From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of RCF Report
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the “Report on Currency and Finance (RCF)” for the year 2023-24 with the theme – India’s Digital Revolution.
What is the Report on Currency and Finance (RCF)?
The RCF is an annual publication by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
It covers various aspects of the Indian economy and financial system, providing insights and analysis on current economic conditions, financial stability, and policy issues.
The theme for the 2023-24 report is “India’s Digital Revolution.”
Focus: It focuses on the transformative impact of digitalization across various sectors in India, especially in the financial sector.
Highlights: The report highlights how digital technologies are reshaping economic growth, financial inclusion, public infrastructure, and the regulatory landscape. It also addresses the opportunities and challenges associated with digitalization.
Key Highlights of the RCF:
[1] Digital Revolution
The RCF emphasizes India’s leading role in the global digital revolution.
With robust digital public infrastructure (DPI), evolving institutional frameworks, and a tech-savvy population, India has emerged as a frontrunner in this arena.
Key initiatives such as Aadhaar, the world’s largest biometric-based identification system, and the UPI, a real-time, low-cost transaction platform, have revolutionized service delivery and financial inclusion.
[2] Digitalization in Finance
The above-discussed initiatives have made retail payments faster and more convenient, while the RBI’s pilot runs of the E-Rupee position India at the forefront of digital currency initiatives.
The digital lending ecosystem is also vibrant, with the Open Credit Enablement Network and the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) driving growth.
[3] Remittance Inflows in India
India continues to lead as the highest remittance recipient globally, with US$ 115.3 billion in 2023, accounting for 13.5% of the world’s total remittances.
The RCF highlights that more than half of India’s inward remittances in 2021 came from the Gulf countries, with North America contributing 22%.
The remittance-to-GDP ratio for India has risen from 2.8% in 2000 to 3.2% in 2023, surpassing the gross FDI inflows to GDP ratio of 1.9% in 2023.
Looking forward, India is poised to remain a leading supplier of labor, with its working-age population expected to rise until 2048, potentially propelling remittances to around $160 billion by 2029.
[4]Smartphones Penetration
India’s mobile penetration has seen remarkable growth, with internet penetration reaching 55% in 2023 and an increase of 199 million internet users over the past three years.
The cost per gigabyte of data in India is the lowest globally, at an average of Rs. 13.32 per GB.
India has one of the highest mobile data consumption rates worldwide, with an average per-user per-month consumption of 24.1 GB in 2023.
The number of smartphone users in India was about 750 million in 2023, expected to reach 1 billion by 2026.
The RCF projects that India will become the second-largest smartphone manufacturer within the next 5 years.
PYQ:
[2017] Which of the following is the most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’?
(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments.
(b) Digital currency will replace physical currency in about two decades.
(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase.
(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GST on Health Insurance
Why in the News?
Insurance premiums on health and life policies have increased this year, and the 18% Goods and Services Tax (GST) has made insurance less affordable for many people.
Medical inflation, estimated at 14% towards the end of last year, along with increased premiums, has made buying medical insurance difficult for many.
What is the GST on Health and Life Insurance Premiums?
GST replaced all indirect taxes like service tax and cess from July 1, 2017.
Currently, GST on health and life insurance policies is fixed at 18%.
According to the formula, the Centre collects 9% GST with a matching collection by states.
Before GST, life insurance premiums were subject to 15% service taxes, including Basic Service Tax, Swachh Bharat cess, and Krishi Kalyan cess.
Rational behind the Tax
GST Council Recommendations:
GST rates and exemptions on all services, including insurance, are prescribed on the recommendations of the GST Council, which includes the Union Finance Minister and ministers nominated by state governments.
Insurance is considered a service, and policyholders pay tax on their premiums, generating significant revenue for the government.
Tax Deductions:
Insurance policies allow certain deductions while computing income tax under Sections 80C and 80D of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Customers can avail deductions on the premium, including the GST applicable.
Arguments for Withdrawing the GST on Premiums
High Premium Increases:
Significant increases in premiums on health insurance policies this year have been observed, with some public sector insurers hiking premiums by 50%.
The renewal rate of policies is declining due to frequent premium hikes and medical inflation.
Comparative GST Rates:
The Confederation of General Insurance Agents’ Associations of India points out that GST on insurance in India is the highest in the world.
The high GST rate is seen as a deterrent to insurance penetration, which conflicts with the goal of “Insurance for All by 2047”.
Recommendations for Rationalisation:
The Standing Committee on Finance recommended rationalising the GST rate on insurance products to make them more affordable.
Suggestions include reducing GST rates for health insurance, especially for senior citizens, micro-insurance policies, and term policies.
Insurance Penetration in India:
According to a Swiss Re Sigma report, insurance penetration in India’s life insurance sector reduced from 3.2% in 2021-22 to 3% in 2022-23, while the non-life insurance sector remained stagnant at 1%.
