Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The nationwide transportation strike entered its second day, causing huge disruptions across the country.
- The strike, involving truck, bus, and tanker drivers, is a protest against stringent regulations under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) for hit-and-run cases.
Background of the Strike: BNS Provisions
- Implementation of BNS: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which introduces tougher penalties for hit-and-run cases, has not yet been implemented.
- Comparison with IPC: The new law replaces Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code, which had a lesser punishment for causing death by negligence.
- Section 106 Controversy: Transporters are protesting Section 106 of the BNS, which increases punishment for rash and negligent driving to a maximum of 10 years.
- Section 106(1) and 106(2): These sections provide for punishments in hit-and-run cases, with Section 106(1) offering a lesser sentence for those who report accidents.
- Abiding to Supreme Court Observations: The increase in sentence duration to 10 years is based on the Supreme Court’s recommendations for stricter actions against reckless drivers who flee accident scenes.
Protesters’ Concerns and Demands
- Fear of Unjust Punishments: Transport operators argue that the new law could lead to unfair punishments and expose drivers to mob violence.
- Lack of Stakeholder Consultation: There is a sentiment that the law was passed without adequate discussion with relevant stakeholders.
- Skepticism about Government Promises: All India Motor Transport Congress expressed doubts about the government’s assurances, predicting fuel shortages and driver protests.
Impact of the Strike
- Widespread Disruptions: The strike has significantly impacted transportation, especially in northern states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and others, as well as West Bengal, Odisha, and southern states.
- Fuel Shortages: Long queues at petrol pumps have been reported, indicating a hit to fuel supply.
Conclusion
- Continued Protests: Despite some transport bodies calling off the strike, others continue to protest, affecting transportation and fuel supply.
- Need for Dialogue: The situation underscores the need for further dialogue between the government and transport stakeholders to address concerns and find a resolution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sarna Religion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A study at IIT Indore on tribal culture, forest conservation, and wildfire in central India sheds light on the Sarna religion’s tenets.
About Sarna Religion
|
Details |
| Nature of Faith |
Indigenous religious faith predominantly followed in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. |
| Geographical Spread |
Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and smaller numbers in Assam, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh. |
| Central Belief |
Reverence of Sarna, the sacred groves, and worship of a village deity (Gram deoti, Dharmes, Marang Buru, etc.) |
| Etymology |
‘Sarna’ means ‘grove’, related to the sal tree. |
| Theology |
Worship of village deities and the mother goddess identified as the earth or nature. |
| Sacred Grooves |
Patches of forest considered sacred, such as sal, mahua, neem, and banyan trees.
No harm allowed to these areas. |
| Practices |
Rituals performed in sacred groves involving village priests; worship of ancestors. |
| Main Festival |
Sarhul: Celebrating nature and ancestors, offerings made to sacred trees like sal.
Karam: Worship of the sacred karam tree, focusing on crop enrichment and preservation of biodiversity.
Faggu: Gathering of dry wood and leaves from forests, reducing fuel load and lowering wildfire risks. |
| Tribes Following |
Followed by various tribes including Santal, Oraon, Ho, Munda, Bhumij, and others. |
| 2011 Census |
Counted 4,957,467 followers in India, primarily in eastern states. |
| Sarna Code Resolution (2020) |
Jharkhand assembly passed a resolution for the inclusion of Sarna as a separate religion in the census. |
| Impact of Colonialism |
Historical conflict due to Western missionary activities in tribal areas. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Snow Leopard
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Kyrgyzstan, a Central Asian country, has declared the snow leopard as its national symbol.
About Snow Leopard
|
Details |
| Habitat |
Mountainous regions of Central and Southern Asia; in India: western and eastern Himalayas. |
| Indian Geographical Range |
Western Himalayas (J&K, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and Eastern Himalayas (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh). |
| Project Snow Leopard (2009) |
Aims to strengthen wildlife conservation in the Himalayan high altitudes, involving local communities. |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (India): Schedule I |
| India’s Conservation Efforts |
Flagship species for high altitude Himalayas.
Part of GSLEP Programme since 2013.
Himalaya Sanrakshak community programme (2020).
National Protocol on Snow Leopard Population Assessment (2019)
SECURE Himalaya project (GEF-UNDP funded).
Listed in 21 critically endangered species for recovery by MoEF&CC.
Conservation breeding at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park. |
| GSLEP Programme |
Inter-governmental alliance of 12 snow leopard countries (India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), focusing on ecosystem value awareness. |
| Living Himalaya Network Initiative |
WWF’s initiative across Bhutan, India (North-East), and Nepal for conservation impact in the Eastern Himalayas. |
Significance of the Snow Leopard
- The snow leopard symbolizes the health and stability of mountain ecosystems, which cover a significant portion of the global territory.
- The snow leopard has been a totem animal in ancient Kyrgyz culture, associated with the legendary figure Manas.
- The harmony between humans and nature, symbolized by the snow leopard, is portrayed in Chyngyz Aitmatov’s novel “When Mountains Fall.”
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BOP Crisis, LPG Reforms
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- S. Venkitaramanan, former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), passed away, leaving behind a legacy of significant contributions.
- His tenure is marked by crucial interventions during India’s economic crises and a commitment to open dialogue and innovative policies.
Navigating the Balance of Payments Crisis
- Economic Turbulence in 1990: India faced a severe balance of payments crisis due to reduced remittances and increased oil prices.
- Critical Measures: Under Venkitaramanan’s leadership, the RBI took bold steps, including pledging gold reserves, to avert a default on international payments.
