💥UPSC 2026, 2027, 2028 UAP Mentorship (March Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Archives: News

  • Solar Energy – JNNSM, Solar Cities, Solar Pumps, etc.

    Recycling Perovskite Solar Cells

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    Recent advancements in recycling perovskite solar cells have led to a new water-based solution, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach to solar energy production.

    About Perovskite Solar Cells:

    • Perovskite solar cells are made using a perovskite crystal structure, offering high power conversion efficiencies and low manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based panels.
    • They are lightweight, flexible, and made from inexpensive materials, making them a promising alternative in the solar energy market.
    • While efficient, they have a shorter lifespan and contain toxic materials like lead, posing environmental risks during disposal.
    • Used in solar power generation, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems due to their affordability and performance.

    The New Recycling Method:

    • Researchers have developed a water-based recycling solution, replacing harmful organic solvents with a non-toxic approach.
    • The process uses three salts: sodium acetate, sodium iodide, and hypophosphorous acid, to dissolve and regenerate perovskite crystals, recovering high-quality material for reuse.
    • This method maintains nearly the same efficiency as fresh materials, even after five rounds of recycling, recovering 99% of the layers.
    • It promotes a circular economy, reducing waste and supporting the environmentally friendly recycling of perovskite solar cells.
    [UPSC 2014] With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements:

    1. ‘Photovoltaics’ is a technology that generates electricity by direction conversion of light into electricity, while ‘Solar Thermal’ is a technology that utilizes the Sun’s rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process.

    2. Photovoltaics generate Alternating Current (AC), while solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC).

    3. India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics.

    Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

    Options:

    (a) 1 only* (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

    [19th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Steering the decarbonisation of India’s logistics sector

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

     

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2013] Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy.

    Linkage: Decarbonising the logistics sector necessitates a shift away from conventional energy sources. The development of a green energy corridor, as mentioned in this PYQ, is essential for supplying the renewable energy needed to power various aspects of logistics, such as electric trucks and warehouses

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Viksit Bharat is a commitment to a stronger, self-reliant India by 2047, focusing on inclusive development. Achieving this requires a large, efficient, and future-ready logistics sector. While infrastructure and accessibility are key, prioritizing the environment is crucial. India’s carbon-heavy logistics must transform to meet net-zero emissions by 2070, reducing transportation, warehousing, and supply chain emissions for a sustainable future.

    Today’s editorial talks about India’s logistics sector, which creates a significant amount of carbon pollution. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India’s logistics sector, which produces a lot of carbon pollution, needs to change and become more eco-friendly.

    What role does logistics play in achieving Viksit Bharat 2047?

    • Enabler of Inclusive Development: Efficient logistics ensures that goods and services reach every corner of the country, promoting equitable growth across regions. Eg: Improved last-mile connectivity in remote areas boosts rural entrepreneurship and market access for farmers.
    • Driver of Economic Competitiveness: A streamlined logistics sector reduces costs and delays, enhancing India’s global trade competitiveness. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti initiative integrates infrastructure planning to speed up cargo movement and reduce logistics costs.
    • Catalyst for Sustainability and Resilience: Greener logistics support India’s net-zero targets and build climate-resilient infrastructure. Eg: Electrification of highways and promotion of rail freight reduce emissions from the transport sector.

    Why is urgent decarbonisation needed in road freight and warehousing?

    • High Share in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Road freight alone contributes over 88% of transport emissions, with trucks accounting for 38% of CO₂ emissions (IEA 2023). Eg: A single heavy-duty diesel truck emits over 1,000 grams of CO₂ per km — multiplied across millions of trucks, this leads to massive environmental impact.
    • Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Road transport is highly dependent on oil combustion, making it one of the most carbon-intensive sectors. Warehouses often rely on non-renewable power sources like diesel generators for energy and refrigeration. Eg: India’s freight trucks mostly use diesel — a key factor in air pollution and rising import bills for crude oil.
    • Growing Demand Increases Future Emissions: With freight and warehousing demand expected to grow rapidly by 2030, emissions will rise unless green alternatives are adopted. Eg: Government plans to triple cargo movement on inland waterways and expand warehousing, which without clean tech would add significantly to GHG levels.
    • Missed Economic Opportunities without Green Shift: Decarbonisation can lead to cost savings, energy efficiency, and long-term competitiveness. Delay increases operational costs and reduces global trade alignment. Eg: Green warehouses with solar rooftops can reduce electricity costs by 20–30% and earn carbon credits.
    • Alignment with Net Zero and Global Climate Commitments: India has committed to Net Zero by 2070. Without decarbonising logistics, achieving this goal will be impossible. Eg: Transitioning to electric trucks and LNG-powered vessels supports global targets like the Paris Agreement and IMO’s shipping emission cuts.