Overall insurance penetration reduced to 4% in 2022-23 from 4.2% in 2021-22.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following items:
1. Cereal grains hulled
2. Chicken eggs cooked
3. Fish processed and canned
4. Newspapers containing advertising material
Which of the above items is/are exempted under GST (Goods and Services Tax)?
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anti-Defection Law and its Features
Why in the News?
Numerous examples in recent time exist in the history of Parliament and State Assemblies where MPs or MLAs have defected from their party.
These activities often led to the frequent falling of governments.
What is Anti-Defection Law?
The 52nd Constitutional Amendment introduced the anti-defection law through the Tenth Schedule in 1985.
It aimed at tackling political defections destabilizing governments, especially after the 1967 general elections.
According to this Schedule, a member of the State Legislature or the House of Parliament who voluntarily resigns from their political party or abstains from voting in the House contrary to the party’s instruction may be removed from the House.
This voting instruction is issued by the party whip, a member of the parliamentary party nominated by the political party in the House.
Process of Disqualification under Anti-Defection Law
Petition:
Any member of the House can initiate the process by filing a petition/complaint with the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairman (Rajya Sabha) alleging defection by another member.
The Presiding Officer CANNOT initiate disqualification proceedings suo moto and can only act upon a formal complaint.
Deciding Authority:
The Speaker of Lok Sabha, the Chairman of Rajya Sabha, or the State Legislative Assembly decides disqualification petitions under the anti-defection law.
Timeframe:
The law does not specify a strict timeline for the decision, which has led to criticism due to potential delays.
Judicial Review:
The decision can be challenged in courts, ensuring a system of checks and balances.
The landmark judgment in Kihoto Hollohan vs. Zachillhu and Others (1992) upheld the constitutionality of the anti-defection law and affirmed that decisions regarding disqualification are subject to judicial review.
Exceptions:
No disqualification if 1/3rd members of the legislature party split to form a separate group (provision DELETED by the 91st Amendment in 2003).
Mergers of political parties are allowed when 2/3rd of the members of a legislative party agree to merge with another party.
Three-Test Formula of the Supreme Court:
The Supreme Court in Sadiq Ali versus Election Commission of India (1971) laid down the three-test formula for recognizing the original political party:
Test of Aims and Objectives of the party.
Test of Party Constitution, which reflects inner-party democracy.
Test of Majority in the legislative and organizational wings.
Limitations of the Anti-Defection Law
Dictatorship of Party: The law has been criticized for undermining democratic principles by restricting legislators’ freedom of speech and making them more accountable to party leaders than their constituents.
Limited Political Choice: The law discriminates against independent members, disqualifying them immediately if they join a political party, while nominated members have a six-month grace period.
Partial Law: The law needs a more precise timeline for resolving defection cases. It allows large-group defections, fostering opportunistic mergers and “horse-trading”, destabilizing the political system.
Promotes Defection: It fails to address root causes like intra-party democracy, corruption, and electoral malpractices.
Recommendations on Reforming the Law
Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990):
Disqualification should be limited to cases of voluntarily giving up membership or voting/abstention contrary to the party direction only in specific motions.
Decision on disqualification should be made by the President or Governor based on the advice of the Election Commission.
Law Commission of India (2015):
Proposed shifting the power to decide disqualification petitions from the Presiding Officer to the President or Governor based on the advice of the Election Commission.
Supreme Court in K. M. Singh v. Speaker of Manipur (2020):
Recommended transferring the Speaker’s decision-making authority over disqualification petitions to an independent tribunal presided over by judges.
Committee Led by Rahul Narwekar:
Announced by Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla to review the nation’s anti-defection law.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to anti-defection law in India, consider the following statements:
The law specifies that a nominated legislator cannot join any political party within six months of being appointed to the House.
The law does not provide any time-frame within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[2013] The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Articles 370 and 35(A)
Why in the News?
The Prime Minister recalled the Parliament’s 5-year-old decision to abrogate Articles 370 and 35(A), calling it a watershed moment.
About Articles 370 and 35(A) of the Indian Constitution
[1] Article 370:
Description
Provision
Grants special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Nature
Initially intended as a temporary provision, subject to eventual change or abrogation.
Powers of State
Allowed J&K to have its own Constitution and autonomyover internal matters except defense, foreign affairs, finance, and communications.
Presidential Order
President of India could extend or modify the application of Indian laws to J&K with the concurrence of the state government.
Autonomy Details
Provides a degree of autonomy to the state and permits the state to give some special privileges to its “permanent residents”.
Emergency Provisions
Emergency provisions are not applicable to the state on the grounds of “internal disturbance” without the concurrence of the State.
State Boundaries
Name and boundaries of the State cannot be alteredwithout the consent of its legislature.
