Why in the News?
Researchers have solved the genetic mysteries behind Mendel’s Experiments on Inheritance, using advanced DNA sequencing and genome analysis.
About Mendel’s Experiments on Inheritance:
- Who Was Mendel: Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied pea plants starting in 1856 to find out how traits like height or color are passed from parents to children.
- Years of Study: He worked for 8 years and tested over 10,000 plants. His results were shared in 1865 but ignored at the time.
- Rediscovered Later: In 1900, other scientists realised how important Mendel’s work was.
- What He Studied: He looked at 7 traits in peas – Seed shape, seed colour, flower colour, pod shape, pod colour, flower position, and plant height.
- What He Found: Some traits (like round seeds) are stronger than others (like wrinkled seeds). These stronger traits usually show up in the next generation.
- Why It Matters: Mendel showed that traits are passed through tiny units called genes, and each gene can have different versions called alleles. This became the foundation of genetics.
What the Study Found (2024):
- What Scientists Did: In April 2024, scientists studied the DNA of 697 types of pea plants to understand the exact genes behind all 7 traits that Mendel studied.
- Big Data: They used powerful machines to look at a huge amount of data — as much as 14 billion pages of information!
- Surprising Results: They found that the pea plant family is more mixed than expected, with 8 different genetic groups due to crossbreeding.
- New Genetic Details:
- Pod color changes due to a missing piece of DNA.
- Pod shape is controlled by 2 specific genes.
- Flower position changes with a small DNA change.
- More Than Mendel: They also found 72 other traits related to seeds, pods, leaves, and roots.
- Why It’s Useful: These findings can help farmers grow better crops, protect plants from diseases, and prepare for climate change.
| [UPSC 2013] Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza enables the plants to
(1). resist drought and increase absorptive area (2). tolerate extremes of pH (3). resist disease infestation
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 * |
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Why in the News?
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has unveiled the Bharat Forecast System (BFS) for weather predictions at panchayat level.
About Bharat Forecast System (BFS)
- Launch: The BFS was launched by IMD and developed by IITM Pune under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
- Forecast Accuracy: It delivers hyperlocal weather predictions at the panchayat level, using a 6 km × 6 km grid — the highest resolution in the world.
- Supercomputing Power: The system runs on two advanced supercomputers: Arka at IITM Pune and Arunika at NCMRWF Delhi.
- Purpose: BFS enhances short- and medium-term forecasts critical for agriculture, disaster preparedness, and public safety.
Key Features of BFS:
- High-Resolution Forecasting: It provides 6 km resolution forecasts, improving on the earlier 12 km resolution. It covers the tropical region between 30° South and 30° North latitude.
- Advanced Supercomputing: Arka- 11.77 petaflops, 33 petabytes; Arunika- 8.24 petaflops, 24 petabytes; Arka reduces forecast processing time from 10 hours to 4 hours; Includes a dedicated AI system with 1.9 petaflops power.
- Real-Time Nowcasting: Uses data from 40 Doppler Weather Radars (set to grow to 100); Provides real-time forecasts for the next 2 hours with high accuracy.
- Smart Grid Design: Uses a Triangular-Cubic Octahedral (TCO) grid, focusing computing power on weather-sensitive regions.
- Practical Benefits: Helps forecast heavy rainfall, improve crop planning, manage flood risk, and guide resource allocation.
- Global Benchmark: Most global models operate at 9–14 km resolution; India is now the only country with 6 km operational weather forecasts.
| [UPSC 2017] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)’ sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. IOD phenomenon is characterized by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino’s impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2* (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) released the first-ever State of the World’s Animal Health report.
Key Highlights of the Report:
- India faces high risk from transboundary animal diseases, with 47% of global outbreaks between 2005–2023 being zoonotic, affecting both animals and humans.
- African Swine Fever (ASF), which jumped 1,800 km to Sri Lanka in 2024, threatens India’s northeast pig-rearing regions already impacted in past years.
- Avian Influenza (HPAI) saw outbreaks in non-poultry species surpass poultry in 2024; India’s dense poultry population makes cross-species transmission a growing concern.
- Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), endemic in India, showed new serotype SAT 3 and SAT 1 activity in other countries, posing vaccine adaptation challenges.
- Diseases like Lumpy Skin Disease and PPR, both reported in India earlier, are now spreading to new global regions, highlighting potential for reintroduction.
- WOAH urges global action on vaccine equity, surveillance, and biosecurity, which align with India’s need to safeguard livelihoods, trade, and food security.
About the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH):
- Establishment: WOAH, formerly known as OIE, was founded in 1924 and is headquartered in Paris, France.
- Membership: It has 183 member countries, including India, and operates independently from the United Nations.
- Mandate: WOAH is the global authority on animal health, working to control animal epidemics (epizootics) and improve global animal welfare.
- Key Functions:
- Runs the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) to track disease outbreaks.
- Sets international health standards for trade in animals and animal products.
- Promotes science-based animal welfare policies and transparent disease reporting.
- Offers technical support to countries, especially developing nations.
- Global Cooperation: Works with over 70 global partners, including the FAO.
- India’s Role: India is a member and an active participant through the World Assembly of Delegates.
| [UPSC 2005] Which one of the following diseases of milching animals are infectious?
1. Foot and Mouth disease
2. Anthrax
3. Black Quarter
4. Cowpox
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4* |
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Why in the News?
Recently, India’s Operation Sindoor has put the spotlight on the evolving nature of India and Pakistan’s defence procurement strategies.
What is the situation of India’s defence import pattern?
- Russia’s share in Indian defence imports has decreased from 96.5% in the 1990s to 75% in the 2020s.
- India now imports over 9% from France, 5.5% from the UK, nearly 5% from Israel, and 3% from the US. Over 55% of India’s air-power weapons in the 2020s have come from France, the UK, and Israel, indicating greater reliance on Western technology in a critical combat domain.
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Why is India moving away from Russia?
- Strategic Diversification: To avoid overdependence on a single supplier, India is diversifying defence partnerships. Eg: India’s growing defence ties with France (e.g., Rafale jets) and the U.S. (e.g., Apache helicopters, Predator drones).
- Technological Advancement and Reliability: Western nations and Israel offer more advanced, precise, and reliable weapon systems. Eg: Israeli-origin SkyStriker drone used in Operation Sindoor reflects a shift toward high-tech partners.
- Geopolitical and Logistical Concerns: Sanctions on Russia post-Ukraine war have raised concerns about timely deliveries and spare parts. Eg: India faces delays in Russian S-400 missile system deliveries due to global sanctions and supply chain disruptions.
What types of foreign weapons did India and Pakistan use during Operation Sindoor?
- India’s Use of Israeli and Russian Weapons: India deployed Israeli-origin weapons like the SkyStriker drone and Russian-made systems such as the Pechoraand OSA-AK missiles. Eg: The SkyStriker was used for precision strikes, while Pechora missiles were used for air defence.
- Pakistan’s Use of Chinese and Turkish Systems: Pakistan used Chinese-origin PL-15 missiles and Turkish-origin Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Eg: PL-15, a long-range air-to-air missile, reflects Pakistan’s military dependence on China.
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Why is China now the dominant arms supplier for Pakistan?
- Strategic Partnership and Regional Alignment: China and Pakistan share a strong geopolitical alliance, rooted in regional rivalry with India. Eg: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has strengthened military and economic ties.
- Decline of U.S. Defence Cooperation: Pakistan’s ties with the United States have weakened, especially due to shifting U.S. strategic priorities and concerns over terrorism. Eg: The U.S. share in Pakistan’s arms imports dropped from 67% in the 2000s to 0.85% in the 2020s.
- Cost-Effective and Tailored Equipment: China offers affordable, adaptable military technology suited to Pakistan’s needs. Eg: Weapons like the JF-17 fighter jet and HQ-9 air defence systems are co-developed or exported specifically for Pakistan.
