial Vigilance: Ongoing judicial oversight is crucial to ensure the effective implementation of electoral reforms and uphold democratic principles.
Conclusion
- The transition towards a consultative process for appointing Election Commissioners reflects a significant milestone in India’s electoral governance.
- While the reform bill marks a commendable step towards enhancing transparency and inclusivity, addressing current challenges and safeguarding institutional independence will be pivotal in fostering public trust and strengthening democratic institutions.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nagoya Protocol, CBD
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Cameroon’s recent adoption of the Nagoya Protocol marks a significant step towards harnessing its rich biodiversity for sustainable development.
Cameroon’s Biodiversity Wealth
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Cameroon hosts approximately 11,000 species, offering immense genetic resources for research and development.
- Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous communities possess invaluable traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, contributing to bioprospecting (search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.).
- Bioprospecting Potential: Bioprospecting projects, such as those focusing on species like Irvingia wombulu, present opportunities for sustainable resource utilization.
About Nagoya Protocol
|
Details |
| Purpose |
Implements access and benefit-sharing obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) |
| Adoption |
October 2010 |
| Entry into Force |
October 12, 2014 |
| Legal Status |
Legally binding global agreement |
| Objective |
Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources |
| Membership |
India is a member |
| Benefits |
- Establishes a framework for accessing genetic resources for research
- Provides certainty for investment in biodiversity-based research
- Ensures fair sharing of benefits from resource use
- Recognizes the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
|
| Scope |
- Genetic resources covered by the CBD
- Benefits arising from their utilization
- Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources covered by the CBD and benefits from their utilization
|
Key Facts about Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
|
Description |
| Adoption Date |
Opened for signing in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro |
| Objectives |
Conservation of biological diversity,
Sustainable use of biological diversity,
Fair and equitable benefit sharing |
| Membership |
196 contracting parties |
| Scope |
Covers biodiversity conservation at all levels:
Ecosystems, Species, and Genetic resources |
| Decision-Making Body |
Conference of the Parties (COP) |
| Secretariat |
Based in Montreal, Canada |
| Supporting Agreements |
- Cartagena Protocol (2000) for regulating LMOs movement,
- Nagoya Protocol (2010) for access and benefit sharing
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Satellite -Based Toll Collection
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Satellite-based toll collection is slated for deployment before the onset of the 2024 general election Model Code of Conduct informed Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari.
- This technology will supersede FASTags, offering improved efficiency and convenience for drivers.
How Satellite -Based Toll Collection Works?
- GPS-Equipped Vehicles: Every vehicle will require a GPS device for toll collection, enabling real-time tracking of their movements.
- Micro-controller Integration: The government plans to equip vehicles with micro-controllers featuring third-generation (3G) and GPS connectivity to facilitate data transmission.
- Continuous Monitoring: By capturing GPS coordinates, authorities can monitor vehicle routes, track toll road usage, and calculate toll taxes based on distance travelled.
- Toll Gate Configuration: Presently, toll gates are stationed at the end of each road stretch or project. Toll tax is calculated for distances up to 60 km, with rates fixed by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
Distinction from FASTag Technology
|
FASTag |
GPS-Based Toll Collection |
| Technology Utilization |
Relies on RFID technology for automatic toll deduction. |
Utilizes GPS system within vehicles for tracking and toll deduction. |
| Toll Deduction Process |
Deduction occurs only at toll booths upon approach. |
Toll tax is deducted based on continuous GPS tracking throughout the journey. |
| Infrastructure Requirements |
Requires installation of FASTag scanners at toll booths. |
Eliminates the need for physical toll booths and plazas, relying solely on GPS tracking. |
| Implementation Status |
Mandated since February 2021, offering streamlined toll payment at toll booths. |
Anticipated implementation around March 2024, promising enhanced efficiency and convenience for travelers. |
Why is a GPS-based system preferred over FASTag?
- Infrastructure Elimination: GPS-based systems don’t require toll booths, reducing congestion and infrastructure costs.
- Continuous Tracking: They track vehicles continuously, enabling accurate toll calculations based on actual distance traveled.
- Flexibility and Scalability: GPS offers wider coverage and scalability, suitable for varied toll rates and distances.
- Reduced Administration: Automation reduces manual intervention and administrative burden.
- Enhanced User Experience: Drivers enjoy seamless travel without the need to stop at toll booths.
Operational Framework
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Integration: Vehicles will require on-board units (OBUs) linked to a satellite constellation (ex. GPS, GLONASS, IRNSS) for toll calculations and transactions.
- Barrier-Free Movement: OBUs, akin to vehicle tracking devices, will enable distance-based tolling, fostering unhindered highway transit.
- Regulatory Requirements: Geo-fencing of national highways and legislative amendments to permit distance-based tolling under National Highway Fee Rules and the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, are necessary for implementation.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Facts about the Deepastambham
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent discovery of a Deepastambham (lamp post) and other archaeological findings along the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana, sheds new light on early medieval trade ties in the region.