Separate Institutions
State has its own constitution, a separate flag, and a separate penal code (Ranbir Penal Code).
Assembly Duration
Duration of the state’s Assembly is 6 years, unlike five in the rest of India.
Parliamentary Jurisdiction
Indian Parliament can pass laws regarding J&K in the matters of defense, external affairs, and communication only.
Any other law formed by Union will only be applicable in J&K by presidential order if it concurs with the state assembly.
Abolishment Condition
President may, by public notification, declare that this Article shall cease to be operative but only on the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State.
Abolishment
In August 5, 2019, through a Presidential Order and a resolution passed by the Indian Parliament.
Impact of Abrogation
J&K’s special status was revoked.
It was reorganized into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.
[2] Article 35A:
Description
Provision
Empowers the J&K legislature to define permanent residents of the state and provide them with special rights and privileges.
Insertion
Added to the Constitution through a Presidential Order in 1954.
Permanent Residents
Defined by the state as those who were state subjects on May 14, 1954, or have been residents for 10 years, and lawfully acquired immovable property.
Special Rights
Permanent residents were given exclusive rights to employment under the state government, acquisition of immovable property in the state, and scholarships.
Constitutionality Debate
Debated on the grounds that it was not added via an amendment procedure.
Criticism
Criticized for being discriminatory and creating a sense of separation from the rest of India.
Revocation
Along with Article 370, Article 35A was effectively nullified on August 5, 2019.
PYQ:
[2016] To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss The future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Coastal Mission Scheme (NCM)
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has expanded the National Coastal Mission Scheme (NCM) to address the challenges posed by rising sea levels.
About National Coastal Mission Scheme (NCM)
The NCM was launched in July 2014.
It aims to address the climate change impact on coastal areas and ensure sustainable development of coastal regions.
It is part of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), focusing on sustainable development and climate resilience in coastal areas.
Key Areas:
Coastal protection
Conservation of coastal ecosystems
Development of sustainable livelihoods
Enhancing climate resilience
The MoEFCC, Government of India, is responsible for implementing the scheme.
Key Strategies
Coastal Protection: Construction and maintenance of coastal protection infrastructure to prevent erosion and manage coastal disasters.
Ecosystem Conservation: Conservation and restoration of mangroves, coral reefs, and other critical coastal ecosystems.
Sustainable Livelihoods: Promotion of sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities through skill development and capacity building.
Climate Resilience: Improving the resilience of coastal communities and infrastructure to climate change impacts.
Major Initiatives:
Management Action Plan on Conservation of Mangroves and Coral Reefs
Research & Development in Marine and Coastal ecosystem
Sustainable Development of Beaches under Beach Environment & Aesthetic Management Service
Capacity Building / Outreach Programme of Coastal States/UTs on conservation of marine and coastal ecosystem including beach cleaning drive.
PYQ:
[2022] Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard?
[2011] The 2004 Tsunami made people realize that mangroves can serve as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities. How do mangroves function as a safety hedge?
(a) The mangrove swamps separate the human settlements from the sea by a wide zone in which people neither live nor venture out.
(b) The mangroves provide both food and medicines which people are in need of after any natural disaster.
(c) The mangrove trees are tall with dense canopies and serve as an excellent shelter during a cyclone or tsunami.
(d) The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhoj Wetland
Why in the News?
The Madhya Pradesh State Wetland Authority has reported that Bhoj Wetland in Bhopal is not at risk of being removed from the Ramsar Convention List of important international wetlands.
About Bhoj Wetland
Bhoj Wetland is located in the center of Bhopal district in Madhya Pradesh.
The wetland includes two man-made lakes: the upper lake and the lower lake.
Since August 2002, they have been recognized as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.
The upper lake, created by King Bhoj in the 11th century, is one of the oldest large man-made lakes in central India.
It was formed by building an earthen dam across the Kolans River, which used to be a tributary of the HalaliRiver.
Now, the upper part of the Kolans River and the Bhojtal drain into the Kaliasot River through a diversion channel.
Bhadbhada Dam, built in 1965, controls the outflow to the Kaliasot River.
The lower lake was created in 1794 by Nawab ChhoteKhan to beautify the city.
It also has an earthen dam and drains into the Halali River through the lower part of the Kolans River, now called the Patra Drain.
Both the Kaliasot and Halali Rivers flow into the Betwa River.
Significance of Bhoj Wetland
The upper lake provides 40% of Bhopal’s drinking water, while the lower lake supplies raw water and enhances the city’s beauty.
It supports over 700 species of plants and animals, including zooplankton and phytoplankton.
Both lakes are rich in biodiversity, supporting various fish species, birds, insects, reptiles, and amphibians.
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following is an artificial lake?
The Central government is considering the legality of declaring the landslide a national disaster.