- Impact of Gold Pledging: This move, though criticized domestically, was crucial in maintaining India’s international credibility and financial stability.
Role in Economic Reforms
- Import Compression Strategy: Venkitaramanan initiated a program of import compression, significantly reducing the current account deficit.
- Foundation for Future Reforms: These measures laid the groundwork for the economic reforms introduced by the Narasimha Rao government and Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Challenges and Controversies
- The Harshad Mehta Scam: Venkitaramanan’s tenure was marred by the securities scandal involving Harshad Mehta, overshadowing his earlier achievements.
- Public Perception: Despite his significant contributions, the public memory often overlooks his role in steering India through economic turmoil.
Remarkable Openness and Inclusivity
- Engagement with Diverse Opinions: Venkitaramanan was known for his openness to different viewpoints, engaging with economists and critics alike.
- Innovative Approach to Policy Making: His willingness to consider varied perspectives contributed to more inclusive and effective economic policies.
Legacy in the RBI and Beyond
- Establishment of the Development Research Group: Venkitaramanan’s vision led to the creation of this group, aiming to foster interaction between the RBI and independent economists.
- Influence on Current Economic Policies: His belief in relying on India’s intellectual resources continues to influence the RBI’s approach, though challenges like inflation management persist.
Conclusion
- Enduring Impact: S. Venkitaramanan’s tenure as RBI Governor was marked by courageous decisions and a commitment to intellectual openness.
- Remembering His Contributions: While his term had its challenges, his role in safeguarding India’s economy and fostering a culture of dialogue and research within the RBI remains a significant part of his legacy.
- Inspiration for Future Leaders: His approach to economic policy and management continues to serve as an inspiration for current and future leaders in the field.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electoral Bond Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The government has announced a fresh tranche of electoral bond sales for a 10-day period starting through the authorised branches of State Bank of India across the country.
About the Electoral Bond Scheme
| Definition |
Banking instruments for political party donations with donor anonymity. |
| Launch |
2017-18 Union Budget |
| Purchase Method |
Available to Indian citizens and Indian-incorporated companies from select State Bank of India branches. Can be bought digitally or via cheque. |
| Donation Process |
Purchasers can donate these bonds to eligible political parties of their choice. |
| Denominations |
Available in multiples of ₹1,000, ₹10,000, ₹10 lakh, and ₹1 crore. |
| KYC Requirements |
Purchasers must fulfill existing KYC norms and pay from a bank account. |
| Lifespan of Bonds |
Bonds have a 15-day life to prevent them from becoming a parallel currency. |
| Identity Disclosure |
Donors contributing less than ₹20,000 need not provide identity details like PAN. |
| Redemption |
Electoral Bonds can be encashed only by eligible political parties through an Authorized Bank. |
| Eligibility of Parties |
Only parties meeting specific criteria, including securing at least 1% of votes in the last General Election, can receive Electoral Bonds. |
| Restrictions Lifted |
Foreign and Indian companies can now donate without disclosing contributions as per the Companies Act. |
| Objective |
To enhance transparency in political funding and ensure funds collected by political parties are accounted or clean money. |
Also read:
Challenging the Electoral Bond Scheme
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kharsawan Massacre
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On January 1, 1948, the town of Kharsawan in present-day Jharkhand witnessed a massacre reminiscent of what happened in Jallianwala Bagh in 1919.
- Police opened fire at a crowd gathered for a protest and the weekly haat (market), killing hundreds, or by some accounts, thousands of Adivasis.
Kharsawan Massacre: A Background
- Since the creation of the Bihar and Orissa Province in 1912, Adivasis in the region sought a separate state, reflecting their unique culture and grievances.
- This demand gained momentum over the years, with the Simon Commission acknowledging the distinct nature of the region in 1930.
- In 1938, the Adivasi Mahasabha was established to further this cause, led by prominent leader Jaipal Singh Munda.
Kharsawan’s Merger Controversy
- Merger with Orissa: In 1947, Kharsawan, a princely state with a significant Odia-speaking population, decided to join Orissa during India’s princely states’ integration.
- Adivasi Opposition: However, most Adivasis opposed this merger, desiring a separate state instead.
The Massacre
- Protest Gathering: On January 1, 1948, a large gathering was organized in Kharsawan to protest the merger, coinciding with the weekly market day. Over 50,000 people, including those from distant villages, assembled, many to see Jaipal Munda, who was expected but did not arrive.
- Police Open Fire: The large crowd and tense atmosphere led the Orissa military police to open fire, resulting in a massacre. The exact number of casualties remains unclear, with estimates ranging from a few dozen to several thousand.
- Aftermath: The bodies were disposed of in a well and the jungle, and many injured were left untreated. The incident remains a dark and unresolved chapter in Indian history.
Legacy
- Uncertain Death Toll: Official records state 35 deaths, but other sources, like P.K. Deo’s “Memoir of a Bygone Era,” suggest numbers as high as 2,000.
- Lack of Accountability: No definitive report or accountability for the massacre has been established.
- Memorial and Remembrance: A memorial in Kharsawan serves as a reminder of this tragedy, with political leaders often visiting to pay respects.
Conclusion
- The Kharsawan massacre is a poignant reminder of the complexities and tragedies during India’s transition to independence, particularly for marginalized communities like the Adivasis.
- It underscores the unresolved issues of tribal rights and recognition in India’s history.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earthquakes in Japan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On January 1, 2024, a 7.5-magnitude earthquake hit Ishikawa prefecture in Japan, triggering tsunami waves over a meter high.
