Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Drug standards control in India
Central Idea
- The Indian pharmaceutical industry has faced international scrutiny for exporting allegedly contaminated drugs, leading to adverse health outcomes and deaths in several countries.
- Instances of sub-standard drugs, including cough syrups and anaesthetic medications, have raised concerns about the quality and safety of Indian pharmaceutical products.
Lack of Regulatory Action
- Probing Contamination: Despite reports of deaths and adverse reactions linked to contaminated drugs, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has not provided information on the investigations launched.
- Regulatory Responsibility: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) is responsible for licensing and prosecuting pharma companies, while State governments handle regulatory enforcement.
Loss of Confidence and Independent Assessments
- Loss of Confidence: Countries like Gambia, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and Cameroon have raised red flags on drugs manufactured in India due to safety concerns and sub-standard quality.
- Independent Assessments: Some countries, such as Mozambique, have established independent systems to check drug samples before export, highlighting the need for rigorous inspections.
Punishment and Prosecution
- Inadequate Punitive Measures: Merely suspending or cancelling manufacturing licenses is deemed insufficient to deter pharmaceutical companies from non-compliance.
- Legal Provisions: The Drugs and Cosmetics Act allows for imprisonment for life for manufacturers violating good manufacturing practices, but prosecutions are often delayed and convictions are rare.
Challenges in Drug Regulation
- Shortage of Drug Inspectors: The CDSCO faces a shortage of drug inspectors, hindering effective oversight and inspections.
- Administrative Errors: Errors committed by drug inspectors, such as incomplete testing processes and improper documentation, contribute to poor conviction rates.
Conclusion
- To restore its reputation and ensure the safety of pharmaceutical products, India needs to strengthen its regulatory framework and inspection processes.
- Robust inspections, timely reporting of non-compliance, and effective prosecution of offenders are necessary to address the concerns regarding contaminated drugs.
- Adequate allocation of resources and addressing the shortage of drug inspectors will play a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of drug regulation in India.
Also read:
[Sansad TV] Perspective: Common Drugs Standards
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Census of India
Mains level: Evidence-based decision making
Central Idea
- Deadline extension: The deadline to freeze administrative boundaries for the Census in India has been extended till December 31, ruling out the possibility of conducting the Census before the 2024 General Elections.
What is Census of India?
- The Census of India is a large-scale population survey conducted by the Government of India.
- It aims to gather detailed information about the population, demographics, and socio-economic characteristics of the country.
Historical Background
- Inaugural Census: The first complete Census of India was conducted in 1881 during British rule.
- Institutional Framework: Since 1949, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, have been responsible for conducting the Census.
- Legal Framework: The Census of India Act, 1948 provides the legal basis for conducting the census.
Extension of Deadline and Administrative Changes
- Order by Registrar General: The office of the Registrar General of India issued an order extending the date of freezing boundaries for the Census to January 1, 2024.
- Instructing State governments: The Directorate of Census Operations has been instructed to inform State governments to make any necessary administrative changes by December 31 and notify the Census office of the jurisdictional changes.
Reasons for Delay
- Training time: After the boundaries are frozen, at least three months are required to train enumerators for the Census.
- Timing constraint: The exercise cannot begin before April 2024 due to simultaneous General Elections, as the same workforce will be deployed for election duties.
- Transition to digital: The coming Census will be the first digital Census, allowing citizens to self-enumerate.
Phases of Census and Population Projections
- Two-phase process: The Census is carried out in two phases: the Houselisting and Housing Census and the Population Enumeration phase, which typically takes around 11 months.
- National Population Register (NPR): The NPR is updated with the first phase of the Census.
- Population projections: Based on Census 2011 data, population projections indicate an expected increase from 121.1 crore to 151.8 crore during 2011-2036, with a density increase from 368 to 462 persons per square kilometer.
Purpose and Importance of the Census
- Data for planning and policymaking: The Census provides information for central and state governments to plan and formulate policies.
- National identity and future planning: It helps identify the nation’s demographic composition and guides future development and resource allocation.
- Funding distribution: Census data assists in determining how funds and assistance are distributed to states and localities.
- Wide-ranging applications: The data is used by various national and international agencies, scholars, businesses, and policymakers.
Significance and Impact of the Census
- Governance and statistics: The Census is a vital source of statistics for governance and serves as a foundation for official statistics.
- Detailed demographic insights: It provides data on demography, economic activity, literacy, housing, migration, and other socio-cultural factors.
- Delimitation of constituencies: The Census data is used for delimitation and reservation of parliamentary, assembly, and local body constituencies.
- Policy formulation and administration: The Census helps review progress, monitor government schemes, and plan for the future.
- Welfare schemes and beneficiaries: It identifies actual beneficiaries, supports identity creation, and ensures inter-temporal comparability.
Impact of Delay in Census 2021
- Discrepancies in PDS identification: Delayed census data affects the identification of beneficiaries under the public distribution system, depriving people of subsidised food entitlements.
- Poor targeting of welfare schemes: The delay hampers policy planning, budgeting, and administration of schemes that rely on accurate demographic data.
- Inadequate migration data: Outdated census data fails to capture accurate migration patterns and impacts policy and planning in various sectors.
Reasons for Delay
- Administrative boundaries: Census can only be conducted after freezing the boundaries of administrative units, which takes time.
- COVID-19 pandemic: The pandemic is officially cited as the reason for the delay, although restrictions have been lifted.
- CAA and NRC issues: The plan to use the census for the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) has further delayed the process.
- Lack of political will: The government’s lack of urgency and clarification on the census timeline contribute to the delay.
Way Forward
- Complete pre-census work: Expedite house-listing and other necessary activities.
- Digital census and self-enumeration: Utilize mobile apps and self-enumeration to streamline data collection and processing.
- Ensure data quality: Address concerns regarding data quality and completeness of coverage during self-enumeration.
Conclusion
- The delay in conducting the Census poses challenges for accurate population data and planning in India.
- The next Census, to be conducted after the 2024 General Elections, will mark a significant milestone as the first digital Census, providing citizens the opportunity to self-enumerate.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 377
Mains level: LGBTQI Rights
Central Idea
- The context of the article revolves around the celebration of Pride Month and the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ rights globally.
- It begins by highlighting the duality of Pride Month, which is celebrated as a recognition of progress made in LGBTQ rights while also serving as a protest against the persisting discrimination and challenges faced by the community.
History of the LGBTQ Movement: Stonewall Riots
- Historical Significance: The Stonewall Riots, which took place in 1969, are widely regarded as a pivotal moment in the LGBTQ rights movement, igniting a wave of activism and mobilization.
- Illegal Homosexuality: In the 1960s, engaging in homosexual activity was illegal in major American cities, leading to the creation of underground gay bars and secret gathering places.
- Stonewall Inn: The Stonewall Inn, located in Greenwich Village, New York City, became a popular gathering spot for the LGBTQ community due to its acceptance and tolerance.
- Police Raids and Resistance: The frequent police raids on gay bars, including the Stonewall Inn, prompted the LGBTQ patrons to resist, resulting in the spontaneous uprising known as the Stonewall Riots.
- Turning Point: The Stonewall Riots marked a turning point in LGBTQ activism, as they galvanized the community to demand equal rights, visibility, and an end to discrimination.
Early LGBTQ Rights Initiatives
- Pioneering Organizations: Organizations like the Society of Human Rights (1924), the Mattachine Society (1950), and the Daughters of Bilitis (1955) were among the earliest advocates for LGBTQ rights in the United States.
- Anti-Homosexual Policies: During World War II and the McCarthy era, anti-homosexual policies in the military and society prompted the emergence of LGBTQ advocacy groups.
- Activism: Frank Kameny, an astronomer fired for being gay, became a prominent activist and founded the Mattachine Society of Washington, D.C., advocating for LGBTQ rights and challenging discriminatory policies.
- Protests in US: In 1969, a year after the Stonewall Riots, the first pride march was organized in New York City, marking a significant milestone in the LGBTQ rights movement.
Pride Celebrations Worldwide
- Pride Month Origins: Pride Month is celebrated in June to commemorate the Stonewall Riots and honor the LGBTQ community’s resilience, history, and the ongoing struggle for equal rights.
- LGBTQ History Month: LGBTQ History Month takes place in October and aims to educate and raise awareness about LGBTQ history, achievements, and challenges.
- Pride Parades: Pride parades, often held during Pride Month, are colourful and joyous celebrations that allow LGBTQ individuals and allies to openly express their identities and demand equality.
- Global Pride Days: Various countries celebrate their own Pride-equivalent days, such as Christopher Street Day in Germany, to promote LGBTQ rights and visibility.
LGBTQ History in India
- India’s First Protests: The AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan (ABVA) organized India’s first-ever protests for gay rights on August 11, 1992, in Delhi, following the arrest of men suspected of homosexuality.
- Fight Against Section 377: LGBTQ activists and organizations in India have long fought against Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, a law that criminalized consensual same-sex relations until it was struck down in 2018.
- Decriminalization and Progress: The decriminalization of homosexuality in India in 2018 marked a significant milestone in LGBTQ rights, paving the way for increased visibility, acceptance, and advocacy.
Post-Section 377 Judgement
- Struggles for Marriage Recognition: Post the decriminalization of homosexuality, efforts have been made to seek legal recognition of same-sex marriages in India, with couples filing writ petitions and pushing for equal rights.
- Supreme Court’s Stance: The Supreme Court of India has been involved in various cases related to LGBTQ rights and is instrumental in shaping the legal landscape for the community.
- Legislative Attempts: Several legislative attempts have been made to further protect and promote LGBTQ rights, including bills advocating for same-sex marriage and policies to safeguard the rights of the LGBTQIA community.
- Progress on Conversion Therapy: India has taken steps to address the harmful practice of conversion therapy, with the National Medical Commission banning it and classifying it as “professional misconduct.”
Global LGBTQ Rights
- Varying Legal Status: LGBTQ rights vary across the globe, with some countries fully embracing equality and protecting LGBTQ rights, while others maintain discriminatory laws and practices.
- Same-Sex Marriage: A growing number of countries have legalized same-sex marriage or recognized civil unions, granting LGBTQ couples the right to marry and access legal protections.