Wayanad Landslide: Destruction and Casualties
The landslide, triggered by heavy rain, devastated at least three villages.
Kerala’s official death toll stands at 221, with over 200 people still missing.
Rescue workers continue to retrieve bodies and body parts from the mud and debris.
Approximately 9,000 people displaced by the disaster have taken refuge in government-run relief camps in Wayanad.
Defining a Disaster:
A naturaldisaster includes natural events like earthquakes, floods, landslides, cyclones, tsunamis, urban floods, and heatwaves.
Man-made disasters can include nuclear, biological, and chemical incidents.
According to the Disaster Management Act, 2005, a disaster is defined as:
A catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or grave occurrence in any area arising from natural or man-made causes.
It results in substantial loss of life or human suffering, damage to or destruction of property, or environmental degradation.
The damage must be of such a nature or magnitude that it is beyond the coping capacity of the affected community.
Is there any provision to declare a ‘National Disaster/Calamity’?
There is NO provision under the existing guidelines to declare any disaster, including floods, as a national calamity.
The guidelinesdo NOT contemplate declaring a disaster as a National Calamity.
Attempts to Define National Calamity:
National Committee (2001):
Chaired by the then Prime Minister, the committee was tasked with defining parameters for a national calamity.
The committee did not suggest any fixed criteria for such a declaration.
10th Finance Commission (1995-2000):
It proposed that a disaster be termed “a national calamity of rarest severity” if it affects one-third of a state’s population.
It did not define “calamity of rare severity” but suggested that each case be adjudged individually.
Response to such calamities in India
When a calamity is declared as such, support is provided at the national level.
The Centre considers additional assistance from the NDRF.
A Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) is established, with the corpus shared 3:1 between the Centre and the state.
If resources in the CRF are insufficient, additional assistance is considered from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF), funded entirely by the Centre.
Relief measures can include the repayment of loans or the provision of fresh loans to affected individuals on concessional terms.
PYQ:
[2020] Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.
[2019] Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS SHALKI
Why in the News?
Indian Navy’s submarine INS Shalki, recently docked at Colombo Port on its two day visit to Sri Lanka.
This visit comes against the backdrop of China’s persistent attempts to enhance its strategic and military influence over the island nation.
About INS SHALKI
INS Shalki is a Shishumar classdiesel-electric submarine, commissioned into the Indian Navy on 07 Feb 1992.
Shishumar class submarines are an Indian variant of the Type 209 submarines developed by the German yard Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft under the internal designation “Type 1500”.
This is the first ever submarine to be built in India.
It was constructed under licence by the Mazgaon Dock Limited, Mumbai.
Significance of Sri Lanka Visit
India sends submarines to a handful of countries with whom it has close defence and strategic ties.
This is the third submarine to visit SriLanka after the visit of INS Vagir and INS Karanj in June 2023 and February 2024, respectively.
India has been expanding its defence and strategic ties with Sri Lanka amid concerns over China’s attempts to increase its military presence in the Indian Ocean.
Countering Chinese presence:
The docking of the Chinese missile and satellite tracking ship ‘Yuan Wang’ at Hambantota port in August 2022 had triggered a diplomatic row between India and Sri Lanka.
Another Chinese warship docked at the Colombo port in August last year.
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), PrecivityAD2 Test
Why in the News?
Researchers in Sweden have developed a new blood test, PrecivityAD2, which is about 90% accurate in identifying Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in people experiencing cognitive symptoms.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)?
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia (loss of memory and cognitive abilities).
It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment.
Alzheimer’s disease involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.
Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.
Memory loss and confusion are the main symptoms.
No cure exists, but medication and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms.
How PrecivityAD2 Testworks?
The test measures a combination of two ratios within a blood sample:
Plasma Phosphorylated-tau217 (p-tau217) to Not-Phosphorylated-tau21: The test measures the ratio of p-tau217 to non-phosphorylated tau21. Tau proteins are associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, a hallmark of AD.
Amyloid-beta (AB42 and AB40): The test also measures the ratio of two types of amyloid-beta proteins, AB42 and AB40. Amyloid plaques are another key pathological feature of AD.
Both tau and amyloid-beta proteins are considered pathological hallmarksof AD.
Benefits of PrecivityAD2
Early Detection: PrecivityAD2 can diagnose AD at the early stage of mild cognitive impairment, enabling timely intervention and management.
Accurate Identification: With an accuracy rate of around 90%, the test provides reliable results, reducing the chances of misdiagnosis.
Non-Invasive: Unlike current diagnostic methods that involve complex PET scans or lumbar punctures, PrecivityAD2 requires only a simple blood draw.
Cost-Effective: The test is expected to be more affordable compared to expensive PET scans and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, making AD diagnosis more accessible.