    How can China and the U.S. guide India’s green freight transition?

    • Rail Freight as a Cleaner Alternative: China and the U.S. have shifted significant portions of freight transport from road to rail, which is more energy-efficient and low-carbon. Eg: China has heavily invested in rail infrastructure, making rail freight nearly 50% of its total freight, significantly reducing emissions compared to road transport.
    • Adoption of Cleaner Fuels and Technologies: Both countries have embraced electric rail systems and alternative fuels for freight, which India can adopt to decarbonise its logistics sector. Eg: The U.S. has invested in electrified rail corridors, and China has introduced LNG-powered freight trains, both of which reduce dependency on diesel and curb emissions.
    • Policy Support and Infrastructure Investment: China and the U.S. have implemented policy frameworks that incentivise green freight practices, such as tax breaks, green subsidies, and investment in sustainable infrastructure. Eg: China’s Green Freight initiative includes subsidies for green vehicles, while the U.S. offers funding for clean freight technology under programs like the Clean Diesel Program.

    Which steps has India taken to electrify freight and green maritime transport?

    • Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC): Spanning 1,506 km, the WDFC connects Delhi to Mumbai, facilitating high-speed, high-capacity freight movement. This electrified corridor supports double-stack container trains, enhancing efficiency and reducing emissions.
    • Subsidies for Electric Freight Vehicles: In 2024, India approved ₹5 billion to incentivise the adoption of electric trucks, aiming to replace polluting diesel vehicles. This initiative is part of a broader ₹109 billion scheme to promote electric vehicles across various sectors.
    • Investment in Green Maritime Infrastructure: India plans to allocate ₹25,000 crore towards developing green ports and shipping infrastructure. This includes building green hydrogen hubs and manufacturing eco-friendly vessels, supporting the transition to sustainable maritime practices.
    • Collaboration with Singapore: India is exploring the creation of a Green Digital Shipping Corridor with Singapore, aiming to link international ports and marine industries. This initiative focuses on reducing emissions and enhancing digital integration in maritime trade.
    • Harit Sagar Initiative: The ‘Harit Sagar Green Port Guidelines’ aim to integrate renewable energy into port operations, promote the use of green fuels, and modernise fleets. These guidelines are part of India’s strategy to achieve net-zero emissions in the maritime sector by 2070.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Green Infrastructure and Technology Adoption: India should accelerate investments in green technologies, such as electric trucks, renewable energy-powered warehouses, and cleaner maritime fuels, alongside expanding rail freight networks to further reduce carbon emissions.
    • Strengthen Policy Frameworks and International Collaborations: Strengthening government policies to incentivize sustainable logistics practices and fostering international partnerships, such as with Singapore for green shipping corridors, can help ensure the successful transition to a low-carbon logistics sector.

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Banking Sector Reforms

    When governments disagree with the central bank: the Fed in the US and the RBI in India

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    US President Donald Trump once threatened to remove Jerome Powell, whom he had appointed as the head of the Federal Reserve in 2018. Such disagreements between leaders and central banks have happened before in both the US and India, but they usually don’t turn into major problems.

    What triggered Trump’s criticism of Fed Chair Jerome Powell?

    • Disagreement Over Interest Rate Policy: Trump criticized Powell for raising interest rates, especially during times of economic uncertainty like the COVID-19 pandemic. He believed higher rates would hurt economic growth and his re-election prospects. Eg: In December 2018, Trump reportedly said Powell would “turn [him] into Hoover,” referencing Herbert Hoover, who led during the Great Depression.
    • Fed’s Caution on Trump’s Tariffs: Powell warned that Trump’s trade tariffs could increase inflation and impact the labour market, which contradicted the President’s economic stance. Trump saw this as “playing politics.” Eg: On April 17, 2025, Trump posted online that Powell’s “termination cannot come fast enough!” and mocked him as “Too Late Jerome Powell.”

    Who in U.S. history challenged the Fed’s independence, and why?

    • Milton Friedman’s Influence (1970s–80s): The Nobel laureate economist argued that the Fed should be less discretionary and more rules-based, believing it often worsened economic cycles. Eg: Arthur Burns told Volcker that Friedman “wants to abolish the Fed (and) replace you with a computer.”
    • Ronald Reagan’s Administration (1980s): Reagan’s advisers questioned the Fed’s independence, urging more accountability and clearer monetary targets due to high inflation and unemployment. Eg: In 1981, Reagan asked Fed Chair Volcker why the U.S. needed the Federal Reserve, reflecting pressure to align with government priorities.
    • Donald Trump (2018–2025): Trump repeatedly attacked Fed Chair Jerome Powell for raising interest rates and criticized the Fed’s caution over his tariff policies, claiming they hindered economic growth. Eg: In December 2018, Trump expressed a desire to fire Powell, blaming him for risking a downturn like the Great Depression.