- Anti-LGBTQ Laws: Unfortunately, many nations still have laws that criminalize homosexuality, and in some cases, impose severe penalties, including imprisonment or even the death penalty.
Continuing the Fight for LGBTQ Rights
- Global Advocacy: The fight for LGBTQ rights remains a global issue, necessitating ongoing advocacy, awareness, and support to achieve full equality.
- Achievements and Setbacks: Acknowledging the progress made in LGBTQ rights while recognizing the setbacks and challenges that still persist.
- Importance of Advocacy: Emphasizing the crucial role of continued advocacy in ensuring the protection and advancement of LGBTQ rights worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semiconductors and its applications
Mains level: India's semiconductor industry and challenges and its potential advantages
Central Idea
- The recent visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Washington DC has solidified the US-India technology partnership, marking technology as the new frontier in geopolitics. One crucial aspect of this partnership is the joint commitment to diversify the global semiconductor supply chain, which lies at the heart of the rivalry between the United States and China. This op-ed examines the significance of this collaboration and its potential implications for India’s semiconductor industry.
*Relevance of the topic
*India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) builds a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design
Semiconductors: The New Strategic Resource
- Technological Dependence: Semiconductors are essential components in various advanced technologies, including smartphones, computers, artificial intelligence, and defence systems. Countries heavily rely on these technologies for economic growth, national security, and global competitiveness.
- Critical Infrastructure: Semiconductors are considered critical infrastructure due to their role in powering and enabling essential sectors such as telecommunications, energy, transportation, healthcare, and finance. Disruptions in semiconductor supply chains can have far-reaching consequences.
- Limited Manufacturing Capability: Only a few countries possess the advanced manufacturing capabilities required to produce semiconductors. These manufacturing processes involve complex fabrication plants and specialized equipment, making it difficult for new entrants to establish a foothold in the industry.
- Global Supply Chain: The semiconductor industry relies on a global supply chain, with various stages of production taking place in different countries. Certain regions, such as Taiwan, South Korea, and the United States, play a dominant role in semiconductor fabrication, assembly, and testing.
- National Security Concerns: The control and security of semiconductor supply chains have become matters of national security for many countries. Dependence on foreign sources for critical technologies raises concerns about vulnerabilities, potential disruptions, and the risk of compromising sensitive information.
- Economic Competitiveness: Semiconductors contribute significantly to a country’s economic competitiveness. Advanced semiconductor industries can attract high-value investments, foster innovation, and create skilled job opportunities, contributing to economic growth and technological leadership.
- Technological Sovereignty: Countries view the development of indigenous semiconductor capabilities as crucial for technological sovereignty and reducing dependence on external sources. Achieving self-sufficiency in semiconductor manufacturing enables greater control over technological advancements and mitigates potential risks.
India-US iCET Initiative
- Announcement: The India-US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) was announced during the Quad summit held in Tokyo in 2022. It reflects the shared commitment of India and the United States to enhance cooperation in critical and emerging technologies.
- Areas of Cooperation: The iCET initiative focuses on fostering collaboration between India and the United States in various domains, including semiconductor technology, resilient supply chains, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and other critical and emerging technologies.
- Bilateral Engagement: The iCET initiative involves regular bilateral engagements between India and the United States to discuss and advance cooperation in the identified areas. High-level officials, including National Security Advisers and counterparts from relevant ministries, participate in these discussions.
- Semiconductor Collaboration: Within the iCET framework, India and the United States have expressed a commitment to collaborate in the development of a semiconductor design, manufacturing, and fabrication ecosystem in India. The aim is to enhance India’s capabilities in the semiconductor sector and promote the growth of a skilled workforce.
- Skill Development and Workforce: The iCET initiative also emphasizes the importance of skill development and workforce training in critical and emerging technologies. India and the United States seek to promote the development of a skilled talent pool capable of driving innovation and contributing to the growth of these sectors.
US-China rivalry in the context of semiconductor chips
- Technological Leadership: Both the US and China recognize the strategic importance of semiconductor chips in driving innovation and economic growth. The United States has long been a leader in semiconductor design and manufacturing, while China has made significant efforts to catch up and become more self-sufficient in chip production.
- Intellectual Property Concerns: Intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer have been areas of concern in the US-China rivalry regarding semiconductor chips. The US accuses China of engaging in unfair practices to acquire advanced chip technologies and intellectual property, undermining the competitiveness of American semiconductor companies.
- Trade Tensions: The US-China trade tensions have had a significant impact on the semiconductor industry. The US government-imposed restrictions on Chinese technology companies like Huawei, limiting their access to American-made chips and semiconductor equipment. This has had implications for China’s domestic chip manufacturing capabilities.
- Export Controls: The United States has tightened export controls on semiconductor-related technologies to prevent their transfer to China, citing national security concerns. These controls have restricted Chinese access to advanced chip-making equipment and technologies, impacting China’s ability to develop its semiconductor industry.
- Self-Sufficiency Goals: Both the US and China have set goals to enhance their self-sufficiency in semiconductor chips. The US has aimed to bolster domestic chip manufacturing capabilities, reduce reliance on foreign suppliers, and secure its supply chain. China’s Made in China 2025 plan emphasizes developing indigenous semiconductor technologies to become a global leader in chip production.
- Geopolitical Implications: The semiconductor industry’s geopolitical implications are significant. Control over chip technologies and supply chains can provide a country with economic advantages, technological superiority, and potential leverage in trade disputes or geopolitical conflicts. The US and China view the semiconductor industry as crucial for maintaining their global influence and national security.
India’s Semiconductor Challenge
- Lack of Domestic Manufacturing: India has limited domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities. The country heavily relies on imports to meet its demand for semiconductors, which poses challenges in terms of supply chain vulnerabilities, dependence on foreign suppliers, and potential risks to national security.
- Absence of Chip Ecosystem: Building a complete chip ecosystem involves not only semiconductor manufacturing but also the development of ancillary industries, specialized infrastructure, and a skilled workforce. India currently lacks a comprehensive chip ecosystem, which is crucial for attracting investments and fostering innovation in the semiconductor industry.
- Power and Water Supply: Semiconductor manufacturing requires uninterrupted and uninterruptible power supply, as well as a steady and ample supply of pure water. India faces challenges in providing 24×7 power and water supply, which are critical infrastructure requirements for establishing semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs).
- Skill Gap: Developing a skilled workforce for the semiconductor industry is essential but poses a challenge in India. The complex nature of chip manufacturing requires specialized expertise, and India needs to bridge the skill gap by investing in training programs, educational institutions, and research and development initiatives.
- Investment and Collaboration: Attracting major international chip makers to establish fabrication plants in India has proven to be challenging. While the government has allocated funds for the semiconductor industry and incentivized investments, India needs to enhance its value proposition to attract big players and forge international collaborations.
- Regulatory Framework: Creating a favorable regulatory environment, including policies, intellectual property rights protection, and ease of doing business, is crucial for the growth of the semiconductor industry. India needs to address regulatory challenges and provide a supportive framework to encourage investments and foster innovation.
- Free Trade Agreements: India’s reluctance to enter into free trade agreements, such as with Taiwan, has hindered its efforts to attract major chip manufacturers. Such agreements can provide advantages in terms of technology transfer, market access, and attracting investments from established players
Way ahead
- Strengthen Domestic Manufacturing: India should continue to invest in semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs) and create a conducive environment for both domestic and foreign companies to establish semiconductor manufacturing facilities. This requires robust infrastructure, reliable power supply, access to advanced equipment, and a favorable regulatory framework.
- Skill Development and Research: The focus on skill development should continue, with emphasis on nurturing a skilled workforce specialized in chip design, manufacturing, and fabrication. Collaborations between industry and academia can play a crucial role in promoting research and development, knowledge sharing, and fostering innovation in the semiconductor field.
- Strategic Partnerships: India should actively pursue strategic partnerships and collaborations with global semiconductor companies, industry associations, and research institutions. These partnerships can facilitate technology transfer, access to advanced manufacturing processes, and market opportunities. Government incentives and support can further encourage international players to invest in India’s semiconductor ecosystem.
- Enable Ancillary Industries: To create a comprehensive chip ecosystem, India needs to develop ancillary industries that support the semiconductor sector. This includes nurturing electronics manufacturing capabilities, promoting indigenous demand for chips, and fostering a supportive environment for related industries, such as packaging, testing, and materials.
- Policy Reforms: The Indian government should continue to focus on policy reforms that promote a favorable business environment for the semiconductor industry. This includes streamlining regulatory processes, protecting intellectual property rights, improving ease of doing business, and providing incentives for research, development, and investment in the semiconductor sector.
- International Collaborations: Strengthening collaborations within the Quad framework, particularly with the United States, Japan, and Australia, can provide access to expertise, technology, and market opportunities. Engaging with other semiconductor-rich countries, such as Taiwan, South Korea, and Israel, can also open avenues for knowledge sharing, partnerships, and technology transfer.
Conclusion
- The US-India technology partnership, with a focus on diversifying the semiconductor supply chain, holds immense potential for India’s growth in the industry. While India faces challenges in establishing a robust chip ecosystem, investments from companies like Micron Technology, along with collaborative initiatives, can pave the way for a more self-reliant and technologically advanced India. By positioning itself in the global chip war, India has embarked on a journey that promises to shape its technological landscape and strengthen its ties with the United States.
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aspartame
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The cancer research arm of the World Health Organization (WHO) is reportedly considering listing aspartame, a popular sugar substitute ‘Aspartame’ as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.”
- This potential listing by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has generated controversy as it contradicts previous studies that found no evidence linking aspartame to cancer.
What is Aspartame?
- Aspartame is widely used as an artificial sweetener in various food and beverage products.
- It is made from the dipeptide of two amino acids, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine.
- It is approximately 200 times sweeter than table sugar and is commonly used in diet soft drinks, sugar-free gum, and other sugar-free products.
- It is favored by those seeking to reduce calorie intake or manage diabetes.
Safety Record and Regulatory Approvals
- Aspartame has undergone extensive studies over 40 years, with over 100 studies finding no evidence of harm caused by its consumption.
- The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has permitted its use in food since 1981, and it has been reviewed multiple times for safety.