Who leads the global arms export market?
- United States – Global Leader: The United States dominates global arms exports, accounting for over 65% of the world’s exports in the 2020s. Eg: U.S. exports advanced systems like F-35 fighter jets, Patriot missile systems, and drones to allies worldwide.
- Russia – Declining Influence: Russia’s share has significantly dropped to around 5% due to factors like the Ukraine war, sanctions, and reduced trust. Eg: Former major buyers like India have reduced reliance on Russian defence supplies.
- China – Minimal Global Share but Focused Exports: China holds less than 2% of global exports but plays a critical regional role, especially with Pakistan. Eg: Nearly 33% of China’s limited arms exports go to Pakistan, highlighting strategic alignment rather than market dominance.
What is the situation of Indian arms exports?
- Emerging Exporter with Limited Share: India is still a minor player in the global arms export market, contributing less than 1% of total global arms exports. Eg: India exports light arms and defence equipment to countries like Vietnam, Myanmar, and African nations.
- Focus on Indigenous Defence Systems: India is boosting domestic production under initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and Defence Export Policy 2020, aiming to become an exporter. Eg: Systems like Akash missile, Pinaka rocket launcher, and BrahMos (jointly developed with Russia) are promoted for export.
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Way forward:
- Accelerate Indigenous Defence Manufacturing: Expand R&D investment and incentivize private sector participation to develop cutting-edge technologies and reduce reliance on imports. Eg: Fast-tracking indigenous programs like AMCA fighter jet and integrating startups under iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence).
- Forge Strategic Export Alliances: Target defence exports through strategic partnerships and defence diplomacy, focusing on friendly nations in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Eg: Boost exports of systems like BrahMos and Akash missiles through government-to-government deals and defence expos.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Linkage: The article talks about the “India and Pakistan Arms Procurement Trends” explicitly notes that India has been gradually reducing its dependence on Russia and increasingly turning to Western countries such as the U.S., France, and the U.K., as well as Israel, for its arms imports.
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Why in the News?
As India nears 500 GW renewable capacity by 2030, solar waste will surge. Gujarat’s GEDA launches a recycling framework to set standards, promoting sustainable waste management alongside solar growth.
What is Gujarat aiming to achieve with this solar waste recycling initiative?
- Standardised Protocols: GEDA aims to formulate robust, eco-friendly, and enforceable protocols for handling solar and electronic waste.
- Research-Driven Framework: The tender invites organisations to conduct feasibility studies and material recovery experiments, focusing on valuable materials like silicon, silver, copper, aluminum, and rare metals.
- Focus on PV Technologies: The initiative spans across multiple technologies—crystalline silicon, CdTe, CIGS, and TOPCon cells—each requiring specialised recycling approaches.
- Dismantling and Worker Safety: It includes drafting of guidelines for safe dismantling, regulatory compliance, and worker safety.
Why is Gujarat suitable for this initiative?
- Solar Manufacturing Hub: Gujarat has the highest number of solar module manufacturers in India, creating a large volume of solar waste needing recycling. Eg: Numerous solar factories in Gujarat produce panels, which eventually generate recyclable waste.
- Large-scale Solar Projects: The state hosts many big solar power plants, leading to significant quantities of end-of-life solar panels. Eg: Gujarat’s extensive solar farms produce damaged or old panels that require eco-friendly disposal methods.
- Government Support: Gujarat’s proactive policies and agency initiatives foster effective recycling infrastructure and standards. Eg: GEDA’s tender for solar waste recycling research demonstrates the state’s commitment to clean energy sustainability.
How serious is the solar waste crisis in India?
- Rapid Growth of Waste: From 100 kilotons in FY2023, India’s solar waste is projected to grow to 340 kilotons by 2030, according to CEEW’s 2024 report.
- Long-Term Projection: The volume is expected to increase 32-fold between 2030 and 2050.
- Panel Lifespan Ending: Panels installed during India’s solar boom (2010–2020) are now nearing the end of their 20–25 year lifespan.
- Infrastructure Deficit: India currently lacks a national solar waste policy, making Gujarat’s move even more critical.
What are the challenges for India in recycling of E-waste?
- Informal Sector Dominance: A large portion of e-waste recycling is handled by informal workers using unsafe methods, leading to health risks and environmental damage. Eg: Informal dismantling often involves burning or acid baths to extract metals, releasing toxic fumes.
- Lack of Infrastructure: Insufficient formal recycling facilities and technology gaps limit efficient and eco-friendly processing of complex e-waste. Eg: Many regions lack certified recycling plants capable of handling advanced electronics like smartphones and solar panels.
- Weak Enforcement and Awareness: Poor enforcement of regulations and low public awareness hinder proper e-waste collection and disposal. Eg: Consumers often discard e-waste with regular trash due to lack of knowledge or convenient drop-off options.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Implementation of E-Waste Management Rules: The government has enacted regulations like the E-Waste (Management) Rules to ensure proper collection, recycling, and disposal of electronic waste. Eg: Mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) requires manufacturers to take back and recycle e-waste from consumers.
- Promoting Formal Recycling Infrastructure: Encouraging the development of certified recycling units with environmentally sound processes to handle e-waste safely. Eg: Setting up authorized e-waste recycling centers that use safe dismantling and recovery techniques.
- Awareness and Capacity Building: Conducting campaigns and training programs to educate stakeholders, including consumers and informal sector workers, about e-waste hazards and management practices. Eg: Government and NGOs organizing workshops for informal recyclers to transition into formal, safer e-waste handling roles.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Policy Enforcement and Infrastructure: Ensure strict implementation of e-waste and solar waste management regulations while investing in advanced, formal recycling infrastructure to enable safe, efficient, and large-scale recovery of valuable materials.
- Promote Stakeholder Collaboration and Awareness: Enhance coordination between government agencies, industry, and informal workers through capacity building, incentives, and public awareness campaigns to foster sustainable recycling practices and support circular economy goals.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2013] What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India? What are the strategies to pollution control?
Linkage: The GEDA initiative addresses the recycling of both solar waste and electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste often contains hazardous materials, requiring specialized processing. This question directly probes the legal and strategic framework for managing hazardous waste and controlling pollution, which is highly relevant to the challenges posed by growing e-waste and the need for a robust, eco-friendly recycling framework as envisioned by GEDA.
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2023] Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas.
Linkage: India’s geography and physical features, like its coastlines, are often discussed in terms of resources and natural hazards. This question is relevant as it pertains to India’s coastline and is categorized under the Geography subject in GS1. |
Mentor’s Comment: In December 2024, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs revised India’s coastline length from 7,516.6 km to 11,098.8 km, not due to any geographical change, but because of the use of advanced cartographic tools and improved measurement techniques. This revision, made nearly 50 years after the original measurement in the 1970s, demonstrates the coastline paradox — the idea that coastline length increases with more detailed measurement scales. The update has significant implications for maritime security, disaster preparedness, and exclusive economic zone delineation, showcasing how technology redefines our geographic understanding.
Today’s editorial discusses the updated length of India’s coastline and its effects. This information is useful for GS Paper I (Geography), GS Paper II (Policy Making), and GS Paper III (Environment & Disaster Management).
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Home Affairs updated India’s coastline length to 11,099 km in its 2023–24 report, increasing it from the earlier measurement of 7,516.6 km.
What caused the increase in India’s coastline length?
- Use of High-Resolution Mapping Techniques: Earlier measurements (1970s) used low-resolution maps (1:4,500,000), missing finer features. The updated 2024 figure uses high-resolution charts (1:250,000), capturing detailed coastal geometry. Eg: Narrow tidal creeks and sandbars that were previously omitted are now included.
- Features like estuaries, tidal flats, coastal ridges, and inlets are now accurately mapped. Eg: Island groups like Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep, which were inadequately covered earlier, are now comprehensively included.
