Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Prime Minister is set to inaugurate the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), officially named the Atal Setu Nhava Sheva Sea Link.
- This 22 km bridge, conceptualized six decades ago, represents a significant development in India’s infrastructure, promising to transform connectivity and economic prospects in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
Atal Setu: the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
- Bridge Specifications: The MTHL is a 22-km-long, six-lane twin-carriageway bridge over the Thane Creek in the Arabian Sea. It connects Sewri in Mumbai to Chirle in Raigad district.
- Components: The structure comprises a 16.5 km sea link and 5.5 km of viaducts on land at both ends.
- Project Objective: Aimed at enhancing connectivity within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the MTHL is expected to spur economic growth, reduce travel time, and alleviate congestion on existing routes.
Historical Context and Development
- Initial Proposal: The concept of a bay crossing was first proposed in 1963 by Wilbur Smith Associates but remained dormant for decades.
- Revival and Challenges: The project was revived in the late 90s, with the first tenders floated in 2006. After initial interest from Reliance Infrastructure and subsequent withdrawal, the project faced multiple bidding challenges.
- Funding and Execution: The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) partnered with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for funding, leading to the commencement of work in early 2018. The project cost totaled Rs 21,200 crore, with a significant loan from JICA.
Impact of the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
- Travel Time Reduction: A study by MMRDA and JICA predicts that the MTHL will cut the average travel time between Sewri and Chirle from 61 minutes to less than 16 minutes.
- Economic and Connectivity Benefits: The bridge is expected to integrate Navi Mumbai’s economy with Mumbai and improve connectivity to key locations like the Navi Mumbai International Airport, Mumbai Pune Expressway, and the Mumbai-Goa Highway.
- Vehicle Usage: An estimated 40,000 vehicles are expected to use the link daily in its opening year.
Concerns and Challenges
- Accessibility for Commuters: Doubts remain about the bridge’s utility for daily commuters between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai, considering the high toll cost and the distance of landing points from main residential areas.
- Additional Commuting Costs: The toll fee of Rs 250 for a one-way crossing and the bridge’s landing points being over 10 km from major residential zones like Vashi and Nerul may increase commuting expenses.
- Lack of Public Transport Options: As of now, there are no announcements regarding public transport facilities, such as dedicated bus lanes, on the bridge.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Swachh Survekshan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Surat in Gujarat and Indore in Madhya Pradesh have been jointly recognized as the cleanest cities in India at the Union Urban Affairs Ministry’s annual Clean City Awards 2023.
About Swachh Survekshan
- Swachh Survekshan, initiated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2016, serves as a competitive framework to promote urban sanitation improvements and citizen participation.
- Over time, Swachh Survekshan has grown to become the world’s largest urban sanitation survey.
- In the 2023 edition (SS 2023), emphasis is placed on source segregation of waste, increasing cities’ waste processing capacity, and reducing waste sent to dumpsites.
- SS 2023 introduces new indicators with added importance, focusing on phased plastic reduction, enhanced plastic waste management, “waste to wonder” parks, and zero-waste events.
- The ranking of wards within cities is encouraged through SS 2023.
- The survey assesses cities on dedicated indicators addressing issues such as ‘Open Urination’ (Yellow Spots) and ‘Open Spitting’ (Red Spots).
Highlights of the Clean City Awards 2023
- Top Rankings: Surat and Indore shared the top spot, with Navi Mumbai securing the third position in the cleanest cities category.
- Indore’s Continued Success: Remarkably, Indore has maintained its status as the cleanest city for the seventh consecutive year.
- Other Top Cities: The list of the top 10 cleanest cities also includes Greater Visakhapatnam, Bhopal, Vijayawada, New Delhi, Tirupati, Greater Hyderabad, and Pune.
State Rankings and Special Categories
- Maharashtra Leads: In the state rankings, Maharashtra emerged as the top performer, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
- Smaller Cities and Cantonnement Boards: In cities with a population of less than one lakh, Sasvad and Lonavala in Maharashtra, and Patan in Chhattisgarh, were top performers. Mhow Cantonment Board in Madhya Pradesh was recognized as the cleanest cantonment board.
- Cleanest Ganga Towns: Varanasi and Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh won awards for being the cleanest towns along the Ganga river.
Awards and Themes
- Swachh Survekshan Awards: Initiated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in 2016, these awards have become the world’s largest urban sanitation survey.
- Themes: The 2023 survey focused on the theme “Waste to Wealth,” while the upcoming 2024 survey will emphasize “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.”
Indore’s Journey to the Top
- Leap in Rankings: Indore’s remarkable journey from ranking 25th in 2016 to consistently holding the top position is noteworthy.
- Key Factors for Success: The city’s success is attributed to a sustainable system of garbage collection, processing, and disposal, along with citizen participation and innovative sanitation measures.
Indore’s Sanitation Initiatives
- Waste Segregation and Disposal: Indore revamped its sanitation and waste collection system, involving NGOs and changing routes for garbage disposal vehicles.
- Legacy Waste Management: The city efficiently cleared and treated large amounts of legacy waste at the Devguradiya ground.
- Infrastructure Development: Funds were allocated for constructing transfer stations and treatment plants for waste management.
- Community Engagement: Efforts were made to build sanitation habits among citizens, including the distribution of free dustbins and imposing fines for littering.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Taxes
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s net direct tax collections have achieved a significant milestone, reaching ₹14.7 lakh crore by January 10, which is over four-fifths of the fiscal year’s target.
- This performance indicates a robust growth of 19.4% compared to the same period in the previous fiscal year, showcasing the country’s strong economic recovery and efficient tax administration.
Overview of Tax Collection Performance
- Total Collections: The net direct tax collections stood at ₹14.7 lakh crore, marking an achievement of 80.61% of the budget estimates for the fiscal year 2023-24.
- Growth Rate: This represents a 19.41% increase over the net collections for the corresponding period of the last year.
- Gross Collection Growth: The gross direct tax collections rose by 16.77% to ₹17.18 lakh crore, with Personal Income Tax (PIT) inflows increasing by 26.11% and Corporate Income Tax (CIT) by 8.32%.
Detailed Analysis of Tax Collection
- Post-Refund Growth: After adjusting for refunds, the net growth in CIT collections was 12.37%, and PIT collections saw a rise of 27.26%.
- Increase in PIT and STT Receipts: Net of refunds, PIT and Securities Transaction Tax receipts were up by 27.22%.
What are Direct Taxes?
- A type of tax where the impact and the incidence fall under the same category can be defined as a Direct Tax.
- The tax is paid directly by the organization or an individual to the entity that has imposed the payment.
- The tax must be paid directly to the government and cannot be paid to anyone else.