Lamp Post and its Structure
- Unique Findings: Archaeologists unearthed a 20-foot tall lamp post with inscription and a small flat-roofed structure near the Krishna river bank in Telangana.
- Rare Artefacts: Lamp posts are uncommon in the Deccan region but are prevalent in temple architecture along the west coast, highlighting the uniqueness of this discovery.
- Historical Context: The lamp post, dated back to June 1635, bears a multilingual inscription in Telugu mixed with Tamil, indicating its dedication to Kasi Viswanatha.
- Functional Significance: Due to its height, the lamp post likely served as a lighthouse along the riverine trade route, facilitating navigation and trade activities.
Significance of Inscriptions
- Historical Documentation: Inscriptions provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural and economic landscape of the region during the early medieval period.
- Cultural Connections: The presence of inscriptions suggests a connection between the local community and wider trade networks, enriching our understanding of historical trade routes.
- Hyderabad Connection: The village’s proximity to Hyderabad, ruled by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, suggests its significance in the regional trade network.
- European Accounts: References by European travellers, such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier, hint at the existence of riverine trade routes alongside land routes during the same period.
Continuity of Trade Routes
- Longstanding Trade Connections: The discovery of an eighth-century inscription from the Badami Chalukya era underscores the village’s role as a vital trade hub over millennia.
- Cultural Exchange: Trade routes facilitated not only economic transactions but also cultural exchanges, shaping the region’s diverse heritage.
Try this PYQ:
Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines on India? (CSP 2018)
(a) Francois Bernier
(b) Jean Baptiste Tavernier
(c) Jean de Thevenot
(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre
Post your answers here.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hot Money
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s recent inclusion into JPMorgan’s emerging market debt index marks a significant milestone for its financial markets.
- However, with this inclusion comes the risk of volatile capital flows, particularly ‘hot money,’ which can exert pressure on currency and bond markets.
What is ‘Hot Money’?
- Definition: ‘Hot money’ refers to funds controlled by investors seeking short-term returns. It is the flow of funds from one country to another to earn a short-term profit on interest rate differences.
- Typical Investments: Investors often seek high-interest, short-term opportunities like certificates of deposit (CDs).
- Foreign portfolio investment (FPI): FPI is often referred to as “hot money” because it tends to flee at the first signs of trouble in an economy.
Mechanics of ‘Hot Money’
- Attracting ‘Hot Money’: Banks offer short-term CDs with above-average interest rates to attract ‘hot money.’
- Rapid Movement: Investors swiftly withdraw funds and transfer them to institutions offering higher rates when interest rates change.
- Cross-Border Movements: Investors may shift funds between countries to capitalize on favorable interest rates.
Economic hazards posed by Hot Money
- Volatility: Hot money causes rapid price swings, risking market stability.
- Speculative Bubbles: Inflated asset prices lead to market crashes when bubbles burst.
- Currency Depreciation: Hot money influxes can cause currency value swings, harming exports.
- Interest Rate Volatility: Central banks may struggle to stabilize rates due to hot money flows.
- Financial Instability: Herd behavior from hot money can cause market panics.
- Capital Flight: Short-term hot money exits strain a nation’s financial reserves.
- Speculative Attacks: Hot money inflows attract attacks from profit-driven investors.
- Macroeconomic Imbalances: Over-reliance on hot money leads to unsustainable economic patterns.
RBI’s position
- Monitoring Foreign Fund Flows: India will closely monitor inflows of foreign funds to prevent excessive ‘hot money’ influx.
- Regulating Interest Rates: Measures will be taken to manage interest rates to discourage short-term speculative investments.
- Maintaining Financial Stability: Proactive measures aim to prevent excessive volatility in currency and bond markets.
Back2Basics: Hot Money vs. Cold Money
|
Hot Money |
Cold Money |
| Nature |
Short-term capital that flows in and out of markets quickly. |
Long-term investments that remain stable and less volatile. |
| Movement |
Rapid movement, often driven by short-term profit opportunities. |
Relatively stable movement, focused on long-term returns. |
| Risk |
High risk due to volatility and susceptibility to market changes. |
Lower risk as it is less influenced by short-term market fluctuations. |
| Purpose |
Often seeks quick returns, capitalizing on market trends and speculation. |
Invested with long-term objectives, such as retirement planning or wealth preservation. |
| Impact on Markets |
Can create volatility and instability, leading to sudden market fluctuations. |
Provides stability and liquidity, contributing to long-term economic growth. |
| Examples |
Hedge funds, currency traders, speculative investors. |
Pension funds, mutual funds, long-term investors. |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Symbols Allotment
Mains level: Split in a Political Party
Introduction
- A faction within a political party led by the Maharashtra Deputy CM has been officially recognized as the legitimate group by the Election Commission of India retaining its election symbol.
Also read:
How are Symbols allotted to Political Parties in India?
Election Symbol and its Significance
- Electoral Impact: Election symbols play a crucial role in shaping the electoral fortunes of political parties, influencing voter perception and identification.
- Transparency Concerns: The current system of symbol allotment warrants review to ensure transparency and fairness in the electoral process.