- The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as national regulators in various countries, also deem aspartame safe for consumption.
- However, individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder, should avoid aspartame due to the presence of phenylalanine.
Controversies and Impact of WHOs Listings
- Past IARC rulings have raised concerns, led to lawsuits, and influenced manufacturers to seek alternatives due to public confusion.
- The potential listing of aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic” by the IARC contradicts previous scientific consensus on its safety.
- Critics argue that IARC assessments can be confusing to the public and may create unnecessary fear and misinformation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework (IGN) meetings, which aim to reform the United Nations Security Council, are now being webcasted for the first time in history.
What is IGN?
- The Intergovernmental Negotiations framework (IGN) is a collective effort by various nation-states within the United Nations to advance the reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
- This article provides an overview of the composition of the IGN and highlights the progress made in achieving consensus among its members.
Evolution of the Reform Agenda
- The issue of reforming the UN Security Council has been under discussion since 1993, with successive reports published in 2001 and 2007.
- The current agenda for this issue within the UN General Assembly can be accessed online.
Composition of the IGN
- The IGN consists of several international organizations representing different perspectives on UN Security Council reform, including:
- African Union
- G4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan)
- Uniting for Consensus Group (UfC), also known as the “Coffee Club”
- 69 Group of Developing Countries
- Arab League
- Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
- Each group presents unique positions regarding the reform of the UN Security Council, reflecting the diverse interests and perspectives of its member states.
Establishment of Consensus
- On July 27, 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted an “oral decision” by general acclamation, approving the “elements of convergence” declaration.
- This declaration outlined the status of the consensus achieved by the IGN members at that time.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Senegal has joined the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) deal, becoming the fourth country to sign after South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
- The deal aims to mobilize 5 billion euros in new financing for Senegal.
What is Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)?
- JETP is a financing mechanism that aims to support developing countries in their transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to clean and renewable energy sources.
- JETP is designed to bridge the gap between wealthier nations and coal-dependent developing nations, addressing both the environmental and social aspects of the energy transition.
JETP Mechanism and Social Considerations
- JETPs provide financing to developing countries to phase out coal and transition to clean energy.
- Social aspects, such as protecting affected communities and providing job opportunities, are crucial in JETP plans.
- Reskilling, upskilling, and creating new jobs are essential components of a just energy transition.
Funding Sources and Donor Pool
- JETP funding can be provided through grants, loans, or investments.
- The International Partners Group (IPG) and the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) Working Group are key contributors.
- The IPG includes countries such as Japan, the USA, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, the EU, and the UK.
- The GFANZ Working Group comprises multilateral and national development banks and finance agencies.
JETP Success Stories
- South Africa was the first country to enter into a JETP at COP 26 Glasgow, with a pledge of 8.5 billion USD in financing.
- Indonesia announced its JETP at the G20 Bali Summit, receiving an initial 20 billion USD in public and private financing.
- Vietnam joined the JETP initiative, securing an initial fund of 15.5 billion USD over the next three to five years.
Prospects for India’s Participation
- Talks of a JET-P deal with India are ongoing but have not reached a final conclusion.
- Challenges include the complexity of India’s coal-based power sector and financing in the form of loans.
- India seeks favorable conditions and no compromise on energy security and development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IceCube Neutrino Observatory , Ghost Particle
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a gigaton detector located at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, has achieved a significant scientific breakthrough by producing an image of the Milky Way using neutrinos.
- Neutrinos are minuscule particles and serve as ghostlike astronomical messengers.
IceCube Neutrino Observatory
- The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a unique detector encompassing a cubic kilometer of Antarctic ice with over 5,000 light sensors.
- It detects high-energy neutrinos, which possess energies millions to billions of times higher than those produced by stellar fusion reactions.
What are Neutrinos?
- Neutrinos are fundamental particles in the Standard Model of particle physics.
- They belong to the family of elementary particles called leptons, which also includes electrons and muons.
- Neutrinos have extremely low mass, and they interact very weakly with matter, making them challenging to detect.
Properties of Neutrinos
|
| Electric Charge |
Electrically Neutral |
| Mass |
Extremely Low (Exact Masses Not Known) |
| Flavors |
Electron Neutrino, Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino |
| Interaction |
Weak Interaction |
| Speed |
Close to the Speed of Light |
| Spin |
Fermion, Half-Integer Spin |
| Neutrino Oscillations |
Neutrinos Change Flavor during Travel |
| Interactions |
Very Weak Interaction with Matter |
| Abundance |
Among the Most Abundant Particles in the Universe |
| Cosmic Messengers |
Can Carry Information from Distant Cosmic Sources |
Neutrino Emission from the Milky Way
- The IceCube Collaboration’s research reveals evidence of high-energy neutrino emission from the Milky Way.
- This emission, unlike light, allows researchers to observe the universe beyond nearby sources within our galaxy.
- The detection of neutrinos from the galactic plane of the Milky Way confirms its status as a source of cosmic rays and high-energy particles.
Challenges and Breakthroughs
- Detecting neutrinos from the Milky Way’s southern sky presented challenges due to background interference from cosmic-ray interactions with Earth’s atmosphere.
- IceCube researchers developed advanced data analysis techniques, including machine learning algorithms, to identify and analyze neutrino events.
- These methods improved the identification of neutrino cascades and enhanced the accuracy of energy and direction reconstruction.
Implications and Future Prospects
- The study utilized 60,000 neutrinos from ten years of IceCube data, providing a more comprehensive analysis than previous studies.
- The research confirms the Milky Way as a source of high-energy neutrinos, leading to further investigations to identify specific sources within the galaxy.
- Neutrino astronomy offers a unique perspective to explore the universe, complementing traditional observations using light.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Horizontal and Vertical Reservations
Central Idea
- Maharashtra government said it was difficult to provide additional reservations to transgender persons in education and public employment due to existing reservations for various communities in India.
- Transgender individuals in Mumbai protested against this statement.
Courts’ rulings on reservations for transgender community
- National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) v Union of India (2014) case: The Supreme Court ruled that transgender persons have a right to reservation as they are considered a socially and educationally backward class.
- Direction for reservations: The court directed the Centre and State Governments to treat transgender persons as socially and educationally backward and extend all kinds of reservation for admission to educational institutions and public appointments.
- Lack of clarity on the nature of reservations: The NALSA judgment does not specify whether reservations for transgender persons should be vertical or horizontal.
Understanding horizontal reservations
- Distinction between vertical and horizontal reservations: Reservation in India is divided into two categories—vertical and horizontal.
- Vertical reservations: Aimed at addressing social asymmetry arising from caste hierarchy and backwardness, including reservations for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC).
- Horizontal reservations: Cut across all vertical groups to provide affirmative policies for disadvantaged groups within categories. For example, disabled persons are guaranteed horizontal reservation in all vertical categories.
Demand for horizontal reservation for transgender community
- Recognition of marginalization: Transgender individuals have faced long-term marginalization in society, warranting specific provisions and recognition of their social identity.
- Employment challenges: A study reveals that only 6 percent of transgender people were formally employed in 2017, and many engage in informal work due to societal factors and survival needs.
- Interpreting the NALSA verdict: The NALSA judgment has been interpreted as directing reservations for transgender individuals in the OBC category due to their identification as a socially and educationally backward class.
- Concerns and choice: The demand for horizontal reservation raises concerns that Dalit, Bahujan, and Adivasi transgender individuals may have to choose between availing reservation based on caste and gender identities, leading to competition and exclusion.
Progress on horizontal reservations
- Lack of action by the Central government: Since the NALSA judgment, the Central government has not taken steps to implement the right to reservation for transgender persons.
- Legislative developments: The Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2015, which included provisions for reservations, was rejected in the Lok Sabha. The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, does not mention reservations.
- Parallel provisions for disabled persons: The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, ensures horizontal reservation for disabled individuals under the Central government.
- State-level initiatives: Tamil Nadu categorized trans-women under the Most Backward Classes (MBC) category, and Karnataka introduced 1% horizontal reservation for transgender persons. Madhya Pradesh included transgender persons in the OBC category.
- Legal challenges and petitions: Transgender persons have filed petitions in various High Courts, seeking horizontal reservation in education and jobs.
Way forward
- Need for legal action: The lack of progress in implementing horizontal reservations for transgender individuals requires legal challenges to ensure their rights are upheld.
- Intersectionality and inclusive policies: Ensuring horizontal reservation while considering the diverse identities within the transgender community, including caste and tribal backgrounds, is crucial for equitable representation.
- Promoting employment opportunities: Implementation of horizontal reservations can contribute to addressing employment challenges and empowering transgender individuals in various sectors.
- Public awareness and support: Creating awareness about the need for horizontal reservation and garnering public support can strengthen the advocacy for inclusive policies.
- Collaboration with civil society and stakeholders: Engaging with activists, community leaders, and organizations working on transgender rights can drive collective efforts to achieve meaningful horizontal reservations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dark patterns advertising
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) and the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) have joined forces to tackle unethical advertising practices in India.
- Within the next two months, the authorities plan to release guidelines to combat dark patterns in Indian advertising.
Understanding Dark Patterns
- Dark patterns are manipulative marketing techniques that deceive customers through unethical practices.
- They encompass a wide range of tactics, including creating false urgency, employing subscription traps, and sneaking items into the checkout basket, using disguised advertising, and manipulating prices during checkout.
Types of dark patterns advertising
- Disguised ads: Presenting advertisements in a way that makes them look like regular content or organic recommendations, deceiving users into engaging with promotional material unknowingly.
- False urgency: Creating a sense of urgency by displaying countdown timers, limited-time offers, or stock availability to pressure consumers into making quick decisions without fully considering their options.
- Sneak into basket: Adding additional products or services to the shopping cart without the user’s explicit consent or knowledge, often through pre-selected checkboxes or hidden options.
- Hidden costs: Concealing or downplaying additional fees, charges, or subscriptions until the final stages of the checkout process, misleading consumers about the actual cost of a product or service.
- Confirm-shaming: Using manipulative language or guilt-tripping tactics to pressure users into taking a specific action they may not want to, such as subscribing to newsletters or sharing personal information.