Japan’s Geographical Vulnerability
- Japan’s geographical vulnerability, particularly concerning plate tectonics, is a critical aspect of its environmental and disaster management challenges.
- The country’s location at the convergence of several major tectonic plates makes it highly susceptible to seismic activities.
Here’s a detailed look at how plate tectonics contribute to Japan’s geographical vulnerability:
[1] Convergent Plate Boundaries:
- Pacific Ring of Fire: Japan is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area with a high level of seismic activity due to the presence of numerous tectonic plate boundaries.
- Plates Involved: The primary tectonic plates interacting near Japan are the Pacific Plate, the Philippine Sea Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the North American Plate.
- Subduction Zones: The Pacific and Philippine Sea plates are subducting beneath the Eurasian and North American plates. This subduction process is a significant source of seismic activity, including powerful earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
[2] Earthquake Activity:
- Frequent Earthquakes: The movement of these plates results in frequent earthquakes. Japan experiences thousands of tremors annually, ranging from minor to catastrophic.
- Major Earthquakes: Historical events like the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake demonstrate the potential for massive destruction and loss of life due to Japan’s tectonic setting.
[3] Tsunami Risk:
- Generation of Tsunamis: Earthquakes occurring under the sea or along the coast can displace large volumes of water, leading to tsunamis. The 2011 tsunami, triggered by a massive undersea earthquake, caused widespread devastation and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
- Coastal Impact: Japan’s extensive coastline makes it particularly vulnerable to tsunamis, which can arrive within minutes of an undersea earthquake, leaving little time for evacuation.
[4] Volcanic Activity:
- Volcanic Eruptions: The subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates not only causes earthquakes but also contributes to significant volcanic activity. Magma generated by the melting of the subducted plate rises to the surface, leading to volcanic eruptions.
- Active Volcanoes: Japan has over 100 active volcanoes, a direct result of its tectonic setting. Eruptions pose risks to nearby populations and can disrupt air travel and local economies.
[5] Geological Complexity:
- Intersecting Faults: The interaction of multiple tectonic plates creates a complex network of faults, increasing the unpredictability and variability of seismic events.
- Diverse Seismic Phenomena: This complexity leads to a range of seismic phenomena, including deep-focus earthquakes, which occur at greater depths and can affect broader areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Financial Intelligence Unit India (FIU IND) issued notices to offshore virtual digital asset service providers (VDA SPs) for non-compliance with the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).
- A request was made to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology to block URLs of these entities.
About Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)
- Digital Value: Virtual Digital Assets are digital forms of value like cryptocurrencies and tokens. They are secured using cryptography and blockchain technology.
- Intangible and Digital: These assets exist only in digital form and can be used for transactions, investments, or as a store of value.
- Decentralized: They usually operate independently of central authorities, which makes them attractive but also prone to risks like money laundering. This has led to calls for regulation and oversight.
Premise of Non-Compliance with PMLA
- Regulatory Changes in 2023: VDA SPs were brought under anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations in March 2023.
- Mandatory Compliance: These regulations required VDA SPs to register, verify client identities, and maintain records of financial transactions.
- Non-Registration Issue: Non-compliant entities continued to serve Indian users without registration, evading the AML and CFT framework.
Purpose of PMLA Compliance
- Monitoring Financial Transactions: The PMLA aims to track financial transactions to prevent money laundering and terror financing.
- Selective Compliance Advocacy: Legal experts suggest that FIU IND should enforce compliance only on entities fitting the March 2023 notification parameters.
- KYC Benefits: Adherence to KYC mandates is seen as beneficial for VDA SPs, addressing concerns about anonymity and unlawful use of crypto assets.
Global Efforts and Indian Enforcement
- India’s Global Advocacy: India’s enforcement aligns with its global efforts for cryptocurrency regulation, including proposed frameworks by the IMF and the Financial Stability Board.
- G-20 Influence: India’s role in the G-20 has been pivotal in advocating for global cryptocurrency regulation.
International Regulatory Landscapes
- Dubai’s VARA Model: Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) provides a comprehensive licensing framework, emphasizing consumer protection and AML-CFT compliance.
- EU’s MiCA Regulation: The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) in the EU focuses on transparency, disclosure, and supervision, requiring service providers to be authorized.
- U.S. Regulatory Framework: The U.S. lacks a comprehensive nationwide framework but covers digital assets under existing regulations like the Bank Secrecy Act.
Considerations in Regulating Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)
- Policy Options by BIS: The Bureau for International Settlements (BIS) outlines three policy options: outright ban, containment, and regulation.
- Challenges of an Outright Ban: An outright ban may be unenforceable due to the pseudo-anonymous nature of crypto markets.
- Containment Strategy: Containment involves controlling flows between crypto and traditional financial systems but may not address inherent vulnerabilities.
- Regulatory Motivations: The motivation to regulate varies, with the need to ensure regulatory benefits outweigh costs.
- Focus Areas for Emerging Markets: Emerging market economies (EMEs) need to define regulatory authority, scope of regulation, and fill data gaps to understand technology interconnections.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: Regulating virtual digital assets presents a complex balancing act between innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.
- Global Coordination: The varied approaches across jurisdictions highlight the need for global coordination and harmonization in VDA regulations.
- India’s Proactive Stance: India’s recent actions reflect a proactive stance in aligning with global standards while addressing local concerns.
- Future Challenges: As the virtual asset landscape evolves, regulators worldwide will continue to face challenges in adapting their frameworks to ensure effective oversight without stifling innovation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On December 30, 1971, two pivotal laws were enacted, reshaping the administrative landscape of Northeast India.
