Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 124A IPC, Freedom of Speech
Mains level: Ambiguity around the Sedition law, concerns and recommendations
Central Idea
- In its 279th Report, the Law Commission of India has recommended the retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, commonly known as the Law of Sedition, along with enhanced punishment for the offense in the name of national security.
What is Sedition?
The Section 124A defines sedition as:
- An offence committed when “any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India”.
- Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.
- However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offense.
- Sedition is a non-bailable offense.
- Punishment under Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term with/without a fine
Historical Perspective
- Section 124A of the IPC was introduced during the British Raj in 1870 to suppress dissent and protest against the colonial government.
- The then British government in India feared that religious preachers on the Indian subcontinent would wage a war against the government.
- Particularly after the successful suppression of the Wahabi/Waliullah Movement by the British, the need was felt for such law.
- Throughout the Raj, this section was used to suppress activists in favor of national independence, including Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, both of whom were found guilty and imprisoned.
Two notable interpretations which added to the ambiguity surrounding the sedition law
- Queen Empress vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1897)
- In this case, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent freedom fighter, was charged with sedition for writing articles in a Marathi weekly called Kesari that invoked Shivaji and were seen as inciting disaffection towards the British government.
- The court held that sedition encompassed the act of exciting disaffection towards the government, even if it did not incite rebellion or violence.
- This interpretation broadened the scope of the offense to include political hatred of the government.
- Niharendu Dutt Majumdar And Ors. vs Emperor (1942): Federal Court.
- The court acquitted the accused, and Chief Justice Sir Maurice Gwyer explained that the essence of sedition lies in public disorder or the reasonable anticipation thereof.
- According to this interpretation, sedition would be committed only when there is incitement to violence or disorder.
Constitutionality of Sedition
- Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression: The sedition law, as defined in Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, infringes upon the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. It criminalizes acts that bring hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the government, which curtails the citizens’ ability to express their political dissent and discontent.
- Democratic Principles: Disaffection towards a government, which is subject to change through the electoral process, cannot be treated as a criminal offense. The sedition law restricts the democratic principles of public debate, dissent, and accountability.
- Omission from the Constitution: During the drafting of the Indian Constitution, the Constituent Assembly deliberately excluded sedition as a reasonable restriction on the freedom of speech and expression. This omission signifies the Assembly’s intent to safeguard the citizens’ right to express their opinions, including dissenting views on the government.
- Ambiguity and Misuse: The broad wording and lack of precise definition allow for arbitrary interpretations, leading to the stifling of legitimate dissent and the targeting of individuals or groups critical of the government. This misuse undermines the rule of law and constitutional protections.
- Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The existence of a sedition law creates a chilling effect on free speech and expression. The fear of potential sedition charges discourages individuals from openly expressing their opinions and engaging in robust public discourse, inhibiting the free flow of ideas and opinions necessary for a healthy democracy.
- Conflict with International Standards: International bodies such as the United Nations Human Rights Committee have consistently expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and called for their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights standards.
Inconsistencies regarding the sedition law in India
- Interpretational Inconsistencies: The Tilak case (1897) interpreted sedition as exciting disaffection towards the government, even without inciting violence or rebellion. However, the Majumdar case (1942) acquitted the accused by emphasizing that sedition requires a tendency to incite violence or disorder.
- Varying Judicial Approaches: The Supreme Court’s approach in the Kedarnath case (1962) further adds to the inconsistencies. While the Court upheld the constitutionality of the sedition law, it narrowed its application to only acts that incite violence. The Court’s attempt to retain sedition despite acknowledging its exclusion from the draft Constitution and concerns over its severity creates a contradictory stance.
- Lack of Clarity in Statutory Language: The language of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which defines sedition, lacks precision and clarity. The vague terms such as hatred, contempt, and disaffection make it susceptible to subjective interpretations and misuse by law enforcement authorities. This lack of clarity contributes to the inconsistent application of the sedition law.
- Conflict with Constitutional Principles: The sedition law, as it stands, conflicts with constitutional principles, particularly the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. The broad interpretation of sedition and its criminalization of political dissent and disaffection towards the government infringe upon citizens’ constitutional rights.
- Disparity with International Standards: International bodies, including the United Nations Human Rights Committee, have expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and recommended their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights norms. This disparity highlights the inconsistencies between the sedition law in India and global standards.
Way ahead: Recommendations to strike a balance
- Repeal or Substantial Reform: Given the inconsistencies, ambiguity, and potential for misuse, there is a strong case for the repeal or substantial reform of the sedition law. This could involve narrowing the scope of the offense, clarifying the language, and aligning it with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
- Precise Definition: The sedition law should be defined more precisely to avoid ambiguity and subjective interpretations. A clear and specific definition would help establish the boundaries of the offense, ensuring that it is not misused to suppress legitimate dissent or criticism.
- Balancing National Security and Freedom of Expression: Any reform or amendment to the sedition law should strike a balance between protecting national security and safeguarding freedom of expression. This can be achieved by focusing on acts that pose a genuine threat to public order, incite violence, or endanger the integrity of the state while ensuring that peaceful dissent and criticism are not stifled.
- Judicial Clarity: The judiciary should provide consistent and well-defined guidelines for the interpretation and application of the sedition law. Clear guidelines would help prevent arbitrary enforcement and provide greater clarity on the limits of the offense.