Types of Direct Taxes
The various types of direct tax that are imposed in India are mentioned below:
(1) Income Tax:
- Depending on an individual’s age and earnings, income tax must be paid.
- Various tax slabs are determined by the Government of India which determines the amount of Income Tax that must be paid.
- The taxpayer must file Income Tax Returns (ITR) on a yearly basis.
- Individuals may receive a refund or might have to pay a tax depending on their ITR. Penalties are levied in case individuals do not file ITR.
(2) Wealth Tax:
- The tax must be paid on a yearly basis and depends on the ownership of properties and the market value of the property.
- In case an individual owns a property, wealth tax must be paid and does not depend on whether the property generates an income or not.
- Corporate taxpayers, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and individuals must pay wealth tax depending on their residential status.
- Payment of wealth tax is exempt for assets like gold deposit bonds, stock holdings, house property, commercial property that have been rented for more than 300 days, and if the house property is owned for business and professional use.
(3) Estate Tax:
- It is also called Inheritance Tax and is paid based on the value of the estate or the money that an individual has left after his/her death.
(4) Corporate Tax:
- Domestic companies, apart from shareholders, will have to pay corporate tax.
- Foreign corporations who make an income in India will also have to pay corporate tax.
- Income earned via selling assets, technical service fees, dividends, royalties, or interest that is based in India is taxable.
- The below-mentioned taxes are also included under Corporate Tax:
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): The tax must be paid for any income that is earned via taxable security transactions.
- Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT): In case any domestic companies declare, distribute, or are paid any amounts as dividends by shareholders, DDT is levied on them. However, DDT is not levied on foreign companies.
- Fringe Benefits Tax: For companies that provide fringe benefits for maids, drivers, etc., Fringe Benefits Tax is levied on them.
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): For zero-tax companies that have accounts prepared according to the Companies Act, MAT is levied on them.
(5) Capital Gains Tax:
- It is a form of direct tax that is paid due to the income that is earned from the sale of assets or investments. Investments in farms, bonds, shares, businesses, art, and homes come under capital assets.
- Based on its holding period, tax can be classified into long-term and short-term.
- Any assets, apart from securities, that are sold within 36 months from the time they were acquired come under short-term gains.
- Long-term assets are levied if any income is generated from the sale of properties that have been held for a duration of more than 36 months.
Advantages of Direct Taxes
The main advantages of Direct Taxes in India are mentioned below:
- Economic and Social balance: The Government of India has launched well-balanced tax slabs depending on an individual’s earnings and age. The tax slabs are also determined based on the economic situation of the country. Exemptions are also put in place so that all income inequalities are balanced out.
- Productivity: As there is a growth in the number of people who work and community, the returns from direct taxes also increase. Therefore, direct taxes are considered to be very productive.
- Inflation is curbed: Tax is increased by the government during inflation. The increase in taxes reduces the necessity for goods and services, which leads to inflation to compress.
- Certainty: Due to the presence of direct taxes, there is a sense of certainty from the government and the taxpayer. The amount that must be paid and the amount that must be collected is known by the taxpayer and the government, respectively.
- Distribution of wealth is equal: Higher taxes are charged by the government to the individuals or organizations that can afford them. This extra money is used to help the poor and lower societies in India.
What are the disadvantages of direct taxes?
- Easily evadable: Not all are willing to pay their taxes to the government. Some are willing to submit a false return of income to evade tax. These individuals can easily conceal their incomes, with no accountability to the law of the land.
- Arbitrary: Taxes, if progressive, are fixed arbitrarily by the Finance Minister. If proportional, it creates a heavy burden on the poor.
- Disincentive: If there are high taxes, it does not allow an individual to save or invest, leading to the economic suffering of the country. It does not allow businesses/industries to grow, inflicting damage to them.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Republic Day Tableaux
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Defence Ministry’s proposal for a rollover plan for States and UTs to showcase their tableaux at the Republic Day parade comes amid ongoing controversies and complaints from various states.
- The plan aims to ensure that every State and UT gets an opportunity to participate within a three-year cycle, addressing the issue of limited slots (approximately 15) available each year.
Selection Process for Republic Day Tableaux
- Participants: State Governments/UT Administrations/Central Ministries/Departments are eligible to send tableaux.
- Application Process: Interested parties submit a concept note and design blueprints to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) by a specified deadline.
- Expert Committee Evaluation: The MoD appoints a committee of experts in art, culture, and related fields to evaluate the proposals in two stages:
-
- Stage 1: Initial assessment of proposals and design sketches, with possible rejections or suggestions for modifications.
- Stage 2: Evaluation of three-dimensional models, leading to final selection or further modifications.
Criteria for Selection
- Factors Considered: Visual appeal, thematic relevance, detailing, accompanying music, use of local artists, and adherence to the year’s overarching theme.
- 2024 Theme: “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) and “Bharat: Loktantra ki Matrika” (India: the Mother of Democracy).
- Guidelines: The MoD specifies guidelines, including the use of young designers, electronic displays, robotics, 3D printing, augmented/virtual reality, and eco-friendly materials. Conformity to these guidelines is encouraged.
Controversies and Rejections
- Opposition-Ruled States’ Concerns: States like Karnataka, Punjab, and West Bengal have expressed dissatisfaction over their tableaux being rejected.
- Centre’s Stance: The Centre has maintained its decision without providing specific reasons for rejection.
- Possible Reasons for Rejection: Misalignment with the broader theme, as suggested by MoD sources regarding Punjab and West Bengal’s proposals.
- Political Allegations: A politician claimed that the Delhi government’s exclusion lacked justification, intending to showcase the state’s governance model.
Conclusion
- Navigating Challenges: The new rollover plan and selection process aim to balance equitable state representation with adherence to thematic and aesthetic guidelines.
- Addressing Discontent: While the plan seeks to mitigate annual complaints, it also raises questions about transparency and political considerations in the selection process.
- Future Prospects: Ensuring a transparent, inclusive, and theme-compliant selection process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and celebratory spirit of the Republic Day parade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amaterasu
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In a significant scientific breakthrough, Japanese scientists discovered an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray in May 2021, which he named ‘Amaterasu’ after the Japanese sun goddess.
Discovery of Amaterasu
- Event Identification: Dr. Toshihiro Fujii, an astronomer at Osaka Metropolitan University, discovered the cosmic ray named Amaterasu.
- Measurement: Amaterasu had an energy of 240 exa-electron-volt (EeV), an extremely high level.
- Comparison with Man-Made Accelerators: This energy is about 40 million times higher than that of protons accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Mystery of Amaterasu’s Origin
- Unusual Origin: Amaterasu appears to have originated from an empty part of the universe.