- Roach motel: Making it easy for users to sign up for a service but intentionally creating barriers or complexities when they try to cancel or unsubscribe, making it difficult for them to leave.
Consequences of such ads
Dark patterns can lead to unintended purchases, addiction and overuse of products or services, and privacy violations.
- Unintended purchases: Dark patterns can manipulate consumers into making purchases they did not intend to make, leading to unnecessary expenses and financial strain.
- Addiction and overuse: Some dark patterns are designed to create addictive behaviors, keeping consumers engaged with a product or service beyond what is healthy or necessary.
- Privacy violations: Dark patterns may deceive consumers into unknowingly sharing sensitive personal information, compromising their privacy and leaving them vulnerable to data breaches or identity theft.
- Psychological manipulation: Dark patterns exploit cognitive biases and psychological vulnerabilities to manipulate consumer behavior, leading to decisions that are not based on informed choices but rather on emotional manipulation.
Why discuss this?
- Rapid growth of the Indian online space: The substantial expansion of the online sector in India raises concerns about the potential harm caused by dark patterns.
- Dominance of digital platforms: With digital platforms becoming the primary source of information, goods, and services for consumers, the manipulation of UI/UX design and online choice architecture can significantly impact consumer well-being.
Industry’s Role in Self-Regulation
- Importance of self-regulation: The consensus among stakeholders is that self-regulation within the industry is crucial to effectively address and counter dark patterns.
- Sectors to self-regulate: Various sectors, including online shopping, e-ticketing, restaurants, and travel, can adopt self-regulatory measures.
Way forward
- Providing tools for informed choices: Stakeholders suggested equipping users with browser extensions that can help detect and block dark patterns, enabling them to make more informed decisions.
- Encouraging reporting: Users are encouraged to report instances of dark patterns, and efforts will be made to raise awareness among small and medium-scale merchants about these deceptive practices.
- Consensus on self-regulation: All stakeholders unanimously agreed that industry self-regulation plays a pivotal role in countering deceptive online practices and protecting consumers’ interests.
- Commitment to consumer protection: The meeting concluded with a commitment to continue exploring ways to counter dark patterns and safeguard consumer rights and interests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IMF Bailout Packages
Mains level: Pakistan's prospected economic default and collapse
Central Idea
IMF and its Bailout
- The IMF is an international organization that provides loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to member countries.
- Established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced economic growth, and poverty reduction.
- Headquarters located in Washington, D.C., and it has 190 member countries.
- An IMF bailout, also known as an IMF program, is a loan package provided to financially troubled countries.
- Bailout programs have specific terms and conditions that borrowing countries must meet to access the funds.
Types of IMF Bailout Packages
|
|
Description |
Duration |
Conditionality |
| Stand-by Arrangements |
Short-term lending programs for countries with temporary balance of payments problems. |
1-2 years |
Specific macroeconomic policies for stabilization |
| Extended Fund Facility |
Medium-term lending programs to address balance of payments difficulties from structural weaknesses. |
Longer-term |
Extensive conditionality and significant reforms |
| Rapid Financing Instrument |
Loan program providing quick financing for countries with urgent balance of payments needs. |
Flexible |
Fewer conditions and shorter application process |
Quick recap: Pakistan Economic Crisis
- The 2022-2023 economic crisis in Pakistan coincides with political unrest in the country.
- Rising food, gas, and oil prices have aggravated the economic challenges faced by Pakistan.
- The IMF’s decision to halt disbursement of funds under the 2019 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) program exacerbated the financial crisis.
Causes of the Economic Crisis
- Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine: Worldwide fuel price hike affecting Pakistan’s import-dependent economy.
- Excessive external borrowings: Raised concerns of default, leading to currency depreciation and expensive imports.
- High inflation and food prices: By June 2022, inflation reached record levels, adding pressure on the economy.
- Poor governance and low productivity: Contributing factors to the balance of payment crisis and insufficient foreign exchange earnings.
Impact on the Pakistani Economy
- Balance of payment crisis: Inability to generate enough foreign exchange to cover import expenses.
- Currency depreciation: Weakening of the Pakistani rupee against major currencies, further exacerbating import costs.
- Rising inflation: Placing a burden on the population, particularly with escalating food prices.
- Economic instability: The crisis is considered the most significant since Pakistan’s independence.
What’s’ the new SBA Deal?
- Electricity subsidies: The agreement calls for the discontinuation of historically heavy subsidies in the power sector. There will be a timely rebasing of power tariffs to ensure cost recovery, which may lead to inevitable price hikes for consumers.
- Import restrictions and exchange rate: Pakistan’s central bank will be required to remove import restrictions and adopt a fully market-determined exchange rate, aligning with the IMF’s directive.
- Inflation control measures: The IMF emphasizes the need for the central bank to be proactive in curbing inflation, especially its impact on vulnerable segments of society. This may involve further interest rate hikes.
- Fiscal discipline: The Pakistani authorities are urged to resist pressures for unbudgeted spending or tax exemptions, ensuring responsible fiscal management.
Obligations laid on Pakistan
- The $3 billion IMF support is part of the overall financial aid required to address Pakistan’s external payment obligations.
- Pakistan will continue to seek additional multilateral and bilateral assistance to meet its financial commitments.
- Support from countries such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and China is expected, further contributing to Pakistan’s financial stability.
Reaction to the Deal
- The response from analysts and economists has been mixed, with some expressing optimism that the agreement will restore investor confidence in Pakistan’s economy.
- However, there are concerns regarding the government’s ability to adhere to the rigorous conditions imposed by the IMF.
Conclusion
- The IMF deal provides a temporary respite and financial support to address Pakistan’s economic challenges.
- However, the successful implementation of the agreement and the long-term stability of Pakistan’s economy will require sustained efforts, adherence to conditions, and comprehensive structural reforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earth's Axis and Rotation
Mains level: Adverse effects of human-induced changes on our planet, Include these as examples
Central Idea
- In a recent study, researchers have revealed that human activities, particularly the extraction of groundwater, have had a discernible impact on Earth’s axis and contributed to the rise in global sea levels. This phenomenon, known as polar motion, occurs as the mass distribution within and on the planet changes. While the shift in the axis may not have immediate real-life consequences, it underscores the significant influence of human actions on our planet’s delicate balance.
*Relevance of the topic:
*Important geological phenomenon and Contribution of human activities to climate change and its impact
*Also, recent new research suggests that Earth’s inner core may now be rotating slower than its surface, potentially indicating a change in its rotational dynamics
*Quick facts for prelims on geological phenomenon
The phenomenon of Earth’s rotation
- Rotation Axis: The Earth rotates around an imaginary line called the rotation axis, which runs through the North Pole, the center of the Earth, and the South Pole. This axis remains fixed in space, and the Earth completes one full rotation around it in approximately 24 hours.
- Rotation Direction: The Earth rotates from west to east, which is why we perceive the sun and other celestial objects to rise in the east and set in the west.
- Speed of Rotation: The Earth rotates at a relatively constant speed. The equator experiences the fastest rotational speed, which is approximately 1,670 kilometers per hour (1,040 miles per hour). The rotational speed gradually decreases towards the poles.
- Effects of Rotation:
- Day and Night: As the Earth rotates, different parts of the planet are exposed to sunlight, creating the cycle of day and night.
- Coriolis Effect: The rotation of the Earth influences the movement of air and ocean currents, giving rise to the Coriolis effect. This effect causes moving objects (such as winds and ocean currents) to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Shape of the Earth: Earth’s rotation causes it to bulge slightly at the equator and flatten at the poles, resulting in an oblate spheroid shape.
- Centrifugal Force: The rotation generates a centrifugal force that slightly counteracts the force of gravity, leading to a slightly lower effective gravity at the equator compared to the poles.
- Polar Motion: Earth’s axis and the location of the poles are not fixed and can undergo slight movements. This phenomenon, known as polar motion, occurs due to various factors, including mass redistribution within the Earth, changes in water distribution, and atmospheric pressure variations.
The new findings of the study on the impact of groundwater extraction on Earth’s axis
- Groundwater Extraction and Axis Shift: The study revealed that groundwater extraction plays a significant role in the shift of Earth’s rotational axis. The redistribution of groundwater resulting from activities like irrigation and meeting freshwater demands was found to be the largest contributor to the drift of the rotational pole.
- Impact of Midlatitude Groundwater Extraction: The research showed that groundwater extraction from regions located at the Earth’s midlatitudes, specifically North America and northwestern India, had a more pronounced effect on polar motion compared to extraction taking place at the poles or equator. This finding highlights the sensitivity of the rotational pole to mass changes in midlatitude areas.
- Contribution to Sea Level Rise: The study confirmed that groundwater extraction is a major contributor to the rise in global sea levels. The water extracted from the ground for various purposes eventually finds its way into the oceans. The researchers’ calculations aligned with previous studies, which estimated that groundwater extraction raised global sea levels by 6.24mm between 1993 and 2010
Impact of Climate Change on Polar Motion
- Changes in Water Mass Distribution: Climate change is causing significant changes in the distribution of water masses on Earth. The melting of glaciers, ice sheets, and polar ice caps contributes to the redistribution of water from land to the oceans. This alteration in water mass distribution affects the planet’s rotational dynamics, including polar motion.
- Melting of Greenland’s Ice: Greenland’s ice sheet is particularly susceptible to climate change. As it melts, vast amounts of water are discharged into the surrounding oceans. This influx of water alters the distribution of mass on Earth, leading to shifts in the rotational axis.
- Accelerated Rotational Axis Shift: Recent studies suggest that climate change has accelerated the shift of Earth’s rotational axis since the 1990s. The increased melting of glaciers and ice sheets, combined with other climate-driven changes in water distribution, has intensified the movement of the rotational axis compared to historical patterns.
- Influence on Polar Motion Magnitude: Climate-driven changes in water mass distribution have been found to have a significant impact on the magnitude of polar motion. The redistribution of water, particularly from the melting of ice, affects the planet’s overall mass distribution, causing shifts in the rotational pole.
What is the Significance of the Study?
- Understanding Human Influence: The study highlights the significant influence of human activities, specifically groundwater extraction, on Earth’s rotational dynamics and polar motion. It emphasizes the need to recognize and account for human-induced changes in the delicate balance of the planet.
