Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hindu Kush Himalayas
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) called for ‘bold action’ and ‘urgent finance’ to prevent collapse of Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH).
About Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH)
|
Description |
| Geographic Location |
South Asia, spanning Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. |
| Area |
Approximately 3,500,000 square kilometers |
| “Water Tower of Asia” |
At least 12 rivers fan out in every direction across the Asian continent from it, including:
– Syr Darya and Amu Darya towards the now-dead Aral Sea
– Tarim toward the Taklamakan
– Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra towards the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
– Yellow river towards the Gulf of Bohai
– Yangtze towards the East China Sea
– Mekong towards the South China Sea
– Chindwin, Salween, and Irrawaddy towards the Andaman Sea |
| Glaciers |
Home to thousands of glaciers, including Mount Everest and K2. |
A Region on the Brink
- Biodiversity Hotspot: The HKH region, characterized by its remarkable biodiversity, is described as a ‘biosphere on the brink’ by experts.
- Scope of Crisis: The speed and scale of habitat and nature loss in the HKH region are deemed ‘catastrophic,’ and urgent action is required.
Alarming Statistics
- Biodiversity Richness: The HKH region boasts four of the world’s 36 global biodiversity hotspots, 575 Protected Areas, and 335 important bird areas.
- Biodiversity Loss: Despite conservation efforts, the region has witnessed the loss of 70% of its original biodiversity over the last century.
- Human Dependence: 85% of mountain communities in the HKH region rely on this biodiversity for food, water, flood control, and cultural identity.
- Population Pressure: With 241 million people residing in the HKH region, 31% face food insecurity, and half experience various forms of malnutrition.
Human Impact
- Threat to Humanity: The declining nature in the HKH region now endangers not only animal and plant life but also human societies.
- Water Tower of Asia: This region, known as the ‘Water Tower of Asia,’ supplies essential ecosystem services, including clean water for one-third of the global population.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Floor Test, No confidence Motion
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The new government has won the trust vote on the floor of the Jharkhand Assembly. A floor test serves as a pivotal check to determine if the executive enjoys the confidence of the legislature.
What is Floor Test?
- Definition: A floor test is a constitutional measure employed to ascertain whether the Chief Minister, appointed by the Governor, commands the majority support of the Legislative Assembly.
- Governor’s Role: The Governor appoints the CM, typically from the party securing the majority of seats in the Assembly.
- Voting of Confidence: If the majority is challenged or questioned, the Chief Minister must seek a vote of confidence to prove the majority among the members present and voting.
- Consequences of Failure: Failure to secure the majority in the floor test necessitates the resignation of the Chief Minister.
- Application: Floor tests are conducted both in the Parliament and state legislative assemblies. They are also utilized in cases of disputes within coalition governments.
Postponement of Floor Tests
- Legal Precedent: Recent Supreme Court rulings have clarified that floor tests need not be postponed even if the decision on the disqualification of rebel members is pending.
- Shivraj Singh Chouhan v/s Speaker Case: The 2020 case involving Shivraj Singh Chouhan established this principle.
- Discretion in Special Cases: In exceptional situations with no clear majority, the Governor can use discretion to expedite the selection of the Chief Ministerial candidate for a floor test.
Composite Floor Test
- Multiple Claimants: When multiple individuals stake a claim to form the government, a Composite Floor Test is conducted.
- Majority Determination: In cases where the majority is unclear, a special session is convened to ascertain the majority.
- Counting the Majority: Majority is determined based on those present and voting. Voting can occur through voice votes or division voting, involving electronic gadgets, ballots, or slips.
- Speaker’s Vote: In case of a tie, the Speaker may cast the deciding vote.
Challenges with the Floor Test
- Luring of MLAs: In some instances, ruling party MLAs may be lured with rewards or incentives, undermining the constitutionality and fairness of the floor test.
- Constitutional and Moral Implications: Such actions are seen as constitutionally immoral and unjust, as they circumvent the Tenth Schedule through engineered defections using the judicial process.
Back2Basics: No Confidence Motion
- Rule 198 of Lok Sabha: The process for a No Confidence Motion is explained under this rule in the Lok Sabha.
- Constitutional provisions: While the Constitution does NOT mention the terms ‘No Confidence Motion’ or ‘floor test,’ Articles 75 and 164 establish the collective responsibility of the executive to their respective legislatures.
- Procedure: Any Opposition member can move a no-confidence motion, which requires the backing of at least 50 members for acceptance.
- Discussion Period: The Speaker announces a date for discussion, which must occur within 10 days from the date of acceptance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cabbage Mutation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- A recent paper sheds light on the remarkable ability to induce sterility in a diverse range of plants, including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, tomato, and rice. This sterility is achieved through a minute genetic deletion.
- This deletion holds the promise of significantly boosting crop yields through a phenomenon known as heterosis.
Unveiling Genetics
- DNA Structure: DNA consists of two long strands, each comprising four nucleotide bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). These bases form pairs (A-T and G-C) held together by hydrogen bonds.
- Genome Organization: The cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea) genome contains approximately 1.06 billion base pairs distributed across 18 chromosomes. Each chromosome pair, derived from pollen and egg, shares a mostly identical sequence.