- Dr. Fujii’s Theories: Possible explanations include an unidentified source, interaction with a strong magnetic field, or the need for new physics models.
- Previous Records: The “Oh My God” particle, detected in 1991 with an energy of 320 EeV, remains the most energetic cosmic ray recorded.
Nature and Impact of Cosmic Rays
- Composition: Cosmic rays are streams of energetic particles, including protons and alpha particles, originating from outer space and the sun.
- Interaction with Earth: Most cosmic rays lose their energy in Earth’s atmosphere, preventing harmful high-intensity rays from reaching the surface.
- Historical Significance: Studies of cosmic rays since the 1930s have led to the discovery of many subatomic particles, although their sources and high energy remain a mystery.
Types and Origins of Cosmic Rays
- Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR): Originating from beyond our solar system, possibly from supernovae.
- Solar Cosmic Rays: Emitted by the sun, primarily in solar flares, consisting mainly of protons.
- Composition Analysis: Studies show a helium-to-hydrogen nuclei mass ratio in cosmic rays similar to the early universe’s composition.
Implications of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
- Ultra-high-energy cosmic Rays (UHECRs): These are extragalactic particles with energies exceeding 1 EeV.
- Limitations in Space Travel: UHECRs with more than 60 EeV energy face suppression due to interaction with cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, limiting their travel distance to 50-100 megaparsecs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Political Split and Merger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Maharashtra Assembly Speaker ruled that the ruling faction of a political party was the legitimate and real, having the support of the majority of the party’s MLAs.
Anti-Defection Law in India
- Rise of Political Instability: The late 1970s saw rampant floor-crossing by legislators, epitomized by the phrase “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” after MLA Gaya Lal’s frequent party changes in 1967.
- Legislative Efforts: Various bills, including the 32nd and 48th Constitution Amendment Bills, were introduced to address defections but lapsed or were not passed.
- Enactment of the Law: The 52nd Amendment in 1985, under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, introduced the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, embedding the anti-defection law.
Features of the Anti-Defection Law
[A] Disqualification Criteria:
- Members of Political Parties: Disqualification occurs if a member voluntarily gives up their party membership or defies the party’s directive without prior permission, which is not condoned within 15 days.
- Independent Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after election.
- Nominated Members: Disqualification occurs if they join a political party after six months from taking their seat in the House.
[B] Exceptions:
- Merger: A member is not disqualified if their original party merges with another party, and at least two-thirds of its members agree to the merger.
- Presiding Officers: Members who become presiding officers can relinquish party membership and rejoin it after their term without facing disqualification.
[C] Decision Makin:
- Deciding Authority: The presiding officer of the respective House is the authority to decide on disqualification matters, subject to judicial review as established in the Kihoto Hollohan case (1991).
- Rule-making Power: The presiding officer can formulate rules for implementing the Tenth Schedule, subject to the approval of the House.
- Procedure for Disqualification: The presiding officer acts upon a defection case upon receiving a complaint. The accused member must be given a chance to explain, and the matter can be referred to a committee for inquiry.
- Position of Speaker: Party whips do not apply to the Speaker. However, questions of disqualification under the law concerning the Speaker or Chairman are decided by a member elected by the House.
Judicial Interpretations and Election Commission’s Role
- Key Judgments: The Kihoto Hollohan case (1991) made the Speaker’s decision on defection subject to judicial review. Other significant cases include Ravi Naik vs Union of India and G. Viswanathan Vs. The Hon’ble Speaker, Tamil Nadu, which clarified aspects of voluntary membership relinquishment and expulsion.
- Election Commission’s Guidelines: The EC resolves intra-party disputes based on majority support in both organizational and legislative wings and may freeze party symbols in unresolved cases.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Discriminatory Features: The law is criticized for not differentiating between dissent and defection and for its approach to individual versus group defections.
- Absence of Time Limit: The lack of a mandated timeframe for decisions on defection cases has led to manipulation and delays.
- Impact on Democratic Functioning: Critics argue that the law restricts legislators’ freedom and weakens legislative checks on the executive.
Debate on Repeal or Amendment
- Arguments for Repeal: Some argue for the law’s repeal, citing its failure to prevent defections and its hindrance to representative democracy.
- Arguments against Repeal: Proponents believe it ensures government stability, recognizes party systems, and reduces corruption.
- Suggested Amendments: Recommendations for amendments include limiting the law’s scope, enhancing decision-making processes, and promoting intra-party democracy.
Expert Recommendations
- Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and Law Commission (170th Report, 1999): Suggested amendments include limiting disqualification and involving the President/Governor and EC in decision-making.
- Constitution Review Commission (2002): Proposed barring defectors from holding public office and invalidating their votes in toppling governments.
- Election Commission’s Proposal: Recommended that decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/Governor based on the EC’s binding advice.
Way Forward
- Amending the Law: Amendments should address existing shortcomings, such as defining “voluntarily giving up membership” and removing distinctions in disqualification criteria.
- Enhancing Democratic Functioning: Reforms should focus on promoting intra-party democracy and regulating the use of whips.
- Voter Responsibility: The electorate’s role in holding defectors accountable through the ballot remains crucial.
Conclusion
- Navigating Political Stability and Democracy: The anti-defection law seeks to balance political stability with democratic representation and legislative accountability.
- Adapting to Contemporary Politics: As political dynamics evolve, so must the legal frameworks, ensuring their relevance and effectiveness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea cultivation in India
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Echoes of the Past: India’s tea industry is facing challenges similar to the “dark phase” of 2002-07, as noted by the Tea Association of India (TAI).
- Key Concerns: Stagnant prices, oversupply, demand-supply gap, and a trend towards cheaper teas are major issues impacting the industry.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
- Previous Crisis: The industry suffered a significant slump during 2002-07 due to regulatory challenges, falling demand, competition from cheaper international teas, and export quality concerns.
- Current Scenario: Despite India’s economic strides, the tea industry struggles with stagnant prices and increasing input costs, leading to estate closures and reliance on subsidies.
Demand-Supply Imbalance and Quality Concerns
- Oversupply Issues: The meeting highlighted the critical problem of oversupply leading to an imbalance between availability and consumption.
- Quality Decline: To make tea more affordable, there has been a decline in quality, resulting in a “race to the bottom.”
Proposed Measures and Tea Board of India’s Role
- Repositioning Tea: TAI suggests repositioning tea to enhance its perception and consumption patterns.
- Regulatory Steps: Measures include regulating tea waste sold domestically, restricting import of low-quality teas, and promoting tea’s health benefits.