- Safeguards and Procedural Reforms: Implementing safeguards and procedural reforms can help prevent the misuse of the sedition law. This may include requiring higher standards of evidence, ensuring transparency and accountability in investigations and prosecutions, and providing avenues for redress in cases of wrongful or frivolous charges.
- Public Awareness and Sensitization: There is a need for public awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate citizens, law enforcement authorities, and the judiciary about the nuances of freedom of expression and the potential pitfalls of the sedition law.
- International Dialogue and Learning: Engaging in international dialogue and learning from best practices can provide valuable insights for reforming the sedition law. Studying the experiences of other democratic countries and considering international human rights standards can help shape more effective and rights-respecting legislation.
Conclusion
- The interpretation and application of Section 124A have been inconsistent, leading to misuses and abuses by law enforcement authorities. The Law Commission’s recent recommendations for enhancing punishment and incorporating the tendency to incite disorder fail to address the core issue of the law’s unconstitutionality. It is imperative to reevaluate and repeal the sedition law to protect and uphold the democratic values of free speech and expression in India.
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSP system
Mains level: Issues with MSP
The Centre has set the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 17 kharif crops and variants.
What is MSP?
- The MSP assures the farmers of a fixed price for their crops, well above their production costs.
- MSP, by contrast, is devoid of any legal backing. Access to it, unlike subsidized grains through the PDS, isn’t an entitlement for farmers.
- They cannot demand it as a matter of right. It is only a government policy that is part of administrative decision-making.
- The Centre currently fixes MSPs for 23 farm commodities based on the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommendations.
Fixing of MSPs
- The CACP considered various factors while recommending the MSP for a commodity, including the cost of cultivation.
- It also takes into account the supply and demand situation for the commodity; market price trends (domestic and global) and parity vis-à-vis other crops; and implications for consumers (inflation), environment (soil and water use) and terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors.
What changed with the 2018 budget?
- The Budget for 2018-19 announced that MSPs would henceforth be fixed at 1.5 times of the production costs for crops as a “pre-determined principle”.
- Simply put, the CACP’s job now was only to estimate production costs for a season and recommend the MSPs by applying the 1.5-times formula.
How was this production cost arrived at?
- The CACP projects three kinds of production cost for every crop, both at the state and all-India average levels.
- ‘A2’ covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, hired labor, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc.
- ‘A2+FL’ includes A2 plus an imputed value of unpaid family labor.
- ‘C2’ is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL.
How much produce can the government procure at MSP?
- The MSP value of the total production of the 23 crops worked out to around Rs 10.78 lakh crore in 2019-20.
- Not all this produce, however, is marketed. Farmers retain part of it for self-consumption, the seed for the next season’s sowing, and also for feeding their animals.
- The marketed surplus ratio for different crops is estimated to range differently for various crops.
- It ranges from below 50% for ragi and 65-70% for bajra (pearl millet) and jawar (sorghum) to 75% for wheat, 80% for paddy, 85% for sugarcane, 90% for most pulses, and 95%-plus for cotton, soybean, etc.
- Taking an average of 75% would yield a number of just over Rs 8 lakh crore.
- This is the MSP value of production that is the marketable surplus — which farmers actually sell.
Nature of MSP
- There is currently no statutory backing for these prices, nor any law mandating their enforcement.
Farmers demand over legalization
- Legal entitlement: There is a demand that MSP based on a C2+50% formula should be made a legal entitlement for all agricultural produce.
- Private traders’ responsibility: Some says that most of the cost should be borne by private traders, noting that both middlemen and corporate giants are buying commodities at low rates from farmers.
- Mandatory purchase at MSP: A left-affiliated farm union has suggested a law that simply stipulates that no one — neither the Government nor private players — will be allowed to buy at a rate lower than MSP.
- Surplus payment by the govt.: Other unions have said that if private buyers fail to purchase their crops, the Government must be prepared to buy out the entire surplus at MSP rates.
- Expansion of C2: Farm unions are demanding that C2 must also include capital assets and the rentals and interest forgone on owned land as recommended by the National Commission for Farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demographic Dividend
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: Pew Survey Report
- The current median age in India is 28, compared to China’s 39, indicating India’s demographic advantage will persist until the end of the century.
- China’s youth population is declining, and the aging population is rising, leading to concerns about employment and stability.
Demographic Dividend
|
| Definition |
Economic growth potential results from a favourable demographic structure, particularly a large working-age population relative to the dependent population (children and elderly). |
| Age structure |
“Bulge” in the working-age population due to declining fertility rates and improved life expectancy. |
| Economic benefits |
Increased productivity, higher savings, and greater economic output. |
| Increased consumption |
Rise in disposable income, stimulating consumer spending and demand. |
| Savings and investments |
Opportunity for higher savings and productive investments. |
| Window of opportunity |
Time-limited period to harness the potential of the young workforce. |
| Challenges and prerequisites |
Effective policies and investments in education, skill development, healthcare, job creation, and infrastructure. |
Demographic Advantage for India
The current median age of 28 in India signifies a young population, which brings several advantages:
- Demographic advantage: A young population contributes to economic growth and development.
- Productive workforce: With a large working-age population, India has the potential for a productive workforce.