- Role of Genes: Genes are well-defined DNA sequences, typically spanning a few thousand base pairs. When expressed, a gene’s segment is transcribed into RNA, which serves as the blueprint for protein synthesis.
- Protein Production: RNA is processed by cellular machinery called ribosomes, directing the assembly of amino acids into proteins.
Role of Sterility in Hybrid Vigor
- Discovery of Ms-cd1: Around 44 years ago, a cabbage plant with a natural mutation known as Ms-cd1 was identified. This mutation rendered the plant male-sterile, with a crucial twist: the eggs of the mutant plant could still be fertilized by pollen from normal plants, yielding normal seeds.
- Hybrid Seeds: All seeds from mutant plants resulted from out-crossing, where eggs were fertilized by pollen from different strains. Such hybrid seeds, also called out-cross seeds, give rise to more robust plants with enhanced vigor, known as heterosis.
- Dominant Mutation: The Ms-cd1 mutation was found to be dominant, meaning its presence in just one chromosome of the pair caused male sterility, regardless of the other chromosome’s status.
- Recessive Mutations: The researchers demonstrated that mutations in both copies of the Ms-cd1 gene were necessary for male fertility. In such cases, the mutations became recessive.
Crucial Missing Base-Pair
- Genetic Mapping: Through genetic mapping, researchers identified a crucial distinction between the mutated and non-mutated Ms-cd1 genes: the mutated gene lacked a single DNA base pair in its promoter region.
- Promoter’s Role: The promoter sequence binds to regulatory proteins that control when and in which cells a gene is transcribed into RNA.
- ERF Binding: In the mutated gene, this missing base-pair disrupted its binding to the regulatory protein ERF, allowing the Ms-cd1 gene to remain expressed, leading to male sterility.
- Fine-Tuning of Protein Levels: Proper pollen development depends on a precise balance of Ms-cd1 protein levels, with ERF binding regulating its expression at different stages of development.
Extending the Discovery
- Cross-Species Applicability: The dominant mutant gene was introduced into other plant species, including rice, tomato, and arabidopsis. In all cases, the recipient plants exhibited pollen developmental disruptions.
- A Promising Tool: The genetic deletion of a single base-pair emerges as a powerful tool to produce hybrid seeds, not only in cabbage but also in various other crops.
- Implications for Agriculture: This breakthrough offers the potential to harness heterosis and enhance crop yields across plant species, addressing global food security challenges.
Conclusion
- The genetic deletion that induces male sterility in plants represents a remarkable stride in agricultural science, offering the prospect of abundant harvests through hybrid seeds.
- This discovery opens new doors for sustainable agriculture and reinforces the critical role of genetic research in addressing the world’s growing food demands.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ergosphere
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Rotating black holes, also known as Kerr black holes, possess a fascinating region called the ergosphere, which sets them apart from their non-rotating counterparts.
Formation of Black Holes
- Origin: Black holes are born from massive stars that exhaust their nuclear fuel and undergo a supernova explosion. The remaining core collapses under its own gravitational force, forming a black hole.
- Gravitational Singularity: At the core of a black hole lies a gravitational singularity, a point where the laws of general relativity cease to provide accurate predictions.
- Event Horizon: Surrounding the singularity is the event horizon, a boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It acts as a point of no return for anything entering it.
What is Ergosphere?
- Ergosphere Description: Beyond the event horizon, rotating black holes feature another unique region known as the ergosphere. This region extends further out from the singularity, creating an additional sphere around the black hole.
- Name Origins: The term ‘ergosphere’ finds its roots in the Greek word ‘ergon,’ which means ‘work.’ It earned this name due to the intriguing possibility it offers – the extraction of matter and energy from this region.
Characteristics of the Ergosphere
- Intriguing Property: Unlike the event horizon, objects can enter the ergosphere and potentially escape from it, provided they move at speeds less than that of light.
- Acceleration Potential: Some scientists have explored the idea of sending objects into the ergosphere to leverage their unique characteristics. Objects within the ergosphere can gain energy and momentum, effectively “borrowing” some of the black hole’s angular momentum.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalaripayattu
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The introduction of Kalaripayattu, a southern Indian martial arts form, into the Khelo India games in 2021 has led to its growing popularity among boys and girls in Haryana.
About Kalaripayattu
- Originates from ancient knowledge of the human body.
- Originated in Kerala during the 3rd century BC, lasting until the 2nd century AD; currently practiced in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Practiced in a ‘Kalari’, a term in Malayalam indicating a gymnasium or a symbolic battlefield.
- The term ‘Kalari’ appears in Tamil Sangam literature, denoting both a battlefield and a combat arena.
- Considered one of the oldest martial arts in the world.
- Known as the precursor to modern Kung Fu, often referred to as the “Father of Modern Kung Fu.”
- Integrates Hindu rituals and philosophies, alongside medicinal practices derived from Ayurveda.
- Incorporates elements from yoga and finger movements from Nata dances.
Weapons used:
Weapons are categorized into four groups:
- Cutting, Slicing, and Piercing: Swords and daggers.
- Pole Weapons: Spears and axes.
- Bludgeoning Instruments: Sticks and maces.
