Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nagoya Protocol, CBD
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Cameroon’s recent adoption of the Nagoya Protocol marks a significant step towards harnessing its rich biodiversity for sustainable development.
Cameroon’s Biodiversity Wealth
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Cameroon hosts approximately 11,000 species, offering immense genetic resources for research and development.
- Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous communities possess invaluable traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, contributing to bioprospecting (search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.).
- Bioprospecting Potential: Bioprospecting projects, such as those focusing on species like Irvingia wombulu, present opportunities for sustainable resource utilization.
About Nagoya Protocol
|
Details |
| Purpose |
Implements access and benefit-sharing obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) |
| Adoption |
October 2010 |
| Entry into Force |
October 12, 2014 |
| Legal Status |
Legally binding global agreement |
| Objective |
Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources |
| Membership |
India is a member |
| Benefits |
- Establishes a framework for accessing genetic resources for research
- Provides certainty for investment in biodiversity-based research
- Ensures fair sharing of benefits from resource use
- Recognizes the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
|
| Scope |
- Genetic resources covered by the CBD
- Benefits arising from their utilization
- Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources covered by the CBD and benefits from their utilization
|
Key Facts about Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
|
Description |
| Adoption Date |
Opened for signing in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro |
| Objectives |
Conservation of biological diversity,
Sustainable use of biological diversity,
Fair and equitable benefit sharing |
| Membership |
196 contracting parties |
| Scope |
Covers biodiversity conservation at all levels:
Ecosystems, Species, and Genetic resources |
| Decision-Making Body |
Conference of the Parties (COP) |
| Secretariat |
Based in Montreal, Canada |
| Supporting Agreements |
- Cartagena Protocol (2000) for regulating LMOs movement,
- Nagoya Protocol (2010) for access and benefit sharing
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Satellite -Based Toll Collection
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Satellite-based toll collection is slated for deployment before the onset of the 2024 general election Model Code of Conduct informed Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari.
- This technology will supersede FASTags, offering improved efficiency and convenience for drivers.
How Satellite -Based Toll Collection Works?
- GPS-Equipped Vehicles: Every vehicle will require a GPS device for toll collection, enabling real-time tracking of their movements.
- Micro-controller Integration: The government plans to equip vehicles with micro-controllers featuring third-generation (3G) and GPS connectivity to facilitate data transmission.
- Continuous Monitoring: By capturing GPS coordinates, authorities can monitor vehicle routes, track toll road usage, and calculate toll taxes based on distance travelled.
- Toll Gate Configuration: Presently, toll gates are stationed at the end of each road stretch or project. Toll tax is calculated for distances up to 60 km, with rates fixed by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
Distinction from FASTag Technology
|
FASTag |
GPS-Based Toll Collection |
| Technology Utilization |
Relies on RFID technology for automatic toll deduction. |
Utilizes GPS system within vehicles for tracking and toll deduction. |
| Toll Deduction Process |
Deduction occurs only at toll booths upon approach. |
Toll tax is deducted based on continuous GPS tracking throughout the journey. |
| Infrastructure Requirements |
Requires installation of FASTag scanners at toll booths. |
Eliminates the need for physical toll booths and plazas, relying solely on GPS tracking. |
| Implementation Status |
Mandated since February 2021, offering streamlined toll payment at toll booths. |
Anticipated implementation around March 2024, promising enhanced efficiency and convenience for travelers. |
Why is a GPS-based system preferred over FASTag?
- Infrastructure Elimination: GPS-based systems don’t require toll booths, reducing congestion and infrastructure costs.
- Continuous Tracking: They track vehicles continuously, enabling accurate toll calculations based on actual distance traveled.
- Flexibility and Scalability: GPS offers wider coverage and scalability, suitable for varied toll rates and distances.
- Reduced Administration: Automation reduces manual intervention and administrative burden.
- Enhanced User Experience: Drivers enjoy seamless travel without the need to stop at toll booths.
Operational Framework
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Integration: Vehicles will require on-board units (OBUs) linked to a satellite constellation (ex. GPS, GLONASS, IRNSS) for toll calculations and transactions.
- Barrier-Free Movement: OBUs, akin to vehicle tracking devices, will enable distance-based tolling, fostering unhindered highway transit.
- Regulatory Requirements: Geo-fencing of national highways and legislative amendments to permit distance-based tolling under National Highway Fee Rules and the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, are necessary for implementation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Facts about the Deepastambham
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent discovery of a Deepastambham (lamp post) and other archaeological findings along the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana, sheds new light on early medieval trade ties in the region.
Lamp Post and its Structure
- Unique Findings: Archaeologists unearthed a 20-foot tall lamp post with inscription and a small flat-roofed structure near the Krishna river bank in Telangana.
- Rare Artefacts: Lamp posts are uncommon in the Deccan region but are prevalent in temple architecture along the west coast, highlighting the uniqueness of this discovery.
- Historical Context: The lamp post, dated back to June 1635, bears a multilingual inscription in Telugu mixed with Tamil, indicating its dedication to Kasi Viswanatha.
- Functional Significance: Due to its height, the lamp post likely served as a lighthouse along the riverine trade route, facilitating navigation and trade activities.