- Long-term economic growth: The young population offers a demographic dividend for sustained economic growth with investments in education, skills, and job creation.
- Market potential: The young population represents a significant consumer market, stimulating economic activity.
- Addressing societal challenges: Opportunities arise to address education, healthcare, and social welfare needs among the youth.
India’s Edge over China
(1) Job Market
- Graduates facing difficulty finding employment: A large number of college and university graduates in China struggle to secure jobs, facing job market challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Impact of the pandemic on employment: COVID-19 lockdowns and layoffs in key sectors have negatively affected China’s job market, particularly for the “post-’00s” generation who grew up during rapid economic growth.
(2) Urban Joblessness
- Rising joblessness among young urbanites: One out of every five young urbanites in China is without work, leading to a growing problem of joblessness.
- Official jobless rate for urban youth: China’s National Bureau of Statistics reported a 19.9% jobless rate for urban youth aged 16 to 24 in July, the highest since the release of youth employment data in 2018.
Factors Contributing to China’s job market challenges
- Supply-demand contradiction: China’s economic growth decline and the impact of COVID-19 have created a supply-demand contradiction in the job market.
- Issues with the education sector: Some argue that the problem lies within China’s education sector, and finding jobs for educated youth has become a perennial crisis.
- Shifting focus to qualitative growth: Despite China’s focus shifting from quantitative to qualitative growth, the challenge of employment for educated youth persists.
Where does India stand?
- Challenges for school leavers and graduates: India faces challenges with school leavers, liberal arts graduates, and engineers from low-grade colleges who struggle to find employment.
- Shortage of specific skilled personnel: While facing a surplus of certain graduates, India experiences a shortage of skilled workers in various fields, such as plumbing, electrical work, and artisanal crafts.
Issues in India’s Skilling Efforts
- Inadequacies in skill development initiatives: Entities like the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) have not delivered effective skilling programs, focusing on short courses rather than comprehensive skill acquisition.
- Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): The potential of ITIs to address the skill gap has been hampered by resistance from state governments and the failure of partnerships with industrial enterprises.
- Private Skilling institutes: Private Skilling institutes, often in the informal sector, have emerged to fill some of the gaps left by government initiatives.
NEP and Vocational Training in India
- Vocational segmentation in NEP 2020: NEP 2020 introduces vocational training from 6th to 8th grade to improve students’ skills in specific fields.
- Need for continued vocational training: To be effective, vocational segmentation should continue at the secondary level, with dedicated schools focused on producing skilled artisans and specialists.
- Challenges in vocational education: Similar to China, vocational education in India faces challenges in attracting students compared to traditional academic paths.
Way forward
- Emulating Germany’s model: Germany’s emphasis on respecting and valuing vocational specializations can serve as a model for India.
- Success of vocational education in other countries: Several countries, including Singapore and to some extent, China, have successfully implemented vocational education systems.
- Addressing inequalities in education: In China, challenges remain in providing quality education for rural students, which can limit their access to better job opportunities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A Delhi State Minister has moved the court seeking directions for the government to decide on granting her political clearance before it is too late.
- Earlier, Delhi CM’s participation to attend the World Cities Summit in 2022 was due to delayed political clearance by the Centre.
Understanding Political Clearance
- Political clearance is issued by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and is required for public servants and government officials traveling abroad.
- Applications for political clearance can be made through the epolclearance.gov.in portal since 2016.
- The decision on political clearance considers various factors, including the nature of the event, level of participation, invitation, and India’s relations with the host country.
(1) Process for CMs and State Ministers to Travel Abroad
- Informing the cabinet: The Cabinet Secretariat’s circular of May 6, 2015, mandates informing the Cabinet Secretariat and Ministry of External Affairs about proposed foreign visits by CMs and State Ministers.
- Mandatory nature: Prior political clearance and FCRA clearance are mandatory for such visits.
- Application process: The application for clearance must be sent to the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA).
(2) For other Ministers and Parliamentarians
- Union ministers require clearance from the Prime Minister’s Office in addition to political clearance from the MEA for official and personal trips abroad.
- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha members need clearance from the Speaker and Chairperson respectively, only for official trips.
- Government employees, depending on their rank and delegation type, require approval from the Minister concerned or a screening committee of secretaries.
(3) Application to Judges
- Judges of the Supreme Court and state High Courts must send their proposals to the Department of Justice after obtaining clearance from the Chief Justice of India.
- Approval from the MEA and, in certain cases, the Home Ministry is required.
- Delhi High Court has struck down guidelines on judges’ personal travel in the past.
Debates surrounding political clearance
- In his early term, PM Modi held meetings with Union department secretaries to discuss the issue.
- Calls have been made to change the “dilatory system” of MEA clearing travel proposals by officials.
- The MEA has asserted its prerogative in deciding the suitability, desirability, and level of participation of Indian officials in engagements abroad.
Reasons for Political Clearance Denials
- The inappropriateness of direct correspondence: The MEA may consider direct correspondence between a diplomatic mission and a state government as inappropriate, leading to denial of clearance for a visit.
- Substantive and protocol considerations: Concerns may arise regarding the substantive and protocol aspects of a CM’s visit, which could influence the decision to deny political clearance.
- Unsuitability or undesirability: The nature of the event or the level of participation from other countries might be deemed unsuitable or undesirable for a CM’s visit, resulting in denial of clearance.