- Projectiles: Arrows, discuses, catapults, boomerangs, and other hand-thrown weapons.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Places of Worship Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, has once again come into focus due to ongoing civil suits challenging the religious character of mosques in Varanasi and Mathura.
Enactment of the Places of Worship Act
- Background: The Act was enacted in September 1991, during the Babri-Masjid Ram Janmabhoomi dispute, to address issues related to the status of places of worship.
- Objectives: It aimed to freeze the religious character of places of worship as it existed on August 15, 1947, and prevent the conversion of places of worship from one denomination to another.
Key Provisions of the Act
- Continuity of Religious Character: The Act ensures that the religious character of a place of worship remains unchanged from its status on August 15, 1947.
- Prohibition on Conversion: It prohibits the conversion of a place of worship of any religious denomination into one of a different denomination.
- Abatement of Pending Cases: All pending legal proceedings regarding the conversion of a place of worship, initiated before August 15, 1947, would abate upon the Act coming into force, and no new proceedings can be initiated.
Exceptions to the Rule
- Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites: The Act does not apply to ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
- Settled Disputes: It does not apply to suits that were already settled or disposed of or to conversions by acquiescence.
Status of Ongoing Cases on the Gyanvapi Mosque
- Current Litigation: Ongoing civil suits in Varanasi involve claims by Hindu worshippers asserting their right to worship deities within the Gyanvapi mosque premises.
- Basis for Suits: The Hindu side claims that an old temple of Lord Vishweshwar existed at the center of the mosque compound, demolished by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1669.
- Court Orders: Court orders have favored the position that these suits are not barred by the Places of Worship Act. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) conducted a survey that reported the existence of a temple before the mosque.
Implications of the Act in the Mathura Dispute
- Shahi Idgah Mosque: Civil suits in Mathura pertain to the Shahi Idgah mosque near the Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple, with claims that it was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace.
- Challenging Compromise: The suits challenge a compromise reached in 1968 between Sri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan and the Shahi Idgah Trust. The Allahabad High Court has transferred all Mathura dispute suits to itself.
- Act’s Applicability: Court decisions have held that the Act does not bar these suits. In the Mathura dispute, the Act is not applicable as the compromise decree predates its enactment.
Conclusion
- The Places of Worship Act, enacted to freeze the status of places of worship, is facing challenges in ongoing disputes, particularly in Varanasi and Mathura.
- Courts have ruled that the Act does not prohibit these suits, emphasizing the need for a case-by-case examination to determine religious character.
- These developments underscore the complexities and legal interpretations surrounding the Act’s application in the context of evolving disputes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rare Dusted Apollo Butterfly
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In a remarkable discovery, the elusive Dusted Apollo butterfly (Parnassius stenosemus) was sighted and photographed for the first time in Himachal Pradesh.
Dusted Apollo
- Historical Rarity: Dusted Apollo is a rare high-altitude butterfly, initially discovered in 1890.
- Sighting Details: The butterfly was spotted and photographed in September 2023 during a trek to Manimahesh Lake in Chamba.
- Wide Range: The Dusted Apollo’s distribution extends from Ladakh to West Nepal.
- Altitude Preference: This unique butterfly thrives at altitudes ranging from 3,500 to 4,800 meters in the inner Himalayas.
- Comparing Species: Dusted Apollo closely resembles Ladakh Banded Apollo (Parnnasius stoliczkanus) but exhibits distinct features.
Implications for Conservation
- Rare Find: Dusted Apollo had never been photographed in Himachal Pradesh before.
- Additional Discovery: Another rare species, Regal Apollo (Parnnasius charltonius), was also photographed at Manimahesh, protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- Commercial Significance: Apollo butterflies are commercially valuable and are targeted by poachers, emphasizing the need for conservation.
- Endangered Species: Many Apollo butterfly species are endangered and require immediate conservation efforts.
- Community Awareness: Raising awareness about poaching and the significance of these species is vital for their protection.
- Conservation Measures: Suggested measures include establishing butterfly parks and conservation reserves in the state to safeguard these fragile creatures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Buffalo and bulbul fights
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Assam government’s bid to revive traditional ‘Moh-Juj’ buffalo and bulbul (songbird) fighting during Magh Bihu has encountered a legal challenge from People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in the Gauhati High Court.
- PETA India seeks to ban these activities.
Buffalo and bulbul fights: Age-Old Tradition
- Folk Culture: Buffalo and bulbul fights are part of the folk culture during the Assamese winter harvest festival of Magh Bihu.
- Location: Buffalo fights are prominent in places like Ahatguri in Nagaon district, while bulbul fights are held at the Hayagriv Madhab Mandir in Hajo.
- Religious Significance: Bulbul fights are tied to religion, involving rituals, lamps, and offerings to Lord Vishnu.
- Historical Legacy: The practice has roots in the traditions of the Ahom rulers.
Discontinuation after SC Ruling
- Supreme Court’s Intervention: The fights were discontinued after the Supreme Court’s 2014 judgment banned the use of bulls as performing animals in events like jallikattu.
- Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI): Following the SC ruling, the AWBI urged the Assam government to stop animal and bird fights during Bihu celebrations.