Significance of Inscriptions
- Historical Documentation: Inscriptions provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural and economic landscape of the region during the early medieval period.
- Cultural Connections: The presence of inscriptions suggests a connection between the local community and wider trade networks, enriching our understanding of historical trade routes.
- Hyderabad Connection: The village’s proximity to Hyderabad, ruled by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, suggests its significance in the regional trade network.
- European Accounts: References by European travellers, such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier, hint at the existence of riverine trade routes alongside land routes during the same period.
Continuity of Trade Routes
- Longstanding Trade Connections: The discovery of an eighth-century inscription from the Badami Chalukya era underscores the village’s role as a vital trade hub over millennia.
- Cultural Exchange: Trade routes facilitated not only economic transactions but also cultural exchanges, shaping the region’s diverse heritage.
Try this PYQ:
Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines on India? (CSP 2018)
(a) Francois Bernier
(b) Jean Baptiste Tavernier
(c) Jean de Thevenot
(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hot Money
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s recent inclusion into JPMorgan’s emerging market debt index marks a significant milestone for its financial markets.
- However, with this inclusion comes the risk of volatile capital flows, particularly ‘hot money,’ which can exert pressure on currency and bond markets.
What is ‘Hot Money’?
- Definition: ‘Hot money’ refers to funds controlled by investors seeking short-term returns. It is the flow of funds from one country to another to earn a short-term profit on interest rate differences.
- Typical Investments: Investors often seek high-interest, short-term opportunities like certificates of deposit (CDs).
- Foreign portfolio investment (FPI): FPI is often referred to as “hot money” because it tends to flee at the first signs of trouble in an economy.
Mechanics of ‘Hot Money’
- Attracting ‘Hot Money’: Banks offer short-term CDs with above-average interest rates to attract ‘hot money.’
- Rapid Movement: Investors swiftly withdraw funds and transfer them to institutions offering higher rates when interest rates change.
- Cross-Border Movements: Investors may shift funds between countries to capitalize on favorable interest rates.
Economic hazards posed by Hot Money
- Volatility: Hot money causes rapid price swings, risking market stability.
- Speculative Bubbles: Inflated asset prices lead to market crashes when bubbles burst.
- Currency Depreciation: Hot money influxes can cause currency value swings, harming exports.
- Interest Rate Volatility: Central banks may struggle to stabilize rates due to hot money flows.
- Financial Instability: Herd behavior from hot money can cause market panics.
- Capital Flight: Short-term hot money exits strain a nation’s financial reserves.
- Speculative Attacks: Hot money inflows attract attacks from profit-driven investors.
- Macroeconomic Imbalances: Over-reliance on hot money leads to unsustainable economic patterns.
RBI’s position
- Monitoring Foreign Fund Flows: India will closely monitor inflows of foreign funds to prevent excessive ‘hot money’ influx.
- Regulating Interest Rates: Measures will be taken to manage interest rates to discourage short-term speculative investments.
- Maintaining Financial Stability: Proactive measures aim to prevent excessive volatility in currency and bond markets.
Back2Basics: Hot Money vs. Cold Money
|
Hot Money |
Cold Money |
| Nature |
Short-term capital that flows in and out of markets quickly. |
Long-term investments that remain stable and less volatile. |
| Movement |
Rapid movement, often driven by short-term profit opportunities. |
Relatively stable movement, focused on long-term returns. |
| Risk |
High risk due to volatility and susceptibility to market changes. |
Lower risk as it is less influenced by short-term market fluctuations. |
| Purpose |
Often seeks quick returns, capitalizing on market trends and speculation. |
Invested with long-term objectives, such as retirement planning or wealth preservation. |
| Impact on Markets |
Can create volatility and instability, leading to sudden market fluctuations. |
Provides stability and liquidity, contributing to long-term economic growth. |
| Examples |
Hedge funds, currency traders, speculative investors. |
Pension funds, mutual funds, long-term investors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Symbols Allotment
Mains level: Split in a Political Party
Introduction
- A faction within a political party led by the Maharashtra Deputy CM has been officially recognized as the legitimate group by the Election Commission of India retaining its election symbol.
Also read:
How are Symbols allotted to Political Parties in India?
Election Symbol and its Significance
- Electoral Impact: Election symbols play a crucial role in shaping the electoral fortunes of political parties, influencing voter perception and identification.
- Transparency Concerns: The current system of symbol allotment warrants review to ensure transparency and fairness in the electoral process.
EC’s Powers in Symbol Disputes
- Legal Framework: Para 15 of the Symbols Order, 1968, empowers the ECI to adjudicate disputes arising from splits within political parties.
- Test of Majority: The ECI conducts a test of majority, considering all available facts and circumstances, to determine the legitimate faction.
- Binding Decision: The decision of the ECI is binding on all rival sections or groups emerged after the split, applicable to recognized national and state parties.
Historical Precedents
- Pre-1968 Era: Before the Symbols Order, 1968, the ECI addressed disputes through notifications and executive orders under the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
- High-profile Cases: Notable cases include the split of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1964 and the first split in the Indian National Congress in 1969.