- Special consideration challenges: Concerned agencies may face challenges in providing special consideration to a Chief Minister’s visit, considering substantive and protocol angles.
- Prevailing circumstances: The prevailing circumstances, including diplomatic relations with the host country or other relevant factors, can play a role in the decision to deny political clearance.
- National security concerns: In certain cases, national security considerations may lead to the denial of political clearance for an official visit.
- Lack of sufficient justification: If the purpose or justification provided for the visit is not deemed sufficient, the political clearance request may be denied.
Importance of Political Clearance
- Ensures effective representation and protection of India’s interests abroad.
- Maintains diplomatic relations and adheres to established protocols.
- Balances security concerns with the need for international engagements.
Implications for diplomacy
- Denial of political clearance can impact bilateral and multilateral relationships.
- Strengthens cooperation and dialogue between countries.
- Builds trust and goodwill through smooth facilitation of visits and engagements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI), DICGC
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recommendation for DICGC cover extension: A committee suggests extending Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) cover to Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI) holders to protect against fraud and unauthorized transactions.
- Relief for PPI holders: Acceptance of the recommendation would provide significant relief to PPI holders.
Understanding Prepaid Payment Instrument (PPI)
- Definition: PPIs are instruments facilitating various financial transactions and the purchase of goods and services.
- Types: PPIs can be categorized as small PPIs and full-KYC PPIs, issued as cards or wallets.
- Loading/reloading options: PPIs can be loaded/reloaded with cash, debit/credit cards, or bank transfers.
Issuers of PPI Instruments
- Authorized issuers: Banks and non-banks authorized by the RBI can issue PPIs.
- Examples of authorized issuers: Airtel Payments Bank, Axis Bank, Union Bank, and others are permitted to issue and operate PPIs.
- Non-bank PPI issuers: Amazon Pay (India), Bajaj Finance, Ola Financial Services, and others also offer PPI services.
RBI Committee’s Recommendations
- Call for DICGC cover examination: The committee recommends examining the extension of DICGC cover to bank and non-bank PPIs.
- Purpose of examination: Considering PPIs as deposits held with regulated PPI issuers requires further examination.
Understanding DICGC
- Role of DICGC: DICGC, a subsidiary of the RBI, provides deposit insurance.
- Protection for depositors: DICGC ensures the stability of the financial system by protecting small depositors in the event of a bank failure.
- Coverage scope: DICGC covers commercial banks, payments banks, small finance banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks licensed by the RBI.
DICGC Coverage and Limits
- Types of deposits covered: DICGC insures savings, fixed, current, recurring, and accrued interest deposits.
- Maximum insurance limit: Each depositor is insured up to a maximum of Rs 5 lakh for both principal and interest amounts.
- Increase in insurance cover: The insurance cover was raised to Rs 5 lakh in 2020 from the previous limit of Rs 1 lakh.
Total Number of PPIs
- PPI quantity as of March 31, 2023: The system comprised 16,185.26 lakh PPIs, including 13,384.68 lakh wallets and 2,800.58 lakh cards.
- Transaction volume in FY2023: The total volume transacted through PPIs in FY2023 reached 74,667.44 lakh.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Price Support Scheme (PSS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Procurement Ceilings for Pulses: The government has removed the procurement ceilings of 40% for tur, urad, and masur under the Price Support Scheme (PSS) operations for 2023-24.
What is Price Support Scheme (PSS)?
- Physical procurement: The Price Support Scheme (PSS) involves the physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra by Central Nodal Agencies.
- Nodal Agencies: The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) and the Food Corporation of India (FCI) are the designated agencies responsible for procuring crops under the PSS.
- Implementation: The scheme is implemented in collaboration with state governments, who exempt the procured commodities from mandi tax and provide logistical support, including gunny bags and working capital.
Need for such scheme
- Balancing farmer and consumer interests: The PSS strikes a balance between the welfare of farmers and consumers, ensuring fair returns for farmers and affordable prices for consumers.
- Remunerative prices: The primary objectives of the PSS are to provide remunerative prices to farmers, encouraging increased investment and production, while ensuring affordable prices and availability for consumers.
- Encouraging production: By offering a guaranteed price, the PSS incentivizes farmers to invest in agricultural production, leading to increased output and self-sufficiency.
- Consumer welfare: The scheme aims to protect the interests of consumers by ensuring a stable supply of essential commodities at reasonable prices, reducing intermediation costs.
- Market intervention: The PSS acts as a market intervention measure, stabilizing prices, and mitigating the risks faced by farmers due to market fluctuations and unforeseen circumstances.
- Support for agricultural growth: The scheme is part of the government’s broader efforts to support agricultural growth, enhance farmer income, and promote food security in the country.
Why in news?
- Notified Essential commodities: On June 2, 2023, the government imposed stock limits on tur and urad by invoking the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
- Prevent hoarding: The imposition aims to prevent hoarding and unscrupulous speculation, as well as improve affordability for consumers.
- Applicability and declaration: Stock limits are applicable to wholesalers, retailers, big chain retailers, millers, and importers, who are required to declare their stock position on the portal of the Department of Consumer Affairs.
Enforcement of Stock Limits by State Governments:
- Directives to state governments: The Department of Consumer Affairs has directed state governments to ensure strict enforcement of the stock limits in their respective states.