- Resistance: Despite the prohibition, some continued to hold buffalo fights in defiance, leading to legal challenges.
Revival Efforts after SC Clears Path
- SC Ruling in 2021: The Supreme Court overturned its 2014 judgment, allowing states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to conduct traditional events involving bulls and animals.
- Assam Government’s SOPs: The Assam Cabinet approved Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for buffalo and bulbul fights without deliberate cruelty.
- Guidelines: SOPs permit fights in traditional locations, set specific dates, forbid harm to animals, and ban the use of intoxicating substances.
- Revival: Buffalo and bulbul fights were resumed in Magh Bihu, with Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma supporting the revival as part of Assam’s Bihu traditions.
PETA’s Legal Challenge
- PETA’s Petitions: PETA India filed petitions in the Gauhati High Court seeking a ban on both activities and an interim stay during the proceedings.
- Allegations: PETA claimed that buffalo owners instigated fights through slapping, shoving, and using wooden sticks, resulting in injuries. Bulbuls were allegedly captured and forced to fight.
- Court’s Response: The court heard PETA’s application and noted that organizing buffalo fights beyond January 25 violates government guidelines. It instructed the petitioners to inform the relevant authorities to prevent the event in violation of SOPs.
Conclusion
- The legal battle over the revival of traditional animal fights in Assam reflects the clash between cultural traditions, religious significance, and animal welfare concerns.
- The Gauhati High Court’s decision will shape the future of these practices in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Uttarakhand is taking important steps to implement a Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
- The state has received the final report from a committee, which is a significant move towards fulfilling its commitment to equality and justice.
Tap to read everything about Uniform Civil Code:
India needs a Uniform Civil Code: PM
Uttarakhand UCC
- Expert Committee: Uttarakhand appointed a committee, led by retired Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai, to draft the UCC.
- In the State Assembly: The UCC report will be presented in the State Assembly on February 5 for discussion. It will go through a detailed review before becoming law.
Key Recommendations
- Gender Equality: The final UCC draft focuses on achieving gender equality and removing unfairness in various areas, including property rights and adoption rules.
- Language Choice: Notably, the UCC draft is around 750 pages long, entirely written in Hindi, without any Urdu or other languages.
- Protection of Tribal Community: The report suggests that the tribal community should not be included in the UCC. Their specific needs and concerns will be addressed separately.
Ensuring Equal Rights
- Ban on Regressive Practices: The UCC draft recommends strong punishments for practices like triple talaq, iddat, and halala, which relate to marriage and divorce in Muslim personal law. It also proposes banning polygamy and polyandry.
- Legalizing Live-In Relationships: The draft suggests making live-in relationships legal, with mandatory registration for such couples.
- Equal Inheritance Rights: Women are granted the same rights as men when it comes to inheritance under the proposed UCC.
- Minimum Marriage Age: The UCC draft suggests setting the minimum age for women’s marriage at 21 years.
Conclusion
- Uttarakhand’s efforts to establish a Uniform Civil Code demonstrate its commitment to ensuring equal rights and justice for all.
- The careful drafting process, inclusive approach, and strong recommendations underscore the state’s determination to promote gender equality and eliminate regressive practices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Parties
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Tamil superstar Thalapathy Vijay’s announcement of his political party has sparked interest in the process of registering political entities in India.
Creating a Political Party
- Legal Framework: Article 324 of the Indian Constitution and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 empower the Election Commission to lay down guidelines for party registration.
- Application: A party seeking registration must apply to the Election Commission within 30 days of its formation.
- Public Notice: The applicant must publish the proposed party name in two national and two local daily newspapers. The notice is also posted on the Election Commission’s website.
- Documentation: The application, in a prescribed format, must be sent to the Election Commission Secretary within 30 days of party formation. It should include a demand draft of Rs. 10,000, a printed copy of the party’s memorandum, rules, or constitution, and the latest electoral rolls for at least 100 party members.
- Affidavits: An affidavit, duly signed by the President or General Secretary and sworn before a Magistrate/Notary Public, is required. Additionally, individual affidavits from 100 members confirming non-membership in any other registered political party are essential.
Need for Registration
- Not Mandatory: Registration with the Election Commission is not mandatory but comes with advantages under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
- Symbol Allotment: Registered party candidates receive priority in the allotment of free symbols over independent candidates.
- State or National Recognition: Parties can achieve recognition as ‘state parties’ or ‘national parties,’ subject to fulfilling conditions laid out in the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
Recognition Criteria
- State Party: To be recognized as a state party, a registered party must meet any of these five conditions:
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes and win at least 2 seats in an Assembly General Election.
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes and win at least 1 seat in a Lok Sabha General Election.
- Win at least 3% of the seats or at least 3 seats, whichever is more, in an Assembly General Election.
- Win at least 1 out of every 25 seats from a state in a Lok Sabha General Election.
- Secure at least 8% of the total valid vote in an Assembly or Lok Sabha General Election.
- National Party: To attain national party status, a registered party must meet any of these three conditions:
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes in an Assembly or Lok Sabha General Election in four or more states and win at least 4 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election from any state.
- Win at least 2% of total Lok Sabha seats in a Lok Sabha General Election, spanning at least 3 states.