Ease of Use: The blood test simplifies the diagnostic process, making it easier for primary care physicians to screen for AD.
Wider Reach: By reducing the complexity and cost of diagnosis, more patients can be tested, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Significance of the Test
Standard of Care: PrecivityAD2 has the potential to become the standard first-line test for AD diagnosis, replacing more invasive and costly methods.
Support for Early Intervention: Early and accurate diagnosis allows for timely intervention, which is crucial for managing AD and improving patient outcomes.
Reduction in Misdiagnosis: The test’s high accuracy rate can help reduce the rates of misdiagnosis, particularly in primary care settings.
Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease in India:
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are significant public health concerns in India with a rapidly increasing prevalence rate.
According to CSIR-NIScPR, in 2019, there were 37 lakhactive cases of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.
By 2050, dementia cases in India could exceed 11 crore as per projections from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBDS).
The burden of non-communicable neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s, more than doubled between 1990 and 2019.
Feasibility for India:
In India, the current diagnostic tools for Alzheimer’s disease primarily include MRI and regular PET scans.
Advanced diagnostic tools like amyloid or Tau PET scans are not yet commercially available.
The introduction of PrecivityAD2 in India will require approval from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and other relevant regulatory bodies.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Schemes mentioned in the newscard
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
For better implementation and efficient monitoring, all schemes implemented by the Ministry for the betterment of children have been consolidated into 3 verticals:
These verticals aim to improve nutrition and health indicators, ensure safety and empowerment of women, and provide protection and welfare for children in difficult circumstances.
The Anganwadi Services Scheme, POSHAN Abhiyaan, and Scheme for Adolescent Girls have been reorganized into three primary sub-verticals:
Nutrition Support: For POSHAN and Adolescent Girls.
Early Childhood Care and Education: Targeting children aged 3-6 years.
Anganwadi Infrastructure: Upgrading and modernizing Saksham Anganwadis.
Key Features:
Fortified rice supplied to Anganwadi Centres to meet micronutrient requirements and control anemia among children.
Emphasis on the use of millets for Hot Cooked Meals at least once a week and Take Home Ration (THR) at Anganwadi centers.
[2] Mission Shakti
Sambal: Focuses on the safety and security of women.
Includes schemes like One Stop Centres (OSC), Women Helpline (181-WHL), and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP).
Samarthya: Aims at the empowerment of women.
Encompasses schemes like Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh (renamed as Shakti Sadan), Working Women Hostel (renamed as Sakhi Niwas), National Hub for Empowerment of Women (NHEW), and National Creche Scheme (renamed as Palna).
[3] Mission Vatsalya
Objective: To provide better outreach and protection for children in need of care in a mission mode.
Goals:
Support and sustain children in difficult circumstances.
Develop context-based solutions for the holistic development of children from varied backgrounds.
Encourage innovative solutions through green field projects.
Facilitate convergent action by gap funding if required.
PYQ:
[2016] Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’?
1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vadhavan Port
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways has approved the project proposal for setting up a Major Port at Vadhavan, Palghar District of Maharashtra.
About Vadhavan Port Project
The project involves the development of core infrastructure, terminals, and other commercial infrastructure through a public-private partnership (PPP) mode.
The shareholding for the project is divided between the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (74%) and the Maharashtra Maritime Board (26%).
The project aims to create a total capacity of 298 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).
The port will accommodate mainline mega vessels operating on international shipping routes connecting the Far East, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and America.
Existing Major Ports in India
India has 12 Major Ports: Chennai, Cochin, Deendayal (Kandla), Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhava Sheva), Kolkata, Mormugao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin), Visakhapatnam, and Kamarajar Port Limited.
Private Sector participation is allowed in Major Ports for specific projects/berths/terminals through concession agreements for a specific period via open competitive bidding on revenue share/royalty between the Concessionaire and the Major Port Authority.
After the expiry of the concession period, the asset is handed over to the Port Authority.
Significance of Major Ports
Major ports play a critical role in facilitating international trade and commerce.
They serve as gateways for the import and export of goods, significantly contributing to the country’s economy.
Ports generate substantial revenue for the government through customs duties, port fees, and other related charges.
Ports facilitate international collaboration and partnerships, enhancing diplomatic and trade relations with other countries.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FCI, Open Market Sale Scheme
Why in the News?
The Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister announced that States can now directly purchase rice from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) under the Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) without participating in e-auctions.
Key Announcements:
Direct Rice Purchase of Rice by the States:
States can procure rice directly from FCI at ₹2,800 per quintal (excluding transportation cost), down from the earlier rate of ₹2,900 per quintal.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAI, BCCI
Why in the News?
The Health Ministry has requested the Sports Authority of India (SAI) and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to implement measures to prevent surrogate advertisements of tobacco and alcoholrelated products by sportspersons.