    When was Section 7(1) of the RBI Act invoked, and why was it significant?

    • Invoked in 2018 during Centre-RBI tensions: The Union Government reportedly invoked Section 7(1) for the first time in independent India amid differences with the RBI over issues like liquidity, lending to MSMEs, and the use of RBI reserves. Eg: The Finance Ministry sent at least three letters to RBI citing Section 7(1), asking the central bank to consult with the government.
    • Significance – Questioned RBI’s autonomy: This move raised concerns about the erosion of the central bank’s independence, as the section allows the government to issue binding directions to the RBI in public interest. Eg: Critics saw it as a way to force the RBI to align with the government’s fiscal agenda, undermining its role as an independent regulator.
    • Led to public fallout and resignation: The conflict led to the resignation of RBI Governor Urjit Patel, who stepped down citing personal reasons amid speculation of pressure from the government. Eg: Patel’s abrupt resignation in December 2018 came soon after Deputy Governor Viral Acharya warned of the dangers of compromising central bank independence.

    How have Indian governments handled RBI conflicts in the past?

    • Through backchannel negotiations and compromise: Successive governments have often resolved tensions with RBI through informal dialogue rather than confrontation. Eg: During the 1991 economic crisis, Finance Minister Manmohan Singh worked closely with RBI Governor S. Venkitaramanan to navigate reforms despite some policy disagreements.
    • Avoiding use of Section 7(1) until 2018: Even in times of serious disagreement, governments historically refrained from invoking Section 7(1) of the RBI Act to respect the central bank’s autonomy. Eg: In 2008–09, during the global financial crisis, the government and RBI had different views on stimulus, but maintained cooperation.
    • Occasional public spats but resolution behind closed doors: Disagreements sometimes came into the public domain but were eventually settled through internal discussions. Eg: In 2013, Raghuram Rajan’s monetary tightening clashed with the Finance Ministry’s push for growth, but no formal confrontation occurred.
    • Appointments as a tool to align RBI’s stance: Governments have sometimes appointed RBI governors who are seen as more aligned with their economic philosophy. Eg: The appointment of Y.V. Reddy and later Raghuram Rajan was seen in part as reflecting the government’s evolving monetary and financial strategy.
    • Post-conflict policy adaptations: After major conflicts, governments have occasionally adjusted policies or created frameworks to reduce future friction. Eg: Following the 2018 rift, the government and RBI set up a framework for the transfer of surplus reserves to avoid ad-hoc confrontations in future.

    Way forward: 

    • Institutionalise a Conflict Resolution Mechanism: Establish a formal consultative framework between the Finance Ministry and RBI to address policy differences before they escalate. This could include regular high-level meetings and joint committees to ensure transparency and trust. Eg: A permanent Finance-RBI Coordination Council with defined terms could pre-empt confrontations like the 2018 episode.
    • Clarify Autonomy Boundaries Through Legislation or Protocols: Amend or supplement existing laws like the RBI Act to define the scope of government intervention (like Section 7) and ensure it is used only under extraordinary circumstances. Eg: Introduce a statutory guideline requiring parliamentary review or expert panel consultation before invoking Section 7.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism?

    Linkage: Constitutional amendments affecting fiscal matters can have implications for the central bank’s role and its relationship with the government.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Freedom of Speech – Defamation, Sedition, etc.

    A welcome move: On Wikipedia and Supreme Court order

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court overturned the Delhi High Court’s order, which had asked Wikimedia to remove a Wikipedia page due to a defamation case filed by the news agency Asian News International (ANI). The Supreme Court corrected a mistake made by the High Court.

    What was the Supreme Court’s main reason for quashing the Delhi High Court’s order against Wikimedia?

    • Overbroad Takedown Order: The Supreme Court found the High Court’s direction to remove “all false, misleading, and defamatory content” to be too broad and vague. It emphasized that such general orders lack precision and could lead to over-censorship.Eg: Asking to remove an entire Wikipedia page without identifying specific defamatory lines is like banning an entire book over one disputed paragraph.
    • Safe Harbour Protection for Intermediaries: The Court reaffirmed that Wikipedia enjoys safe harbour under the IT Act as an internet intermediary, meaning it is not directly responsible for user-generated content unless a specific violation is pointed out. Eg: Just like social media platforms aren’t liable for every comment made by users, Wikipedia too cannot be penalized without clear proof of harmful content.
    • Need for Specific Pleas: The Bench advised that ANI should file a fresh, specific plea pointing out the exact portions of the content they consider defamatory. This would allow the Court to consider actual harm rather than act on general accusations. Eg: It’s more reasonable to ask a website to remove a sentence that says “X is a fraud” rather than demanding the removal of an entire article about X.