- Potential Impact: Regulating waste could reduce supply by 15-20 million kg, and limiting imports could remove an additional 30 million kg of low-quality teas.
Tea Industry Statistics and Trends
- Production and Export: India’s tea production increased by 39% from 2008 to 2022, with a slight projected increase in 2023. However, exports till October 2023 decreased by 2% compared to 2022.
- Import Increase: Tea imports rose from 27 million kg in 2021 to 30 million kg in 2022.
Overview of the Indian Tea Industry
- Global Standing: India is the second-largest tea producer and the fourth-largest exporter globally, with a significant domestic consumption market.
- Employment and Regulation: The industry directly employs 1.16 million workers, with the Tea Board of India regulating cultivation.
- Main Growing Regions: The Northeast, including Assam, and north Bengal are major tea-growing areas, with significant cultivation in the Nilgiris in south India.
Challenges and Issues
- Global Competition and Quality Decline: Competition from countries like Kenya and the demand for organic tea have affected India’s market position.
- Worker Conditions and Small Tea Growers: Poor worker conditions and challenges faced by small tea growers, including pricing and recognition issues, are significant concerns.
- External Factors: Global events like the Russia-Ukraine war have further compounded problems for the industry.
Tea Board of India Initiatives
- Establishment: The Tea Board was set up under the Tea Act 1953 and functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce. Headquarters are located in Kolkata, the Board is reconstituted every three years.
- Promotional Efforts: The Board undertakes various initiatives to promote packaged Indian tea and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Promotional Activities: The Board supports packaged Indian tea promotion and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Tea Development and Promotion Scheme: This scheme aims to enhance productivity, quality, worker welfare, and market promotion.
- Support for Small Growers: The Board has formed SHGs, FPOs, and FPCs to assist small tea growers.
Way Forward
- One District One Product (ODOP) Program: This program can help promote Indian tea.
- Improving ‘AROMA’: ‘AROMA’ stands for Assistance to small growers, Re-energizing infrastructure, Organic and GI tea promotion, Modernization of supply chains, and Adaptability to climate change.
- Supporting Small Farmers: Enhancing production, quality, and sustainability while focusing on high-value markets is crucial for the industry’s growth.
Try this PYQ from 2022
Consider the following States:
- Andhra Pradesh
- Kerala
- Himachal Pradesh
- Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
(a) Only one State
(b) Only two States
(c) Only three States
(d) All four States
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 30
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Supreme Court’s seven-judge Bench has begun hearing the long-standing dispute over the minority status of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), a contention that spans nearly six decades.
AMU’s Establishment
- Origins: AMU traces its roots to the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MOA) College, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875 to address Muslims’ educational backwardness.
- University Status in 1920: The institution gained university status in 1920, transitioning from MOA College to AMU, with a focus on both Western education and Islamic theology.
Dispute over Minority Status
- Article 30(1) of the Constitution: It says that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
- Initial Legal Challenges: The Supreme Court’s 1967 ruling in S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India marked the beginning of the legal dispute, questioning the amendments to the AMU Act and the university’s administration.
- Supreme Court’s 1967 Verdict: The court held that AMU was not established nor administered by the Muslim minority, emphasizing that it was created by a central act for government recognition of its degrees.
Nationwide Protests and Political Response
- 1981 Amendment Affirming Minority Status: Following protests by Muslims, the government amended the AMU Act in 1981, explicitly recognizing its minority status.
- Allahabad High Court’s 2005 Ruling: The High Court overturned AMU’s reservation policy and nullified the 1981 amendment, aligning with the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision.
Recent Developments and Government Stance
- Withdrawal of Appeal by NDA Government: In 2016, the NDA government withdrew its appeal in the Supreme Court, stating it could not endorse setting up a minority institution in a secular state.
- Referral to a Larger Bench: In 2019, a three-judge Bench led by then CJI Ranjan Gogoi referred the matter to a seven-judge Bench for a comprehensive review.
Current Proceedings in the Supreme Court
- Composition of the Bench: The case is being heard by a Bench comprising CJI DY Chandrachud and Others
- Focus of the Hearing: The Bench is set to deliberate on the complex historical, legal, and constitutional aspects surrounding AMU’s minority status.
Conclusion
- Significance of the Case: The Supreme Court’s current hearing is crucial in determining the future of AMU’s minority character, a matter deeply intertwined with India’s educational and secular fabric.
- Implications for Minority Rights: The outcome will have significant implications for minority rights in India, particularly concerning the establishment and administration of educational institutions under Article 30(1) of the Constitution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Club
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India is planning to establish its own Protection and Indemnity (P&I) entity, named the India Club, to insure ships operating along Indian coasts and waterways.
- Presently, the Indian shipping industry relies on global firms for insurance coverage.
Understanding P&I Entities
- Function and Structure: A P&I club is a mutual insurance association offering risk pooling, information, and representation for its members, including ship owners, operators, and other maritime stakeholders.
- Coverage Scope: These clubs provide coverage for third-party risks like cargo damage, war, and environmental hazards, which traditional insurers often avoid.
Global P&I Club Landscape
- International Group of P&I Clubs: Headquartered in London, this group comprises 13 clubs covering about 90% of the world’s ocean-going vessels.
- Global Cooperation: These clubs operate on a cooperative model, pooling funds for large claims and determining liability through complex agreements.
Rationale behind making India Club
- Reducing Vulnerability: A local P&I entity can mitigate risks related to international sanctions and pressures, as seen in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Focus on Domestic Shipping: Initially, the India Club will primarily insure ships involved in domestic movements.
Operational Model of India Club
- Government-Led Initiative: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways is spearheading the formation of this coalition of domestic fleet owners.
- Scope of Coverage: The India Club will cater to vessels on coastal routes and inland waterways within India.
- Involvement of Traditional Insurers: Traditional insurance and reinsurance companies may participate in underwriting claims and offering services.
Challenges Facing
- Limited Beneficiaries: The initiative might primarily benefit state-owned and smaller shipping lines, as many Indian-owned ships operate under foreign flags to evade stringent regulations.
- Acceptance Issues: The India Club’s coverage might not be recognized by global traders.
- High Coverage Requirements: Offering extensive coverage, especially for large crude carriers, could pose financial challenges.
Conclusion
- Strategic Move: Establishing the India Club is a strategic step towards enhancing India’s maritime insurance capabilities and reducing dependence on international entities.
- Balancing Challenges and Opportunities: While the initiative presents opportunities for greater autonomy in maritime insurance, it also faces challenges in global acceptance and financial viability.
- Potential for Growth: If successfully implemented, the India Club could significantly bolster India’s maritime sector, offering tailored insurance solutions for domestic shipping needs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Krishna-Godavari Basin
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) commenced its ‘first oil production’ from the deep-water block in the Krishna Godavari (KG) basin off the Bay of Bengal on the Kakinada coast.