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Why is it hard to measure coastlines accurately?
- Coastline Paradox (Dependence on Scale of Measurement): The measured length of a coastline changes based on the size of the measuring unit (“ruler”). Eg: Using a 200-km ruler smooths over small curves, but a 1-km ruler captures every inlet and estuary, increasing total length.
- Irregular and Dynamic Coastal Features: Coastlines are shaped by natural features like creeks, deltas, estuaries, and shifting sediments, which are not fixed. Eg: River mouths may change shape over time due to erosion or sediment deposition, making boundaries unclear.
- Influence of Tides and Sea-Level Changes: High and low tides alter visible land boundaries, affecting measurements at different times. Eg: Areas that are exposed during low tide but submerged at high tide (like mudflats) may or may not be counted depending on timing.
Which tools were used to update the measurement?
- Electronic Navigation Charts (ENCs): Provided detailed and accurate mapping at a finer scale (1:250,000). Eg: These charts helped capture small features like estuaries and creeks which were missed in older maps (1:4,500,000 scale).
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Enabled spatial analysis and integration of various data layers for precise mapping. Eg: GIS combined data from satellites, surveys, and field measurements to create a more accurate coastline outline.
- LIDAR-GPS and Satellite-Based Imaging: Laser-based LIDAR and GPS were used for high-resolution topographic mapping. Eg: Drones and satellite altimetry helped detect elevation and shoreline changes, especially in island regions like Andaman & Nicobar.
How does the revised coastline length impact India’s maritime security and disaster preparedness?
- Enhanced Maritime Surveillance and Border Security: A longer coastline means more area to monitor for smuggling, infiltration, and illegal fishing. Eg: The Indian Coast Guard may need more outposts, vessels, and patrol routes to guard the extended 11,099.8 km coastline.
- Expansion of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The increased length helps in demarcating a wider EEZ, enabling better control over marine resources. Eg: India can assert rights over fisheries, oil, and gas exploration in a broader sea area.
- Improved Disaster Preparedness and Early Warning: Better understanding of coastal geography aids in creating precise models for cyclones, tsunamis, and storm surges. Eg: Coastal States like Odisha and Tamil Nadu can now develop more accurate evacuation and shelter plans.
- Refined Coastal Regulation and Zoning: Accurate coastline data supports zoning laws to restrict construction in vulnerable areas. Eg: Authorities can update Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) norms to better safeguard ecosystems and infrastructure.
- Better Climate Resilience and Adaptation Planning: Updated coastline measurements help assess vulnerability to sea-level rise and erosion. Eg: Low-lying areas in Kerala and island regions like Lakshadweep can be prioritized for climate adaptation projects.
What are the resource potentials of the long coastline of India?
- Fisheries and Marine Biodiversity: India’s coastline supports a vast fishing industry, providing employment and food security. Eg: States like Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have thriving marine fishing sectors contributing to exports and coastal livelihoods.
- Port Infrastructure and Trade: The long coastline facilitates maritime trade through major and minor ports. Eg: Ports like Mumbai, Chennai, and Visakhapatnam are crucial for imports, exports, and shipping connectivity under the Sagarmala Project.
- Offshore Energy Resources: Coastal waters have potential for oil, natural gas, and renewable energy like offshore wind and tidal energy. Eg: Mumbai High is a major offshore oil field, while Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are exploring offshore wind energy projects.
- Tourism and Blue Economy Development: Scenic beaches, islands, and marine ecosystems attract tourism and support the blue economy. Eg: Goa’s coastal tourism and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands’ ecotourism contribute significantly to local economies.
- Aquaculture and Coastal Agriculture: Coastal zones are suitable for shrimp farming, seaweed cultivation, and salt production. Eg: Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal have developed large-scale shrimp aquaculture for domestic and export markets.
What is the status of natural hazard preparedness in the coastal Area?
- Improved Early Warning Systems: India has strengthened early warning capabilities for cyclones and tsunamis through institutions like the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and IMD. Eg: The Odisha government’s timely evacuation during Cyclone Fani (2019) saved thousands of lives.
- Development of Coastal Infrastructure and Shelters: Construction of cyclone-resistant shelters, embankments, and flood control systems has improved disaster resilience. Eg: The National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) has led to the building of multi-purpose cyclone shelters in vulnerable states like Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.
- Community Awareness and Disaster Drills: Government and NGOs have promoted community-based disaster preparedness, training locals in evacuation procedures and first aid. Eg: Regular mock drills in coastal villages of Tamil Nadu and Kerala help improve response readiness.
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Way forward:
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Expansion:Strengthen ICZM plans across all coastal states with real-time monitoring, climate-resilient infrastructure, and ecosystem-based approaches. Eg: Expand initiatives like ICZM Phase II to include mangrove restoration, sustainable livelihoods, and coastal erosion control in states like Kerala and Goa.
- Technology-Driven Risk Mapping and Community-Centric Planning: Deploy AI-powered hazard models, geospatial mapping, and mobile-based alert systems to ensure last-mile connectivity. Eg: Use drone mapping for vulnerable areas in the Sundarbans, and integrate local communities into planning via participatory risk assessments.
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Why in the News?
Africa Day (May 25) marks the anniversary of the founding of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963.In this context, India’s pivot towards digital diplomacy in Africa marks a significant evolution in South-South development cooperation.
What is the goal of Africa’s Digital Strategy?
- Accelerate socio-economic development by placing digital innovation at the center of growth — e.g., promoting e-governance, digital education, and telemedicine through national digital platforms.
- Enable inclusive and sustainable development by encouraging governments to adopt digital solutions aligned with continental initiatives — e.g., the Smart Africa Alliance supports digital transformation across sectors like health, education, and finance.
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How is India supporting Africa’s digital shift?
- Sharing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): India is sharing scalable and affordable DPI models like Aadhaar (digital ID), UPI (digital payments), and DIKSHA (digital education). Eg: In 2024, the Bank of Namibia partnered with NPCI to develop a UPI-like payment system.
- Technical Collaboration and Capacity Building: India is collaborating with African countries for technical implementation and skills development. Eg: Togo partnered with IIIT-Bangalore to develop a national digital ID system using India’s open-source technology.
- Academic and Institutional Support: India is investing in long-term educational infrastructure to build digital talent. Eg: IIT Madras opened its first overseas campus in Zanzibar, offering courses in AI and Data Science.
- Tele-education and Telemedicine Platforms: Early initiatives like the Pan-African e-Network (2009) provided digital healthcare and education through satellite and fiber-optic systems. Eg: Enabled real-time learning and consultation from Indian institutions across several African nations.
- Promoting Open-Source and Inclusive Models: India promotes DPI as digital public goods, making them open-source and adaptable, unlike proprietary systems. Eg: Ghana linked its payment system to India’s UPI to facilitate fast and inclusive financial transactions.
Why is India’s digital diplomacy seen as distinct from that of countries like China or the U.S.?
- Public Good and Open-Source Model: India promotes its digital platforms as Digital Public Goods (DPGs)—open-source, scalable, and designed for inclusive access, unlike the proprietary models of the U.S. or surveillance-heavy systems of China. Eg: India’s open-source Modular Open-Source Identification Platform adopted by Togo shows its focus on affordability and public benefit.
- Co-development and Capacity Building: India emphasizes partnership over patronage, focusing on skill-building and co-creating solutions rather than just exporting tech or infrastructure. Eg: The IIT Madras campus in Zanzibar trains African students in AI and Data Science, linking digital growth with education and job creation.
- Respect for Local Priorities: India’s approach is non-impositional, engaging with African countries based on their needs without attaching strategic conditions, unlike U.S. or China’s often interest-driven engagements. Eg: Countries like Ghana and Zambia adopted India’s DPI voluntarily because it suited their national digital goals—not due to debt obligations or geopolitical pressure.