Options for Resolution
- Symbol Freeze: The ECI may freeze the symbol to prevent either faction from using it until a final decision is reached, a process that typically involves lengthy hearings.
- Legal Proceedings: Parties may resort to legal recourse if internal resolution or EC intervention fails to resolve the dispute.
Alternate Resolution Mechanisms
- Majority Test: EC primarily relies on testing the support within the party organization, particularly among elected MPs and MLAs, to determine faction legitimacy.
- Registration as Separate Party: Splinter groups not recognized by the parent party may register themselves as separate entities and seek national or state party status based on electoral performance post-registration.
Conclusion
- The recognition of political factions by the Election Commission underscores the complexities of symbol allotment and intra-party disputes.
- As the EC navigates these challenges, ensuring procedural fairness and upholding democratic principles remain paramount in fostering trust and integrity in the electoral process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Juno Mission, Deimos and Phobos
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Juno, a spacecraft launched by NASA in 2011, embarked on a mission to unravel the secrets of Jupiter and its moons.
- En route to Jupiter, Juno encountered fast-moving dust particles, resulting in significant damage to its solar panels.
About NASA’s Juno Mission
|
Description |
| Launch Year |
2011 |
| Mission Objective |
Study Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, to gain insights into the origin and evolution of Earth. |
| Focus Areas |
- Investigate Jupiter’s atmosphere composition and isotopic ratios.
- Study Jupiter’s magnetic field and its interaction with the atmosphere, leading to aurora formation.
- Explore Jupiter’s structure, atmosphere, and interior to understand early solar system conditions.
|
| Earth Insights |
- Juno mission’s advanced instruments include the Microwave Radiometer, which measures atmospheric temperature and water content.
- By comparing Jupiter’s composition with Earth’s, scientists infer similarities and differences in planetary origins.
- Understanding the magnetic field and auroras on Jupiter contributes to knowledge about Earth’s own magnetic field and auroras.
- Studying Jupiter’s structure provides clues about early solar system conditions and Earth’s evolutionary processes.
|
Dusts in Interplanetary Space
- Calculating Dust Flux: Scientists harnessed Juno’s data to estimate the flux of dust particles encountered between 1 and 5 Astronomical Units (AU), shedding light on the density and distribution of interplanetary dust.
- Exploring Dust Sources: Analysis suggested Mars’s moons, Deimos and Phobos, as potential sources of interplanetary dust, offering tantalizing clues to unraveling the enigmatic origins of these celestial particles.
How Martian Moons, Deimos and Phobos produce this Dust?
- Micrometeorite Impacts: Micrometeorites, tiny yet potent dust particles, bombard Mars’s moons, creating ephemeral clouds of dust upon impact due to the absence of atmospheres.
- Escape into Space: Deimos and Phobos, characterized by low gravity, facilitate the escape of dust particles into space, contributing to the formation of a dusty ring around Mars.
Insights from Observations
- Gravitational Dynamics: This models incorporated gravitational effects, lunar shapes, and dust particle velocities, offering a comprehensive understanding of the dust dynamics within the Martian system.
- Validation through Future Missions: Prospective missions to Deimos and Phobos hold the promise of validating the recent findings, shedding further light on the dusty realms of these enigmatic moons.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Free travel for Indians
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent announcement of visa-free travel to Iran for Indian passport holders has garnered significant attention, marking a significant milestone in bilateral travel facilitation.
Iran’s Visa-Free Regime for India
- Tourism Purposes: Indian citizens holding ordinary passports can avail of the visa-free travel privilege but must intend to visit Iran solely for tourism purposes.
- Mode of Entry: The relaxation applies exclusively to travelers entering Iran via air routes.
- Maximum Duration: Travelers under this scheme can stay in Iran for a maximum of 15 days during each visit.
- Re-entry Provisions: Re-entry into Iran is permissible after a gap of six months from the previous departure.
- Extended Stay or Multiple Entries: Individuals desiring prolonged stays, frequent visits within six months, or seeking alternative visa categories must obtain requisite visas from the Iranian diplomatic missions in India.
Visa Trends for Indians beyond Iran
- Current Visa-Free Countries: 27 countries now offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, with recent additions including Kenya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.
- Global Outreach: Beyond immediate neighbors, countries like Barbados, Bhutan, Maldives, Mauritius, and Nepal offer visa-free entry to Indian citizens, reflecting evolving global travel dynamics.
- Popular Destinations for Indian Citizens: The top five travel destinations are the UAE, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Thailand, with many visiting as part of the diaspora.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hindu Kush Himalayas
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) called for ‘bold action’ and ‘urgent finance’ to prevent collapse of Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH).
About Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH)
|
Description |
| Geographic Location |
South Asia, spanning Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. |
| Area |
Approximately 3,500,000 square kilometers |
| “Water Tower of Asia” |
At least 12 rivers fan out in every direction across the Asian continent from it, including:
– Syr Darya and Amu Darya towards the now-dead Aral Sea
– Tarim toward the Taklamakan
– Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra towards the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
– Yellow river towards the Gulf of Bohai
– Yangtze towards the East China Sea
– Mekong towards the South China Sea
– Chindwin, Salween, and Irrawaddy towards the Andaman Sea |
| Glaciers |
Home to thousands of glaciers, including Mount Everest and K2. |
A Region on the Brink
- Biodiversity Hotspot: The HKH region, characterized by its remarkable biodiversity, is described as a ‘biosphere on the brink’ by experts.