    Why did the Delhi High Court originally ask Wikipedia to take down the page related to ANI?

    • Defamation Claim: The Delhi High Court ruled that the statements on the Wikipedia page were defamatory towards the news agency, Asian News International (ANI). It concluded that the content harmed ANI’s reputation and was therefore damaging. Eg: If an article on Wikipedia falsely claims that ANI is involved in unethical practices, it could damage the agency’s credibility and reputation.
    • Non-Verbatim Reproduction of Sources: The Court stated that the Wikipedia page did not accurately reproduce the references it cited, but rather presented them in a distorted or selective manner, which misrepresented the original information. It emphasized that this misrepresentation contributed to the defamatory nature of the content. Eg: If the page quoted investigative reports but omitted important context, it could lead to a misleading understanding of ANI’s role in the events.
    • Higher Responsibility of Wikipedia: The Court held that Wikipedia, as an encyclopaedia, carries a higher responsibility in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of its content, especially since it’s widely accessed and can influence public perception. It believed that as a trusted platform, Wikipedia should prevent the spread of defamatory or misleading content. Eg: Just like traditional encyclopaedias, Wikipedia should uphold higher standards of verification to avoid spreading misinformation.

    Who is responsible for creating and moderating content on Wikipedia?

    • Wikipedia Users and Volunteers: Users and volunteers create and edit content on Wikipedia by contributing articles and making revisions. Eg: A user with knowledge of climate change might write or update articles related to global warming.
    • Wikipedia Community: Content is moderated by the Wikipedia community through discussions, consensus, and resolving disputes. Eg: If two users disagree on an article, the community helps decide on the final content through discussion or voting.
    • Administrators (Admins): Admins, elected by the community, have special privileges to manage disputes, protect pages, and enforce Wikipedia’s guidelines. Eg: Admins might restrict editing on a page to prevent vandalism, allowing only trusted users to make changes.

    How does Wikipedia usually resolve disputes or “editing wars” over content?

    • Community Discussion and Consensus: Disputes are typically resolved through discussion on the article’s talk page, where editors reach a consensus on the correct content. Eg: If two users disagree on the phrasing of a sentence, they may discuss it on the talk page and come to an agreement.
    • Page Protection: If disputes persist, Wikipedia may protect the page, limiting edits to trusted editors or administrators to prevent further conflicts. Eg: A page on a controversial topic may be locked to prevent constant changes, with only experienced users allowed to make edits.

    What could be the potential consequence of allowing broad takedown orders against platforms like Wikipedia?

    • Censorship and Suppression of Information: Broad takedown orders could lead to censorship, stifling the free flow of information and limiting access to diverse perspectives. Eg: If a controversial topic is targeted, it could lead to entire pages being removed, denying users access to critical information.
    • Chilling Effect on Open Discussion: Such orders could create a chilling effect, discouraging people from contributing to platforms like Wikipedia for fear of legal consequences. Eg: Contributors might avoid writing about sensitive topics like politics or social issues to prevent being involved in legal disputes.
    • Undermining the Platform’s Model: Wikipedia’s model relies on user-generated content and community moderation; broad takedown orders could disrupt this and harm the platform’s collaborative nature. Eg: If Wikipedia faces constant takedown requests, it might have to impose strict content restrictions, altering its open editing structure and reducing the reliability of information.

    Way forward: 

    • Clearer Guidelines and Specificity in Takedown Requests: Courts and platforms should establish clear guidelines for takedown requests, ensuring that only specific defamatory content is targeted rather than broad or vague orders. Eg: Legal requests should identify exact defamatory statements rather than asking for the removal of entire pages.
    •  Strengthening Community Moderation and Accountability: Encourage community-based solutions to resolve disputes, with oversight from trusted administrators, while respecting Wikipedia’s open model. Eg: Wikipedia could enhance its dispute resolution processes and ensure content integrity by empowering its community to handle content concerns collaboratively.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.

    Linkage: Fundamental right of speech and expression, which is central to the discussion about taking down online content like Wikipedia pages. The Supreme Court’s order emphasizes the need to carefully consider the implications for the free flow of information, a key aspect of freedom of speech.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    Bhagavad Gita and Bharata’s Natyashastra manuscripts has been included in UNESCO’s prestigious Memory of the World Register.