- These laws marked a transition from the traditional unit of Assam to the broader concept of ‘Northeast India’.
Formation and Composition of Northeast India
- States in the Northeast: The region officially includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, under the North-Eastern Council.
- Pre-Independence Structure: Before Independence, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Mizoram were part of colonial Assam. Manipur and Tripura were princely states with British political officers, while Sikkim, under British paramountcy, became an independent country in 1947 and was annexed by India in 1975. Sikkim joined the North-Eastern Council in 2001.
Colonial Context and Frontier Province Dynamics
- Assam as a Frontier Province: Colonial Assam was a frontier province in British India, akin to the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).
- Administrative Divisions: The province was divided into ‘settled districts’ (like present-day Assam and Sylhet in Bangladesh) and ‘excluded areas’ or ‘Hill areas’ (like modern-day Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Nagaland).
The North Eastern Council (NEC) is composed of the following members:
- Governors and Chief Ministers of the Member States: Each of the eight states in the North Eastern region, including Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Sikkim, Nagaland, and Manipur, is represented by their respective Governors and Chief Ministers. These members are ex-officio members of the Council.
- Chairman: The Chairman is also a member of the Council, although the specific identity of the Chairman is not mentioned in the provided sources.
- Three Members Nominated by the President: The President of India nominates three additional members to the Council. These members are also part of the NEC
Post-Independence Security and Administrative Shifts
- Unique Post-1947 Challenges: After 1947, the region’s borders became largely international, with a narrow land corridor connecting it to the rest of India.
- Creation of Nagaland: The state of Nagaland was created in 1963, following the Sino-Indian War of 1962, as part of efforts to integrate the Naga people into the Indian state.
North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act of 1971
- Statehood and Union Territories: Manipur and Tripura were elevated to statehood, Meghalaya was formed from Assam, and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were established as union territories, later becoming states in 1987.
- Strategic Reorganization: This Act represented a strategic shift from the colonial frontier governance to a modern state structure.
Concept and Implications of ‘Northeast India’
- Directional Naming and Identity: The term ‘Northeast India’ highlights the region’s distinct identity and its hierarchical relation to the Indian heartland.
- Racial and Cultural Dimensions: The term ‘Northeasterner’ has often led to racial stereotyping and issues of identity and recognition.
Conclusion
- Complex Administrative Evolution: The formation of Northeast India is a testament to the region’s complex history and the Indian state’s response to unique geopolitical challenges.
- Continued Struggle for Recognition: Despite legislative milestones, Northeast India continues to face challenges in national integration, identity politics, and equitable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genomic Medicine
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Over the past two decades, genomics and the use of genetic information in healthcare have undergone significant transformations.
- Once limited to major research centers, personal genome sequencing has become widely accessible, empowering individuals with detailed knowledge of their genetic makeup.
What is genome sequencing?
- Genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
- The genome is the entire set of genetic material (DNA in the case of most organisms) that provides the instructions for building, maintaining, and functioning of the organism.
- Genome sequencing involves identifying the order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in an organism’s DNA.
Applications of Personal Genome Sequencing
- Disease Risk Assessment: Personal genome sequencing can identify genetic variants associated with an increased risk of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Pharmacogenomics: Personal genome sequencing helps predict how an individual will respond to specific medications, allowing for the customization of drug prescriptions based on genetic factors.
- Cancer Genomics: Personal genome sequencing of cancer cells helps identify specific mutations driving tumor growth.
- Rare Genetic Disorders: Personal genome sequencing is a powerful tool for diagnosing rare genetic disorders, particularly in cases where traditional diagnostic methods may be inconclusive.
- Reproductive Health: Couples planning to have children can undergo personal genome sequencing to assess the risk of passing on genetic conditions to their offspring.
- Forensic Identification: Personal genome sequencing can be used in forensics for human identification and the resolution of criminal investigations.
- Research and Scientific Discovery: Aggregated personal genomic data from large populations contribute to ongoing research, advancing our understanding of the genetic basis of diseases and human biology.
Case Study: Iceland’s Genetics Research
- Iceland’s Unique Demographics: Iceland’s historical demographic isolation and early initiation of population-level genome sequencing have made it a focal point in genetics research.
- Research on Lifespan and Genetic Variants: A study in Iceland suggested that actionable incidental genetic variants could potentially improve lifespan, with significant findings related to cancer-related genotypes.
Future of Genome Sequencing and Healthcare
- Increasing Accessibility: As genome sequencing becomes more accessible and affordable, regular population-scale sequencing and newborn sequencing initiatives are becoming more feasible.
- Benefits for Population Health: Widespread implementation of these programs could provide medically actionable insights, enabling proactive and effective disease treatment and prevention.
- Advancements in Technology: Current genome sequencing technologies, often referred to as second-generation sequencing, have limitations in handling repetitive sequences and resolving structural variations. Third-generation sequencing technologies, such as single-molecule sequencing, are expected to overcome these challenges and provide longer read lengths, improving the accuracy and completeness of genome sequences.
Conclusion
- The advancements in genomics are paving the way for a more proactive and personalized approach to healthcare, with significant potential for disease prevention and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Health Tax
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Public health researchers recommend a health tax of 20% to 30% on sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and high-fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) products, in addition to the existing GST.
- The recommendation stems from a UNICEF-funded project, aiming to influence policies to reduce sugar consumption.
Study Insights and Recommendations
- Targeting Bulk Consumers: The study suggests taxing bulk consumers like confectionery manufacturers, rather than household sugar purchases.