- Scope of Crisis: The speed and scale of habitat and nature loss in the HKH region are deemed ‘catastrophic,’ and urgent action is required.
Alarming Statistics
- Biodiversity Richness: The HKH region boasts four of the world’s 36 global biodiversity hotspots, 575 Protected Areas, and 335 important bird areas.
- Biodiversity Loss: Despite conservation efforts, the region has witnessed the loss of 70% of its original biodiversity over the last century.
- Human Dependence: 85% of mountain communities in the HKH region rely on this biodiversity for food, water, flood control, and cultural identity.
- Population Pressure: With 241 million people residing in the HKH region, 31% face food insecurity, and half experience various forms of malnutrition.
Human Impact
- Threat to Humanity: The declining nature in the HKH region now endangers not only animal and plant life but also human societies.
- Water Tower of Asia: This region, known as the ‘Water Tower of Asia,’ supplies essential ecosystem services, including clean water for one-third of the global population.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Floor Test, No confidence Motion
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The new government has won the trust vote on the floor of the Jharkhand Assembly. A floor test serves as a pivotal check to determine if the executive enjoys the confidence of the legislature.
What is Floor Test?
- Definition: A floor test is a constitutional measure employed to ascertain whether the Chief Minister, appointed by the Governor, commands the majority support of the Legislative Assembly.
- Governor’s Role: The Governor appoints the CM, typically from the party securing the majority of seats in the Assembly.
- Voting of Confidence: If the majority is challenged or questioned, the Chief Minister must seek a vote of confidence to prove the majority among the members present and voting.
- Consequences of Failure: Failure to secure the majority in the floor test necessitates the resignation of the Chief Minister.
- Application: Floor tests are conducted both in the Parliament and state legislative assemblies. They are also utilized in cases of disputes within coalition governments.
Postponement of Floor Tests
- Legal Precedent: Recent Supreme Court rulings have clarified that floor tests need not be postponed even if the decision on the disqualification of rebel members is pending.
- Shivraj Singh Chouhan v/s Speaker Case: The 2020 case involving Shivraj Singh Chouhan established this principle.
- Discretion in Special Cases: In exceptional situations with no clear majority, the Governor can use discretion to expedite the selection of the Chief Ministerial candidate for a floor test.
Composite Floor Test
- Multiple Claimants: When multiple individuals stake a claim to form the government, a Composite Floor Test is conducted.
- Majority Determination: In cases where the majority is unclear, a special session is convened to ascertain the majority.
- Counting the Majority: Majority is determined based on those present and voting. Voting can occur through voice votes or division voting, involving electronic gadgets, ballots, or slips.
- Speaker’s Vote: In case of a tie, the Speaker may cast the deciding vote.
Challenges with the Floor Test
- Luring of MLAs: In some instances, ruling party MLAs may be lured with rewards or incentives, undermining the constitutionality and fairness of the floor test.
- Constitutional and Moral Implications: Such actions are seen as constitutionally immoral and unjust, as they circumvent the Tenth Schedule through engineered defections using the judicial process.
Back2Basics: No Confidence Motion
- Rule 198 of Lok Sabha: The process for a No Confidence Motion is explained under this rule in the Lok Sabha.
- Constitutional provisions: While the Constitution does NOT mention the terms ‘No Confidence Motion’ or ‘floor test,’ Articles 75 and 164 establish the collective responsibility of the executive to their respective legislatures.
- Procedure: Any Opposition member can move a no-confidence motion, which requires the backing of at least 50 members for acceptance.
- Discussion Period: The Speaker announces a date for discussion, which must occur within 10 days from the date of acceptance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cabbage Mutation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- A recent paper sheds light on the remarkable ability to induce sterility in a diverse range of plants, including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, tomato, and rice. This sterility is achieved through a minute genetic deletion.
- This deletion holds the promise of significantly boosting crop yields through a phenomenon known as heterosis.
Unveiling Genetics
- DNA Structure: DNA consists of two long strands, each comprising four nucleotide bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). These bases form pairs (A-T and G-C) held together by hydrogen bonds.
- Genome Organization: The cabbage plant (Brassica oleracea) genome contains approximately 1.06 billion base pairs distributed across 18 chromosomes. Each chromosome pair, derived from pollen and egg, shares a mostly identical sequence.
- Role of Genes: Genes are well-defined DNA sequences, typically spanning a few thousand base pairs. When expressed, a gene’s segment is transcribed into RNA, which serves as the blueprint for protein synthesis.
- Protein Production: RNA is processed by cellular machinery called ribosomes, directing the assembly of amino acids into proteins.
Role of Sterility in Hybrid Vigor
- Discovery of Ms-cd1: Around 44 years ago, a cabbage plant with a natural mutation known as Ms-cd1 was identified. This mutation rendered the plant male-sterile, with a crucial twist: the eggs of the mutant plant could still be fertilized by pollen from normal plants, yielding normal seeds.