    About UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register:

    • Launched in 1992, UNESCO’s Memory of the World Programme preserves and promotes documentary heritage of global significance.
    • It safeguards humanity’s documentary heritage, ensuring materials are accessible for future generations.

    About the Bhagavad Gita and Natyashastra:

    • Bhagavad Gita:
      • Traditionally attributed to sage Vyasa, the Bhagavad Gita is a 700-verse scripture in the Mahabharata.
      • It presents a dialogue between Arjuna and his charioteer, Lord Krishna, discussing duty, righteousness, and spirituality.
      • The Gita synthesizes various Indian philosophical traditions, including Vedic, Buddhist, Jain, and Charvaka.
      • The text is dated to the first or second century BCE, with oral compositions transcribed later.
    • Natyashastra:
      • Attributed to sage Bharata, the Natyashastra defines the rules of performing arts such as drama, music, and dance.
      • It introduces Rasa (aesthetic experience), a key concept in Indian theatre.
      • The treatise consists of 36,000 verses and was codified around the 2nd century BCE, continuing to influence performing arts today.

    India’s Earlier Entries to the Memory of the World Register

    • Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, Sahṛdayaloka-Locana (2024): Important literary and cultural texts in India’s storytelling tradition.
    • Abhinavagupta’s Works (2023): Significant contributions to Shaiva philosophy and mysticism.
    • NAM Archives (2023): Archives from the 1961 Non-Aligned Movement summit, reflecting India’s role in diplomacy.
    • Rig Veda (2005): One of the oldest texts, foundational in Indian spirituality.
    • Dutch East India Company Archives (2003): Reflecting colonial history.

     

    [UPSC 2024] Which one of the following is a work attributed to playwright Bhāsa?

    Options: (a) Kavyaalankara (b) Natyashasta (c) Madhyama-vyoga* (d) Mahabhashya

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

    India to Headquarter the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) 

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    India has signed a Headquarters Agreement with the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), officially establishing its headquarters in India.

    About International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA):

    • IBCA is a multi-country, multi-agency group of 96 big cat range and non-range countries focused on conserving 7 big cats and their habitats.
    • It was proposed by PM Modi in 2019, officially launched in April 2023 for Project Tiger’s 50th anniversary.
    • It aims to protect and conserve Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma; restore habitats and reduce human-wildlife conflict.
    • Key activities include- Advocacy, knowledge sharing, eco-tourism promotion, and resource mobilization for big cat conservation.
    • Currently, India, Nicaragua, Eswatini, and Somalia are members. Though membership is open to 96 range countries with big cat habitats.
    • Governance: Includes a General Assembly, elected Council, and Secretariat with a Secretary-General.
    • India’s Role:
      • India is home to 5 (tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, and cheetah) of the 7 big cats and 70% of the world’s tiger population, playing a leading role in global wildlife protection.
      • ₹150 crore from the Indian government (2023-2028) with additional contributions from global partners.
    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:

    1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.

    2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.

    3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 2

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Kailash Mansarovar Yatra to resume soon

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Kailash Mansarovar Yatra to resume soon

    Why in the News?

    The Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, a significant religious pilgrimage for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Bon followers, is set to resume after a halt since 2020.

    About Kailash Mountain and Kailash Mansarovar Yatra

    • Kailash Mountain is situated in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) of China, near India and Nepal, standing at 6,638 meters (21,778 feet).
    • Religious Significance:
      • Hinduism: Abode of Lord Shiva and Parvati, believed to bring moksha (liberation).
      • Buddhism: Home of Buddha Demchok, symbolizing bliss.
      • Jainism: Lord Rishabhanatha attained Nirvana here.
      • Bon Religion: Center of the universe in Bon faith.
    • Mansarovar Yatra is the pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar Lake at 4,556 meters (14,950 feet).
    • This lake is believed to be created by Lord Brahma, bathing here is believed to cleanse sins.
    • The Yatra is managed by India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) for Indian pilgrims.
    Places in News: Kailash Mansarovar
    Copyright infringement not intended.

    Routes to Kailash Mansarovar

    • Lipulekh Pass: Located at 5,115 meters, this route is 200 km of trekking and has been suspended since 2020 due to geopolitical tensions.
    • Nathu La Pass: Positioned at 4,310 meters, this 1,500 km motorable route requires 35-40 km of trekking. It has been operational since 2015.
    • Nepal Route: Available since 2023, this route is managed by private operators, with challenges related to visa and permit requirements.
    [UPSC 2007] Which one of the following Himalayan passes was reopened around in the middle of the year 2006 to facilitate trade between India and China?