First Crude Oil Production: Significance
- Location: The oil extraction is taking place 30 kilometres off the coast of Kakinada, in the Krishna Godavari basin.
- Initial Production Phase: Currently, four out of 26 wells are operational.
- Production Forecast: By May or June, the production is expected to reach 45,000 barrels per day, accounting for 7% of India’s total crude oil production.
- Gas Production Outlook: Alongside oil, the project also anticipates contributing significantly to India’s gas output.
About Krishna-Godavari Basin and its Natural Resources
|
Details |
| Location |
Eastern coast of India |
| Geological Setting |
Rift basin formed during the Mesozoic era |
| Sedimentary Fill |
Primarily composed of sedimentary rocks |
| Tectonic Evolution |
Went through phases of rifting, subsidence, and sedimentation |
| Stratigraphy |
Includes Krishna Formation, Godavari Formation, Cauvery Formation, and more |
| Source Rocks |
Organic-rich shales and mudstones |
| Reservoir Rocks |
Typically sandstones and limestone formations |
| Trap Structures |
Anticlines, fault traps, stratigraphic pinch-outs, and more |
| Major Discoveries |
KG-D6 Block (Dhirubhai-1 and Dhirubhai-3 fields) |
| Exploration and Production |
Companies like Reliance Industries, ONGC, GAIL, and others are active |
| Land Size |
Approximately 15,000 square kilometers |
| Geomorphological Units |
Upland plains, coastal plains, recent flood plains, and delta plains |
| Notable Gas Discovery |
ONGC made the first gas finding in 1983 in the D-6 block, noted for India’s largest natural gas reserves |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sisal Leaves
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Scientists at Stanford University have developed a method to produce highly absorbent material from sisal leaves for use in menstrual hygiene products.
Using Sisal for Sanitary Napkins
- Historical Use of Sisal: Originating from ancient Aztec and Mayan civilizations, sisal leaves have been used for various purposes, including making paper, twine, cloth, carpets, and mezcal.
- Superior Absorption: The material created from sisal leaves has a higher absorption capacity than commercial menstrual pads.
- Environmentally Sustainable Method: The production process is free from polluting or toxic chemicals and can be conducted locally on a small scale.
Global Menstrual Hygiene Challenges
- Rising Use of Hygienic Methods: Despite an increase in the use of sanitary napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups in India, access to menstrual hygiene products remains limited globally.
- Environmental Concerns: The widespread use of sanitary napkins poses environmental challenges due to the non-biodegradable waste they generate.
Sisal as an Eco-Friendly Alternative
- Comparison with Other Plant Fibers: Unlike banana plants, sisal is drought-resistant, making it a more sustainable option for producing absorbent material in arid regions.
- Innovative Delignification Process: The team uses peroxyformic acid for delignification, a more environmentally friendly method than traditional processes.
Life-Cycle Analysis and Environmental Footprint
- Cradle-to-Gate Carbon Footprint Analysis: The environmental footprint of the sisal-based process is comparable to commercial processes for timber and cotton.
- Water Consumption: Water usage in sisal cultivation is significantly lower than in cotton industries, enhancing its sustainability.
Local Manufacturing and Quality Control
- Pilot Production in Nepal: The team is testing the scalability of their method for mass-producing sanitary napkins in Nepal.
- Global Student Engagement Program: High school students worldwide are encouraged to test local plants using this process and contribute to a public database.
Challenges and Future Directions
- Quality Standards Compliance: Ensuring that plant fiber-based menstrual hygiene products meet existing quality standards is crucial.
- Distributed Manufacturing Approach: This model focuses on smaller-scale production catering to local populations, reducing carbon emissions from transportation.
- Research Consortium and Collaboration: The team aims to build a research consortium for open-source collaboration in addressing menstrual health and period poverty.
Conclusion
- Innovative Solution to Period Poverty: The use of sisal in menstrual hygiene products represents a significant advancement in addressing period poverty and environmental sustainability.
- Collaborative Efforts for Global Impact: The initiative’s success hinges on global collaboration, quality control, and adapting the technology to diverse environmental conditions.
- Potential for Widespread Adoption: If successful, this innovation could transform menstrual hygiene practices, making them more sustainable and accessible worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kateel Yakshagana Mela
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Karnataka High Court has allowed the century-old Kateel Durgaparameshwari Prasadita Yakshagana Mandali to resume all-night shows, adhering to noise pollution norms.
About Kateel Yakshagana Mela
- It refers to a traditional form of theater performance known as Yakshagana, which is predominantly found in the state of Karnataka, India.
- Specifically, “Kateel” refers to the town of Kateel in Karnataka, which is known for its own unique troupes or ‘Melas’ performing this art form.
- It includes stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
- They are usually performed on open-air stages at night and can last up to several hours.
Back2Basics: Yakshagana
|
Details |
| Origin and Meaning |
Originates from Karnataka, India. The word “Yakshagana” literally means the song (gana) of the yaksha (nature spirits). |
| Performance Style |
A blend of dance, music, dialogue, elaborate costumes, makeup, and stage techniques. |
| Music |
Accompanied by traditional music, predominantly with the ‘chande’ and ‘maddale’ drums. |
| Narrative Source |
Based on epic and puranic stories, often depicting scenes from Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Bhagavata. |
| Types |
Badagu Thittu: Predominant in the northern parts of Karnataka, characterized by vigorous dance movements and elaborate costumes.
Tenku Thittu: Found in the southern parts, known for its relatively more subdued dance and dialogue delivery. |
| Costumes and Makeup |
Elaborate and colorful, with significant emphasis on facial expressions. Characters are often adorned with headgear. |
| Modern Adaptations |
Contemporary themes are being incorporated, and performances are adapted for global audiences. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Tiger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Launch and Growth: Project Tiger, launched in 1973, has evolved from a forest bureaucracy-administered initiative to a statutory category in 2006, becoming a global success story in conservation.
- Expansion of Tiger Reserves: From nine reserves in 1973, India now boasts 54 reserves across 18 states, covering 2.38% of the country’s land area.
Tiger Population and Conservation Efforts
- Census Methods and Population Growth: The transition from the pug-mark method to camera-trap techniques has shown a significant increase in tiger numbers, with India now home to three-quarters of the world’s tiger population.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act (WLPA) 1972: This Act introduced National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, changing the rights of forest dwellers and centralizing control with the State government.
Project Tiger’s Transformation and Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH)
- From Centrally Sponsored Scheme to CTH: Project Tiger’s shift to a focus on CTHs aimed to prioritize tiger-centric conservation, introducing Buffer Areas around CTHs.