- Hybrid Seeds: All seeds from mutant plants resulted from out-crossing, where eggs were fertilized by pollen from different strains. Such hybrid seeds, also called out-cross seeds, give rise to more robust plants with enhanced vigor, known as heterosis.
- Dominant Mutation: The Ms-cd1 mutation was found to be dominant, meaning its presence in just one chromosome of the pair caused male sterility, regardless of the other chromosome’s status.
- Recessive Mutations: The researchers demonstrated that mutations in both copies of the Ms-cd1 gene were necessary for male fertility. In such cases, the mutations became recessive.
Crucial Missing Base-Pair
- Genetic Mapping: Through genetic mapping, researchers identified a crucial distinction between the mutated and non-mutated Ms-cd1 genes: the mutated gene lacked a single DNA base pair in its promoter region.
- Promoter’s Role: The promoter sequence binds to regulatory proteins that control when and in which cells a gene is transcribed into RNA.
- ERF Binding: In the mutated gene, this missing base-pair disrupted its binding to the regulatory protein ERF, allowing the Ms-cd1 gene to remain expressed, leading to male sterility.
- Fine-Tuning of Protein Levels: Proper pollen development depends on a precise balance of Ms-cd1 protein levels, with ERF binding regulating its expression at different stages of development.
Extending the Discovery
- Cross-Species Applicability: The dominant mutant gene was introduced into other plant species, including rice, tomato, and arabidopsis. In all cases, the recipient plants exhibited pollen developmental disruptions.
- A Promising Tool: The genetic deletion of a single base-pair emerges as a powerful tool to produce hybrid seeds, not only in cabbage but also in various other crops.
- Implications for Agriculture: This breakthrough offers the potential to harness heterosis and enhance crop yields across plant species, addressing global food security challenges.
Conclusion
- The genetic deletion that induces male sterility in plants represents a remarkable stride in agricultural science, offering the prospect of abundant harvests through hybrid seeds.
- This discovery opens new doors for sustainable agriculture and reinforces the critical role of genetic research in addressing the world’s growing food demands.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ergosphere
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Rotating black holes, also known as Kerr black holes, possess a fascinating region called the ergosphere, which sets them apart from their non-rotating counterparts.
Formation of Black Holes
- Origin: Black holes are born from massive stars that exhaust their nuclear fuel and undergo a supernova explosion. The remaining core collapses under its own gravitational force, forming a black hole.
- Gravitational Singularity: At the core of a black hole lies a gravitational singularity, a point where the laws of general relativity cease to provide accurate predictions.
- Event Horizon: Surrounding the singularity is the event horizon, a boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It acts as a point of no return for anything entering it.
What is Ergosphere?
- Ergosphere Description: Beyond the event horizon, rotating black holes feature another unique region known as the ergosphere. This region extends further out from the singularity, creating an additional sphere around the black hole.
- Name Origins: The term ‘ergosphere’ finds its roots in the Greek word ‘ergon,’ which means ‘work.’ It earned this name due to the intriguing possibility it offers – the extraction of matter and energy from this region.
Characteristics of the Ergosphere
- Intriguing Property: Unlike the event horizon, objects can enter the ergosphere and potentially escape from it, provided they move at speeds less than that of light.
- Acceleration Potential: Some scientists have explored the idea of sending objects into the ergosphere to leverage their unique characteristics. Objects within the ergosphere can gain energy and momentum, effectively “borrowing” some of the black hole’s angular momentum.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalaripayattu
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The introduction of Kalaripayattu, a southern Indian martial arts form, into the Khelo India games in 2021 has led to its growing popularity among boys and girls in Haryana.
About Kalaripayattu
- Originates from ancient knowledge of the human body.
- Originated in Kerala during the 3rd century BC, lasting until the 2nd century AD; currently practiced in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Practiced in a ‘Kalari’, a term in Malayalam indicating a gymnasium or a symbolic battlefield.
- The term ‘Kalari’ appears in Tamil Sangam literature, denoting both a battlefield and a combat arena.
- Considered one of the oldest martial arts in the world.
- Known as the precursor to modern Kung Fu, often referred to as the “Father of Modern Kung Fu.”
- Integrates Hindu rituals and philosophies, alongside medicinal practices derived from Ayurveda.
- Incorporates elements from yoga and finger movements from Nata dances.
Weapons used:
Weapons are categorized into four groups:
- Cutting, Slicing, and Piercing: Swords and daggers.
- Pole Weapons: Spears and axes.
- Bludgeoning Instruments: Sticks and maces.
- Projectiles: Arrows, discuses, catapults, boomerangs, and other hand-thrown weapons.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Places of Worship Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, has once again come into focus due to ongoing civil suits challenging the religious character of mosques in Varanasi and Mathura.
Enactment of the Places of Worship Act
- Background: The Act was enacted in September 1991, during the Babri-Masjid Ram Janmabhoomi dispute, to address issues related to the status of places of worship.
- Objectives: It aimed to freeze the religious character of places of worship as it existed on August 15, 1947, and prevent the conversion of places of worship from one denomination to another.