- Environmental Consequences: By identifying groundwater extraction as a major contributor to global sea level rise, the study emphasizes the environmental consequences of excessive groundwater usage. It highlights the importance of sustainable groundwater management to mitigate the adverse effects on sea levels and coastal regions.
- Climate Change Interactions: The findings establish a connection between climate change and Earth’s rotational dynamics. The study adds to the body of knowledge on how climate-driven changes in water distribution, including melting glaciers and ice sheets, can influence polar motion. Understanding these interactions contributes to a comprehensive understanding of climate change impacts.
- Policy and Management Implications: The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, water resource managers, and environmental planners. It underscores the need to incorporate the impact of groundwater extraction on Earth’s axis and sea levels into decision-making processes. It highlights the urgency of implementing sustainable practices to manage groundwater resources effectively and mitigate adverse environmental effects.
- Scientific Advancements: The study contributes to the field of geodesy, which focuses on the measurement and understanding of Earth’s shape, gravity, and rotation. It enhances our understanding of Earth’s rotational dynamics and the complex interactions between various factors influencing polar motion.
Conclusion
- The study’s results emphasize the need to recognize the far-reaching consequences of human activities on the Earth’s delicate equilibrium. Groundwater extraction, driven by agricultural and freshwater needs, has been found to impact the planet’s rotational axis, leading to polar motion and contributing to global sea level rise. Understanding these interactions is crucial for effective environmental management and sustainable practices to mitigate the adverse effects of human-induced changes on our planet
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Insufficient Representation of Women in the IAS, systematic challenges and way forward
Central Idea
- In June 1991, P V Narasimha Rao, the 10th prime minister, initiated the liberalization of India’s economy by assembling a team of bureaucrats, technocrats, and politicians. However, a striking absence of women in this influential group raises questions about their representation in shaping India’s future.
*Relevance of this topic*
*Despite its economic growth, women’s participation in the country’s economy, polity and society has not kept pace.
*As per IAS data and the central government’s employment census of 2011, less than 11 per cent of its total employees were women. In 2020, this reached 13 per cent only
*In fact, out of a total of 11,569 IAS officers entering service between 1951 and 2020, only 1,527 were women. Further, only 14 per cent of Secretaries in the IAS were women in 2022, 13 out of 92 posts.
*You can use the case studies mentioned below to support your answer
Insufficient Representation of Women in the IAS
- Recruitment rules favoring men: Historically, the recruitment rules for the Indian Administrative Services (IAS) were skewed in favor of men. For instance, only unmarried women were allowed to join the services, and they were required to resign if they got married. Such discriminatory rules limited the number of women entering the IAS.
- Late removal of marriage disqualifier: It was only after the removal of the marriage disqualifier that the ratio of women to men in the IAS started to improve. However, this change came too late to address the systemic issues and challenges faced by women in the civil services by the time liberalization efforts began in 1991.
- Lack of senior positions: Structural issues and systemic barriers prevented women officers from attaining senior positions in the IAS. By the time P V Narasimha Rao was forming his team for liberalization, women officers were either too junior in rank or faced ongoing obstacles that hindered their progress.
- Mistrust in women’s abilities: Despite the removal of entry barriers, women in the civil services were often relegated to “soft” departments and not considered for key roles in crucial ministries such as finance, commerce, and industry. There was a prevalent bias that undermined trust in women’s abilities to handle challenging portfolios.
- Absence of women in top leadership positions: India has yet to see a woman hold positions such as RBI governor, cabinet secretary, or chief economic advisor. This lack of representation at the highest levels of decision-making perpetuated the perception that women were not fit for leadership roles in core ministries.
- Missed opportunities for deserving women: There have been instances where highly qualified and deserving women civil servants were overlooked for senior positions. Examples include Renuka Viswanathan, who faced resistance when seeking a role in the finance ministry despite her exceptional qualifications, and Sudha Pillai, who was denied the chance to become India’s first woman cabinet secretary.
- Limited lateral hiring from diverse backgrounds: While Rao’s team included technocrats from academia and multilateral organizations, the lateral hiring process predominantly favored men. This led to missed opportunities for talented women, such as Padma Desai and Isher Judge Ahluwalia, who were not invited to join the team despite their significant contributions and qualifications.
Cases of Exceptional Women and Missed Opportunities
- Renuka Viswanathan: Renuka Viswanathan, the first woman district magistrate in Karnataka, held a doctorat d’etat (higher than a doctorate) in public finance from Paris Dauphine University. In the 1980s, when she sought a spot in the finance ministry, her appointment faced resistance. Her file was pushed to Rajiv Gandhi’s office, which had recently appointed Sarla Grewal as India’s first woman principal secretary to the prime minister. Ultimately, Viswanathan’s appointment was approved by Gandhi, highlighting her suitability for the finance ministry.
- Sudha Pillai: Sudha Pillai, who could have become India’s first woman cabinet secretary, worked as a joint secretary in the industry ministry. She made notable contributions, including working on amending the anti-monopoly law. However, despite her qualifications and capabilities, she was not given the opportunity to reach the top leadership position of cabinet secretary.
- Janaki Kathpalia: Janaki Kathpalia served as an additional secretary (budget) and worked closely with Manmohan Singh in preparing the union budgets from 1991 to 1995. Her role in shaping the budget was significant, but she also faced limitations in advancing to higher leadership positions.
- Sindhushree Khullar: Sindhushree Khullar, who was the private secretary to the commerce minister P Chidambaram, oversaw significant changes in trade policy. Despite her contributions, she remained in a supporting role as a junior officer of the Indian Economic Service, which restricted her career progression.
- Vandana Aggarwal: Vandana Aggarwal, another junior officer of the Indian Economic Service, played a crucial role in assisting Rakesh Mohan, the economic advisor to the industry ministry, in preparing the New Industrial Policy 1991. However, she also faced limitations in terms of recognition and upward mobility.
What are the Systemic challenges?
- Gender bias and stereotypes: Deep-rooted gender biases and stereotypes influence perceptions of women’s capabilities and roles within the bureaucracy. These biases often limit women to certain departments or positions considered traditionally suitable for them, reinforcing gendered expectations and hindering their access to senior roles.
- Lack of mentorship and support: Women in the civil services often face a lack of mentorship and support systems necessary for career advancement. Limited access to guidance from senior officials and mentors, who are predominantly male, can impede women’s professional growth and opportunities.
- Work-life balance challenges: Balancing professional responsibilities with familial and domestic obligations remains a significant challenge for women in the IAS. The demanding nature of administrative roles, long working hours, and limited support structures for childcare and family care can deter women from pursuing or advancing in their careers.
- Glass ceiling and limited career progression: The glass ceiling phenomenon refers to the invisible barriers that prevent women from reaching top leadership positions within the bureaucracy. Despite having the necessary qualifications and capabilities, women often encounter obstacles in their career progression, leading to a significant underrepresentation of women in senior roles.
- Gendered norms and cultural barriers: Societal norms and cultural expectations can create additional hurdles for women in the civil services. Traditional gender roles, biases against working women, and societal pressures can discourage women from pursuing careers in the bureaucracy or limit their opportunities for growth.
- Lack of supportive policies and initiatives: The absence of robust policies and initiatives specifically aimed at promoting gender equality and empowering women in the civil services further exacerbates the systemic challenges. Limited maternity leave, inadequate childcare facilities, and a lack of gender-sensitive policies hinder women’s professional advancement and work-life balance
Positive Shifts in recent times towards greater gender representation and inclusivity in civils services
- Increased representation in civil service examinations: The latest round of the union civil service examinations saw a significant increase in the number of women candidates selected. Out of the 933 candidates selected, 320 were women, marking the highest-ever representation of women in these examinations.
- Top ranks achieved by women: Women candidates secured six spots in the top 10 ranks, including the top four ranks, repeating the record set in the previous year. This achievement demonstrates the exceptional performance and capabilities of women in these competitive examinations.
- Growing number of women entering the bureaucracy: The increasing number of women qualifying and entering the civil services indicates a positive trend towards greater gender diversity in the bureaucracy. More women, who are equally competent, are joining the civil services than before.
Way Forward: Need for transformative change
- Policy Reforms: Introduce policy reforms that actively promote gender diversity and equal opportunities within the civil services. This includes reviewing and eliminating any discriminatory recruitment rules or practices that hinder women’s entry and advancement. Implementing gender-sensitive policies, such as extended maternity leave, flexible work arrangements, and support for work-life balance, can also foster a more inclusive work environment.
- Mentoring and Leadership Development: Establish mentoring programs and leadership development initiatives specifically aimed at supporting women in the civil services. Encourage senior officials to mentor and guide aspiring women officers, providing them with opportunities to learn and grow within the bureaucracy. Leadership training programs should address gender biases, provide skill-building opportunities, and nurture women’s leadership potential.
- Promoting Gender Sensitization: Conduct regular gender sensitization workshops and training sessions for all civil servants to raise awareness about gender biases, stereotypes, and the importance of gender equality. Create a work culture that values diversity, respects gender perspectives, and ensures a safe and inclusive environment for all employees.
- Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Actively work towards breaking the glass ceiling that limits women’s progression to top leadership positions. Identify and address systemic barriers that impede women’s career advancement, such as biased promotion processes, lack of access to critical portfolios, and limited representation in decision-making bodies. Encourage transparent and merit-based selection processes for senior positions.
- Encouraging Lateral Entry and Diverse Expertise: Promote lateral entry from diverse backgrounds, including academia, multilateral organizations, and the private sector, to bring in fresh perspectives and expertise. Ensure that women are equally considered for these lateral positions and given opportunities to contribute to policy formulation and implementation.
- Institutional Support: Establish support mechanisms within the bureaucracy to address the unique challenges faced by women. This includes setting up internal committees to address gender-related grievances, providing mentorship networks, and creating avenues for women officers to voice their concerns and contribute to policy discussions.
- Monitoring and Accountability: Regularly monitor and evaluate the progress made in achieving gender diversity goals within the civil services. Establish mechanisms for accountability and transparency to track the representation of women at different levels and ensure that policies and initiatives are effectively implemented.