- Definition of Sugar: The study includes all forms of refined, unrefined sugar, and gur (brown cane sugar) used by manufacturers.
- Impact on Manufacturers: Manufacturers, who buy up to 55% of India’s annual sugar production, are expected to be more price-sensitive than households.
Tax Implications and Demand Reduction
- Niti Aayog’s Interest: Niti Aayog is exploring the impact of health taxes and warning labels on food products to promote healthy eating in India.
- Current and Proposed Tax Rates: Sugar is currently taxed at 18% GST. The proposed additional tax could raise the total tax to 38-48%.
- Price Elasticity Metric: The study uses ‘Price Elasticity’ to estimate demand reduction. A 10% price increase could lead to a 2% demand reduction for households and a 13-18% reduction for manufacturers.
- Health Tax on Beverages and HFSS Products: A 10-30% health tax on SSBs could decrease demand by 7-30%, while a similar tax on HFSS products might lead to a 5-24% decline.
Government Revenue and Public Health Impact
- Increase in Tax Revenues: Additional taxes could boost government revenues by 12-200% across different scenarios.
- Current Tax Rates on Products: Sugar attracts 18% GST, SSBs 28% GST plus 12% cess, and HFSS products 12% GST.
- Public Health Benefits: Higher taxes on unhealthy foods could reduce obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.
India’s Sugar Consumption and Health Risks
- India’s Sugar Intake: India is the world’s largest sugar consumer, with an average consumption of 25 kg per person per year, exceeding WHO recommendations.
- Rise in Sugar-Related Health Issues: There has been a significant increase in the sale of aerated drinks and HFSS food products, contributing to obesity and diabetes.
Taxation and Reformulation
- Encouraging Product Reformulation: The proposed tax rate is linked to sugar volume, encouraging manufacturers to reduce sugar content in products.
- Taxing Sugar Replacements: The study also recommends taxing artificial sweeteners to prevent manufacturers from switching to cheaper, unhealthy alternatives.
Global Precedents and Outcomes
- Health Tax Implementation Worldwide: Over 70 countries, including Mexico, Chile, and South Africa, have implemented health taxes on sugar and related products.
- Positive Outcomes in Mexico: In Mexico, the taxation on SSBs led to decreased consumption of taxed beverages and a reduction in mean BMI among younger age groups.
Conclusion
- Potential for Health Improvement: Imposing a health tax on sugar and related products could significantly contribute to public health improvement in India.
- Consideration of Economic Factors: The success of such a policy will depend on balancing health benefits with economic impacts on consumers and manufacturers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OTT Regulation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre’s new draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023, aims to revamp the regulatory framework for the broadcasting sector in India.
- The Bill extends regulatory oversight from conventional television services to OTT platforms, digital content, and emerging technologies.
Key Provisions of the Draft Bill
- Single Legal Framework: The Bill seeks to establish a unified legal structure for various broadcasting services, replacing the three-decade-old Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act.
- Mandatory Registration and Self-Regulation: It introduces mandatory registration for broadcasting services, the creation of content evaluation committees for self-regulation, and establishment of programme and advertisement codes.
- Three-Tier Regulatory Mechanism: The Bill proposes a three-tier regulatory structure, including self-regulation by broadcasters, self-regulatory organizations, and a Broadcast Advisory Council.
Government’s Objectives and Concerns Raised
- Ease of Doing Business: The government claims the Bill will enhance ease of doing business and update the regulatory framework to match the sector’s evolving needs.
- Freedom of Speech Concerns: However, there are apprehensions about potential censorship and infringement on freedom of speech, especially for digital media.
Specifics of the Draft Bill
- Intimation of Operations: The Bill requires formal registration or intimation to the government for broadcasting services, with exceptions for entities like Prasar Bharati.
- Modern Broadcasting Definitions: It includes definitions for broadcasting, broadcasting networks, and network operators, encompassing internet broadcasting networks like IPTV and OTT services.
- Content Quality and Accessibility: Broadcasters must adhere to yet-to-be-defined Programme and Advertisement Codes and classify their content for viewer discretion. The Bill also emphasizes accessibility for persons with disabilities.
Self-Regulation and Government Oversight
- Content Evaluation Committees: Broadcasters must establish committees with diverse representation for content certification, except for shows exempted by the government.
- Broadcast Advisory Council: An advisory council will oversee regulation implementation, with the power to make recommendations to the government.
Inspection, Seizure, and Penalties
- Inspection Rights: The Centre and authorized officers can inspect broadcasting networks and services, raising concerns about government overreach.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance: The Bill includes penalties like removal of shows, apologies, off-air periods, or cancellation of registration for non-compliance.
Concerns and Critiques
- Digital Rights and Free Speech: Organizations like the Internet Freedom Foundation express concerns about the Bill’s impact on online free speech and creative expression.
- Ambiguity and Rule-Making: The Bill’s numerous instances of “as may be prescribed” or “as notified by the Government” create uncertainty for stakeholders.
- Impact on Digital Platforms: Experts highlight the need for careful consideration of the Bill’s impact on online content creators and the digital space’s dynamism.
Conclusion
- The bill, represents a significant shift in India’s broadcasting sector regulation, aiming to encompass modern digital platforms while raising critical questions about content regulation, freedom of expression, and government oversight.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Census of India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Initially planned for 2020, the Census exercise is now postponed to at least October 2024, considering the time required for preparatory activities post-boundary setting.