Key Provisions of the Act
- Continuity of Religious Character: The Act ensures that the religious character of a place of worship remains unchanged from its status on August 15, 1947.
- Prohibition on Conversion: It prohibits the conversion of a place of worship of any religious denomination into one of a different denomination.
- Abatement of Pending Cases: All pending legal proceedings regarding the conversion of a place of worship, initiated before August 15, 1947, would abate upon the Act coming into force, and no new proceedings can be initiated.
Exceptions to the Rule
- Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites: The Act does not apply to ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
- Settled Disputes: It does not apply to suits that were already settled or disposed of or to conversions by acquiescence.
Status of Ongoing Cases on the Gyanvapi Mosque
- Current Litigation: Ongoing civil suits in Varanasi involve claims by Hindu worshippers asserting their right to worship deities within the Gyanvapi mosque premises.
- Basis for Suits: The Hindu side claims that an old temple of Lord Vishweshwar existed at the center of the mosque compound, demolished by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1669.
- Court Orders: Court orders have favored the position that these suits are not barred by the Places of Worship Act. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) conducted a survey that reported the existence of a temple before the mosque.
Implications of the Act in the Mathura Dispute
- Shahi Idgah Mosque: Civil suits in Mathura pertain to the Shahi Idgah mosque near the Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple, with claims that it was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace.
- Challenging Compromise: The suits challenge a compromise reached in 1968 between Sri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan and the Shahi Idgah Trust. The Allahabad High Court has transferred all Mathura dispute suits to itself.
- Act’s Applicability: Court decisions have held that the Act does not bar these suits. In the Mathura dispute, the Act is not applicable as the compromise decree predates its enactment.
Conclusion
- The Places of Worship Act, enacted to freeze the status of places of worship, is facing challenges in ongoing disputes, particularly in Varanasi and Mathura.
- Courts have ruled that the Act does not prohibit these suits, emphasizing the need for a case-by-case examination to determine religious character.
- These developments underscore the complexities and legal interpretations surrounding the Act’s application in the context of evolving disputes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rare Dusted Apollo Butterfly
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In a remarkable discovery, the elusive Dusted Apollo butterfly (Parnassius stenosemus) was sighted and photographed for the first time in Himachal Pradesh.
Dusted Apollo
- Historical Rarity: Dusted Apollo is a rare high-altitude butterfly, initially discovered in 1890.
- Sighting Details: The butterfly was spotted and photographed in September 2023 during a trek to Manimahesh Lake in Chamba.
- Wide Range: The Dusted Apollo’s distribution extends from Ladakh to West Nepal.
- Altitude Preference: This unique butterfly thrives at altitudes ranging from 3,500 to 4,800 meters in the inner Himalayas.
- Comparing Species: Dusted Apollo closely resembles Ladakh Banded Apollo (Parnnasius stoliczkanus) but exhibits distinct features.
Implications for Conservation
- Rare Find: Dusted Apollo had never been photographed in Himachal Pradesh before.
- Additional Discovery: Another rare species, Regal Apollo (Parnnasius charltonius), was also photographed at Manimahesh, protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- Commercial Significance: Apollo butterflies are commercially valuable and are targeted by poachers, emphasizing the need for conservation.
- Endangered Species: Many Apollo butterfly species are endangered and require immediate conservation efforts.
- Community Awareness: Raising awareness about poaching and the significance of these species is vital for their protection.
- Conservation Measures: Suggested measures include establishing butterfly parks and conservation reserves in the state to safeguard these fragile creatures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Buffalo and bulbul fights
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Assam government’s bid to revive traditional ‘Moh-Juj’ buffalo and bulbul (songbird) fighting during Magh Bihu has encountered a legal challenge from People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in the Gauhati High Court.
- PETA India seeks to ban these activities.
Buffalo and bulbul fights: Age-Old Tradition
- Folk Culture: Buffalo and bulbul fights are part of the folk culture during the Assamese winter harvest festival of Magh Bihu.
- Location: Buffalo fights are prominent in places like Ahatguri in Nagaon district, while bulbul fights are held at the Hayagriv Madhab Mandir in Hajo.
- Religious Significance: Bulbul fights are tied to religion, involving rituals, lamps, and offerings to Lord Vishnu.
- Historical Legacy: The practice has roots in the traditions of the Ahom rulers.
Discontinuation after SC Ruling
- Supreme Court’s Intervention: The fights were discontinued after the Supreme Court’s 2014 judgment banned the use of bulls as performing animals in events like jallikattu.
- Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI): Following the SC ruling, the AWBI urged the Assam government to stop animal and bird fights during Bihu celebrations.
- Resistance: Despite the prohibition, some continued to hold buffalo fights in defiance, leading to legal challenges.
Revival Efforts after SC Clears Path
- SC Ruling in 2021: The Supreme Court overturned its 2014 judgment, allowing states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to conduct traditional events involving bulls and animals.
- Assam Government’s SOPs: The Assam Cabinet approved Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for buffalo and bulbul fights without deliberate cruelty.
- Guidelines: SOPs permit fights in traditional locations, set specific dates, forbid harm to animals, and ban the use of intoxicating substances.