- The party is recognized as a State Party in at least four states.
Benefits of Recognition
- Reserved Symbol: State parties receive a reserved symbol within the state, while national parties can use the reserved symbol across the country.
- Nomination Ease: Such parties require only one proposer for filing nominations.
- Free Electoral Rolls: They are entitled to two sets of electoral rolls free of cost.
- Media Access: Recognized parties can use state-owned Akashvani/Doordarshan facilities for broadcasting/telecasting during general elections.
- Additional Perks: Recognized parties can avail of other advantages such as subsidized land for party offices, among others.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetlands
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Five more Indian wetlands have been added to the global list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, taking the total number of such highly recognised waterlogged ecosystems in the country to 80.
- India is now the fourth-largest nation on the Ramsar map, trailing only behind the UK (175), Mexico (144), and China (82).
- Tamil Nadu continues to have the maximum number of Ramsar sites (16) followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
List of newly designated Ramsar Sites:
[1] Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- Spread over 98.76 hectares adjoining Ankasamudra village.
- A biodiversity hotspot with over 210 plant species, 8 mammals, 25 reptiles, and 240 bird species.
- Vital nesting and roosting ground for over 30,000 waterbirds, including the Painted Stork and Black-headed Ibis.
[2] Aghanashini Estuary (Karnataka):
- Covers 4,801 hectares at the confluence of Aghanashini River with the Arabian Sea.
- Offers flood and erosion risk mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood support.
- Sustains 6,000-7,500 families through fishing, agriculture, and traditional fish farming.
- Acts as a natural barrier against storms and cyclones.
[3] Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- A human-made wetland spanning nearly 50 hectares, originally designed for rainwater storage.
- Home to 166 bird species, including 130 migratory birds.
- Sanctuary for vulnerable and near-threatened species like the Common Pochard, River Tern, and Oriental Darter.
- A crucial wintering ground for the Bar-headed Goose.
[4] Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu):
- Encompassing 453.72 hectares, it’s one of Tamil Nadu’s largest inland wetlands.
- Facilitates groundwater recharge and supports agricultural activities.
- Hosts around 198 bird species, including the Bar-headed Goose and Common Teal.
[5] Longwood Shola Reserve Forest (Tamil Nadu):
- Named after “Solai,” meaning tropical rainforest in Tamil.
- Integral to the Western Ghats’ unique biodiversity.
- Provides sanctuary to globally endangered and vulnerable bird species like the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush, Nilgiri Blue Robin, and Nilgiri Wood-pigeon.
- Home to 14 of the 26 endemic bird species of the Western Ghats.
Back2Basics: Ramsar Convention
|
Explanation |
| Purpose |
International treaty aimed at conserving and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands. |
| Establishment |
Established on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran. |
| Participating Countries |
171 contracting parties (countries) as of September 2021. |
| India and Ramsar Convention |
The first Ramsar Site in India, the Chilika Lake in Odisha, was designated in 1981. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nano DAP
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The interim budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduces the expansion of Nano DAP application in agriculture.
Understanding Nano DAP
- DAP: DAP, or di-ammonium phosphate, is a widely used fertilizer in India, rich in phosphorus for plant root development.
- Nano DAPL: Introduced by Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), it is a liquid form of DAP with particle sizes less than 100 nanometers, enhancing its efficiency.
Advantages of Nano DAP
- Efficiency: Nano DAP’s small particle size allows it to penetrate seeds and plant openings more effectively, leading to higher seed vigor, increased chlorophyll, better photosynthetic efficiency, improved crop quality, and higher yields.
- Affordability: Nano DAP is cost-effective compared to conventional DAP, with a 500 ml bottle equivalent to a 50 kg bag of DAP, priced at only Rs 600.
- Convenience: The liquid form is easier to transport, store, and apply, making it farmer-friendly.
- Reduced Imports: Adoption of domestically-produced Nano DAP from Kalol, Gujarat, reduces the need for importing fertilizers, enhancing self-reliance and benefiting Indian agriculture.
Government’s Perspective
- Subsidy Relief: Nano DAP’s cost-effectiveness alleviates the government’s subsidy burden on fertilizers, offering fiscal relief.
- Self-Reliance: Producing Nano DAP domestically aligns with the goal of self-sufficiency in fertilizer production, reducing dependency on imports.
- Agricultural Advancement: Wider Nano DAP adoption supports agricultural growth, increasing food grain production and benefiting farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakhpati Didi Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The interim budget for 2024-25 has introduced an expansion of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme, designed to empower women’s self-help groups.
About ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme
- Launch: The ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme was inaugurated on August 15, 2023.
- Objective: The government aims to create two crore prosperous sisters in rural villages, aligning with the broader mission of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
- Skill Training: Women participants receive skill training to enable them to earn an income exceeding Rs 1 lakh annually.
- Technology Integration: Women’s self-help groups (SHGs) will have access to drones for agricultural activities, harnessing technology to transform rural agriculture while empowering women.
Leveraging Drone Technology
- Drone Training: Approximately 15,000 women’s SHGs will undergo training in operating and repairing drones.
- Income Generation: This initiative not only opens new avenues for income generation but also equips women with cutting-edge skills.