AboutSports Authority of India (SAI)
Details
Establishment
Founded in 1984 by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India
Headquarters
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Complex, New Delhi, India
Objectives
Promote sports and physical education
Develop sports infrastructure
Identify and nurture sports talent
Conduct coaching and training programs
Key Programs
National Sports Talent Contest Scheme (NSTC)
Special Area Games (SAG)
SAI Training Centres (STC)
Centres of Excellence (COE)
National Sports Academies (NSA)
Major Facilities
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi
Indira Gandhi Stadium Complex, New Delhi
Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, New Delhi
Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (NSNIS), Patiala
Notable Initiatives
Khelo India Program
Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS)
Mission Olympic Cell (MOC)
About Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)
Details
Establishment
Founded in December 1928
Headquarters
Cricket Centre, Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India
Objectives
Promote and develop cricket in India
Organize domestic and international cricket matches
Identify and nurture cricket talent
Maintain cricket infrastructure and facilities
Key Responsibilities
Selection of national cricket teams (men’s, women’s, and junior)
Organization of domestic cricket tournaments
Administration of Indian Premier League (IPL)
Conducting training and coaching programs
Major Tournaments
Indian Premier League (IPL)
Ranji Trophy
Vijay Hazare Trophy
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
Duleep Trophy
Irani Cup
Funding and Support
Funded through sponsorships, broadcasting rights, and match revenues
Provides financial assistance and contracts to cricketers
Reforms
Justice Lodha Committee: Result of the report submitted by the Justice Mukul Mudgal Committee after an investigation into the 2013 IPL betting scandal.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship:
1. The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won.
2. New Zealand was ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rashtriya Gokul Mission and its Components
Why in the News?
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying is implementing the Rashtriya Gokul Mission.
The mission aims to develop and conserve indigenous bovine breeds, genetically upgrade the bovine population, and enhance milk production and productivity.
AboutRashtriya Gokul Mission:
Details
About
Initiated in December 2014.
Announced under the National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development during the 12th Five Year Plan.
Continued under Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana (2021-2026) with a budget of Rs. 2400 crore.
Nodal Ministry
Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying
Objectives
Enhance productivity of bovines and increase sustainable milk production using advanced technologies.
Propagate the use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding.
Expand artificial insemination coverage by strengthening the breeding network and delivering services at farmers’ doorsteps.
Promote scientific and holistic conservation of indigenous cattle and buffalo rearing.
Significance
Increased productivity, benefiting all cattle and buffaloes in India, with a focus on small and marginal farmers.
Empowers women, who perform over 70% of livestock farming tasks.
Components
Availability of High Genetic Merit Germplasm
Extension of Artificial Insemination Network
Development and Conservation of Indigenous Breeds
Skill Development
Farmers’ Awareness
Research, Development, and Innovation in Bovine Breeding
Implementing Agency
State Implementing Agency (SIA) viz. Livestock Development Boards
Significant Initiatives
Gopal Ratna Awards: For farmers maintaining the best herd of Indigenous Breed and practicing best management practices.
Kamdhenu Awards: For best-managed Indigenous herd by Institutions/Trusts/ NGOs/ Gaushalas or best-managed Breeders’ societies.
Gokul Grams: Integrated cattle development centers focusing on promoting indigenous cattle rearing and conservation in a scientific manner.
National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre (NKBC): Centre of Excellence for the holistic and scientific development and conservation of Indigenous Breeds.
E-Pashu Haat: Web portal providing information on pet cattle and facilitating trading of bovine animals.
Nakul Prajnan Bazaar: E-market portal connecting breeders and farmers for quality, disease-free bovine germplasm.
Pashu Sanjivni: Animal wellness program providing animal health cards and unique identification, uploading data on the National Database.
Advanced Reproductive Technology (ART): Includes Assisted Reproductive Technique- IVF/Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) and sex-sorted semen technique.
National Bovine Genomic Center for Indigenous Breeds (NBGC-IB): To be established for selecting breeding bulls of high genetic merit at a young age using highly precise gene-based technology.
Key Initiatives for Artificial Insemination:
Multi-Purpose Artificial Insemination Technicians in Rural India (MAITRI): This initiative provides trained manpower for delivering quality artificial insemination services at farmers’ doorsteps.
Nationwide Artificial Insemination Programme: This programme extends artificial insemination coverage among bovines using semen from high genetic merit bulls of indigenous breeds.
Induction of High Genetic Merit Bulls: This program produces bulls with known genetic potential through progeny testing and pedigree selection, supplying these bulls to semen stations for quality semen dose production.
Strengthening of Semen Stations: Efforts are made to improve the quality of semen production by formulating minimum standard protocols and establishing a Central Monitoring Unit for evaluation and grading of semen stations.
Breed Purity Tests: To protect indigenous breeds from indiscriminate breeding, breed purity tests are conducted for all imported germplasm.