- Revival: Buffalo and bulbul fights were resumed in Magh Bihu, with Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma supporting the revival as part of Assam’s Bihu traditions.
PETA’s Legal Challenge
- PETA’s Petitions: PETA India filed petitions in the Gauhati High Court seeking a ban on both activities and an interim stay during the proceedings.
- Allegations: PETA claimed that buffalo owners instigated fights through slapping, shoving, and using wooden sticks, resulting in injuries. Bulbuls were allegedly captured and forced to fight.
- Court’s Response: The court heard PETA’s application and noted that organizing buffalo fights beyond January 25 violates government guidelines. It instructed the petitioners to inform the relevant authorities to prevent the event in violation of SOPs.
Conclusion
- The legal battle over the revival of traditional animal fights in Assam reflects the clash between cultural traditions, religious significance, and animal welfare concerns.
- The Gauhati High Court’s decision will shape the future of these practices in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Uttarakhand is taking important steps to implement a Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
- The state has received the final report from a committee, which is a significant move towards fulfilling its commitment to equality and justice.
Tap to read everything about Uniform Civil Code:
India needs a Uniform Civil Code: PM
Uttarakhand UCC
- Expert Committee: Uttarakhand appointed a committee, led by retired Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai, to draft the UCC.
- In the State Assembly: The UCC report will be presented in the State Assembly on February 5 for discussion. It will go through a detailed review before becoming law.
Key Recommendations
- Gender Equality: The final UCC draft focuses on achieving gender equality and removing unfairness in various areas, including property rights and adoption rules.
- Language Choice: Notably, the UCC draft is around 750 pages long, entirely written in Hindi, without any Urdu or other languages.
- Protection of Tribal Community: The report suggests that the tribal community should not be included in the UCC. Their specific needs and concerns will be addressed separately.
Ensuring Equal Rights
- Ban on Regressive Practices: The UCC draft recommends strong punishments for practices like triple talaq, iddat, and halala, which relate to marriage and divorce in Muslim personal law. It also proposes banning polygamy and polyandry.
- Legalizing Live-In Relationships: The draft suggests making live-in relationships legal, with mandatory registration for such couples.
- Equal Inheritance Rights: Women are granted the same rights as men when it comes to inheritance under the proposed UCC.
- Minimum Marriage Age: The UCC draft suggests setting the minimum age for women’s marriage at 21 years.
Conclusion
- Uttarakhand’s efforts to establish a Uniform Civil Code demonstrate its commitment to ensuring equal rights and justice for all.
- The careful drafting process, inclusive approach, and strong recommendations underscore the state’s determination to promote gender equality and eliminate regressive practices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Parties
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Tamil superstar Thalapathy Vijay’s announcement of his political party has sparked interest in the process of registering political entities in India.
Creating a Political Party
- Legal Framework: Article 324 of the Indian Constitution and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 empower the Election Commission to lay down guidelines for party registration.
- Application: A party seeking registration must apply to the Election Commission within 30 days of its formation.
- Public Notice: The applicant must publish the proposed party name in two national and two local daily newspapers. The notice is also posted on the Election Commission’s website.
- Documentation: The application, in a prescribed format, must be sent to the Election Commission Secretary within 30 days of party formation. It should include a demand draft of Rs. 10,000, a printed copy of the party’s memorandum, rules, or constitution, and the latest electoral rolls for at least 100 party members.
- Affidavits: An affidavit, duly signed by the President or General Secretary and sworn before a Magistrate/Notary Public, is required. Additionally, individual affidavits from 100 members confirming non-membership in any other registered political party are essential.
Need for Registration
- Not Mandatory: Registration with the Election Commission is not mandatory but comes with advantages under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
- Symbol Allotment: Registered party candidates receive priority in the allotment of free symbols over independent candidates.
- State or National Recognition: Parties can achieve recognition as ‘state parties’ or ‘national parties,’ subject to fulfilling conditions laid out in the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
Recognition Criteria
- State Party: To be recognized as a state party, a registered party must meet any of these five conditions:
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes and win at least 2 seats in an Assembly General Election.
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes and win at least 1 seat in a Lok Sabha General Election.
- Win at least 3% of the seats or at least 3 seats, whichever is more, in an Assembly General Election.
- Win at least 1 out of every 25 seats from a state in a Lok Sabha General Election.
- Secure at least 8% of the total valid vote in an Assembly or Lok Sabha General Election.
- National Party: To attain national party status, a registered party must meet any of these three conditions:
- Secure at least 6% of valid votes in an Assembly or Lok Sabha General Election in four or more states and win at least 4 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election from any state.
- Win at least 2% of total Lok Sabha seats in a Lok Sabha General Election, spanning at least 3 states.
- The party is recognized as a State Party in at least four states.
Benefits of Recognition
- Reserved Symbol: State parties receive a reserved symbol within the state, while national parties can use the reserved symbol across the country.
- Nomination Ease: Such parties require only one proposer for filing nominations.
- Free Electoral Rolls: They are entitled to two sets of electoral rolls free of cost.
- Media Access: Recognized parties can use state-owned Akashvani/Doordarshan facilities for broadcasting/telecasting during general elections.