- 2006 Amendment and NTCA Formation: The amendment to WLPA in 2006 led to the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and a tiger conservation plan, though CTHs remained inviolate.
Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 and Its Implications
- Recognition of Forest Dwellers’ Rights: The FRA recognized the rights of forest dwellers, including in Tiger Reserves, and established Gram Sabhas as authorities for forest management.
- Introduction of Critical Wildlife Habitat (CWH): The FRA introduced CWH, ensuring that notified areas couldn’t be diverted for non-forestry purposes.
Challenges in CTH Delineation and Legal Compliance
- Hasty CTH Notifications: In 2007, a rushed process led to the notification of 26 Tiger Reserves without full compliance with legal provisions.
- Lack of Buffer Areas: Initially, most CTHs lacked Buffer Areas, a situation rectified only after Supreme Court intervention in 2012.
Relocation and Rehabilitation Issues
- Legal Framework for Relocation: WLPA and LARR Act 2013 outline the process for voluntary relocation, with specific compensation and rehabilitation requirements.
- Implementation Gaps: Actual relocation practices often fall short of legal requirements, leading to minimal consent and inadequate compensation.
Conflict between Tiger Conservation and Forest Dwellers’ Rights
- Resistance to Forest Rights Recognition: Tiger Reserves often witness resistance to recognizing forest dwellers’ rights, leading to conflicts.
- NTCA’s Role and Legal Challenges: NTCA’s actions, including temporary bans and wildlife clearance requirements, have sometimes conflicted with the legal rights of forest dwellers.
Conclusion
- Balancing Biodiversity and Human Interests: India’s journey with Project Tiger highlights the need to balance tiger conservation with the rights and livelihoods of forest dwellers.
- Future Prospects: As tiger populations and reserves grow, India faces the challenge of managing increasing human-wildlife conflicts while ensuring sustainable conservation practices.
- Legal and Policy Evolution: The evolution of laws and policies around tiger conservation reflects a dynamic process of adapting to ecological, social, and legal complexities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Ambitious Goals: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce particulate matter concentrations by 40% by 2026 in 131 Indian cities.
- Mixed Results: An analysis by Respirer Living Sciences and Climate Trends reveals varied progress among cities, with only a few meeting targeted declines in PM 2.5 levels.
About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
|
Details |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019. |
| Objective |
To create a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound target for reducing air pollution. |
| Targets |
Aims to reduce the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles by at least 20% in five years, using 2017 as the base year. |
| Coverage |
Focuses on 132 non-attainment cities identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). |
| Non-attainment Cities |
Cities that have consistently fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. |
| NAAQS Pollutants |
Includes PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic, and Nickel. |
| Current Standards |
Annual average prescribed limits are 40 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 60 µg/m3 for PM10. |
| Revised Targets (2022) |
Updated target of a 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration by 2026. |
| Improvement Assessment |
Requires a 15% or more reduction in annual average PM10 concentration and at least 200 clean air quality days starting from 2020-21. |
Particulate Matter Reduction: Varied City Performances
- Inconsistent Declines: Among 49 cities with consistent data over five years, 27 showed a decline in PM 2.5, but only four met or exceeded targets.
- Notable Increases in Pollution: Cities like Delhi, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Ujjain, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, and Pune have seen marginal declines or increases in PM 2.5 levels.
Success Stories and Regional Disparities
- Significant Reductions: Cities like Varanasi, Agra, and Jodhpur reported substantial declines in PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels.
- Uttar Pradesh’s Progress: Except for Jodhpur, cities achieving the 2026 reduction targets are predominantly from Uttar Pradesh.
- Indo-Gangetic Plain’s Pollution: The IGP remains a hotspot for high PM 2.5 levels, with 18 of the top 20 polluted cities located in this region.
Factors Influencing Pollution Levels
- Annual Variations: Pollution levels can vary significantly within a year, with northern and eastern Indian cities peaking during winter.
- Air Quality Monitoring Infrastructure: The number and distribution of continuous ambient air quality monitors significantly impact the accuracy of pollution data.
- Geographical and Meteorological Influences: The study acknowledges the need for further research to understand the impact of emissions, geography, and weather on pollution levels.
NCAP’s Progress and Future Outlook
- Noteworthy Efforts: The NCAP has made progress in reducing pollution in some cities, but the overall effectiveness remains unclear.
- Enhanced Monitoring: The addition of new air quality monitoring stations is expected to provide a clearer picture of pollution levels and aid in mitigation efforts.
Conclusion
- Persistent Pollution Challenges: Despite some successes, many urban areas continue to struggle with rising pollution levels.
- Commitment to Environmental Goals: The NCAP’s revised target reflects India’s commitment to ambitious environmental objectives.
- Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Effective air quality management requires a combination of robust monitoring, targeted policy interventions, and public awareness to achieve sustainable improvements in air quality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandubi Festival
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The 14th Chandubi Festival was recently held near the Chandubi Lake in Assam’s Kamrup district from January 1 to January 5.
About Chandubi Festival
- The Chandubi Festival happens every year for five days, starting on New Year’s Day, by the Chandubi Lake in Assam.
- Chandubi Lake was formed by a earthquake in 1897.
- The name “Chandubi” comes from “Chand” meaning “five” and “Dubi” meaning “sinking” in the Khasi language.
- At the festival, one can enjoy local culture, try ethnic food, see handcrafted clothes, and go boating.
- The festival’s main goal is to encourage eco-tourism and protect the lake, which has been losing water.
- Preserving the lake and helping the tribes like Rabhas, Garos, Gorkhas, and tea tribes are reasons for holding the festival.
Course of events
- During the festival, many attractive ethnic sports competitions were organized by the festival celebration committee which includes the Baghbol competition, Chagalchari competition, Khutikhel, Lewatana etc.
- Performances of different tribe’s folk dances are held including Garo, Boro, Hajpong, Bihu, Rabha and many others.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Tourism potential of Lakshadweep
Introduction
- PM’s recent trip to Lakshadweep has brought the islands into the national conversation.
About Lakshadweep
|
Details |
| Location |
In the Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India. |
| Geographical Formation |
Formed by coral activities and have a coral atoll structure. |
| Formation as UT |
Formed as a Union Territory of India in 1956. |
| Total Islands |
Comprises 36 islands, including atolls, coral reefs, and submerged banks. |
| Inhibition |
10 of the 36 islands are inhabited. |
| Capital |
Kavaratti is the capital of the Union Territory. |
| Area |
Total area of 32 sq km. |
Cultural Uniqueness of Lakshadweep
- Diverse Influences: The islands exhibit a unique blend of cultural influences from Malayalis, Arabs, Tamils, and Kannadigas.