Conclusion
- The journey towards gender equality in India’s civil services has witnessed progress but also encountered challenges. By nurturing and empowering talented women, India’s bureaucracy can harness their potential and pave the way for inclusive and diverse leadership at the highest levels. Achieving gender parity in the civil services will not only strengthen India’s governance but also promote social and economic progress for the nation as a whole.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS) and its relevance
Central Idea
- States across India are exploring alternative avenues for procuring wheat and rice due to the Food Corporation of India’s (FCI) recent quantity restrictions and denial of permission to participate in the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS). While the Centre claims that these measures are aimed at curbing inflation and regulating supply, critics argue that they prioritize political interests over the welfare of marginalized beneficiaries.
Relevance of the topic:
*According to a 2020 estimate by The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, more than 38,000 metric tonnes (MTs) of food grains got damaged in the five years leading upto 2020, including wheat, rice and pulses.
*According to the BCG report, around 2.1 billion tonnes of food grains will be wasted by the time we reach 2030.
*Amidst the challenge of food grain wastage, hunger and food security, the initiatives related to management of food grains becomes significant
What is Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS)?
- The OMSS is a program implemented by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to sell surplus food grains, primarily wheat and rice, from the central pool in the open market
- The scheme allows the FCI to sell these food grains to traders, bulk consumers, retail chains, and other entities at pre-determined prices through e-auctions.
- Through e-auctions, interested bidders can purchase specific quantities of food grains. Additionally, states have the option to procure grains through the OMSS, beyond their allocation from the central pool, to distribute among beneficiaries of the National Food Security Act (NFSA)
Key changes in the OMSS implementation
- Quantity Restrictions: The Centre decided to restrict the quantity that a single bidder can purchase in a single bid under the OMSS. Previously, the maximum quantity allowed per bid was 3,000 metric tonnes (MT). However, the revised OMSS now sets a range of 10 to 100 metric tonnes for the maximum quantity per bid. This change aims to accommodate more small and marginal buyers and promote wider participation in the scheme.
- Suspension of Sales to State Governments: In a notification sent to the states on June 13, the Centre stopped the sale of rice and wheat from the central pool under the OMSS to state governments. This means that state governments can no longer procure these food grains directly from the FCI through the OMSS. Additionally, private bidders are also disallowed from selling their OMSS supplies to state governments.
Significance of OMSS in India’s food grain management system
- Surplus Management: The OMSS enables the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to effectively manage surplus food grains, primarily wheat and rice, from the central pool. By selling these surplus grains in the open market, the FCI can prevent wastage and maintain optimal stock levels.
- Price Stability: The OMSS plays a crucial role in maintaining price stability in the market. By periodically selling surplus grains at pre-determined prices, the scheme helps regulate food grain prices, preventing excessive fluctuations and ensuring affordability for consumers.
- Market Competition: The OMSS promotes market competition by allowing various entities, including traders, bulk consumers, and retail chains, to participate in e-auctions and purchase food grains. This fosters a more competitive market environment, preventing the concentration of purchasing power in the hands of a few entities and encouraging fair market practices.
- Additional Procurement Avenue for States: States in India can procure food grains through the OMSS beyond their allocated quantities from the central pool. This provides an additional avenue for states to meet their food grain requirements, particularly for implementing welfare schemes such as the National Food Security Act (NFSA). It allows states to supplement their allocations and ensure the availability of essential food grains for marginalized beneficiaries.
- Small and Marginal Buyers: The recent revisions in the OMSS implementation, including the reduction in the maximum quantity per bid, aim to accommodate more small and marginal buyers. By encouraging their participation, the scheme aims to promote inclusivity, empower smaller market participants, and prevent monopolies held by bulk buyers. This supports the growth and sustainability of small businesses and helps distribute the benefits of the scheme more evenly.
How states are reacting to the changes?
- Karnataka: In Karnataka, the Anna Bhagya scheme, which aims to provide rice to marginalized families, was a significant electoral promise of the Congress government. They argue that the changes in the OMSS hinder the implementation of the welfare scheme and are politically motivated.
- Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu has also been affected by the changes in the OMSS. The state government has sought alternative sources to purchase 50,000 tonnes of rice, as the Union government has stopped the supply of rice under the OMSS. The state used to buy rice through the scheme and then subsidize it for ration card holders.
- Criticism of Centre’s Politics: States like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, as well as other states, have criticized the Centre for engaging in politics at the expense of marginalized beneficiaries of state welfare schemes. They argue that the restrictions and changes in the OMSS implementation are driven by political considerations rather than prioritizing the welfare of vulnerable sections of society.
How OMSS contributes to food security?
- Distribution to National Food Security Act (NFSA) Beneficiaries: The OMSS allows states to procure additional food grains beyond their allocated quantities from the central pool for distribution to beneficiaries under the NFSA. This ensures that the eligible population, particularly marginalized sections of society, has access to an adequate supply of essential food grains, such as wheat and rice, at affordable prices.
- Price Stabilization: By periodically selling surplus food grains through the OMSS, the scheme helps stabilize prices in the market. The availability of surplus stocks from the central pool prevents excessive price fluctuations and ensures that food grains remain affordable for consumers.
- Market Competition and Inclusivity: The OMSS promotes market competition by allowing various entities, including traders, bulk consumers, and retail chains, to participate in e-auctions and purchase food grains. This diversifies the buyer base and prevents monopolistic practices, fostering fair market competition. Moreover, recent revisions in the OMSS implementation, such as the reduction in the maximum quantity per bid, aim to encourage the participation of small and marginal buyers, promoting inclusivity and empowering smaller market participants.
- Surplus Management: The OMSS helps manage surplus food grains held by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) in the central pool. By selling these surpluses in the open market, the FCI avoids wastage and ensures efficient utilization of available resources.
- Additional Procurement Avenues for States: The OMSS provides states with an additional avenue to procure food grains beyond their allocated quantities from the central pool. This helps states meet their food grain requirements for welfare schemes and other initiatives aimed at ensuring food security at the state level.
Challenges faced by OMSS
- Low buyer demand due to high reserve prices: The OMSS faces a challenge of low demand from buyers, primarily because of the high reserve prices set by the FCI. These reserve prices, which include various costs like procurement, storage, transportation, and handling charges, are often higher than the prevailing market prices.
- Logistical hurdles affecting timely delivery: Transportation, handling, and quality issues of food grains pose logistical challenges for the OMSS. These challenges can result in delays and impact customer satisfaction. The heavy reliance on railways by the FCI for grain movement can lead to congestion and further exacerbate the logistical problems.
- Limited impact on market price stabilization: The OMSS has a limited impact on stabilizing market prices as it represents only a small share of the overall food grain supply and demand in the country. The FCI sells only a fraction of its total stocks through the OMSS, while the majority is distributed through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) and other welfare schemes (OWS).
- Inadequate addressing of structural issues: The OMSS fails to adequately address the structural problems associated with food grain management, including procurement, distribution, and buffer stocking policies. Reforms in these areas are necessary to ensure food security and fiscal prudence. The excessive procurement by the FCI, beyond the requirements of TPDS and OWS, leads to surplus stocks and high carrying costs.
Way forward: Steps to enhance its effectiveness
- Stakeholder Consultation: The Centre should engage in meaningful consultations with states, policymakers, experts, and relevant stakeholders to understand the diverse perspectives and concerns related to the OMSS. This will help in developing a more inclusive and comprehensive approach that considers the welfare of marginalized beneficiaries, the interests of states, and the broader macroeconomic considerations.
- Review and Reconsideration of Changes: The Centre should review and reconsider the recent changes made to the OMSS, taking into account the feedback and concerns raised by states. This could involve revisiting the quantity restrictions and exploring alternative ways to achieve the objectives of curbing inflation, promoting market competition, and ensuring wider participation of small and marginal buyers.
- Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring transparency in the functioning of the OMSS is crucial. The Centre should provide clear guidelines, transparent processes, and timely information regarding the e-auctions, pricing, and availability of food grains through the scheme.
- Strengthening State-Level Procurement: Alongside the OMSS, efforts should be made to strengthen state-level procurement mechanisms for food grains. This will enable states to meet their requirements for welfare schemes more effectively and reduce their dependence on central schemes like the OMSS.
- Integrated Approach to Food Security: Food security is a multi-dimensional issue that requires an integrated approach. The Centre should work in collaboration with states to develop comprehensive strategies that address not only the availability and accessibility of food grains but also factors such as storage, transportation, nutrition, and agricultural productivity.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the OMSS and its impact on food security outcomes are essential. This will help identify any shortcomings, assess the effectiveness of the scheme, and make necessary adjustments to improve its functioning. Data-driven analysis and feedback mechanisms should be put in place to ensure evidence-based decision-making and continuous improvement.
Conclusion
- The Centre’s recent restrictions on the OMSS have sparked a political controversy, with states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu accusing the government of prioritizing politics over the welfare of marginalized beneficiaries. As the Centre aims to curb inflation and regulate supply, it must consider the potential impact on state welfare schemes and ensure the availability of essential food grains to those in need.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals and their applications
Mains level: Significance of independent source of Critical Minerals and its impact
Central Idea
- In a strategic move, the Indian government has recognized the importance of 30 critical minerals, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin, and copper, which play a crucial role in the country’s economic development and national security. These minerals are essential for various sectors such as clean technologies, information and communication technologies, and advanced manufacturing inputs.
*Relevance of the topic:
*As countries shift towards clean energy and digital economies, critical and rare earth minerals are essential for driving this transition
*Dependence on other nations for procuring these resources can pose significant risks to the economy and strategic autonomy.
*Also keep an eye on the reserves of these critical minerals. For example, Vast Lithium deposits discovered in the Himalayan region of Kashmir. A 5.9-million-ton lithium deposit was discovered in the Reasi district by the Geological Survey of India
Background
- Previous efforts have been made to identify critical minerals in India, including a 2011 initiative by the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog).
- This initiative emphasized the importance of ensuring the availability of mineral resources for industrial growth through planned exploration and management of existing resources. From 2017 to 2020, the country also focused on the exploration and development of rare earth elements.
- The latest exercise was triggered by India’s international commitments to reduce carbon emissions and transition towards clean energy sources
Major Critical Minerals and its applications
- Graphite: Graphite is extensively used in the manufacturing of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. It is a key component in the anode of lithium-ion batteries, which power EVs and several portable electronic devices.