- Additional Perks: Recognized parties can avail of other advantages such as subsidized land for party offices, among others.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetlands
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Five more Indian wetlands have been added to the global list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, taking the total number of such highly recognised waterlogged ecosystems in the country to 80.
- India is now the fourth-largest nation on the Ramsar map, trailing only behind the UK (175), Mexico (144), and China (82).
- Tamil Nadu continues to have the maximum number of Ramsar sites (16) followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
List of newly designated Ramsar Sites:
[1] Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- Spread over 98.76 hectares adjoining Ankasamudra village.
- A biodiversity hotspot with over 210 plant species, 8 mammals, 25 reptiles, and 240 bird species.
- Vital nesting and roosting ground for over 30,000 waterbirds, including the Painted Stork and Black-headed Ibis.
[2] Aghanashini Estuary (Karnataka):
- Covers 4,801 hectares at the confluence of Aghanashini River with the Arabian Sea.
- Offers flood and erosion risk mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood support.
- Sustains 6,000-7,500 families through fishing, agriculture, and traditional fish farming.
- Acts as a natural barrier against storms and cyclones.
[3] Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- A human-made wetland spanning nearly 50 hectares, originally designed for rainwater storage.
- Home to 166 bird species, including 130 migratory birds.
- Sanctuary for vulnerable and near-threatened species like the Common Pochard, River Tern, and Oriental Darter.
- A crucial wintering ground for the Bar-headed Goose.
[4] Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu):
- Encompassing 453.72 hectares, it’s one of Tamil Nadu’s largest inland wetlands.
- Facilitates groundwater recharge and supports agricultural activities.
- Hosts around 198 bird species, including the Bar-headed Goose and Common Teal.
[5] Longwood Shola Reserve Forest (Tamil Nadu):
- Named after “Solai,” meaning tropical rainforest in Tamil.
- Integral to the Western Ghats’ unique biodiversity.
- Provides sanctuary to globally endangered and vulnerable bird species like the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush, Nilgiri Blue Robin, and Nilgiri Wood-pigeon.
- Home to 14 of the 26 endemic bird species of the Western Ghats.
Back2Basics: Ramsar Convention
|
Explanation |
| Purpose |
International treaty aimed at conserving and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands. |
| Establishment |
Established on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran. |
| Participating Countries |
171 contracting parties (countries) as of September 2021. |
| India and Ramsar Convention |
The first Ramsar Site in India, the Chilika Lake in Odisha, was designated in 1981. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nano DAP
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The interim budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduces the expansion of Nano DAP application in agriculture.
Understanding Nano DAP
- DAP: DAP, or di-ammonium phosphate, is a widely used fertilizer in India, rich in phosphorus for plant root development.
- Nano DAPL: Introduced by Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), it is a liquid form of DAP with particle sizes less than 100 nanometers, enhancing its efficiency.
Advantages of Nano DAP
- Efficiency: Nano DAP’s small particle size allows it to penetrate seeds and plant openings more effectively, leading to higher seed vigor, increased chlorophyll, better photosynthetic efficiency, improved crop quality, and higher yields.
- Affordability: Nano DAP is cost-effective compared to conventional DAP, with a 500 ml bottle equivalent to a 50 kg bag of DAP, priced at only Rs 600.
- Convenience: The liquid form is easier to transport, store, and apply, making it farmer-friendly.
- Reduced Imports: Adoption of domestically-produced Nano DAP from Kalol, Gujarat, reduces the need for importing fertilizers, enhancing self-reliance and benefiting Indian agriculture.
Government’s Perspective
- Subsidy Relief: Nano DAP’s cost-effectiveness alleviates the government’s subsidy burden on fertilizers, offering fiscal relief.
- Self-Reliance: Producing Nano DAP domestically aligns with the goal of self-sufficiency in fertilizer production, reducing dependency on imports.
- Agricultural Advancement: Wider Nano DAP adoption supports agricultural growth, increasing food grain production and benefiting farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakhpati Didi Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The interim budget for 2024-25 has introduced an expansion of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme, designed to empower women’s self-help groups.
About ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme
- Launch: The ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme was inaugurated on August 15, 2023.
- Objective: The government aims to create two crore prosperous sisters in rural villages, aligning with the broader mission of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
- Skill Training: Women participants receive skill training to enable them to earn an income exceeding Rs 1 lakh annually.
- Technology Integration: Women’s self-help groups (SHGs) will have access to drones for agricultural activities, harnessing technology to transform rural agriculture while empowering women.
Leveraging Drone Technology
- Drone Training: Approximately 15,000 women’s SHGs will undergo training in operating and repairing drones.
- Income Generation: This initiative not only opens new avenues for income generation but also equips women with cutting-edge skills.
- Agricultural Revolution: Drones hold the potential to revolutionize agriculture, facilitating precision farming, crop monitoring, and pest control.
Skill Diversification
- Skill Development: Women under this scheme receive training in diverse skills such as LED bulb making, plumbing, and more.
- Eligibility Criteria: Participants must be active members of self-help groups.
Application Process
- Self-Help Groups: To apply for the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme, women should be part of self-help groups.
- Local Anganwadi Centres: Additional information and application forms are available at local Anganwadi centres.
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