EC’s Powers in Symbol Disputes
- Legal Framework: Para 15 of the Symbols Order, 1968, empowers the ECI to adjudicate disputes arising from splits within political parties.
- Test of Majority: The ECI conducts a test of majority, considering all available facts and circumstances, to determine the legitimate faction.
- Binding Decision: The decision of the ECI is binding on all rival sections or groups emerged after the split, applicable to recognized national and state parties.
Historical Precedents
- Pre-1968 Era: Before the Symbols Order, 1968, the ECI addressed disputes through notifications and executive orders under the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
- High-profile Cases: Notable cases include the split of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1964 and the first split in the Indian National Congress in 1969.
Options for Resolution
- Symbol Freeze: The ECI may freeze the symbol to prevent either faction from using it until a final decision is reached, a process that typically involves lengthy hearings.
- Legal Proceedings: Parties may resort to legal recourse if internal resolution or EC intervention fails to resolve the dispute.
Alternate Resolution Mechanisms
- Majority Test: EC primarily relies on testing the support within the party organization, particularly among elected MPs and MLAs, to determine faction legitimacy.
- Registration as Separate Party: Splinter groups not recognized by the parent party may register themselves as separate entities and seek national or state party status based on electoral performance post-registration.
Conclusion
- The recognition of political factions by the Election Commission underscores the complexities of symbol allotment and intra-party disputes.
- As the EC navigates these challenges, ensuring procedural fairness and upholding democratic principles remain paramount in fostering trust and integrity in the electoral process.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Juno Mission, Deimos and Phobos
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Juno, a spacecraft launched by NASA in 2011, embarked on a mission to unravel the secrets of Jupiter and its moons.
- En route to Jupiter, Juno encountered fast-moving dust particles, resulting in significant damage to its solar panels.
About NASA’s Juno Mission
|
Description |
| Launch Year |
2011 |
| Mission Objective |
Study Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, to gain insights into the origin and evolution of Earth. |
| Focus Areas |
- Investigate Jupiter’s atmosphere composition and isotopic ratios.
- Study Jupiter’s magnetic field and its interaction with the atmosphere, leading to aurora formation.
- Explore Jupiter’s structure, atmosphere, and interior to understand early solar system conditions.
|
| Earth Insights |
- Juno mission’s advanced instruments include the Microwave Radiometer, which measures atmospheric temperature and water content.
- By comparing Jupiter’s composition with Earth’s, scientists infer similarities and differences in planetary origins.
- Understanding the magnetic field and auroras on Jupiter contributes to knowledge about Earth’s own magnetic field and auroras.
- Studying Jupiter’s structure provides clues about early solar system conditions and Earth’s evolutionary processes.
|
Dusts in Interplanetary Space
- Calculating Dust Flux: Scientists harnessed Juno’s data to estimate the flux of dust particles encountered between 1 and 5 Astronomical Units (AU), shedding light on the density and distribution of interplanetary dust.
- Exploring Dust Sources: Analysis suggested Mars’s moons, Deimos and Phobos, as potential sources of interplanetary dust, offering tantalizing clues to unraveling the enigmatic origins of these celestial particles.
How Martian Moons, Deimos and Phobos produce this Dust?
- Micrometeorite Impacts: Micrometeorites, tiny yet potent dust particles, bombard Mars’s moons, creating ephemeral clouds of dust upon impact due to the absence of atmospheres.
- Escape into Space: Deimos and Phobos, characterized by low gravity, facilitate the escape of dust particles into space, contributing to the formation of a dusty ring around Mars.
Insights from Observations
- Gravitational Dynamics: This models incorporated gravitational effects, lunar shapes, and dust particle velocities, offering a comprehensive understanding of the dust dynamics within the Martian system.
- Validation through Future Missions: Prospective missions to Deimos and Phobos hold the promise of validating the recent findings, shedding further light on the dusty realms of these enigmatic moons.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Free travel for Indians
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent announcement of visa-free travel to Iran for Indian passport holders has garnered significant attention, marking a significant milestone in bilateral travel facilitation.
Iran’s Visa-Free Regime for India
- Tourism Purposes: Indian citizens holding ordinary passports can avail of the visa-free travel privilege but must intend to visit Iran solely for tourism purposes.
- Mode of Entry: The relaxation applies exclusively to travelers entering Iran via air routes.
- Maximum Duration: Travelers under this scheme can stay in Iran for a maximum of 15 days during each visit.
- Re-entry Provisions: Re-entry into Iran is permissible after a gap of six months from the previous departure.
- Extended Stay or Multiple Entries: Individuals desiring prolonged stays, frequent visits within six months, or seeking alternative visa categories must obtain requisite visas from the Iranian diplomatic missions in India.
Visa Trends for Indians beyond Iran
- Current Visa-Free Countries: 27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, with recent additions including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
- Global Outreach: Beyond immediate neighbors, countries like Barbados, Bhutan, Maldives, Mauritius, and Nepal offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, reflecting evolving global travel dynamics.
- Popular Destinations for Indian Citizens: The top five travel destinations are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, with many visiting as part of the diaspora.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