- Distinct Islamic Practice: The form of Islam practiced here is distinct from the rest of India, reflecting the islands’ diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage.
Historical Roots: A Pre-Islamic Hindu Society
- Early Settlers: Scholar Andrew W Forbes suggests that the first settlers were likely Malabari sailors, possibly castaways.
- Hindu Influence: Evidence points to a pre-Islamic Hindu society, with remnants like buried idols and traditional songs hinting at past Hindu practices.
Conversion to Islam: A Gradual Transition
- Arab Influence: Regular contact with Arab merchants and sailors led to the gradual conversion of islanders to Islam, distinct from the Islamic practices in mainland India.
- Peaceful Introduction of Islam: Historian Mahmood Kooria notes that Islam’s introduction in the region, including Lakshadweep, was marked by minimal political conflict, primarily through commercial interactions.
Cultural Development: Insulation from Mainland Influences
- Control by the Arakkal Kingdom: In the 16th century, the islands fell under the Arakkal kingdom of Kannur, Kerala’s only Muslim dynasty.
- European Interactions: Despite conflicts with European powers, the islands maintained a degree of protection and isolation.
- British Era: The British rule further insulated Lakshadweep, allowing its culture to evolve distinctly from mainland India.
- Linguistic Diversity: The islands’ isolation is reflected in their linguistic diversity, with Malayalam, Jazari, and Mahl being the main languages.
Matrilineal Society: A Unique Aspect of Lakshadweep’s Islam
- Matriliny in Islamic Society: Lakshadweep’s Islamic society is characterized by matriliny, tracing descent and property through the mother’s line.
- Anthropological Perspectives: Anthropologist Leela Dube highlights the compatibility of matriliny with Islam in Lakshadweep, contrary to conventional Islamic practices.
- Kerala’s Influence: Historian Manu Pillai links the matrilineal tradition to Kerala’s cultural patterns, where Nairs and Namboodiris practised matriliny.
- Broader Indian Ocean Context: Kooria points out that matriliny is common among Muslims in the Indian Ocean region, suggesting a broader cultural context.
Religious and Sociological Interpretations
- Islamic Justification for Matriliny: Islanders believe their matrilineal practice aligns with Islam, citing Prophet Muhammad’s life with his first wife, Khadija.
- Sociological Viewpoint: Dr. N P Hafiz Mohamad emphasizes that the islanders see matriliny as integral to their Islamic practice.
Conclusion
- Preservation of Unique Traditions: Lakshadweep’s relative isolation has helped preserve its unique cultural and religious practices.
- Integration of Diverse Influences: The islands represent a remarkable integration of various cultural and religious influences, forming a distinct identity within the Indian subcontinent.
- Significance in Broader Indian Ocean Culture: Lakshadweep’s cultural practices, particularly its matrilineal society, highlight the interconnectedness and diversity of cultures across the Indian Ocean region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Superconductivity, LK-99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
What is Superconductivity?
- Zero Resistance: Superconductivity occurs when a material offers almost zero resistance to the flow of electric current, enabling energy-efficient electrical appliances and lossless power transmission.
- Magnetic Behavior: Superconductors also display fascinating behavior under magnetic fields, enabling technologies like MRI machines and superfast Maglev trains.
Exploring the Material LK-99
- Apatite Structure: The Korean group utilized copper-substituted lead apatite, a phosphate mineral with unique tetrahedral motifs, to create LK-99.
- Superconducting Behavior: LK-99 displayed essential superconducting properties, with almost zero resistance to current flow and sudden emergence of resistance above a critical current threshold.
- Magnetic Resilience: LK-99 retained superconductivity even under the presence of a magnetic field until reaching a critical threshold.
Meissner Effect: Key Indicator of Superconductivity
- Definition: The Meissner effect is a phenomenon where materials expel magnetic fields from their interior upon becoming superconductors.
- Observation in Study: The researchers observed this effect in copper-substituted lead apatite, suggesting potential superconductivity.
Quest for Room-Temperature Superconductors
- Significance: Discovering a material that is superconducting at room temperature and pressure (RTP) has immense scientific and commercial value.
- Applications: RTP superconductors could revolutionize power transmission, medical diagnostics, computing, and more, due to their ability to conduct electricity without loss.
Hype and Controversies in Superconductivity Research
- Past Controversies: The field has seen several disputes, including claims by Ranga Dias and a South Korean research group, which were later contested.
- Impact of Hype: The lucrative potential of RTP superconductors has sometimes led to premature claims and controversies in the scientific community.
New Study: Methodology and Findings
- Approach: The team synthesized LK-99 samples using advanced techniques and tested for signs of superconductivity beyond specific claims made by previous studies.
- Direct Current Measurements: They conducted hysteresis experiments, applying and removing a magnetic field to observe the material’s response at various temperatures.
Understanding Hysteresis in Superconductors
- Meissner Effect and DC Current: The Meissner effect is observable with direct current, as alternating current would disrupt the phenomenon.
- Type I and II Superconductors: The study helps distinguish between these types based on how they respond to increasing magnetic field strength.
Challenges and Limitations of the Study
- Small Superconducting Portions: The material’s superconducting sections were small, leading to a low critical magnetic field strength.
- Interference Issues: The presence of cuprous sulphide interfered with molecular structure analysis using X-rays.
Way Forward: Verifying RTP Superconductivity
- Potential for RTP Superconductivity: While the study suggests near-RTP superconductivity in LK-99, definitive observation is yet to be made.
- Need for Further Research: Identifying the material responsible for superconductivity and refining synthesis techniques are crucial next steps.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CLPS Space Initiative
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A private US company launched a spacecraft carrying NASA instruments, aiming to be the first US spacecraft to land on the Moon in over 50 years.
- This mission is a key component of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services, integrating private sector capabilities into the Artemis Program.
About Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) Initiative
- NASA’s collaboration with the private sector under the CLPS initiative involves at least 14 companies contracted to deliver payloads to the Moon.
- This partnership aims to develop a market and technology ecosystem in the private space industry for lunar exploration.
- The mission features the Peregrine lander and the Vulcan rocket, both developed by private US space companies.
Objectives and Payloads
- NASA’s Five Payloads: The Peregrine lander carries five NASA payloads designed for various exploratory tasks, including water detection.
- Laser Retroreflector Array: One payload, designed for precision distance measurements, will be permanently deployed on the Moon’s surface.
- Duration of Activity: Other payloads are expected to remain active for ten days post-landing.
Historical Context: Return to the Moon
- Last US Moon Landing: The last US spacecraft landed on the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972.