- Agricultural Revolution: Drones hold the potential to revolutionize agriculture, facilitating precision farming, crop monitoring, and pest control.
Skill Diversification
- Skill Development: Women under this scheme receive training in diverse skills such as LED bulb making, plumbing, and more.
- Eligibility Criteria: Participants must be active members of self-help groups.
Application Process
- Self-Help Groups: To apply for the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme, women should be part of self-help groups.
- Local Anganwadi Centres: Additional information and application forms are available at local Anganwadi centres.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Economy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Interim Budget presented by Finance Minister underscores the importance of promoting an environment-friendly ‘blue economy’ for sustainable development.
Understanding Blue Economy
- Definition: The blue economy encompasses economic activities related to oceans, seas, and coastal regions, with a strong emphasis on sustainability.
- Global Perspective: The European Commission defines it as a wide range of established and emerging sectors linked to ocean resources, while the World Bank emphasizes the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth and livelihoods.
Significance for India
- India’s Coastal Abundance: With its extensive coastline, diverse marine resources, and tourism potential, India stands to benefit significantly from the blue economy.
- Balancing Growth: The blue economy seeks to achieve economic growth while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems.
Budget Proposals
- Restoration and Adaptation: A scheme focusing on climate-resilient activities, restoration, adaptation measures, and integrated coastal aquaculture and mariculture will be launched.
- Integrated Aquaparks: The budget outlines plans for setting up five integrated aquaparks to boost aquaculture productivity.
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): PMMSY will be intensified to double exports to Rs 1 lakh crore and generate 55 lakh employment opportunities.
India’s Blue Economy Policy
- Blue Economy 2.0: The budget introduces the concept of Blue Economy 2.0, building upon a draft policy framework released in July 2022.
- Policy Framework: The framework encompasses various aspects such as marine resources, coastal planning, tourism, fisheries, aquaculture, trade, technology, infrastructure, and international engagement.
Global Engagement
- G20 Summit: India, as the host of the G20 summit, prioritized blue economy discussions, emphasizing its significance on the global stage.
- Responsibility and Collaboration: India recognizes the importance of responsible artificial intelligence and sustainable ocean governance in the context of the blue economy.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to promoting the blue economy aligns with global efforts for sustainable development.
- The Interim Budget’s proposals aim to harness the potential of India’s coastal resources while preserving the marine ecosystem, fostering economic growth, and creating employment opportunities.
- This strategic shift underscores India’s dedication to responsible and inclusive development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Payments Banks
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed additional curbs on Paytm Payments Bank Ltd (PPBL), prohibiting it from operating its mobile wallet after February.
- This article provides insights into what payments banks are, their objectives, features, and the regulatory framework governing them.
Understanding Payments Banks
- Definition: Payments banks are financial institutions similar to regular banks but operate on a smaller scale without engaging in credit risk.
- Origin: The concept of payments banks was recommended by the Nachiket Mor Committee.
- Objective: The primary goal is to advance financial inclusion by providing banking and financial services to unbanked and underbanked areas, catering to migrant laborers, low-income households, small entrepreneurs, and more.
- Legal Framework: Payments banks are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act 2013 and licensed under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act 1949.
- Regulation: They are governed by various legislations, including the Banking Regulation Act, 1949; RBI Act, 1934; Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, among others.
Key Features of Payments Banks
- Differentiation: Payments banks are distinct entities, not universal banks.
- Scale: They operate on a smaller scale compared to traditional banks.
- Capital Requirements: Payments banks are required to have a minimum paid-up equity capital of 100 crores.
- Promoter Contribution: The promoter must contribute at least 40% of the paid-up equity capital for the first five years from the commencement of business.
Permissible Activities
- Accept deposits up to Rs. 2,00,000.
- Offer demand deposits in the form of savings and current accounts.
- Invest deposits in secure government securities as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), accounting for 75% of the demand deposit balance.
- Place the remaining 25% as time deposits with other scheduled commercial banks.
- Provide remittance services, mobile payments/transfers/purchases, ATM/debit cards, net banking, and third-party fund transfers.
- Act as a banking correspondent (BC) for other banks to offer credit and services beyond their capabilities.
Activities Not Permitted
- Loans and Credit Cards: Payments banks cannot issue loans and credit cards.
- Time and NRI Deposits: They are not authorized to accept time deposits or NRI deposits.
- Non-Banking Subsidiaries: Payments banks cannot establish subsidiaries to engage in non-banking financial activities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Gyanvapi Premise
Introduction
- The Varanasi District Court has issued an order permitting Hindu prayers to be conducted in the southern cellar of the Gyanvapi mosque complex, a decision met with both support and opposition.
- This development comes amid ongoing legal disputes concerning the worship rights at the site.
Allowing Prayers: Court’s Ruling
- Prayers Allowed: The Varanasi District Court has directed the district administration to facilitate the resumption of puja (worship) within the disputed southern cellar of the Gyanvapi mosque complex within seven days.
- Background: The order followed an application filed by Shailendra Kumar Pathak, the priest of the Acharya Ved Vyas Peeth temple, seeking worship rights for visible and invisible deities in the basement of the mosque.