- Lithium: Lithium is another essential mineral in the production of EV batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles, providing them with energy storage capacity. Lithium is also utilized in other applications, such as renewable energy storage systems.
- Cobalt: Cobalt is a critical mineral required for the production of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It enhances the stability and performance of the batteries. Additionally, cobalt finds applications in aerospace, communications, and defense industries. It is used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, and other critical equipment.
- Rare Earth Minerals: Rare earth minerals, although required in trace amounts, play a significant role in the manufacturing of semiconductors and high-end electronics. These minerals include elements like neodymium, dysprosium, and praseodymium, which are crucial for producing magnets used in electric motors, wind turbines, and other advanced technology applications.
- Nickel: Nickel is another essential component in lithium-ion batteries, especially those used in electric vehicles. It helps enhance battery performance and energy density. Nickel is also utilized in various other industries, including aerospace and defense.
Three-stage Assessment for identification of critical minerals in India
- In the first stage, strategies of various countries like Australia, the USA, Canada, UK, Japan, and South Korea were analyzed. Sixty-nine elements/minerals that were considered critical by these major global economies were shortlisted. Domestic initiatives were also given due importance.
- The second stage involved inter-ministerial consultations with various ministries to identify minerals critical to their sectors. Valuable inputs and suggestions were received from ministries such as Power, Atomic Energy, New and Renewable Energy, Fertilizers, Science and Technology, Pharmaceuticals, and NITI Aayog.
- The third stage aimed to develop an empirical formula for evaluating mineral criticality. This stage drew inspiration from the European Union’s methodology, which considers economic importance and supply risk as two major factors. Based on this comprehensive assessment process, a list of 30 critical minerals for India was finalized.
Importance of Establishing a Specialized Agency
- The committee responsible for identifying critical minerals emphasized the need to establish a National Institute or Centre of Excellence for critical minerals, similar to Australia’s CSIRO.
- This proposed center would periodically update the list of critical minerals, develop a critical mineral strategy, and execute functions essential for the development of an effective value chain in the country.
Significance of independent source of Critical Minerals and its impact
- Key Industry Enablers: Critical minerals are fundamental components in industries such as clean energy, electronics, transportation, defense, and manufacturing. They enable the production of advanced technologies, including electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, high-tech electronics, and communication devices. Without a stable supply of critical minerals, these industries would face significant challenges in meeting the growing global demand for their products.
- Technological Advancements: Critical minerals are crucial for driving technological advancements and innovation. They provide the necessary raw materials for developing and improving clean technologies, energy storage systems, telecommunications devices, advanced electronics, and defense technologies. Access to critical minerals supports the development of cutting-edge technologies, enhances competitiveness, and fosters sustainable practices in various sectors.
- Clean Energy Transition: Critical minerals play a pivotal role in the transition to clean energy sources. Minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements are vital for the production of high-performance batteries used in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. By ensuring a stable supply of these minerals, countries can accelerate the adoption of clean energy technologies, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigate the impact of climate change.
- Economic Growth and Job Creation: Critical minerals contribute to economic growth by supporting industries that generate employment opportunities and foster innovation. Domestic production and processing of critical minerals create jobs across the entire value chain, including exploration, mining, processing, manufacturing, and research and development. By developing a robust critical minerals sector, countries can stimulate economic growth, enhance competitiveness, and reduce dependence on foreign imports.
- National Security: Dependence on foreign sources for critical minerals can pose risks to national security. Disruptions in the supply chain due to geopolitical factors, trade conflicts, or market fluctuations can significantly impact industries crucial for defense, infrastructure, and strategic sectors. By identifying and developing domestic sources of critical minerals, countries can enhance their resilience, reduce vulnerabilities, and safeguard national security interests.
- Sustainable Resource Management: The identification and sustainable management of critical minerals contribute to responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship. By ensuring responsible mining practices, promoting recycling and circular economy approaches, and minimizing the environmental impact of mineral extraction and processing, countries can meet their mineral needs while addressing social, environmental, and governance concerns.
Conclusion
- The identification of critical minerals is a strategic move by the Indian government towards economic development and national security. The country can learn from global practices while leveraging domestic and international collaborations to secure critical mineral resources and accelerate its growth in sectors like clean technologies and advanced manufacturing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Debrigarh, a wildlife sanctuary in Odisha’s Bargarh district, has achieved a significant milestone by becoming completely free of any human settlement.
Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- Geographic Position: The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Bargarh district of Odisha, near the city of Sambalpur and adjacent to the Hirakud Dam.
- Total Area: The sanctuary spans a total area of 346.91 km2, providing ample space for the preservation of wildlife and their natural habitats.
- Flora and Fauna: The sanctuary boasts a diverse range of flora and fauna, including over 40 species of mammals, 200 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians, 42 species of fishes, 39 species of odonates, 85 species of butterflies, and 38 species of spiders.
- Aquatic Biodiversity: The sanctuary’s unique feature is its support for both terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. The presence of the Hirakud reservoir contributes to the sanctuary’s appeal, attracting numerous migratory waterfowl during winter.
- Medicinal flora: The sanctuary is home to over 250 plant species, many of which hold significant ethnobotanical and medicinal value.
Why in news?
- Peaceful rehabilitation: Debrigarh stands out as one of the few wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha where human settlements have been completely removed.
- Voluntary Relocation: The relocation of 400 families was carried out through a series of consultations, without the use of force.
- Exceptional Cases: Debrigarh joins Nalabana Bird Sanctuary in Chilika Lake as an exceptional example of wildlife sanctuaries without permanent human settlements.
Positive Impact on Wildlife Conservation
- Reduction in Conflict: The relocation has immediately resulted in a tangible drop in man-wildlife conflicts within the 353.81 sq. km Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary.
- Tiger Incursion Example: The sanctuary’s inviolability was recently demonstrated when a tiger from neighboring Chhattisgarh crossed over into Debrigarh.
- Preservation of Habitat: Removing human settlements from critical wildlife sanctuaries ensures the preservation and protection of biodiversity.
Benefits to Villagers and Sanctuary
- Improved Living Conditions: The relocation was necessary as the villagers lacked access to basic facilities such as electricity, healthcare, and education.
- Compensation: Each eligible family received ₹15 lahks as compensation for their voluntary relocation, ensuring their well-being in new settlements.
- Win-Win Situation: The relocation serves the interests of both the villagers, who gain access to better facilities, and the sanctuary, which is now free from human settlements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) is part of an international effort involving six large telescopes.
- The telescopes have provided evidence confirming the presence of gravitational waves through pulsar observations.
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT)
- The GMRT is an array of thirty fully steerable parabolic radio telescopes located near Narayangaon, Pune, in India.
- It is renowned as the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope array operating at low frequencies.
- It is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai.
- It has made significant contributions to the field of astronomy since its construction under the guidance of Late Prof. Govind Swarup between 1984 and 1996.
- The recent upgrade of the GMRT has further enhanced its capabilities, earning it the name “upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope” (uGMRT).
Location and Specifications
- Location: The GMRT Observatory is situated approximately 80 km north of Pune, near Khodad, with the town of Narayangaon just 9 km away. The NCRA office is located within the Savitribai Phule Pune University campus.
- Telescope Array: The GMRT consists of thirty fully steerable parabolic radio telescopes, each with a diameter of 45 meters.
- Interferometry Array: The telescopes are configured in an interferometric array with baselines of up to 25 kilometres, allowing for precise and detailed observations.
Science and Observations
- Galaxy Formation and 21-cm Line Radiation: The GMRT was designed to search for highly redshifted 21-cm line radiation from primordial neutral hydrogen clouds, enabling the determination of the epoch of galaxy formation in the universe.
- Diverse Astronomical Objectives: Astronomers from around the world utilize the GMRT for studying a wide range of celestial objects, including HII regions, galaxies, pulsars, and supernovae, as well as the Sun and solar winds.
Remarkable Discoveries
- Most Distant Galaxy: In August 2018, the GMRT discovered the most distant known galaxy, located 12 billion light-years away.
- Ophiuchus Supercluster Explosion: In February 2020, the GMRT played a crucial role in observing the largest explosion ever recorded in the universe, the Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion.
- Radio Signal from the Distant Universe: In January 2023, the GMRT detected a radio signal originating from 8.8 billion light-years away, specifically a fast radio burst (FRB) known as FRB 2023L.
Recent Observations
- Time Aberrations: The team observed time aberrations in the signals emitted by pulsars, indicating the possible presence of gravitational waves.
- Galactic-Scale Gravitational Wave Detector: Scientists distributed ultra-stable pulsar clocks across the Milky Way to create a virtual detector sensitive to gravitational wave signals.
- Arrival Time Variations: The arrival times of signals from pulsars were affected by the presence of gravitational waves, causing slight delays or advances.
Significance of the Findings
- Humming Signals: Nano-hertz signals caused by gravitational waves were detected, leading to the identification of their presence in the universe.
- Opening a New Window: The team’s results represent a significant milestone in exploring the gravitational wave spectrum, providing new insights into astrophysics.
- Sensitivity and Timeframe: Detecting these elusive nano-hertz gravitational waves requires sensitive telescopes like GMRT and long-term observations due to their slow variations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Research Foundation (NRF)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet’s approval of the National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill, 2023 marks a significant milestone in the field of scientific research in India.
- With an estimated budget of ₹50,000 crore from 2023-28, the NRF will reshape the research landscape in the country.
What is NRF?
- Apex Body: The NRF will be established as the highest governing body for scientific research, in accordance with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP).
- Department of Science and Technology’s Role: The DST will serve as the administrative department of the NRF, with a Governing Board consisting of eminent researchers and professionals from various disciplines.
- Leadership Structure: PM will be the ex-officio President of the Board, while the Union Minister of Science & Technology and the Union Minister of Education will be the ex-officio Vice-Presidents.
- Functioning: The Principal Scientific Adviser will chair the Executive Council responsible for NRF’s functioning.
Consolidation and Funding
- Integration of Science and Engineering Research Board: The proposed Bill repeals the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) established in 2008 and subsumes it into the NRF.