    (a) Chang La (b) Jara La (c) Nathu La* (d) Shipki La

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Air Pollution

    Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme in Gujarat

    Schemes | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    A new study highlights the success of Surat’s Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme (PM-ETS), the world’s first market-based system for trading particulate emissions.

    The scheme has reduced pollution by 20-30%, providing insights into its potential to improve air quality in industrial areas.

    About Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme in Gujarat:

    • This PM ETS was launched in Surat, Gujarat in 2019.
    • It is the world’s first pilot project targeting particulate pollution using a market-based emissions trading system.
    • It is India’s first emissions trading initiative for any pollutant.
    • The scheme aims to reduce emissions from industries using solid (coal, lignite) and liquid fuels (diesel) by controlling fine particulate matter (PM).
    • How It Works?
      • Cap-and-Trade: Regulators set a cap on total emissions, and industries are issued permits (1 kg of particulate matter per permit).
      • Permit Allocation: 80% of permits are given for free; 20% are sold via auctions.
      • Market Trading: Permits can be bought or sold to meet emission targets. A ceiling price (Rs 100/kg) and floor price (Rs 5/kg) are set.
      • Compliance: Non-compliant industries face fines double the ceiling price for each excess emission.

    Successes of PM-ETS:

    • Reduction in Emissions: Participating plants cut emissions by 20-30% compared to traditional methods.
    • Improved Compliance: 99% compliance in participating plants.
    • Cost-Effective: The system allowed industries to choose the most cost-effective methods for compliance.

    Limitations of PM-ETS:

    • Over-reliance on Free Permits: Smaller plants may struggle as the number of free permits decreases.
    • Supply Chain Limitations: Tightened caps could increase costs for industries not reducing emissions.
    • Market Manipulation: Concerns over unfair permit trading.
    • Geographical Constraints: Limited to Surat, restricting broader impact.
    [UPSC 2011] Regarding “carbon credits’’, which one of the following statements is not correct?

    (a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto protocol.

    (b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota.

    (c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission.

    (d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations environment programs. *

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Start-up Ecosystem In India

    [18th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Are Indian startups not scaling up on innovation?

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Investment Models

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] What are the challenges in the commercialisation and diffusion of indigenously developed technologies? Although India is second in the world in filing patents, still only a few have been commercialised. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialisation.

    Linkage: The challenge of scaling up the impact of innovation by focusing on the commercialisation of patents, which is a crucial aspect for startups aiming to grow.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Startups in India have seen significant growth, especially with government initiatives like Startup India. However, Union Minister highlighted that many of these startups are focusing on repetitive ideas, like grocery delivery, rather than pushing the boundaries of innovation. He emphasized the need for more groundbreaking, science-based solutions to address broader challenges and drive sustainable growth.

    Today’s editorial looks at startups in India, focusing on factors that help them grow, challenges like lack of innovation and funding, and the need to move beyond grocery delivery for long-term success.. This content would help in GS paper 3 mains.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, at the Startup Mahakumbh in New Delhi, Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal said that many startups are not focusing enough on real innovation and are mostly sticking to ideas like grocery delivery.

    What challenges do deep tech startups in India face when it comes to scaling up?

    • High Initial Capital Requirement: Deep tech startups, especially in sectors like AI, biotech, or semiconductors, require significant funding in the early stages for R&D and prototyping. Eg: A startup working on quantum computing may need years of research before any commercial product is viable.
    • Lack of Follow-up Funding: Government seed funds like the Startup India Seed Fund provide limited support (~₹50 lakh), but large-scale funding is often unavailable, especially from domestic sources. Eg: A robotics startup may struggle to find Series A or B investors willing to back them after the seed stage.
    • Longer Time-to-Market and Uncertain Returns: Deep tech innovations take longer to reach the market and generate revenue, which deters many investors focused on quick returns. Eg: Healthtech firms developing diagnostic devices may take years to pass regulatory approvals before commercialization.

    Why is private sector follow-up funding considered crucial after initial government support for startups?