What challenges block Africa’s digital growth?
- High Cost of Digital Access: Expensive data and devices make it difficult for many people, especially in low-income and rural areas, to access digital services. Eg: In several African countries, mobile data costs over 5% of average monthly income, limiting internet usage.
- Digital Divide and Inequality: There is a significant rural-urban gap in internet connectivity and a gender gap in digital access and literacy. Eg: Women in sub-Saharan Africa are 37% less likely than men to use mobile internet, widening socio-economic disparities.
- Weak Energy Infrastructure: Reliable electricity is essential for digital services, but many African regions lack consistent power supply, slowing digital infrastructure deployment. Eg: In countries like Nigeria, frequent power outages disrupt digital services and internet reliability.
Way forward:
- Enhance Affordable Access: Invest in low-cost internet infrastructure and subsidize digital devices to bridge the digital divide, especially in rural and underserved communities.
- Strengthen Energy and Digital Infrastructure: Expand renewable energy solutions and resilient digital networks to ensure reliable connectivity and power for sustained digital growth.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine.
Linkage: The emergence of a digital partnership and the idea of an India-Africa digital compact are manifestations of this increasing interest. Examining the pros and cons of such engagement would involve considering various aspects, including digital collaboration.
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Why in the News?
India achieved record exports of $820.93 billion in FY25, rising 6.5%, but faced growing trade deficits as agriculture lagged, growing only 2.3% yearly despite employing half the workforce.
What was India’s trade performance in FY25?
- Total exports (goods + services) reached $820.93 billion, marking a 6.5% increase over FY24.
- Merchandise exports contributed $437.42 billion (53% of total exports), while services exports contributed $383.51 billion (47%).
- Imports grew by 6.85% to $915.19 billion, with merchandise imports at $720.24 billion (79%) and services imports at $194.95 billion (21%).
- The trade deficit widened to $94.26 billion from $78.39 billion in FY24.
- The trade-to-GDP ratio stood at a robust 41.4%, reflecting India’s deeper integration with global markets.
How will Trade deals bring opportunities for Indian agriculture?
- Reduced Dependence on Price-Sensitive Markets: Trade deals open new and stable markets for Indian agricultural exports, reducing over-reliance on traditional destinations and shielding against price volatility. Eg: The India-UK FTA could boost exports of premium products like Basmati rice, tea, spices, and processed foods to the UK, which is a high-value market with established Indian diaspora demand.
- Boost Processed Agricultural Exports: Trade agreements typically reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers, enhancing competitiveness of value-added and processed agri-products, which fetch higher margins. Eg: Under the India-UK FTA, processed foods and marine products can gain better access, enhancing India’s earnings from exports of ready-to-eat meals, seafood, and organic food products.
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Why did agri-export growth slow down over the last decade?
- Frequent Export Bans and Restrictions: Domestic policies often imposed export bans or curbs on essential commodities like rice, wheat, sugar, and onions to control inflation, disrupting export momentum. Eg: Restrictions on broken rice exports and duties on Basmati rice led to a 27% fall in rice export volume in FY24.
- Global Price Fluctuations: Agri-exports are heavily influenced by global price trends — when world prices fall, Indian exports lose competitiveness and earnings. Eg: Rice export values declined despite volume recovering after lifting restrictions, due to price volatility.
- Declining Productivity and Competitiveness: Lack of investment in research, technology, and resource-efficient farming practices lowered growth compared to earlier periods of rapid expansion. Eg: Average annual agri-export growth dropped from 20% (FY05–14) to just 2.3% (FY15–25).
How did rice export restrictions impact trade and prices?
- Export Volume Decline: Restrictions like export bans, duties, and minimum export prices caused a sharp drop in rice export volumes. Eg: Rice exports fell by 27% from 22.3 million metric tonnes (MMT) in FY23 to 16.3 MMT in FY24.
- Global Price Spike: Reduced supply due to restrictions pushed up global rice prices, affecting international markets. Eg: Imposition of export duties and minimum export price (MEP) on Basmati rice led to a spike in global rice prices.
- Value Impact Less Severe than Volume: Despite the fall in export volume, the value of exports dropped only slightly because of higher prices. Eg: Rice export value fell by only 6% even as volumes dropped 27%, showing price effects cushioned revenue loss.
What are the environmental risks of rice exports?
- Water Resource Depletion: Rice cultivation requires large amounts of water, which can strain local water supplies. Eg: In regions like Punjab, intensive rice farming has led to groundwater depletion and lowered water tables.
- Methane Emissions: Flooded rice paddies emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. Eg: In Southeast Asia, vast rice fields are significant sources of methane emissions impacting global warming.
- Soil Degradation and Pollution: Continuous rice farming with chemical fertilizers and pesticides can degrade soil quality and contaminate water bodies. Eg: Excessive use of agrochemicals in rice fields in Vietnam has caused soil salinization and river pollution.
What is the status of edible oil imports?
- 2022–23 (November–October): India imported approximately 16.5 million metric tons of edible oils, marking a 17% increase from the previous year. This surge was driven by lower import duties on key oils like palm, soybean, and sunflower oils.
- 2023–24 (November–October): Imports declined by about 3.1%, totaling 15.96 million metric tons, due to higher domestic oilseed production and reduced demand amid rising global prices.
The recent reduction in edible oil imports is very small. So, we need to take more steps to further cut down these imports.
How can India cut edible oil import dependence?
- Increase Domestic Oilseed Production: Boost cultivation of oilseeds like groundnut, mustard, sunflower, and soybean through better seeds, irrigation, and farmer support. Eg: The “Oilseeds Production Mission” aims to raise domestic output and reduce imports.
- Promote Sustainable Farming Practices: Encourage crop diversification and intercropping to improve yields and soil health, reducing reliance on imported oils. Eg: States like Madhya Pradesh have successfully adopted intercropping mustard with wheat to increase oilseed production.
- Develop Processing Infrastructure: Invest in modern oil extraction and refining units to enhance local processing capacity and reduce post-harvest losses. Eg: Setting up mega oilseed processing clusters in regions like Rajasthan to strengthen the supply chain and self-reliance.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Oilseed Ecosystem: Enhance productivity through quality seeds, MSP support, and targeted R&D under national missions like the Oil Palm and Oilseeds Mission.
- Build Agro-Processing Capacity: Invest in decentralized, modern oilseed processing units to reduce wastage, improve value addition, and boost farmer income.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization(WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies.
Linkage: Agricultural subsidies are a key area of contention in international trade negotiations, particularly within the WTO. Trade deals often involve discussions around reducing or reforming subsidies, which presents both a challenge (potential reduction of support for farmers) and an opportunity (creating a more level playing field or accessing new markets if other countries also reduce subsidies) for Indian agriculture.
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Why in the News?
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is considering a proposal to ease restrictions on short selling in most stocks.
SEBI’s January 2024 proposal to bar short-selling in stocks that are not in the futures and options segment had caused uncertainty.
What is Short Selling?
- Definition: Short selling is a strategy where an investor sells a stock first and buys it later, aiming to profit from a price drop.
- Opposite of Normal Trade: Unlike regular buying (buy low, sell high), short selling works on selling high and buying low.
- How It Works: You borrow the stock from a broker, sell it at the market price, and later buy it back at a lower price to return it.
- Example: If a stock is sold at ₹2,100 and later bought at ₹1,900, the profit is ₹200. If the price rises to ₹2,300 instead, the loss is ₹200.
Types of Short Selling:
- Short Selling in the Spot Market (Cash Segment):
- Shorting is allowed only for intraday trading (buying and selling financial instruments (like stocks) on the same day).
- You must square off the position (buy back the stock) before 3:30 p.m. on the same day.
- If not squared off, it leads to short delivery, where the exchange settles the trade through an auction.