- Monitoring and verification: States have been asked to monitor prices and verify the stock position by coordinating with various warehouse operators.
- Cooperation from warehousing corporations: Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) and State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs) have been requested to provide details of tur and urad stocks held in their warehouses.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nyaya Vikas Program
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Nyaya Vikas Portal has been created for monitoring the implementation of the Centrally Sponsored, Nyaya Vikas Scheme.
What is Nyaya Vikas Program?
- Initiated by the Department of Justice in 1993-94.
- Aims to develop infrastructure facilities for districts and subordinate judiciary.
- Provides central assistance to state governments and UT administrations for constructing court halls and residential units.
- Extended beyond March 31, 2021, with additional features for convenience, such as lawyers’ halls, toilet complexes, and digital computer rooms.
- Funding sharing pattern: 60:40 between the central government and state governments (excluding North Eastern and Himalayan States), 90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States, and 100% for Union Territories.
About Nyaya Vikas Portal
- The Nyaya Vikas Portal has been created to monitor the implementation of the CSS for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Districts and Subordinate Judiciary.
- It allows stakeholders to log in through four efficient ways, providing seamless access to information related to funding, documentation, project monitoring, and approval.
- The portal ensures transparency and accessibility by providing stakeholders with a centralized platform to access information about funding, documentation, project monitoring, and approval processes.
Impact of the Scheme
- Improved infrastructure: The portal’s monitoring capabilities contribute to the effective utilization of funds for constructing court halls, residential units, lawyers’ halls, toilet complexes, and digital computer rooms.
- Enhanced judicial services: By providing better infrastructure and facilities, the portal enhances the delivery of judicial services to lawyers, litigants, and judicial officers.
- Strengthened rule of law: The efficient implementation of the scheme through the portal strengthens the rule of law by ensuring access to justice and adequate infrastructure for the judiciary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Varunastra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Test-firing achievement: The indigenously designed and developed heavy weight torpedo (HWT) Varunastra was successfully test-fired by the Indian Navy, targeting an undersea target with a live warhead.
Varunastra: Feature Details
- Advanced features: Varunastra is a ship-launched anti-submarine torpedo equipped with low drift navigational systems, acoustic homing, advanced acoustic countermeasures, autonomous guidance algorithms, an insensitive munitions warhead, and a GPS-based recovery aid for practice torpedoes.
- Designed and developed by NSTL: Varunastra was designed and developed by the Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL) based in Vizag under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
- Manufacturing by BDL: Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) is responsible for the manufacturing of Varunastra.
Technical Specifications and Capabilities
- Speed, depth, and range: Varunastra boasts a maximum speed of 40 knots and a maximum operating depth of 600 meters. It has long-range and multi-manoeuvering capabilities.
- Acoustic homing and tracking: The torpedo features acoustic homing with a wide look angle, allowing it to track silent targets effectively.
- Advanced guidance and navigational systems: Varunastra incorporates autonomous advanced guidance algorithms and drift navigational systems, enabling precise targeting and long-endurance operations.
Significance of the test fire
- Mainstay of anti-submarine warfare: Varunastra is set to become the primary anti-submarine torpedo for all naval warships, replacing older torpedoes capable of firing HWT.
- Enhanced anti-submarine warfare: The induction of Varunastra as the mainstay anti-submarine torpedo strengthens the Indian Navy’s capabilities in countering underwater threats.
- Self-reliance and indigenous development: The successful development and deployment of Varunastra highlight India’s progress in indigenous defence technologies and reduce dependence on imports.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major breakthroughs is Indian Railways
Mains level: Railways accidents and Safety and Congestion challenges
Central Idea
- The recent tragic collision in Balasore, Odisha, resulting in a substantial loss of lives and injuries, highlights the urgent need for improving rail safety in India. To compete with advancements in air and road transport, India must invest in expanding and modernizing its rail network.
Safety Concerns in India’s Railway System
- Train Accidents: India has witnessed train accidents, including derailments and collisions, which pose a significant safety risk. These accidents can result from various factors such as track defects, signalling failures, human error, and equipment malfunction.
- Overcrowding: Overcrowded trains, especially during peak travel times, raise safety concerns. Passengers boarding overcrowded coaches may face difficulties in movement, increasing the risk of falls, accidents, and potential stampedes in emergency situations.
- Level Crossings: Unmanned level crossings and inadequate safety measures at crossings pose a significant safety challenge. Accidents occur when vehicles or pedestrians cross railway tracks without proper warning systems, leading to collisions with trains.
- Inadequate Safety Infrastructure: The absence of modern safety infrastructure, such as advanced signalling systems, Automatic Train Protection (ATP) systems, and train control mechanisms, can compromise safety standards. Outdated equipment and infrastructure increase the risk of accidents.
- Maintenance and Inspections: Insufficient maintenance practices and inadequate inspection protocols can result in safety hazards. Timely inspection of tracks, bridges, signals, rolling stock, and electrical systems is crucial to identify and rectify potential risks.
- Encroachment on Tracks: Unauthorized encroachments near railway tracks, including slums, settlements, and informal markets, pose safety risks. These encroachments increase the likelihood of accidents and hinder effective track maintenance and monitoring.