    • Bridges the Capital Gap: Government funds are limited and mainly support early-stage needs. Scaling requires much higher investment. Eg: A biotech startup receiving ₹50 lakh from a seed fund may need ₹10 crore for clinical trials.
    • Enables Long-Term Growth: Startups need sustained funding over multiple stages (Series A, B, etc.) to expand, hire talent, and enhance products. Eg: An electric mobility startup may require continuous investment to build charging infrastructure.
    • Signals Market Validation: Private investment shows that the startup idea has commercial potential, encouraging more stakeholders to engage. Eg: A deep tech startup attracting VC funding is more likely to gain customer and partner interest.
    • Brings Strategic Guidance and Networks: Private investors often provide mentorship, access to global markets, and business connections. Eg: A startup funded by a top VC firm might get access to international accelerator programs.
    • Reduces Dependence on Government: Encourages a self-sustaining innovation ecosystem and reduces reliance on public funds. Eg: Startups backed by private capital scale faster without waiting for bureaucratic processes.

    How do venture capitalists define innovation while deciding to invest in a startup?

    • User Impact and Experience: VCs assess whether the product/service offers a significant improvement in user experience or solves a real problem. Eg: A fintech app that reduces loan approval time from days to minutes is seen as innovative.
    • Market Potential and Demand: Innovation must address a need in a large or fast-growing market to be attractive to investors. Eg: An edtech startup targeting affordable online education in Tier-II/III cities taps into a large unmet demand.
    • Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Startups should have something unique that competitors can’t easily copy, like patents or proprietary tech. Eg: A healthtech startup with patented diagnostic AI software has a stronger edge.
    • Commercial Viability: Innovation must eventually lead to profitability and returns. VCs look for feasible business models. Eg: A SaaS platform with recurring revenue from subscriptions is more viable than a one-time product sale model.
    • Scalability and Replicability: The innovation should be scalable across geographies or customer segments. Eg: A logistics startup using AI route optimization can be scaled across different cities and industries.

    Which factors have contributed to the rise in the number of startups under the Startup India initiative?

    • Policy Support and Government Incentives: Multiple ministries and state governments have launched startup-friendly policies, funding schemes, and incubation support. Eg: The Startup India Seed Fund Scheme provides up to ₹50 lakh for early-stage startups.
    • Improved Access to Funding: Capital inflow through both equity and debt has increased, with growing interest from banks and private investors. Eg: SIDBI’s Fund of Funds supports venture capital firms that, in turn, invest in Indian startups.
    • Changing Mindset and Entrepreneurial Culture: A cultural shift among youth toward entrepreneurship, driven by success stories and digital exposure. Eg: Companies like Flipkart and Freshworks have inspired a new generation to build their own ventures.

    Where does India lag behind in comparison to countries like China and the U.S. in building a thriving startup ecosystem?

    • Lower Per Capita Income and Consumption Capacity: India’s lower GDP per capita limits domestic consumer spending, which affects the growth of digital and tech-driven startups. Eg: India’s per capita GDP is around $3,500, while China’s is over $12,000—boosting China’s digital economy faster.
    • Limited Domestic Risk Capital Availability: India relies heavily on foreign capital for startup funding, unlike the U.S. or China, which have strong domestic investor bases. Eg: Most VC funding in India comes from the U.S., while China has state-backed venture funds.
    • Bureaucratic Hurdles and Complex Regulations: Regulatory bottlenecks and lack of smooth implementation hinder startup operations and scalability. Eg: Despite policy support, startups still face delays in government clearances and compliances.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Domestic Funding Ecosystem: Promote domestic VC funds, corporate venture arms, and pension fund investments in startups to reduce dependency on foreign capital. Eg: Incentivize Indian institutional investors to back deep tech ventures.
    • Simplify Regulatory Processes: Establish single-window clearances and reduce compliance burdens to foster ease of doing business for startups. Eg: Fast-track approvals for sectors like biotech, fintech, and healthtech.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    A closer look at strategic affairs and the AI factor

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    Concerns about an AI arms race and AGI are rising, but research on AI’s impact on strategic affairs remains limited.

    What are the key strategic differences between AI and nuclear weapons?

    Strategic Difference Artificial Intelligence (AI) Nuclear Weapons
    Development and Control Driven by private companies and research institutions (Eg: OpenAI) Developed and strictly controlled by state actors
    Resource Dependence No ongoing physical resources needed once trained Depend on rare materials like enriched uranium, requiring secure control
    Global Accessibility Rapidly accessible and globally developable (Eg: AI in healthcare) Restricted to a few nations with production and maintenance capacity

    How should these affect policy?

    • Focus on Global Tech Governance: Policies should emphasize international collaboration on AI standards and ethics, not just state-centric treaties. Eg: The OECD AI Principles guide responsible AI use across countries and private entities.
    • Regulate Private Sector Innovation: Governments must work closely with tech firms to monitor and regulate AI development. Eg: The EU AI Act places obligations on companies deploying high-risk AI systems.
    • Invest in Civilian and Dual-Use Oversight: Policies should ensure AI developed for civilian use isn’t misused for harmful purposes. Eg: Export controls on advanced AI chips to prevent their misuse by authoritarian regimes.