- There may be heavy penalties if the position is not closed on time.
- Short Selling in the Futures Market:
- Here, you can hold your short position overnight or even roll it over to the next month.
- You must deposit margin money, which is generally higher.
- Futures shorting is riskier and is mostly used by experienced traders.
- This type allows more flexibility but involves greater financial commitment.
Risks Associated with Short Selling:
- Unlimited Losses: If the stock price rises sharply, losses are unlimited.
- Short Delivery Risk: Failing to buy back in the spot market can lead to penalties.
- Liquidity Risk: Hard-to-trade stocks may lead to delayed buybacks and losses.
- Margin Requirements: High margin costs in futures trading limit retail participation.
- Market Volatility: Sudden movements may cause unexpected losses.
- Not for Beginners: Due to complexity and high risk, short selling is unsuitable for new investors.
| [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements:
Statement I: As regards returns from an investment in a company, generally, bondholders are considered to be relatively at lower risk than stockholders.
Statement II: Bondholders are lenders to a company whereas stockholders are its owners.
Statement III: For repayment purpose, bondholders are prioritized over stockholders by a company.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement I explains Statement II
(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct |
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Why in the News?
The Department of Pharmaceuticals has invited drug manufacturers to apply for benefits under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme.
It has invited fresh applications for 11 unsubscribed or partially subscribed pharmaceutical products, including Neomycin, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, and Diclofenac Sodium, to boost domestic production capacity.
About the PLI Scheme:
- Launch: The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme was launched in March 2020.
- Objectives: Aimed to boost domestic manufacturing, reduce import dependency, and create employment.
- Initial Focus: Targeted three sectors — mobile manufacturing, electronic components, and medical devices.
- Expansion: Later extended to 14 key sectors, including pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT hardware, automobiles, and electronics.
- Incentive Structure: Offered 1%–4% incentives on incremental sales.
- Impact: Attracted large-scale investments and enhanced global competitiveness of Indian industries.
PLI Scheme for Pharmaceuticals:
- Target Area: Designed to promote bulk drug and formulation manufacturing in India.
- Product Focus: Encouraged domestic production of Key Starting Materials (KSMs), Drug Intermediates (DIs), and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).
- Strategic Aim: Aimed to reduce import dependence, particularly on China.
- Financial Allocation: Total outlay for the pharmaceutical PLI scheme is ₹6,940 crore.
Tap to read more about various versions of Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: India accounts for 3.2% of global exports of goods.
Statement-II: Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India’s ‘Production-linked Incentive’ scheme.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Options: (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct |
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Why in the News?
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has developed the ICMR-SCD Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI) to help understand and reduce stigma faced by patients and caregivers from sickle cell disease (SCD).
What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?
- Nature of Disease: SCD is a genetic disorder where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, reducing oxygen delivery in the body.
- Complications: These sickle cells can block blood vessels, break easily, and cause anemia, organ damage, and painful episodes.
- Cause: The disease is inherited, requiring one defective gene from each parent; one gene leads to sickle cell trait.
- Symptoms: Common symptoms include fatigue, body pain, swollen limbs, frequent infections, and organ damage.
- Treatment Options: There is no universal cure, but bone marrow transplants and gene therapy offer potential solutions; supportive care helps manage symptoms.
Note:
- Anaemia is a condition where the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin.
- All SCD patients have anaemia, but not all anaemia is due to Sickle Cell Disease.
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About the ICMR-SCD Stigma Scale for India (ISSSI):
- Purpose: The ISSSI is India’s first tool designed to measure stigma faced by sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and their caregivers.
- Developing Authority: It was developed by ICMR to understand and address the social impact of SCD in India’s diverse communities.
- Global Context: This is the fourth stigma scale worldwide and the first validated for Indian conditions.
- Scientific Validation: The tool was validated in a study published in The Lancet (Regional Health – South-East Asia).
- Availability: The ISSSI is now approved for use in both clinical and research settings across India.
- Components: It includes two formats — ISSSI-Pt for patients and ISSSI-Cg for caregivers.
- Stigma Dimensions: It captures issues related to family expectations, reproductive concerns, social disclosure, illness burden, interpersonal challenges, and negative healthcare experiences.
- Data Sources: The scale was developed using inputs from 6 culturally diverse districts: Alluri Seetharama Raju, Anuppur, Chhoteudepur, Kandhamal, Mysuru, and Udalguri.
India’s Strategy: Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB)
- Launch Year: The AMB Mission was launched in 2018 to reduce anemia using a 6x6x6 strategy.
- Target Groups: It covers six groups — young children, school children, adolescents, women of reproductive age, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- Key Interventions: Actions include iron and folic acid supplements, deworming, nutrition education, digital health tools, IFA-fortified foods, and disease screening (including SCD).
- Supporting Systems: It is backed by inter-ministerial coordination, state-level units, research centers, the AMB Dashboard, digital tracking, and supply chain support.
- Reach: The mission aims to impact around 450 million people, focusing on real-time monitoring and last-mile delivery.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy:
1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women. 2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth. 3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents. 4. It addresses non-nutritinoal causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three* (d) All four |
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Why in the News?
China is set to launch its first asteroid sampling mission, called Tianwen-2, to study and collect samples from the near-Earth asteroid 469219 Kamo‘oalewa.
If successful, China will join a small group of countries — including the United States and Japan — that have returned asteroid samples to Earth.
What is the Kamo‘oalewa Asteroid?
- Kamo‘oalewa was discovered in 2016 using the Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawaii.
- It is a quasi-satellite of Earth, which means it orbits the Sun but stays close to Earth and is affected by Earth’s gravity.
- It has a highly elliptical orbit and seems to move ahead of and behind Earth, giving the illusion of orbiting Earth.
- Kamo‘oalewa has been in this orbit for around 100 years and is expected to remain in it for the next 300 years.
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About the Tianwen-2 Mission:
- Mission Type: Tianwen-2 is China’s first asteroid sample return mission.
- Target: It will explore 469219 Kamo‘oalewa, a near-Earth quasi-satellite asteroid.
- Asteroid Origin: Kamo ‘oalewa may contain lunar fragments ejected during a past collision.
- Sample Collection:
- Touch-and-Go Technique: Uses a projectile or gas to loosen and collect surface material.
- Anchor-and-Attach Technique: Uses robotic arms to anchor and drill for deeper samples.
- Post-Sample Phase: After sample return, the probe will travel to the main asteroid belt for further exploration.
- Key Technologies: Equipped with high-resolution cameras, intelligent onboard systems, and precise control to operate in low-gravity conditions.
Tianwen-1 Mission:
- Mission Type: Tianwen-1 was China’s first Mars mission, launched in July 2020.
- Launch Vehicle: It was launched aboard a Long March 5 rocket.
- Mission Structure: Consisted of an orbiter, lander, and rover — all in one launch.
- Landing Site: Successfully landed in Utopia Planitia, a northern Martian plain.
- Scientific Goals:
- Studied Martian soil, rocks, and geological structure.
- Analyzed climate, atmosphere, and subsurface water or ice.
- Unique Feature: Deployed the first ground-penetrating radar on the Martian surface.
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| [UPSC 2014] Consider the following pairs:
Spacecraft Purpose
1. Cassini-Huygens : Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth.
2. Messenger : Mapping and investigating.
3. Voyager 1 and 2 : Exploring the outer solar system.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only |
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Why in the News?
A new species of fish, named Schistura densiclava, has been discovered inside a limestone cave in Meghalaya, even as the cave was already in focus due to a conflict over a Shivalinga-like stone formation.
About Schistura Densiclava:
- Discovery Location: Schistura densiclava was discovered in Krem Mawjymbuin, a limestone cave in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya.
- Research Team: The species was identified by a team led by Kangkan Sarma of Gauhati University’s Zoology Department.