Reaction and Legal Challenges
- Legal Challenge: The Anjuman Intezamia Committee of Gyanvapi Masjid, advised by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB), intends to challenge the court’s decision in the Allahabad High Court.
- AIMPLB’s Stance: AIMPLB criticized the court’s ruling as “totally unacceptable” and drew parallels to past disputes like the opening of locks at the Babri Masjid in 1986. They expressed concerns about the targeting of old mosques after the establishment of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya.
Historical Perspective
- Prior Worship: The petitioner claimed that Hindu priests associated with the Vyas family used to perform daily rituals in the cellar before 1993 when it was discontinued by government orders.
- Contested Claims: A member of the Anjuman Intezamia committee contested the assertion, stating that there had never been any puja conducted in the cellar.
Ongoing Legal Proceedings
- Next Hearing: The next hearing on this matter is scheduled for February 8, allowing the defendants, including the Anjuman Intejamia Masajid Committee that manages the Gyanvapi mosque, to file objections.
- Parallel Legal Challenge: Another order by the Allahabad High Court concerns a revision application challenging the Varanasi district judge’s refusal to direct the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a scientific survey of the mosque’s wazukhana area.
Concerns and Historical Parallels
- Ethical Concerns: The decision to permit puja in the Gyanvapi mosque’s basement raises ethical questions and concerns about religious rights.
- Parallels to History: AIMPLB sees parallels between recent developments and past disputes, raising concerns about historical patterns of targeting old mosques.
Conclusion
- The Varanasi District Court’s ruling allowing Hindu prayers in the Gyanvapi mosque’s southern cellar has ignited both legal challenges and discussions about religious rights and historical parallels.
- The case continues to be a subject of significant debate and legal scrutiny.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Modernization in Saudi Arabia , MBS's Policies
Introduction
- Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman’s Vision 2030 seeks to reshape Saudi Arabia, moving away from oil dependence and embracing modernity.
- This transformation faces resistance from traditionalists but aligns with a changing global image of Saudi Arabia as a tourist-friendly, welcoming nation.
Al-Ula: A Modern Oasis
- Historical Significance: Al-Ula, an ancient city along the incense route, is pivotal in MBS’s vision to modernize Saudi Arabia.
- Breaking Stereotypes: Saudi Arabia aims to challenge traditional beliefs by welcoming tourists beyond pilgrimage destinations.
- Nationalism Beyond Religion: The country’s evolving nationalism is detached from religion, emphasizing individual liberties and empowerment.
Winds of Change
- Empowering Women: Saudi Arabia promotes gender equality, offering scholarships and opportunities for young women.
- National Transformation: Young Saudis actively participate in the modernization drive, recognizing its benefits.
- Welcoming the ‘Other’: Saudi Arabia’s newfound friendliness towards foreigners, including easing visa norms and hosting entertainment events.
Challenges on Path to Modernity
- Cultural Sensitivities: Transitioning from conservative traditions is challenging, but Saudis are adapting to change.
- Historical Significance: Al-Ula’s archaeological treasures pose challenges given their potential impact on religious perceptions.
- Top-Down Change: Past experiences highlight the complexities of enforcing societal changes from the top.
Global Engagement
- Strategic Foreign Policy: Saudi Arabia’s balanced foreign policy has insulated it from regional conflicts.
- Cultural Riches: The country aims to showcase its archaeological wonders to the world.
- Green Initiatives: MBS’s ‘green’ approach and emphasis on renewables align with global trends.
Opportunities for India
- Improved Working Conditions: Indian migrant workers can expect better conditions and a renewed social contract.
- Educational and Cultural Exchanges: Indian educators and artists have opportunities to contribute to Saudi Arabia’s educational overhaul.
- Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: India can leverage Saudi Arabia’s counter-terrorism initiatives.
- Bilateral Investments: Collaboration in infrastructure and service sectors presents growth potential for both nations.
Conclusion
- Saudi Arabia’s journey towards modernity is marked by challenges and opportunities.
- As it reshapes its identity and engages with the world, India stands to benefit from this evolving partnership, contributing to mutual growth and cooperation.
- Saudi Arabia’s aspiration to excel in various fields aligns with India’s interests, paving the way for a fruitful relationship.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brain Tissues in Computers
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Researchers have achieved a groundbreaking fusion of brain-like tissue with electronics, creating an ‘organoid neural network.’
- This innovation marks a significant advancement in neuromorphic computing, directly incorporating brain tissue into computer systems.
Brainoware: Brain Tissues in Computers
- Development Team: A collaborative effort by scientists from Indiana University, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, and the University of Florida resulted in this breakthrough.
- Publication: The study, published on December 11, signifies a convergence of tissue engineering, electrophysiology, and neural computation, expanding the horizons of scientific and engineering disciplines.
Context of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- AI’s Foundation: AI relies on artificial neural networks, silicon-based models of the human brain capable of processing vast datasets.
- Memory and Processing Separation: Conventional AI hardware separates memory and processing units, leading to inefficiencies when transferring data between them.
Introducing Biological Neural Networks
- Biocomputing Emergence: Scientists are exploring biological neural networks, composed of live brain cells, as an alternative. These networks can combine memory and data processing.