- Renewed Lunar Interest: The US reignited its lunar exploration efforts in the 1990s and formally committed to return in 2018.
- Artemis Program Goals: NASA’s Artemis Program aims to establish a permanent base on the Moon, facilitating longer human and robotic stays for extensive exploration and scientific research.
Back2Basics: NASA’s Artemis Mission
|
Details |
| Background |
Named after Apollo’s twin sister in Greek mythology, Artemis, who is also the goddess of the Moon. |
| Objective |
To enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars, with increasingly complex missions. |
| Key Milestones |
Landing humans on the Moon by 2024.
Landing the first woman and first person of color on the Moon.
Establishing an Artemis Base Camp on the lunar surface and a Gateway (lunar outpost) in lunar orbit. |
| International Collaboration |
Canadian Space Agency, European Space Agency, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| Artemis I Mission |
First integrated flight test of NASA’s Deep Space Exploration Systems
Uncrewed mission using the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket
Launch from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in 2022
Goals include safe crew module entry, descent, splashdown, and recovery |
| Future Missions |
Artemis II will have a crew onboard to test Orion’s systems
Plans to use lunar orbit experience for future Mars missions |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tags
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Seven products from Odisha, including traditional foods and handicrafts, have received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
About GI Tag
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
Odisha’s GI Tagged Products
[1] Kapdaganda Shawl
- Cultural Emblem: Woven by the Dongria Kondh tribe, this shawl is a symbol of heritage and affection, embroidered with significant colors representing nature and emotions.
- Symbol of Commitment: Often presented during courtship, it signifies formal commitment and is a testament to the tribe’s rich textile legacy.
[2] Lanjia Saura Painting (Idital)
- Tribal Artistry: Belonging to the Lanjia Saura community, these murals painted on mud walls are not just art but a spiritual expression of gratitude and well-being.
- Diverse Representations: With 62 types for various occasions, these paintings reflect the community’s deep connection with nature and their ancestors.
[3] Koraput Kala Jeera Rice
- Aromatic Heritage: Known as the ‘Prince of Rice’, this black-coloured variety is celebrated for its taste and nutritional benefits, preserved by tribal farmers for centuries.
- Health and Tradition: Beyond its culinary appeal, the rice is intertwined with tales of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
[4] Similipal Kai Chutney
- Forest Delicacy: Made from red weaver ants found in the Similipal forests, this chutney is a traditional tribal delicacy packed with nutritional and medicinal value.
- Sustainable Livelihood: The preparation and sale of this chutney provide a source of income for the local tribes, reflecting a harmonious relationship with nature.
[5] Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal
- Distinctive Flavour: Known for its prickly thorns and unique taste, this brinjal variety is a culinary favorite, cultivated extensively in Nayagarh district.
- Agricultural Pride: With a history of cultivation dating back nearly a century, this brinjal represents the agricultural ingenuity and tradition of the region.
[6] Odisha Khajuri Guda
- Natural Sweetener: Extracted from date palm trees, this jaggery is an organic delight, known for its dark brown color and unique taste.
- Cultural Sweetness: Traditionally prepared in a trapezoidal form, it’s not just a sweetener but a part of the cultural fabric of Odisha.
[7] Dhenkanal Magji
- Cheese-Based Sweet: Originating from buffalo milk cheese, this sweet is known for its distinct characteristics and nutritional value.
- Legacy of Livelihood: Reflecting the region’s history of buffalo rearing and dairy production, this sweet contributes to the livelihood of thousands.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First Advance Estimates of GDP
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Growth Projection: India’s GDP is projected to grow by 7.3% in the financial year 2023-24, as per the First Advance Estimates (FAEs) released by the government.
- Comparison with Previous Year: This rate is slightly higher than the 7.2% growth recorded in 2022-23.
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
- Definition: GDP quantifies the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time frame, typically annually.
- Difference from GNP: GDP is distinct from Gross National Product (GNP), which measures the value of goods and services produced by a country’s nationals, regardless of the production location.
First Advance Estimates of GDP
- Introduction and Timing: First introduced in the financial year 2016-17, the First Advance Estimates (FAE) are released at the beginning of January.
- Nature of Estimates: They represent the initial official projections of GDP growth for the financial year, published before the year concludes.
- Data Exclusion: Notably, the FAE do not include formal GDP data for the third quarter (October to December), which is released with the Second Advance Estimates (SAE) at the end of February.
Significance of FAE
- Election Year Context: With Lok Sabha elections due in April-May, the FAEs gain additional significance, although a full-fledged Union Budget will not be presented this year.
- Budgetary Relevance: The FAE are crucial for the Union Finance Ministry’s budgetary planning for the next financial year, as the SAE are published after the budget is finalized.
- Focus on Nominal GDP: For budget-making, the emphasis is on nominal GDP (the observed variable), including both its absolute level and growth rate.
- Real vs. Nominal GDP: Real GDP, adjusted for inflation, is a derived metric, whereas all budget calculations commence with nominal GDP.
GDP Growth Analysis
- Real GDP Growth: The real GDP (adjusted for inflation) is expected to reach nearly Rs 172 lakh crore by March 2024.
- Comparison with Modi’s Tenure: The GDP has grown from Rs 98 lakh crore at the start of Prime Minister Modi’s first term to almost Rs 140 lakh crore at the beginning of his second term.
- Growth Rate Trends: The estimated 7.3% growth for 2023-24 is higher than most forecasts, indicating a strong economic recovery. However, there’s a noticeable deceleration in growth during Modi’s second term compared to the first.
Factors Driving India’s Growth
- Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE): Accounting for almost 60% of GDP, PFCE is expected to grow by 4.4% in the current year.
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): Investment spending, the second-largest growth engine, has grown by 9.3% this year.
- Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE): Government spending growth has been slower, at 3.9% in the current year.
- Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports indicates a higher import-than-export rate, which has increased by 144% this year.
Concerns and Challenges
- Private Consumption: Muted private consumption, especially in rural India, remains a concern.
- Investment Spending: A significant portion of investment spending is still driven by the government, with private consumption remaining subdued.
- Government Spending: Government spending growth has been relatively low in the second term of Modi’s government.
- Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports, though a mild improvement over the two terms, still indicates an imbalance in trade.
Conclusion
- Economic Recovery: The 7.3% growth rate suggests a robust economic recovery post-pandemic.
- Balanced Growth: The need for balanced growth across all sectors, especially in boosting private consumption and investment, is critical for sustainable development.
- Future Prospects: The ongoing economic policies and reforms will play a crucial role in shaping India’s growth trajectory in the coming years.
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/gdp-data-advance-estimates-9099092/
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