- Human Factors: Human error, including negligence, fatigue, and inadequate training, can contribute to safety incidents. Ensuring well-rested and properly trained staff, including drivers, guards, and maintenance personnel, is essential to mitigate human-related safety risks.
- Security Concerns: Security threats, including theft, sabotage, and acts of terrorism, pose safety risks for passengers and railway operations. Ensuring robust security measures and coordination with law enforcement agencies are crucial to maintain a safe railway environment.
International Comparison of Railway Safety
- Developed Countries: Countries with well-developed railway systems such as Japan, China, Turkey, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have significantly better railway safety records compared to India. Stringent safety regulations, advanced infrastructure, modern signalling systems, and effective maintenance practices contribute to their superior safety standards.
- Passenger Train Speeds: In developed railway systems, most passenger trains operate at much higher speeds compared to India. For instance, Japan’s Shinkansen, China’s high-speed trains, and European high-speed rail services commonly achieve speeds of 200-350 kmph, ensuring efficient and safe travel. This stands in contrast to India’s average train speeds of approximately 50 kmph.
- Safety Performance Ranking: If a ranking of major railways based on safety performance were to be made, India would likely place slightly higher than countries such as Egypt, Mexico, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This suggests the need for improvement to match the safety standards of leading railway systems.
- Infrastructure and Network Length: China, with its similar geographic size and population, provides a relevant comparison for India. China has made significant strides in expanding and modernizing its railway network. By surpassing India’s total route length and investing in infrastructure upgrades, China has been able to enhance safety and accommodate growing passenger and freight demands effectively.
- Technological Advancements: Developed countries have embraced advanced technologies and innovations to enhance railway safety. These include state-of-the-art signaling systems, automated train control mechanisms, and advanced maintenance practices. India can draw lessons from their successful adoption of these technologies to improve safety standards.
Facts for prelims
Mission Raftaar
- Mission Raftar is a strategic plan announced by the Indian Railway Board in 2017-18 with the objective of significantly increasing the speed of both freight and passenger trains in India.
- The plan aimed to double the average speed of freight trains from 25 kmph to 50 kmph and achieve a 50 percent increase in passenger train speeds from 50 kmph to 75 kmph within a span of five years
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Lessons from China’s Success
- Phased Development: China’s phased approach to railway development, focusing on speed enhancements on existing lines, allows for a smooth transition towards faster rail travel. India can learn from this approach and prioritize upgrades on existing routes before venturing into new high-speed projects.
- Dedicated Passenger Lines: China’s emphasis on dedicated passenger lines played a crucial role in achieving optimal speed and efficiency. India should prioritize the development of dedicated passenger lines, especially on major trunk routes, to enhance safety and improve service quality.
- Expansion of Route Length: China’s ambitious expansion of its rail network demonstrates the importance of extending routes and connecting major cities and regions. India can benefit from infrastructure expansion to accommodate growing demands, reduce congestion, and improve connectivity.
- Technological Advancements: China’s investment in advanced technologies, such as signaling systems, train control, and maintenance practices, significantly improved its railway system. India can learn from this and prioritize technological innovation to enhance safety, efficiency, and maintenance protocols.
- Balancing Cost and Affordability: While China’s high-speed rail network is impressive, India must find a balance between cost and affordability. Investing in 200-250 kmph high-speed lines on the existing broad-gauge network offers a cost-effective solution that leverages India’s terrain and existing infrastructure.
- Public-Private Partnerships and International Collaboration: China’s railway success was built on strong collaborations and partnerships. India can learn from this approach by fostering public-private partnerships and collaborating with countries known for their advanced railway systems. This enables knowledge transfer, technology sharing, and financial support.
Conclusion
- For India to transform its railways into a lifeline of transportation, urgent attention must be given to enhancing rail safety and speed. Drawing inspiration from successful models like China, India should invest in modernizing its infrastructure and building high-speed lines on the existing network. By doing so, India can overcome safety concerns, compete with other modes of transport, and ensure a brighter future for rail travel.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's energy transition targets
Mains level: India's Energy Transition and the role os states
Central Idea
- In the forthcoming G20 forum, India intends to propose a diversified approach to energy pathways that considers the distinct contexts and development trajectories of countries. By bridging the gap between national ambitions and State-level implementation, India can effectively achieve its climate pledges and drive actions at the regional level.
Why States Matter in India’s energy transition?
- Implementation and Realization of National Targets: While the central government sets goals and provides support, the actual realization of these targets depends on how they align with State priorities and capabilities. States serve as the spheres of implementation, and their active participation is essential for achieving national energy goals.
- Addressing Legacy Issues: The electricity sector in India faces challenges such as high losses, unreliable supply, and poor service quality. These issues are deeply rooted in the State-level political economy and must be addressed at the regional level. States are responsible for tackling these legacy issues, which can be exacerbated during the energy transition if left unaddressed.
- Laboratories of Policy Innovations: States in India have been instrumental in driving policy innovations, particularly in the renewable energy sector. Early initiatives taken by States like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu have significantly contributed to the uptake of renewable energy at the national level.
- Roadblocks or Support for National Goals: States can either facilitate or hinder the achievement of national energy goals, depending on their perception of alignment with State priorities. If the national goals are perceived as misaligned or imposing undue burdens on certain States, they may become roadblocks to progress.