Guidelines for Import and Export of Bovine Germplasm: The Department has formulated guidelines to regulate the import of germplasm and prevent the ingress of exotic diseases, ensuring the safety and purity of bovine genetics within the country.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following crops of India:
Cowpea
Green gram
Pigeon pea
Which of the above is/are used as pulse, fodder and green manure?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Udham Singh
Why in the News?
On July 31, 1940, Indian revolutionary leader Udham Singh was executed at the Pentonville prison in London for killing Michael O’Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of Punjab.
Singh was born in Sunam in Punjab’s Sangrur district in 1899.
Political Activism
Became associated with the Ghadar Party while in the US, which was founded by Sohan Singh Bhakna in 1913 and headquartered in California.
Purpose and Actions
In 1934, Singh travelled to London to assassinate Michael O’Dwyer, the former Lieutenant Governor of Punjab during the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Reason for Targeting O’Dwyer
O’Dwyer had ordered Brigadier Reginald Dyer to Amritsar before the massacre, fearing a second Indian mutiny due to Hindu-Muslim unity and demonstrations.
Assassination of O’Dwyer
On March 13, 1940, Singh shot O’Dwyer at a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Arrest and Execution
Arrested immediately, held in Brixton prison, sentenced to death, and hanged on July 31, 1940, at Pentonville Prison.
Legacy and Recognition
Regarded as a hero for avenging the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Gandhi termed it an “act of insanity”.
He symbolized Hindu-Sikh-Muslim unity by adopting the name ‘RamMohamed Singh Azad’ during his trial.
Posthumous Honors
His remains were returned to India in 1974 and cremated in his village in Sunam.
His statue was installed at Jallianwala Bagh in 2018;
Udham Singh Nagar district in Uttarakhand is named after him.
PYQ:
[2014] The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a:
(a) Revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco.
(b) Nationalist organization operating from Singapore
(c) Militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
(d) Communist movement for India’s freedom with head-quarters at Tashkent
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Endogenous Retroviruses and their significance in human evolution
Why in the News?
Research suggests that around 8% of the human genome is composed of Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) often referred to as ‘zombie’ regions.
Retroviruses and Human Genome Integration
Most viruses can’t affect the human genome, but retroviruses are an exception.
Retroviruses can integrate and reshape the genomes of their hosts.
They have an RNA genome and can reverse-transcribe it to DNA, inserting it into the host’s genome.
This process is facilitated by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1971, this enzyme converts the virus’s RNA into a corresponding DNA sequence.
Historical Discoveries:
Viral causes of cancer were known even before the mechanism was understood.
In 1908, Oluf Bang and Vilhelm Ellermann discovered the viral cause of chicken leukosis.
In 1957, Ludwik Gross isolated a leukaemia-causing virus in mice.
What are Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs)?
ERVs are remnants of ancient viral infections that have integrated into the genome of the host species.
When these retroviruses infect germ cells (sperm or egg cells), their genetic material can be passed down to the next generation, becoming a permanent part of the host’s DNA.
Zombie Regions:
They refer to inactive viral sequences within the genomethat no longer produce functional viruses but remain as embedded genetic fossils.
These regions are a result of retrovirus integration that has lost its ability to replicate and produce proteins, yet they persist in the host’s DNA.
Evolutionary Significance of ERVs:
In the life cycle of a retrovirus, reverse-transcribed DNA is integrated into the host’s DNA with the help of integrase.
The viral DNA, called a provirus, hijacks human cells, turning them into virus-making factories.
Over tens of thousands of years, many retroviruses have left genomic elementsin human genome, contributing to evolutionary processes.
Example:
Syncytins are genes thought to have descended from ERVs and are crucial for placental development. These genes originally came from viruses and were acquired during mammalian evolution.
Their Contribution to Human Biology
ERVs are highly expressed in the placenta and may influence conditions like preeclampsia.
Researchers found that a particular RNA derived from an ERV is dysregulated in early-onset preeclampsia, suggesting it could be used as a biomarker for the condition.
ERVs play a role in cell-type differentiationduringembryo development.
A protein called MERVL-gag is derived from an ERV. This transition is crucial for producing pluripotent stem cells capable of forming different cell types.
Researchers also found that a human ERV element LTR10affects tumour formation in colorectal cancer.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements :
1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes.
2. Common cold is sometime caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Types of derivatives
Mains level: Measures taken by SEBI related to derivatives
Why in the news?
SEBI has proposed a series of measures tocurb speculative trading in the index derivatives segment due to concerns over the exponential increase in trading volumes in futures and options, especially among individual investors.
What are the different types of derivatives?
Note: Derivatives are financial contracts deriving their value from an underlying asset such as stocks, commodities, or currencies.