- Equitable Funding: The NRF aims to ensure equitable distribution of research funding, addressing the current disparity between eminent institutions like IITs and IISc and state universities. It seeks to allocate research funds more fairly, with an expected private sector investment of ₹36,000 crore.
- Government Contribution: The government will contribute ₹10,000 crore over five years, while the DST will continue to receive its annual budget for funding autonomous research bodies, scholarships, and capacity-building programs.
Collaboration and Policy Framework
- Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration: The NRF will foster collaborations among industries, academia, government departments, and research institutions. It will establish an interface mechanism to facilitate participation and contributions from industries, state governments, scientific ministries, and line ministries.
- Policy Framework and Regulatory Processes: NRF’s focus will include creating a policy framework and regulatory processes that encourage collaboration and increased industry spending on research and development (R&D).
- Research in Social Sciences and Humanities: The NRF aims to promote research not only in natural sciences but also in humanities, social sciences, and arts. It recognizes the importance of integrating these disciplines in decision-making processes.
Addressing National Priorities
- Priority Areas: The NRF intends to identify priority areas aligned with national objectives, such as clean energy, climate change, sustainable infrastructure, improved transportation, and accessible healthcare.
- Multidisciplinary Projects and Centers of Excellence: To address national priorities, the NRF will support large-scale, long-term, multidisciplinary, and multi-institutional projects. It also plans to establish Centers of Excellence focusing on crucial research areas for the country.
- International Collaborations: The NRF will coordinate and support research in mega international projects, including LIGO and ITER, in which India is actively involved.
Funding and Impact
- Increased Funding: The NRF aims to significantly increase the funding available for scientific research in India from both government and private sources. Currently, India’s spending on research and development remains below 0.7% of its GDP.
- Potential Impact: The NRF’s establishment has the potential to address the pressing issues in Indian science and enhance the country’s research output. Experts view it as a major landmark for science in India, with the allocated ₹50,000 crore as a starting point for future growth and impact.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Delimitation Commission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent draft proposal on the Delimitation of Assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam by the Election Commission (EC) has stirred significant controversy.
- The proposal suggests reshaping constituencies, increasing the number of reserved seats, and potentially affecting the political fortunes of various organizations and parties.
What is Delimitation?
- Objective: Delimitation aims to redraw constituency boundaries to maintain equal population representation in Assembly and Lok Sabha seats.
- Changing Constituencies: Delimitation may result in the alteration of constituency limits and, in some cases, the number of seats in a state.
Delimitation Process and Commission
- Independent Delimitation Commission: Delimitation is carried out by an independent Delimitation Commission (DC) constituted by the Union government.
- Terms of Reference: The DC determines the number and boundaries of constituencies, ensuring population equality and identifying reserved seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Implementation: The draft proposals are published for public feedback, followed by public sittings to consider objections and suggestions. The final order is published in official gazettes.
Historical Context of Delimitation
- Early Delimitation Exercises: The first delimitation exercise in 1950-51 was conducted by the President. Subsequently, the responsibility was shifted to independent Delimitation Commissions.
- Frequency of Delimitation: Delimitation has been carried out four times, in 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002, based on the Acts enacted in respective years.
Postponement of Delimitation until 2026
- Frozen Seats: Delimitation was postponed after the 1981 and 1991 Censuses, freezing the number of seats in Lok Sabha and Assemblies.
- Justification for Postponement: An amendment further delayed delimitation until 2026, with the rationale that uniform population growth would be achieved throughout the country by that time.
- The Last Delimitation: The most recent delimitation exercise, based on the 2001 Census, focused on adjusting boundaries of existing seats and reworking the number of reserved seats.
Delimitation Exercise in Assam
- Delimitation exercises were carried out periodically, but in 1976, it was suspended due to the family planning program.
- The process was deferred for Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, and Nagaland in 2008 due to “security risks.”
- The Delimitation Commission for Assam and other states was reconstituted by the Central Government in 2020.
Overview of the Proposed Changes
- Reshaping of Constituencies: The draft proposal suggests reshaping and renaming 24 Assembly seats.
- Increased Reserved Seats: The number of reserved seats for Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) would be increased from 16 to 19 and eight to nine, respectively.
- Seat Juggling: The proposal involves converting six reserved seats each for SCs and STs into unreserved seats. Additionally, nine ST and seven SC general seats would become reserved.
- Impact on Political Figures: Notable political figures, including MLAs and MPs from various parties, may lose their seats due to the proposed changes.
Opposition and Concerns
- Protests and Discontent: The draft proposal has faced opposition and protests across Assam, with different groups expressing dissatisfaction with the changes.
- Questioning the Legality: Some have raised concerns regarding the interpretation of Section 8A of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, which allows reorientation of seats without altering their total number.
- Use of Census Data: The use of 2001 Census data instead of the more recent 2011 Census data has raised suspicion and allegations of a hidden agenda.
- Timing and Allegations: Opposition parties have criticized the timing of the delimitation exercise, alleging that it was rushed to affect representation ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha polls.
Future Outlook and Potential Changes
- EC’s Call for Suggestions: The EC has invited suggestions and omissions regarding the draft proposal and plans to revisit the State to engage with stakeholders.
- Legal Challenges: The All India United Democratic Front (AIUDF) has threatened to approach the court if the draft is accepted.
- Chief Minister’s Perspective: Assam CM has emphasized the need to protect the rights of indigenous people and hinted at potential adjustments to ensure their interests are safeguarded.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Mines has strategically identified 30 critical minerals, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite, crucial for the country’s economic development and national security.
- The move aims to address supply chain vulnerabilities and ensure availability of these minerals for key industries such as clean technologies, information technology, advanced manufacturing, and defense.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical minerals are elements that are crucial to modern-day technologies and are at risk of supply chain disruptions.
- These minerals are used in making mobile phones, computers, batteries, electric vehicles, and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines.
- Minerals such as antimony, cobalt, gallium, graphite, lithium, nickel, niobium, and strontium are among the 22 assessed to be critical for India.
- Many of these are required to meet the manufacturing needs of green technologies, high-tech equipment, aviation, and national defence.
Three-Stage Assessment Process
- Analysis of Global Strategies: The expert team studied the strategies of major economies and identified 69 elements/minerals considered critical by these countries.
- Inter-Ministerial Consultation: Different ministries were consulted to identify minerals critical to their respective sectors.
- Empirical Formula for Criticality Evaluation: An empirical formula was derived considering economic importance and supply risk, similar to the methodology used by the European Union.
List of Critical Minerals for India
- Identified Minerals: The assessment resulted in a list of 30 critical minerals, including antimony, beryllium, cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, rare earth elements, silicon, tin, titanium, tungsten, and others.
- Fertilizer Minerals: Two minerals critical for fertilizer production, phosphorous and potash, are also included.
Why are these resources critical?
- Clean energy transition: Critical minerals are essential to the ecosystem that fuels the world’s transition towards clean energy and digital economy.
- Strategic nature: Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country that is over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals.
- Rare availability: Supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand, and complex processing value chain.
What is the China ‘threat’?
- Dominant role: China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals, including cobalt and rare earth elements.
- Monopoly in processing: The country has a strong presence across the board in processing operations, with a share of refining around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements.
- Control over offshore mines: China also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced.
- Supply chain dominance: The country’s dominance in critical minerals production and processing raises concerns of a supply disruption in case of a geopolitical conflict.
Challenges in ensuring resilient critical minerals supply
- Limited availability of critical minerals: The rare availability of critical minerals poses a challenge in meeting the growing demand for these minerals.
- Geopolitical risks: Complex supply chains can be disrupted by hostile regimes or politically unstable regions, leading to supply chain disruptions.
- Dominance of certain countries: A few countries, such as China, are the dominant producers of critical minerals, leading to concerns over supply disruptions in case of a geopolitical conflict.
- Increasing demand for critical minerals: With the shift towards renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles, the demand for critical minerals such as copper, lithium, and rare earth elements is increasing rapidly.
- Reliance on foreign partners: Countries with limited reserves and higher requirements for critical minerals may have to rely on foreign partners to meet their domestic needs, leading to supply chain vulnerabilities.
- Environmental and social concerns: The extraction and processing of critical minerals can have negative environmental and social impacts, leading to challenges in meeting sustainability goals.
What are countries around the world doing about it?
Several countries are taking measures to ensure a consistent supply of critical minerals to their domestic markets.
- US: It has ordered a review of vulnerabilities in its critical minerals supply chains and shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials.
- Australia: Its Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India.
- UK: It has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals, and its critical mineral strategy will be unveiled later this year.
India’s Domestic and Global Outreach
- Domestic Exploration Efforts: The Geological Survey of India conducted advanced mineral exploration in Jammu & Kashmir, identifying inferred lithium resources. Further exploration is planned in different parts of the country.
- Joint Venture Company: Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) has been established to acquire overseas mineral assets, including lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements, ensuring a reliable supply.
- Mineral Security Partnership (MSP): India’s inclusion in the MSP, a collaboration of 14 countries, highlights the country’s focus on securing critical mineral supply chains globally and reducing dependency on China.
What should India do to ensure resilient supply?
- Developing domestic sources of critical minerals: This can be achieved by promoting exploration and mining activities, both by public and private sector entities.
- Encouraging responsible mining practices: The Indian government should encourage responsible mining practices that minimize the negative environmental and social impacts of mining activities.
- Need for a Specialized Agency: The expert team proposed the establishment of a National Institute or Center of Excellence dedicated to critical minerals, similar to Australia’s CSIRO.
- Promoting transparency in the supply chain: India should promote transparency in the critical minerals supply chain by ensuring the traceability of minerals from the point of extraction to the point of end-use.
- Investing in research and development: India should invest in research and development to develop new technologies and processes for efficient extraction, processing, and recycling of critical minerals.
- Developing a national critical minerals strategy: India should develop a national critical minerals strategy that identifies priority minerals, promotes domestic exploration and mining, and promotes sustainable and responsible mining practices.
Conclusion
- India has a significant mineral geological potential, many minerals are not readily available domestically.
- Hence, India needs to develop a national strategy to ensure resilient critical minerals supply chains, which focuses on minerals found to be critical in this study.
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