- Regional Diversities and Opportunities: India is a vast and diverse country with significant regional variations in resources, economic development, and social priorities. States have unique contexts, capabilities, and opportunities that need to be taken into account during the energy transition. Recognizing and engaging with State-level diversities is essential for developing targeted and effective policies that consider regional nuances.
Insights from Achievements and Challenges of India’s energy transition
- Partial Achievement of Targets: While India made significant progress towards its 2022 target of 175 GW renewable energy capacity, it was not fully achieved. This highlights the importance of understanding the factors that contribute to successful implementation at the State level.
- Regional Disparities: Only a few States, such as Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan, were able to meet their individual renewable energy targets. The concentration of renewable energy capacity in certain regions, particularly in the west and south of India, highlights the need for a more balanced and inclusive distribution across States.
- Implementation Challenges: The energy transition faces implementation challenges related to various factors such as land availability, infrastructure development, policy framework, and financial viability. These challenges vary from State to State and require tailored solutions to overcome barriers and ensure smooth implementation.
- Importance of State-Level Support: State governments play a crucial role in driving the energy transition. States with supportive policies, favorable regulatory frameworks, and proactive engagement have demonstrated higher success rates in achieving renewable energy targets.
- Learnings from State-Level Experiments: Successful State-level initiatives in renewable energy, such as Gujarat and Rajasthan’s early adoption of solar energy and Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu’s focus on wind energy, provide valuable lessons for scaling up renewable energy adoption at the national level.
- Addressing Legacy Issues: Legacy issues in the electricity sector, such as high losses and unreliable supply, pose challenges to the energy transition. These issues are deeply ingrained in the State-level political economy and require targeted interventions and reforms to ensure a smooth transition to clean and sustainable energy sources.
- Balancing National Goals and State Priorities: State priorities and goals may sometimes differ from national objectives, creating potential roadblocks. It is crucial to align national goals with State priorities and consider regional contexts to build consensus and ensure that the energy transition is inclusive and equitable.
Importance of State-Level Framework in the context of India’s energy transition
- Understanding State Plans and Actions: A state-level framework helps in comprehending the specific plans, actions, and governance processes undertaken by individual states regarding the energy transition.
- Broadening the Transition Discourse: By applying a state-level framework, the focus of the transition discourse expands beyond mere outcome-oriented discussions. It includes an analysis of the processes that shape the outcomes, such as transparency, accountability, affordability, and reliability of services.
- Enhancing Transparency and Legitimacy: A state-level framework ensures that stakeholders are engaged and have the opportunity to participate, contribute, and provide inputs. This transparency fosters public legitimacy and buy-in for complex decisions related to the energy transition, enhancing public acceptance and support for sustainable energy initiatives.
- Addressing State-Level Diversities: A state-level framework allows for a more nuanced understanding of these diversities and tailors energy transition strategies accordingly. It recognizes that what works in one state may not be directly applicable or effective in another state, leading to more context-specific and targeted policies and interventions.
- Evidence-Based Policy Choices: A state-level framework facilitates evidence-based policy choices by providing a structured approach to assess state-level preparedness and requirements for the energy transition. It enables comprehensive analyses of factors such as targets, resources, cross-sectoral inter-linkages, and implications of policy decisions
- Sensitizing National Policy Discourse: Viewing the energy transition through the lens of state-level preparedness brings greater sensitivity to state-level diversities, priorities, capacities, and opportunities.
Way ahead: A Multi-Scale Planning and Execution Strategy
- National-Level Planning: National-level planning involves defining renewable energy goals, establishing regulatory frameworks, and providing financial incentives to promote renewable energy adoption. It also includes creating an enabling environment through supportive policies, such as feed-in tariffs, subsidies, and tax incentives.
- State-Level Engagement: Engaging with States is vital as they have diverse contexts, priorities, and capabilities. State-level planning involves aligning national goals with State priorities and developing tailored strategies to address regional challenges and opportunities.
- Regional and Local Implementation: Energy transition planning should extend to regional and local levels. This involves working closely with local communities, stakeholders, and authorities to ensure effective implementation of renewable energy projects.
- Integration of Inter-Linkages: A multi-scale planning approach should consider inter-linkages between various sectors and dimensions of the energy transition. Identifying and leveraging these inter-linkages can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy transition.
- Capacity Building and Knowledge Exchange: A multi-scale strategy should prioritize capacity building and knowledge exchange across all levels. This includes providing training and support to State-level policymakers, energy officials, and local communities to enhance their understanding of renewable energy technologies, financing mechanisms, and implementation best practices.
Facts for prelims
THE PANCHAMRIT (The five-nectar-element commitments)
- Indian Will take its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
- Indian will meet 50 % of its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.
- India will reduce the total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now till 2030.
- By 2030, India will reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by less than 45 percent.
- By the year 2070, India will achieve the target of net zero
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Conclusion
- Engaging with States is crucial for India’s energy transition as they act as key stakeholders in the implementation of national goals. A multi-scale approach that considers State-level contexts, priorities, and capabilities will pave the way for a successful transition. By establishing a State-level framework, analyzing inter-linkages, and understanding regional preparedness, India can expedite its energy transition, achieve its climate pledges, and create a more sustainable future
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20 cooperation and global governance
Mains level: Nation-states and potential risks and implications of emerging technologies.