- Energy Efficiency: Brain cells efficiently store memory and process data without physically segregating these functions.
Organoid Neural Networks
- Biological Components: Brain organoids, three-dimensional aggregates of brain cells, were used to create an ‘organoid neural network.’
- Formation: Human pluripotent stem cells were transformed into various brain cells, including neuron progenitor cells, early-stage neurons, mature neurons, and astrocytes.
- Reservoir Computer: The network was integrated into a reservoir computer, comprising input, reservoir, and output layers.
Brainoware’s Capabilities
- Predicting Mathematical Functions: Brainoware demonstrated its ability to predict complex mathematical functions like the Henon map.
- Voice Recognition: The system could identify Japanese vowels pronounced by individuals with a 78% accuracy rate.
- Efficiency: Brainoware achieved comparable accuracy to artificial neural networks with minimal training requirements.
Promising Insights and Limitations
- Foundational Insights: The study provides crucial insights into learning mechanisms, neural development, and cognitive aspects of neurodegenerative diseases.
- Challenges: Brainoware necessitates technical expertise and infrastructure. Organoids exhibit heterogeneous cell mixes and require optimization for uniformity.
- Ethical Considerations: The fusion of organoids and AI raises ethical questions about consciousness and dignity.
Future Prospects
- Optimizing Encoding Methods: Future research may focus on improving input encoding methods and maintaining uniformity in organoids for longer experiments.
- Complex Computing Problems: Researchers aim to tackle more intricate computing challenges.
- Ethical Discourse: Ethical debates surrounding organoid consciousness and dignity will continue to evolve.
Conclusion
- The creation of Brainoware and the integration of brain organoids with computing systems represent a pioneering step towards more efficient and ethically-conscious AI systems.
- This innovative approach may revolutionize computing paradigms while prompting profound ethical considerations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fact-Checking Unit (FCU)
Mains level: Amended IT Rules
Introduction
- A two-judge Bench of the Bombay High Court recently delivered a split verdict on a comedian’s petition challenging the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023.
- These rules grant the government the authority to establish a fact-checking unit (FCU) to identify fake, false, and misleading information about the government on social media platforms.
- The case will now be referred to a third judge by the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court due to the disagreement between the two justices.
Provisions of IT Rules (2023)
- Fact-Checking Unit (FCU): Amended IT rules empower the government to establish an FCU to identify and remove fake, false, or misleading information related to the Central government’s business on social media platforms.
- Consequences for Non-compliance: Failure to comply with FCU directives may result in intermediaries losing their safe harbour protection under Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000.
Court’s Concerns and Observations
- Unfettered Power: The Court expressed concerns about the government’s unfettered power in the absence of clear guidelines and guardrails, emphasizing the need for necessary safeguards.
- Ambiguity in Terms: The Court noted ambiguity in terms like “fake, false, and misleading” which are subjective and open to interpretation, posing challenges in distinguishing between them.
- Selective Application: The Court questioned why the IT Rules exclusively targeted digital media, leaving print media unaffected, especially when the same content appears in both forms.
- FCU’s Role: Concerns were raised about the FCU’s role and the absence of recourse for users whose content is removed after being flagged by the FCU. The Court expressed worries about the user’s lack of remedy in such cases.
- Overreach: The Court raised concerns about the potential overreach of the Rules, emphasizing that even well-intentioned regulations must have limits to avoid excessive use of power.
- Lack of Opportunity for Defense: The Court found it remarkable that there was no provision in the Rules allowing an intermediary to defend or justify flagged content, violating principles of natural justice.
Legal Arguments
- Petitioners’ Stand: The petitioners argued that the amendment violated freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) and did not satisfy reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). They contended that the government’s power to decide the truth of content was excessive.
- Government’s Stand: The government defended the FCU, stating that it would only notify intermediaries about flagged content, and the intermediaries could choose to remove it or add a disclaimer. Users aggrieved by intermediary decisions could seek legal remedies in court.
Conclusion
- The split verdict highlights the complexity and significance of the IT Rules (2023) and their potential impact on freedom of speech and expression.
- The Court’s concerns about ambiguous terms, selective application, and lack of safeguards underscore the need for a balanced approach to regulate online content while protecting fundamental rights.
- The case’s referral to a third judge will determine its outcome and implications for digital media regulation in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The inaugural edition of the India-Saudi Arabia Joint Military Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’ was commenced in Rajasthan.
Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’
- It is a joint military exercise conducted between the armed forces of India and Saudi Arabia.
- The exercise is designed to enhance the capabilities and interoperability of the troops from both nations in conducting joint operations in semi-desert terrains.
- It focuses on tactical training and sharing best practices in conducting operations in a sub-conventional domain.
- The primary objective is to strengthen the bond, cooperation, and camaraderie between the Indian and Saudi Arabian armed forces.
- It also serves as a platform for achieving shared security objectives and fostering bilateral relations between the two friendly nations.
Key components of the Exercise
- The exercise typically involves various military training activities such as establishing mobile vehicle checkposts, conducting cordon and search operations, house intervention drills, reflex shooting, slithering, and sniper firing.
- These activities help in building the capacity of the troops to work together effectively in semi-desert terrains, which can be crucial for addressing security challenges.
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