    Why is the comparison between Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) and Mutual Assured AI Malfunction (MAIM) flawed?

    • Different Nature of Threats: MAD is based on physical destruction through nuclear weapons, while MAIM assumes AI failure or sabotage, which is less predictable and harder to control. Eg: A nuclear missile has a clear origin and impact but an AI malfunction could be decentralized and ambiguous.
    • Diffuse Infrastructure: Nuclear programs are centralized and state-controlled, but AI development is global, decentralized, and often driven by private entities. Eg: Open-source AI models can be developed by individuals or startups across countries, unlike nuclear weapons.
    • Unreliable Deterrence Mechanism: MAD relies on guaranteed retaliation; AI malfunction is not guaranteed nor clearly attributable, making deterrence weak. Eg: It’s hard to prove who caused an AI collapse, unlike a nuclear strike which can be traced.

    What are its policy implications?

    • Risk of Escalation: Using MAIM as a deterrence may justify preemptive strikes or sabotage, increasing chances of conflict. Eg: States might attack suspected AI labs without solid proof, causing diplomatic or military escalation.
    • False Sense of Security: Assuming AI deterrence works like nuclear deterrence may lead to complacency in governance and oversight. Eg: Policymakers might underinvest in AI safety, believing threat of malfunction is enough to prevent misuse.
    • Lack of Accountability: Diffuse AI development makes retaliation or regulation difficult, weakening the policy’s enforceability. Eg: If a rogue actor causes an AI incident, it’s hard to trace or penalize, unlike state-driven nuclear attacks.

    How feasible is controlling AI chip distribution like nuclear materials?

    • Different Resource Requirements: Unlike nuclear tech, AI doesn’t need rare or radioactive materials, making chip controls less effective. Eg: Once AI models are trained, they can run on widely available hardware like GPUs.
    • Widespread Availability: AI chips are mass-produced and used in consumer electronics globally, making strict regulation difficult. Eg: Chips used for gaming or smartphones can also power AI applications.
    • Black Market and Bypass Risks: Efforts to restrict chip distribution may lead to smuggling or development of alternative supply chains. Eg: Countries barred from chip exports may create domestic chip industries or resort to illegal imports.

    What assumptions about AI-powered bioweapons and cyberattacks are speculative, and why? 

    • Inevitability of AI-powered attacks: It’s assumed AI will inevitably be used to develop bioweapons or launch cyberattacks, but such outcomes aren’t guaranteed. Eg: While AI can assist in simulations, creating bioweapons still requires complex biological expertise.
    • State-driven development dominance: The assumption that states will lead AI weaponization ignores the current dominance of private tech firms. Eg: Companies like OpenAI or Google, not governments, are at the forefront of AI research.
    • Equating AI with WMDs: Treating AI as a weapon of mass destruction assumes similar scale and impact, which is yet unproven. Eg: Cyberattacks can cause disruption, but rarely match the immediate devastation of a nuclear blast.

    Why is more scholarship needed on AI in strategic affairs? 

    • Lack of tailored strategic frameworks: Current strategies often rely on outdated comparisons like nuclear weapons, which don’t suit AI’s complexity. Eg: Using MAD to model AI deterrence ignores AI’s decentralized development and dual-use nature.
    • Unclear trajectory of AI capabilities: Without deeper research, it’s difficult to predict how AI might evolve or impact global security. Eg: The potential of superintelligent AI remains hypothetical, needing scenario-based academic exploration.
    • Policy gaps and ethical dilemmas: Scholarly input is crucial to guide regulation and international norms around AI use. Eg: Without academic insight, actions like preemptive strikes on AI labs could escalate conflicts unjustly.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish Multilateral AI Governance Frameworks: Nations should collaborate with international organizations, academia, and private stakeholders to create adaptive, inclusive, and enforceable AI governance structures. Eg: A global AI treaty modeled on the Paris Climate Accord can align safety, ethics, and innovation priorities.
    • Promote Interdisciplinary Strategic Research: Invest in dedicated research centers combining expertise from technology, security studies, ethics, and international law to anticipate and mitigate AI-related risks. Eg: Establishing think tanks like the “AI and National Security Institute” to inform real-time policy with evidence-based analysis.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2015] Considering the threats cyberspace poses to the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013, outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation.

    Linkage: The strategic importance of cybersecurity and the need for a digital defence force, which would involve AI capabilities. This article will talk about the strategic significance of AI.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

    Attend Now

Join the Community

Join us across Social Media platforms.