- Type: It is a troglophile loach, meaning it lives in caves but can also survive in surface streams.
- Habitat Conditions: Found in a fast-flowing cave stream, 60 meters inside, with low oxygen and 18°C temperature.
- Family: Belongs to the Nemacheilidae family, which includes small, bottom-dwelling freshwater fishes.
Key Features:
- Body Color and Markings: The fish has a pale yellow-green body with 14 to 20 greyish-black bars along its sides.
- Name Meaning: “Densiclava” is Latin for “thick stripe,” referring to a dark stripe near the dorsal fin.
- Adaptation Traits: Unlike many cave species, it retains pigmentation and functional eyesight, helping it survive both underground and in surface waters.
- Sexual Dimorphism:
- Males are slimmer, have irregular body patterns, and have puffier cheeks.
- Females are more robust with uniform markings.
- Genetic Confirmation: DNA testing confirmed that this is a completely new species.
- Endemism: The fish appears to be endemic to Krem Mawjymbuin, meaning it is found nowhere else.
| [UPSC 2025] Regarding Peacock tarantula (Goody tarantula), consider the following statements:
I. It is an omnivorous crustacean.
II. Its natural habitat in India is only limited to some forest areas.
III. In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal species.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) I only (b) I and III (c) II only (d) II and III |
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Why in the News?
The Golaknath case (IC Golaknath v. State of Punjab, 1967) is one of the most important judgments in India’s constitutional history. It was the first time the Supreme Court said that Parliament cannot amend fundamental rights.
About the Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967) Case:
- Case Name: IC Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967) is a landmark case in Indian constitutional history.
- Background: The Golaknath family from Punjab challenged the Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953, which declared their land surplus under land ceiling laws.
- Claim of Violation: They argued the law violated their Fundamental Right to property, protected under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31.
- Ninth Schedule Issue: The Act was placed under the Ninth Schedule by the 17th Constitutional Amendment, making it immune to judicial review.
- Main Legal Question: Could Parliament amend Fundamental Rights under Article 368, or are such amendments invalid under Article 13(2)?
- Arguments: The petitioners claimed Fundamental Rights are sacrosanct, while the government asserted Parliament’s full power to amend the Constitution.
- Supreme Court Verdict: On February 27, 1967, in a 6:5 majority, the Court held that:
- Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights.
- Amendments are “law” and subject to Article 13(2).
- The ruling would apply only prospectively, not to past amendments.
- Overruled Judgments: The decision overturned earlier rulings in Sankari Prasad (1951) and Sajjan Singh (1964) that allowed unrestricted amendments.
Legacy of the Golaknath Case:
- Judicial Restraint on Parliament: This was the first case to restrict Parliament’s power to amend Fundamental Rights.
- Judiciary’s Role Strengthened: It reinforced the Supreme Court’s duty to protect civil liberties and limit legislative overreach.
- Prospective Overruling: Introduced the concept to ensure legal stability without undoing past amendments.
- Constitutional Values Upheld: Affirmed that the Constitution has core values that must be protected, especially Fundamental Rights.
Influence on Future Cases:
- Indira Gandhi Election Case (1975): Built upon the idea that democracy is a basic feature of the Constitution.
- Minerva Mills Case (1980): Reaffirmed limits on Parliament’s amending power and emphasised judicial review.
- Foundational Impact: Although later rulings allowed some flexibility, the Golaknath case laid the foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine.
- Lasting Message: It ensured that Fundamental Rights remain untouchable, securing the heart of Indian democracy against future misuse.
| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following statements:
1.The Parliament of India can place a particular law in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of India.
2.The validity of a law placed in the Ninth Schedule cannot be examined by any court, and no judgment can be made on it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only *(b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.
Linkage: The role of the state in the public healthcare system and asks for measures to enhance the reach of public healthcare, particularly at the grassroots level. The “medical oxygen access gap” is fundamentally a problem of the public healthcare system’s inability to reach everyone with this essential medicine. |
Mentor’s Comment: Recently, the oxygen shortage has been very serious in South Asia and East Asia-Pacific, where 78% and 74% of people do not have proper access to medical oxygen. Even though oxygen is essential for saving lives and became widely known during the COVID-19 pandemic, many low- and middle-income countries still face problems with its high cost, low supply, and poor access. Unlike medicines, there is no replacement for oxygen, which makes this a serious issue of fairness, basic rights, and survival. The WHO and The Lancet have suggested solutions, but progress has been slow. This is not just about fixing systems—it’s about saving lives, and action is urgently needed.
Today’s editorial talks about the problem of oxygen shortage in Southeast Asia. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations and Health Sector).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently,’ The Lancet Global Health Commission has pointed out a serious and ongoing medical oxygen crisis, with 5 billion people around the world unable to get safe, good-quality, and affordable medical oxygen.
What challenges hinder global access to medical oxygen?
- Lack of Equipment: Many hospitals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack basic tools like pulse oximeters and oxygen supply systems. Eg: Only 54% of hospitals in LMICs have pulse oximeters; 58% have access to medical oxygen.
- High Financial Burden: Expanding oxygen infrastructure requires large investments, which LMICs struggle to afford. Eg: An estimated $6.8 billion is needed globally, with $2.6 billion required in South Asia alone.
- Shortage of Trained Technicians: Lack of biomedical engineers leads to poor maintenance of oxygen plants and frequent equipment failures. Eg: In rural areas, oxygen concentrators remain unused due to absence of trained personnel.
- Power Supply Issues: Unreliable electricity hinders oxygen production, especially in remote or rural regions. Eg: Nigeria and Ethiopia adopted solar-powered oxygen systems to address power disruptions.
- Weak Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: Absence of strong regulations affects the quality, storage, and distribution of medical oxygen. Eg: In Bangladesh, a 2021 health system assessment by PATH and USAID found that lack of national oxygen guidelines and standardised protocols led to irregular supply chains and compromised oxygen quality in many public hospitals, especially in rural areas.
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Why is oxygen demand high in South and East Asia?
- High Population Density: These regions have some of the world’s most densely populated countries, leading to higher disease burden and medical oxygen demand. Eg: India and China together account for over one-third of the global population, increasing strain on healthcare infrastructure during health crises like COVID-19.
- Prevalence of Respiratory Diseases: High rates of respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) elevate oxygen needs. Eg: According to WHO, India sees over 120,000 pneumonia-related child deaths annually, many requiring oxygen therapy.
- Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure in Rural Areas: Many remote and underserved areas lack sufficient oxygen production, storage, and delivery systems. Eg: During the second COVID-19 wave in Nepal, rural hospitals reported severe oxygen shortages due to lack of concentrators and cylinders.
Where has WHO improved oxygen access through cooperation?
- Bhutan: WHO partnered with Nepal’s National Health Training Center to train biomedical engineers and technicians. Eg: This led to the installation of state-of-the-art PSA oxygen plants in Bhutan, ensuring sustainable operations and maintenance.
- Nepal: WHO supported capacity-building through regional training programs and technical support. Eg: Trained personnel strengthened Nepal’s oxygen infrastructure, especially during COVID-19.
- South-East Asia Region (broad cooperation): WHO facilitated intra-regional collaboration to boost oxygen capacity and resource sharing. Eg: Regional cooperation helped countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka improve oxygen planning and emergency response.
Who is responsible for strengthening oxygen ecosystems?
- Governments: They must integrate oxygen access into universal health coverage and emergency preparedness plans, while ensuring quality standards and regulatory frameworks. Eg: The Indian government scaled up PSA oxygen plants under the PM CARES Fund during the COVID-19 crisis.
- Private Sector: Industry must invest in local manufacturing, supply chain optimisation, and cost-effective technologies. Eg: Indian companies like Inox Air Products ramped up production and collaborated with the government to meet surging oxygen demand.