- The delay also postpones the implementation of the law reserving 33% of seats for women in Parliament and State Assemblies, which is contingent on Census completion.
About the Census of India
- The decennial Census of India has been conducted 16 times, as of 2021.
- While it has been undertaken every 10 years, beginning in 1872 under British Viceroy Lord Mayo, the first complete census was taken in 1881.
- Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- All the censuses since 1951 were conducted under the Census of India Act, 1948.
- The last census was held in 2011, whilst the next was to be held in 2021.
Background of Women’s Reservation Delay
- 128th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023: Known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, this Act mandates one-third reservation for women, effective post-delimitation based on the latest Census.
- Presidential Assent and Delimitation: The Act, receiving Presidential assent in September 2023, awaits the delimitation exercise, which depends on the new Census data.
Census Delays and COVID-19 Impact
- Historical Consistency: India has conducted a Census every decade since 1881, with the latest phase initially set for April 2020.
- COVID-19 Pandemic Disruption: The pandemic necessitated the postponement of the Census, leading to continued reliance on 2011 data for policy and subsidy decisions.
- Lack of Clarity in Recent Notifications: Recent notifications have not specified reasons for the delay, moving away from earlier attributions to the pandemic.
Census Preparation and Questionnaire Status
- Houselisting and Housing Schedule: The first phase questionnaire was notified in January 2020, including 31 questions.
- Population Enumeration Phase: The second phase, with 28 finalized questions, awaits official notification.
Delay in Vital Statistics Reports
- Non-Release of Recent Reports: The RGI and Census Commissioner’s office have not released reports on births, deaths, and causes of deaths for 2021, 2022, and 2023.
- Importance of Vital Statistics: These reports are crucial for planning and evaluating health care, family planning, and educational programs.
- Last Released Reports: The latest available reports cover up to the year 2020, including new codes for COVID-19 related deaths.
Conclusion
- Evidence-based policymaking amidst delays: The extended timeline for the Census necessitates strategic planning to ensure accurate data collection and analysis.
- Awaiting Women’s Reservation Implementation: The delay underscores the need for adaptive measures to implement the women’s reservation law effectively once the Census is completed.
- Broader Implications for Governance: The postponement affects various aspects of governance and policy-making, highlighting the importance of timely and accurate demographic data.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genocide Convention, 1948
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- South Africa has petitioned the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to declare Israel in breach of the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Genocide Convention, 1948
|
Details |
| Full Name |
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |
| Adoption Date |
December 9, 1948 |
| Primary Aim |
To prevent and punish the crime of genocide |
| Definition of Genocide |
Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group |
| Key Provisions |
Includes killing or causing harm to members of a group, deliberately inflicting destructive conditions, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children |
| Punishable Acts |
Genocide, conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and complicity in genocide |
| Implementation and Enforcement |
States must enact legislation to give effect to the Convention’s provisions and provide penalties for perpetrators;
Genocide recognized as a crime under international law |
| Historical Context |
Created post-Holocaust and World War II as a global commitment against atrocities |
| Legal Framework Impact |
Established legal basis for defining and prosecuting genocide, influencing international criminal law |
| India’s Involvement |
Ratified by India on August 27, 1959;
Principles incorporated into India’s domestic legal system |
South Africa’s Stance and Actions
- Preventive Obligation: Following its application to the ICJ, South Africa stated its obligation to prevent genocide, seeking urgent provisional measures to halt violence in Gaza.
- Israel’s Response: Israel has strongly condemned South Africa’s accusations, terming them as “blood libel.”
- Potential Impact of ICJ Ruling: Even if the ICJ issues provisional measures, Israel, like Russia in the Ukraine case, may choose to ignore them.
Historical Roots of South Africa’s Position
- Longstanding Criticism of Israel: South Africa has a history of criticizing Israel, including suspending diplomatic relations and expressing solidarity with Palestine.
- Colonialism and Empathy for Palestine: South Africa’s own history of colonialism and apartheid has fostered empathy towards the Palestinian cause.
- Influential Figures: Leaders like Nelson Mandela have historically supported Palestinian rights.
- Resistance to Western Influence: South Africa’s stance is partly influenced by a desire to resist Western-dominated worldviews, evident in its approach to global issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Economic and Political Considerations
- Trade Relations with Israel: Despite being Israel’s largest African trading partner, South Africa has maintained its support for Palestine.
- Shift in African Nations’ Stance: While many African countries have softened their stance towards Israel, South Africa remains steadfast due to the ANC’s anti-discrimination roots and resistance to Western hegemony.
Conclusion
- Balancing Trade and Ideology: South Africa’s actions reflect a complex interplay of historical empathy, political ideology, and economic considerations in its foreign policy.
- Global Implications: This move at the ICJ underscores the ongoing tensions in international relations, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and broader geopolitical dynamics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Research Organisation has rang in the new year with the launch of the PSLV-C58 X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) mission on January 1, 2024.
About XPoSat Mission
- Orbital Details: XPoSat will operate in a Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of about 650 km, with a low inclination of around 6 degrees.
- Dual Scientific Payloads: The satellite is equipped with two payloads, enabling comprehensive studies of X-ray sources, including their temporal, spectral, and polarization characteristics.
- Mission Goals: XPoSat’s primary objectives include measuring X-ray polarization in the 8-30 keV energy band and conducting long-term studies in the 0.8-15 keV band.
- Mission Lifespan: The satellite is expected to be operational for approximately 5 years.
- Observation Strategy: Observations by XPoSat will primarily occur during the Earth’s eclipse period to maximize efficiency.