Futures:
Futures are standardized contracts obligating the buyer to purchase an underlying asset (such as stocks, commodities, or currencies) at a predetermined price on a specified future date. They are traded on exchanges, with daily settlements based on market price changes.
Futures contracts have margin requirements and are marked to market daily, ensuring liquidity and reducing credit risk.
Options:
Options give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time frame. Unlike futures, options are not obligatory; the buyer can choose whether to exercise the option.
Options can be traded on exchanges or over-the-counter (OTC) and require the payment of a premium by the buyer.
Forwards:
Forward contracts are similar to futures but are privately negotiated agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date and price. They are customizable and traded over the counter, which allows for flexibility but introduces counterparty risk.
Settlement occurs at the maturity date, and forward contracts do not have standardization like futures.
Swaps:
Swaps involve the exchange of cash flows or financial instruments between two parties, often based on interest rates or currencies. Common types include interest rate swaps and currency swaps, which allow participants to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations or gain access to different currencies.
Swaps are typically traded over the counter and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of the parties involved.
What measures have the SEBI proposed?
Increase in minimum contract size for index derivatives from Rs 5-10 lakh to Rs 15-20 lakh, which can be further increased to Rs 20-30 lakh after six months.
Upfront collection of option premiums by brokers from clients.
Intraday monitoring of position limits for index derivative contracts by Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs).
Providing only one weekly options contract on a single benchmark index of an exchange.
Removal of calendar spread benefits on the expiry day for positions involving any of the contracts expiring on the same day.
Rationalisation of options strikes, with a uniform interval up to a fixed coverage of 4% near the prevailing index price and an increased interval as the strikes move away from the prevailing price.
Increasing margins on the expiry day and the previous day to address the issue of high implicit leverage in options contracts near expiry.
Why have these measures been proposed?
The measures aim to enhance investor protection and promote market stability in the derivative markets, amidst concerns about an exponential rise in the volume of trade in the futures and options (F&O) segment, particularly by individual investors.
In the Union Budget 2024-25, the Securities Transaction Tax (STT) on F&O of securities was doubled to 0.02% and 0.1%, respectively, effective October 1, 2024.
Data shows that in FY 2023-24, 92.50 lakh unique individuals and proprietorship firms traded in the NSE index derivatives segment and cumulatively incurred a trading loss of Rs 51,689 crore, with only 14.22 lakh investors (about 15%) making a net profit.
Way forward:
Enhancing Investor Education and Awareness: To mitigate the risks associated with speculative trading in index derivatives, it is essential to implement comprehensive investor education programs.
Strengthening Regulatory Oversight and Compliance: SEBI should enhance its regulatory framework by implementing robust monitoring systems that ensure compliance with the proposed measures.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)
Why in the News?
The NPPA monitors the prices of scheduled as well as non-scheduled medicines under Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013 (DPCO, 2013), informed the Union Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilizers.
What are Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Formulations?
[A] Scheduled Formulations:
Defined as formulations listed in Schedule-I of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013 (DPCO, 2013).
Ceiling prices of these formulations are revised annually based on the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) for the preceding calendar year.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) is responsible for revising and notifying these prices.
[B] Non-Scheduled Formulations:
Defined as formulations not included in Schedule-I of the DPCO, 2013.
Prices of these formulations can be increased by manufacturers, but the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) cannot be increased by more than 10% during the preceding 12 months.
NPPA also monitors the prices of non-scheduled formulations to ensure compliance.
Action is taken against companies selling formulations at prices higher than permissible, and overcharged amounts are recovered.
About National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)
NPPA was set up as an independent regulator on August 29, 1997, for drug pricing and ensuring affordable access to medicines.
It is an attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.
NPPA is not a Statutory or Constitutional Body.
It is responsible for implementing and enforcing the provisions of the DPCO.
Functions of NPPA:
Fixation and revision of prices of ‘Scheduled’ drugs under Drug (Price Control) Orders.
Scheduled drugs (15% of the pharma market) are allowed an increase based on WPI.
Non-scheduled drugs (85% of the pharma market) are allowed an automatic 10% increase annually.
Monitoring and enforcement of drug prices.
Ensuring availability and accessibility of all medicines and medical devices, including non-scheduled drugs.
Undertaking or sponsoringstudies on drug pricing.
Collecting and maintaining data on production, exports, imports, market share, and profitability of pharmaceutical companies.
Advising the Central Government on changes or revisions in drug policy.
Back2Basics:Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO)
The DPCO is an order issued by the Government of India under Sec. 3 of Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate the prices of drugs.
The Order provides the list of price controlled drugs, procedures for fixation of prices of drugs, method of implementation of prices fixed by Govt., penalties for contravention of provisions etc.
Under the provisions of DPCO 2013, only the prices of drugs that figure in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) are monitored and controlled by the regulator, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority.
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the majority of the population.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