- Global Health Agencies: Agencies like WHO and UNICEF must provide technical and financial support for infrastructure and workforce training. Eg: WHO supported several LMICs (e.g., Bhutan) in installing and operating oxygen plants through cross-border cooperation.
What has been done by the Indian government in Southeast Asia?
- Oxygen Supply to Bangladesh: In July 2021, India dispatched 200 metric tonnes of Liquid Medical Oxygen (LMO) to Bangladesh via the ‘Oxygen Express’ train service. This marked the first international deployment of the Oxygen Express, showcasing India’s commitment to assisting neighboring countries in crisis.
- Medical Aid to Vietnam: In August 2021, the Indian Navy’s INS Airavat delivered 100 metric tonnes of LMO and 300 oxygen concentrators to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Local Infrastructure: Governments and partners must invest in decentralised oxygen production, solar-powered systems, and skilled workforce development to ensure reliable access, especially in rural and remote areas.
- Establish Robust Policies & Partnerships: Create strong regulatory frameworks and foster public-private-global collaborations to improve oxygen quality, supply chain efficiency, and emergency preparedness across regions.
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Why in the News?
This May has been unusually wet, with India getting 68.4% more rain than normal. Also, there have been no extreme temperatures or major heatwaves across most parts of the country.
What caused the wet and cool May in India?
- Above-Normal Rainfall: India received 68.4% more rainfall than usual for May, making it one of the wettest months in recent times. Eg: 27 out of 36 meteorological subdivisions saw over 20% surplus rain.
- Frequent Moisture-Laden Winds: Western disturbances from the Mediterranean and incursions from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea brought continuous showers. Eg: These weather systems caused intermittent thunderstorms across northern and eastern India.
- Suppression of Heatwaves: Each thunderstorm cooled temperatures, preventing the buildup of heatwaves. Eg: No major heatwave was reported across central and north India during May.
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Why is the formation of heat lows over northwest India important for the monsoon?
- Creates Suction for Moist Winds: Heat lows act like a vacuum, pulling moisture-laden southwesterly winds from the Indian Ocean into the Indian subcontinent. Eg: Strong heat lows over Rajasthan help trigger early monsoon onset over central India.
- Drives Monsoon Circulation: These low-pressure areas initiate and sustain the monsoon trough, which is essential for widespread rainfall. Eg: Absence of heat lows can delay or weaken the monsoon across northwest and central India.
- Influences Rainfall Intensity and Spread: Proper heat low development ensures uniform and timely rainfall, crucial for agriculture. Eg: Weak heat lows in 2015 contributed to a patchy and deficient monsoon season.
How do El Niño and IOD affect the monsoon?
- El Niño Weakens Monsoon Winds: El Niño leads to warmer Pacific Ocean waters, which suppresses the Indian monsoon by weakening the low-pressure system over the subcontinent. Eg: The 2015 El Niño caused a 14% rainfall deficit in India.
- Positive IOD Strengthens Monsoon: A positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) brings warmer waters near Africa and cooler waters near Indonesia, enhancing monsoon winds and rainfall over India. Eg: In 2019, a strong positive IOD offset El Niño’s impact, resulting in above-normal rainfall.
What would be the impact of monsoon on food inflation?
- Good Monsoon Boosts Crop Yields: Adequate rainfall ensures timely sowing and healthy harvests, leading to better food availability and stable prices. Eg: A normal monsoon in 2022 helped moderate cereal price rise.
- Reduces Dependency on Imports: Sufficient domestic production of staples like wheat and pulses lowers the need for costly imports, helping control food inflation. Eg: In 2024, surplus wheat stock due to good rainfall reduced price pressure.
- Stabilises Rural Demand and Supply Chains: A healthy monsoon supports rural incomes, improving supply consistency and reducing volatility in food prices. Eg: Strong kharif output in 2021 led to a drop in vegetable prices.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Climate-Responsive Agriculture: Promote drought- and flood-resistant crop varieties and expand irrigation to reduce dependence on erratic monsoons.
- Enhance Weather Forecasting and Storage Infrastructure: Improve real-time weather alerts and expand warehousing to minimize post-harvest losses and stabilize food prices.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Linkage: Understanding the dynamics of food inflation, as required by this question, is essential for appreciating the significant positive economic contribution that a favorable monsoon can make by potentially increasing agricultural output and stabilizing food prices.
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Why in the News?
The Prime Minister said on Friday that the eight states of India’s Northeast are now leading in development and growth, and he encouraged investors to explore opportunities there.
What did the Prime Minister describe the Northeast region as, and why?
- Frontrunner of Growth: PM described the Northeast as no longer a “frontier region”, but a “frontrunner of growth”. Eg: Hosting of the Rising Northeast Summit to attract investment and highlight regional potential.
- Gateway to Southeast Asia: This aligns with the idea of Northeast as a growth leader because its strategic location makes it a natural gateway for trade with Southeast Asia. Eg: Projects connecting Northeast with Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam under the Act East Policy.
- Powerhouse of Energy: It is a frontrunner because it is rich in natural resources, making it a “powerhouse of energy”. Eg: Assam’s tea industry and Arunachal Pradesh’s hydroelectric potential.
- Cultural and Economic Diversity: The region leads in development because its cultural and economic diversity fosters innovation in tourism, crafts, and trade. Eg: Nagaland’s Hornbill Festival promotes both culture and economic activity.
- Ashta Lakshmis (Eight Goddesses of Wealth): PM called the eight states “Ashta Lakshmis” because each contributes uniquely to India’s prosperity, reinforcing its status as a growth frontrunner. Eg: Government initiatives like NESIDS aim to unlock each state’s economic strengths.
Why did the Directorate General of Foreign Trade order the closure of land ports with Bangladesh?.
- To Provide a Level Playing Field for the Northeast: Goods entering via Bangladesh were bypassing local supply chains, hurting Northeast producers and manufacturers. Eg: Cheaper Bangladeshi products undercutting Assam’s handicrafts and processed food sectors.
- To Boost Internal Supply Chains and Manufacturing: Closure of land ports encourages the development of local industries and competitive manufacturing within the Northeast. Eg: Promoting local textile and bamboo industries in Tripura and Mizoram to supply regional demands.
- Strategic Economic Repositioning: Part of a broader effort to reorient the Northeast as a commercial and trade hub within India and toward Southeast Asia. Eg: Integrating Northeast into projects like India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway for long-term trade advantage.
Which sectors are identified as key economic strengths of the Northeast region?
- Bio-economy and Natural Resources: The region is rich in bamboo, tea, and petroleum resources. Eg: Assam is a major hub for tea production; Arunachal Pradesh is emerging in bamboo-based industries.
- Tourism and Eco-tourism: Scenic landscapes, cultural diversity, and biodiversity promote sustainable tourism. Eg: Meghalaya’s living root bridges and Sikkim’s eco-tourism model attract both domestic and international tourists.
- Sports and Youth Potential: High sports participation and talent make it a center for sports development and allied industries. Eg: Manipur and Mizoram produce national-level athletes in football, boxing, and weightlifting.
How is India planning to connect the Northeast with Southeast Asia?
- Infrastructure Development Projects: India is building roads and highways to enhance cross-border connectivity. Eg: The India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway aims to link the Northeast to Southeast Asia by road.
- Multilateral and Bilateral Linkages: Strategic projects are underway to connect Northeast India with ASEAN countries. Eg: Projects to directly connect Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos to India are in progress.
- Transforming the Region into a Trade Gateway: The Northeast is being positioned as the “gateway for trade” with Southeast Asia. Eg: Investment in border trade hubs and logistics parks in states like Manipur and Mizoram supports trade facilitation.
Way forward:
- Accelerate Infrastructure & Connectivity Projects: Ensure timely completion of highways, rail links, and trade corridors to integrate the Northeast with ASEAN markets and boost regional trade.