Payloads aboard XPoSat
- POLIX – Primary Payload: The Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX), developed by Bengaluru’s Raman Research Institute (RRI) with ISRO’s collaboration, is tailored to assess the degree and angle of polarization in medium X-ray energy ranges.
- XSPECT – Secondary Payload: The X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (XSPECT) payload, created by ISRO’s U.R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), will gather spectroscopic data in the 0.8-15 keV range.
Significance of XPoSat
- Polarization refers to the orientation of light waves. X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can also be polarized.
- Studying it from cosmic sources provides valuable information about the physical conditions and processes occurring in extreme environments, such as around black holes, neutron stars, and supernova remnants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chameleon Trojan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Security researchers have identified an updated version of the ‘Chameleon Trojan’ malware, capable of disabling biometric authentication methods.
Chameleon Trojan
- The malware’s primary objective is to steal the phone’s PIN by bypassing fingerprint and face unlock security features.
- This trojan attaches itself to legitimate Android applications, such as Google Chrome, to evade detection.
- It operates in the background and is reportedly undetectable during runtime, bypassing Google Protect alerts and other security software.
- It exploits the Accessibility service on Android 12 and earlier versions, while on newer versions, it circumvents Google’s security restrictions through different methods.
Modus Operandi of Chameleon Trojan
- To bypass new restrictions, the malware displays an HTML page instructing users to enable the Accessibility service for the app, compromising device security.
- Once active, it captures on-screen content, navigates using gestures, and steals PINs and passwords, subsequently accessing more sensitive data like credit card details and login credentials.
- The malware also tracks app usage habits to time its attacks when the device is least likely to be in use.
Protection against Chameleon Trojan
- Users are advised to avoid installing Android apps from unofficial sources to reduce the risk of malware infection.
- Be wary of enabling the Accessibility service for apps that are not well-known or trusted.
- Conducting regular security scans on the device can help in identifying and mitigating threats.
- Ensuring that Google Play Protect is enabled at all times is recommended for continuous monitoring and protection against malware.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maulana Azad National Fellowship
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Research students have raised concerns about the disparity in scholarship amounts under the Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF) compared to other research fellowships.
About Maulana Azad National Fellowship
|
Details |
| Objective |
To support students from minority communities in pursuing M.Phil. and Ph.D. |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |
| Eligibility |
Students from minority communities (Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Jains) who have cleared CBSE/NTA-UGC NET or CSIR NET |
| Financial Assistance |
Covers university fee, maintenance allowance, and other necessary allowances; granted for up to 5 years |
| Administration |
Managed by the Ministry of Minority Affairs; University Grants Commission (UGC) as the nodal agency |
| Selection Process |
JRF-NET (Junior Research Fellow- National Eligibility Test) examination |
| Purpose and Impact |
Encourages higher studies and research in various fields; aims at educational and socio-economic development of minority communities |
Recent Developments and Concerns
- Discontinuation of MANF: Union Minority Affairs Minister announced the discontinuation of MANF, citing overlaps with similar scholarships.
- Research Community’s Reaction: The research community, represented by the All India Research Scholars Association (AIRSA), has expressed disappointment, emphasizing the role of research in socio-economic development and the importance of MANF for financially constrained minority students.
Comparison with Other Fellowships
- Last Revision in 2019: The last increase in MANF scholarship amounts was in 2019, while other scholarships have seen recent revisions.
- Current Fellowship Amounts: UGC-approved schemes now offer ₹37,000 for junior researchers and ₹42,000 for senior researchers, a significant increase from previous amounts.
Also read:
Scholarship Schemes for Religious Minorities: Reality Check
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Core Sector
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India’s eight core sectors experienced a significant slowdown, growing by 7.8% in November, down from 12% in October.
About Core Industries in India
- The main or key industries constitute the core sectors of an economy.
- In India, eight sectors are considered the core sectors.
- These sectors are in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products> Electricity> Steel> Coal> Crude Oil> Natural Gas> Cement> Fertilizers.
About Index of Eight Core Industries
- The monthly Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is a production volume index.
- ICI measures the collective and individual performance of production in selected eight core industries viz. Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement and Electricity.
- Before the 2004-05 series six core industries namely Coal, Cement, Finished Steel, Electricity, Crude petroleum and Refinery products constituted the index basket.
- Two more industries i.e. Fertilizer and Natural Gas were added to the index basket in the 2004-05 series. The ICI series with base 2011-12 will continue to have eight core industries.
The components covered in these eight industries for compilation of the index are as follows:
- Coal – Coal Production excluding Coking coal.
- Crude Oil – Total Crude Oil Production.
- Natural Gas – Total Natural Gas Production.
- Refinery Products – Total Refinery Production (in terms of Crude Throughput).
- Fertilizer – Urea, Ammonium Sulphate (A/S), Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Ammonium chloride (A/C), Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Complex Grade Fertilizer and Single superphosphate (SSP).
- Steel – Production of Alloy and Non-Alloy Steel only.
- Cement – Production of Large Plants and Mini Plants.
- Electricity – Actual Electricity Generation of Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro, imports from Bhutan.
Recent data: Sector-Wise Growth Details
- Decline in ICI: The ICI witnessed a 3.34% drop from October, marking its lowest since March 2023.
- Sector-Specific Trends: Notably, only refinery products and coal showed month-on-month growth, with significant year-on-year increases.
- Steel Production: Growth in steel production hit a 13-month low at 9.1%.
- Crude Oil and Fertilizer: Crude oil saw a contraction, while fertilizer production growth decelerated.