- Promote Local Industries & Skill Development: Strengthen regional supply chains by supporting local entrepreneurship, MSMEs, and skill training aligned with emerging sectors like eco-tourism, agri-business, and clean energy.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2016] Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario.
Linkage: The “Look East Policy” was the predecessor to the current “Act East” policy. The Act East Policy, which emphasizes the Northeast as a gateway for trade and connectivity with Southeast Asia, is essentially a more action-oriented evolution of the Look East Policy.
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Why in the News?
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has recognized six traditional farming systems from Brazil, China, Mexico, and Spain as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS).
About the Newly Recognised GIAHS Systems:
- Deqing Pearl Mussel Fishery (China): 800-year-old integrated system of pearl farming, rice, and silk boosts ecotourism and water purification.
- Fuding White Tea Culture (China): Biodiverse tea gardens linked to rituals and livelihoods, supporting 18 tea and 41 vegetable varieties.
- Gaolan Pear Orchards (China): 600-year-old dryland system along the Yellow River yields 2 million kg of pears with native crop-livestock integration.
- Erva Mate Agroforestry (Brazil): Indigenous agroforestry under Araucaria forests preserves ecology and culture through erva-mate farming.
- Metepantle Terraces (Mexico): 3,000-year-old Nahua terrace farming ensures food sovereignty and conserves over 140 native species.
- Lanzarote Sand Farming (Spain): Volcanic and sea sand techniques grow crops without irrigation in one of Europe’s driest zones.
About GIAHS:
- Definition: GIAHS are living and evolving agricultural systems where communities maintain strong ties to their land through agrobiodiversity, traditional knowledge, resilient ecosystems, and cultural heritage.
- Purpose: The program works to identify, support, and safeguard agricultural systems that preserve genetic diversity, support rural livelihoods, and maintain cultural landscapes.
- Origins: The concept was launched in 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg.
- Nodal Agency: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations leads the GIAHS initiative.
- Program Implementation:
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- Global level: Identification, selection, and formal recognition of GIAHS.
- National level: Policy support and capacity building.
- Local level: Community empowerment and technical assistance for sustainable resource use.
India’s GIAHS-Recognized Farming Systems:
India, known for its diverse agro-ecological zones and rich farming heritage, has 3 GIAHS sites:
- Koraput Traditional Agriculture (Odisha): Practised by tribal communities in the Eastern Ghats, this system conserves over 1,200 indigenous rice varieties; integrates millets and pulses in shifting and terraced cultivation; and supports community seed banks and organic methods vital for agro-biodiversity and food security.
- Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System (Kerala): Located in the Vembanad wetland area, it is the only below-sea-level farming system in India; farmers use polders and bunds to grow paddy, practice rice–fish rotation, and manage seasonal flooding through indigenous water control systems.
- Saffron Heritage of Kashmir (UT of Jammu & Kashmir): Found in the Pampore plateau, saffron is cultivated at 1,600–1,800 metres using traditional methods on Karewa soils; the crops are known for its high crocin content, aroma, and colour strength, making it a key product for local economy, export, and cultural heritage.
| [UPSC 2016] The FAO accords the status of ‘Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)’ to traditional agricultural systems. What is the overall goal of this initiative?
1. To provide modern technology, training in modern farming methods and financial support to local communities of identified GIAHS to greatly enhance their agricultural productivity.
2. To identify and safeguard eco-friendly traditional farm practices and their associated landscapes, agricultural biodiversity and knowledge systems of the local communities
3. The provide Geographical Indication status to all the varieties of agricultural produce in such identifies GIAHS Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Supreme Court of India ruled that 86,400 hectares of Zudpi Jungle lands in Eastern Vidarbha, Maharashtra, should be treated as forest land. However, existing structures (built before December 12, 1996) such as schools, homes, graveyards, and government offices were allowed to remain.
About Zudpi Jungles:
- Location and Meaning: They are lands located in the eastern Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The term “Zudpi” is Marathi for shrubs or bushes.
- Vegetation and Soil: These lands have low-quality vegetation, mostly shrubs and dry plants. The soil, called Murmadi soil, is arid, filled with gravel and soft stones, and unsuitable for large trees.
- Ecological Role: Despite sparse growth, Zudpi lands are ecologically important as wildlife corridors, allowing animals to move safely between forest patches.
- Geographic Spread: Found in 6 Vidarbha districts: Nagpur, Wardha, Bhandara, Gondia, Chandrapur, and Gadchiroli.
- Conservation Status: The Maharashtra government has treated them as forests since the 1980s. In 1987, it requested the Environment Ministry to exempt Zudpi lands from the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, acknowledging their forest-like value.
- Biodiversity Importance: Environmental experts stress that small forest patches like this help maintain biodiversity and ecological balance.
Definition of Forests as per the Godavarman Case (1996):
- Case Background: The T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India case began in 1995 over illegal deforestation in Tamil Nadu’s Nilgiris, leading to a landmark 1996 Supreme Court ruling.
- Expanded Definition: The Court ruled that ‘forest’ includes all areas with forest-like features, not just those recorded as forest in official documents.
- Included Areas: This includes private lands, plantations, uncategorized jungle lands, and corporate forests with significant vegetation.
- Basis of Definition: It adopted the dictionary meaning of forest — “a large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth.”
- Legal Protection: All such lands, regardless of ownership, are protected under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
- Doctrine of Public Trust: The ruling applied this doctrine, stating the government must safeguard natural resources for current and future generations.
- Constitutional Links: The Court linked environmental protection to Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 48A, which mandates the State to protect forests and wildlife.
- Impact: It brought millions of hectares of land under forest protection laws, creating a uniform national standard for forest classification and aiding conservation efforts.
|
| [UPSC 2012] A particular State in India has the following characteristics:
1. It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.
2. It has over 80% of its area under forest cover.
3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes the Protected Area Network in this State.
Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh* (b) Assam (c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand |
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Why in the News?
The Self-Reliant India (SRI) Fund has invested about ₹10,979 crore in 577 MSMEs across India as of March 2025. The highest number of investee firms are in Karnataka (151), followed by Maharashtra (144) and Delhi (69).
About the Self-Reliant India (SRI) Fund Scheme:
- Launch: The SRI Fund was launched in 2020 under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Package to provide equity funding to MSMEs with growth potential.
- Total Corpus: It targets ₹50,000 crore, with ₹10,000 crore from the Government of India and ₹40,000 crore to be raised from private investors.
- Structure and Management: The fund is a Category-II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) registered with SEBI. The fund uses a two-tier structure:
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- A Mother Fund managed by NSIC Venture Capital Fund Limited (NVCFL).
- 60 empanelled Daughter Funds that make direct investments in MSMEs.
- Progress: As of March 2025, the SRI Fund has invested ₹10,979 crore in 577 MSMEs.
- Package Alignment: It is a component of the ₹20 lakh crore Atmanirbhar Bharat package, equivalent to 10% of India’s GDP.
Key Features Impact:
- Funding Type: Offers equity or quasi-equity support to reduce MSMEs’ reliance on debt and strengthen long-term growth.
- Sectoral Focus: Prioritises manufacturing, services, and high-growth MSMEs, especially those engaged in innovation, R&D, and exports.
- Addressing Credit Gap: Helps bridge India’s ₹30 lakh crore MSME credit gap by complementing credit guarantee schemes with equity-based support.
- Revised Eligibility: With the turnover limit raised to ₹500 crore, more companies now qualify for SRI and related MSME support.
| [UPSC 2017] The term ‘Domestic Content Requirement’ is sometimes seen in the news with reference to:
Options: (a) Developing solar power production in our country* (b) Granting licenses to foreign T.V. channels in our country. (c) Exporting our food products to other countries. (d) Permitting foreign educational institutions to set up their campuses in our country. |
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