- Natural Gas and Electricity: Both natural gas output and electricity generation growth slowed down considerably in November.
Comparative Analysis with Previous Year
- Year-on-Year Comparison: The core sectors had a 5.7% growth in November 2022.
- Influence of Base Effects: Last year’s high growth in certain sectors like cement significantly influenced this year’s comparative figures.
Economic Insights and Projections
- Bank of Baroda’s Perspective: The slowdown in fertilizer growth aligns with the end of the rabi sowing season, as per the bank’s chief economist.
- IIP Forecast: The core sectors are expected to contribute to an IIP growth of 7%-8%.
- Economists’ View: Experts predict a continued slowdown in core sector growth due to strong base effects from the previous fiscal year.
Future Expectations and Challenges
- India Ratings and Research Predictions: A slowdown in core sector growth is anticipated in the coming months, influenced by the strong base effect.
- Broader Economic Impact: This slowdown is indicative of larger economic challenges, potentially affecting future policy and market expectations.
Conclusion
- Economic Resilience Test: The trends in India’s core sectors underscore the challenges in sustaining growth amid diverse economic conditions.
- Need for Strategic Economic Planning: Addressing these slowdowns will require astute economic planning and possibly new strategies to boost growth in these key sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, faced opposition uproar but was passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 3. Subsequently, it was approved in the Lok Sabha on December 21, marking its legislative passage.
Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill: Purpose and Objectives
- Repealing the 1867 Act: The Bill aims to repeal the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, modernizing the regulatory framework for periodicals.
- Key Provisions: It includes a notable clause preventing individuals convicted of terrorism or acting against state security from publishing periodicals.
- Rationale for Introduction: The Bill focuses on easing business processes for publishers, removing procedural hurdles, and reducing the administrative burden of declarations and filings.
Comparison with the 1867 Act
- Exclusion of Books: Unlike the 1867 Act, the 2023 Bill excludes books from its purview, as they fall under the HRD Ministry’s jurisdiction.
- Penalty Structure: The new Bill replaces imprisonment with fines for certain violations and introduces an appellate mechanism led by the Press Council of India Chairman.
- Shift in Administrative Power: Power is transferred from the District Magistrate to the newly established Press Registrar General, centralizing the registration and regulation process.
Declaration and Registration Process
- Simplification of Procedures: The Bill simplifies the declaration process, eliminating the need for DM involvement and allowing online intimations for printing presses.
- Simultaneous Processing: It enables concurrent processing of title allotment and registration applications, streamlining the procedure.
- Time-Bound Responses: The specified authority must provide feedback within 60 days, expediting the registration process.
UAPA Provision in the Bill
- Restriction on Convicted Individuals: The Bill bars individuals convicted of terrorist acts or unlawful activities, as defined under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, from publishing periodicals.
- Security Concerns: This provision addresses concerns about the misuse of periodicals for activities threatening national security or sovereignty.
Conclusion
- Modernizing Media Regulation: The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, represents a significant overhaul of India’s media regulatory framework, aligning it with contemporary needs.
- Balancing Ease of Business and Security: While the Bill aims to facilitate easier operations for publishers, it also incorporates measures to safeguard against security threats.
- Potential for Debate and Discussion: The Bill’s passage, amidst opposition concerns, suggests ongoing debates about media freedom, security, and regulatory oversight in India’s evolving democratic landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polygraph Test
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In the ongoing investigation of the Parliament security breach, Delhi Police sought court permission for polygraph tests on six accused to uncover their motives.
- A polygraph test, commonly known as a lie detector test, measures physiological responses believed to differ when a person lies.
Mechanics of a Polygraph Test
- Physiological Monitoring: The test involves attaching instruments like cardio-cuffs or sensitive electrodes to monitor blood pressure, pulse, and other variables.
- Response Analysis: As questions are asked, responses are numerically evaluated to determine truthfulness, deception, or uncertainty.
- Historical Origin: First conducted in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist, to measure blood pressure changes in suspects during interrogation.
Constitutional and Legal Provisions
- Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution: This article protects against self-incrimination, stating that no accused shall be compelled to be a witness against themselves.
- Infringement Concerns: Forcing an accused to undergo polygraph or narcoanalysis tests is seen as a violation of Article 20(3), making consent essential.
- Article 21 and Human Rights: Polygraph tests are criticized for mental torture, potentially violating the right to life and privacy under Article 21.
Limitations and Challenges
- Scientific Reliability: Neither polygraph nor narco tests are scientifically proven to be 100% accurate, raising questions about their reliability.
- Impact on Vulnerable Individuals: These tests can adversely affect those unaware of their rights or unable to access legal advice, leading to potential abuse and media exploitation.
Legal and Constitutional Rulings
- Selvi vs State of Karnataka & Anr (2010): The Supreme Court ruled that lie detector tests should be voluntary, with legal implications explained to the accused.
- D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1997): The Court deemed involuntary administration of these tests as potentially violating the Right to Life and Liberty and the Right to Privacy.
- Indian Evidence Act, 1871: The results of these tests are not admissible as evidence in court.
- National Human Rights Commission Guidelines (1999): Established consent and procedural guidelines for administering polygraph tests.
Way Forward
- Role as Investigative Tools: While not reliable for conclusive evidence, polygraph tests can aid in complex investigations.
- Balancing Scientific Techniques and Rights: The government should promote scientific methods in investigations while ensuring strict adherence to ethical and legal standards.
- Consent and Decency: The administration of these tests must be consensual, respecting the dignity and rights of the individuals involved.
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