Central idea
- The rapid development of technology since the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000 has significantly transformed our societies and daily lives. While the convenience brought by technology is undeniable, it has also presented complex challenges that demand a re-evaluation of fundamental concepts in polity and governance. This article explores the challenges to the notion of the nation-state and emphasizes the need for a principle-based global order to govern technology.
Notion of nation state
- The notion of a nation-state refers to the concept of a territorially-bound and politically sovereign entity that represents a distinct nation.
- It combines the idea of a nation, which represents a group of people sharing common characteristics and a sense of collective identity, with the idea of a state, which encompasses a defined territory and has the authority to govern its population
The key characteristics of a nation-state
- Sovereignty: The nation-state possesses full political authority and independence within its defined territory. It has the right to govern itself and make decisions without external interference.
- Territoriality: The nation-state has defined borders that delineate its territory. The borders are intended to protect the nation’s interests and provide a sense of belonging and identity for its citizens.
- Nationhood: The nation-state represents a distinct nation or a group of people sharing common characteristics, including language, culture, history, and often a sense of shared destiny or common identity.
- Governance: The nation-state has its own political institutions, including a government, legal system, and administrative apparatus, through which it exercises authority and makes decisions on behalf of its citizens.
Challenges to the Notion of Nation-States in the age of technology
- Shifting Boundaries: The rise of cyber-attacks and other externalities that transcend borders, such as data flows and digital interactions, have a profound impact on the socio-economic and political existence of nation-states. This blurring of physical boundaries challenges the traditional understanding of nation-states as confined to a specific geographical space.
- Enforceability of Laws: The enforceability of geography-based rules has become increasingly complex due to the declining significance of conventional geographical borders. In the digital era, virtual activities are not confined to the borders of a country but travel across the world through the internet. When these activities violate the laws of a particular nation-state, enforcing those laws becomes challenging without a globally-accepted norm or framework.
- Incapacity to Regulate Technology: Nation-states are no longer the sole conduits through which various actors, including multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and supranational organizations, operate. The growing role of private non-state actors in areas such as mapping technology illustrates the shifting dynamics of governance and regulation.
Facts for prelims
What is SAI20?
- SAI20 stands for Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of G20 countries.
- It is a forum where SAIs from G20 countries can engage with each other to share their experiences and expertise in auditing public policies and governance practices.
- The group meets annually to discuss important issues related to public auditing and to develop joint initiatives to promote good governance and accountability in their respective countries.
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Incapacity of Nation-States to Effectively Administer Technology
- Proliferation of Non-State Actors: Technology has enabled the rise of non-state actors, such as multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and supranational organizations, that operate beyond the traditional jurisdiction of nation-states. As a result, nation-states often lack the authority and mechanisms to effectively govern and regulate the activities of these non-state actors.
- Technological Expertise Gap: Nation-states may face challenges in keeping up with the pace of technological advancements and maintaining a skilled workforce capable of effectively administering and regulating technology. This expertise gap hampers their ability to understand and address the intricate issues arising from the use and impact of technology.
- Regulatory Lag: Nation-states may struggle to keep up with the innovative applications of technology and may find it difficult to create and implement comprehensive regulations that address the potential risks and implications of emerging technologies.
- Lack of Cross-Border Enforcement Mechanisms: When activities occurring beyond physical boundaries violate the laws of a particular nation-state, enforcing those laws becomes complicated without internationally accepted norms and cooperation from other jurisdictions. This lack of cross-border enforcement mechanisms undermines the capacity of nation-states to administer technology effectively.
- Resource Limitations: Nation-states may face resource limitations in terms of funding, infrastructure, and technological capabilities necessary to effectively administer and regulate technology. The fast-paced and resource-intensive nature of technology requires significant investments and infrastructure development, which may be challenging for some nations to prioritize or achieve.
Way Forward
- International Cooperation and Coordination: Collaborative efforts should focus on sharing best practices, harmonizing regulations, and establishing common principles and norms for governing technology. Platforms such as the United Nations, G-20, and other international organizations should facilitate dialogues and promote consensus-building among nations.
- Principle-Based Global Order: A principle-based global order for technology should be developed to guide governance frameworks and ensure fair, transparent, and accountable practices. This order should encompass principles such as privacy protection, data sovereignty, ethical use of technology, and universal access.
- Inclusive Decision-Making: Decision-making processes regarding technology governance should be inclusive, ensuring the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including governments, civil society, academia, and the private sector.
- Strengthening Regulatory Capacities: Nation-states need to enhance their regulatory capacities to keep pace with technological advancements. This involves investing in research and development, fostering collaboration between public and private sectors, and promoting technological literacy among policymakers and regulators.
- Bridging the Digital Divide: To ensure equitable benefits from technology, efforts should be made to bridge the digital divide, both within and between nations. This includes promoting universal access to affordable and reliable internet connectivity, investing in digital infrastructure, and fostering digital skills development.
- Ethical Use of Technology: Ethical considerations should underpin the development and deployment of technology. This includes promoting responsible innovation, ensuring the ethical use of data, and addressing potential biases and discriminatory impacts of technological systems. Nation-states should encourage the adoption of ethical frameworks, codes of conduct, and standards to guide the development and application of emerging technologies.
Conclusion
- The advent of technology has disrupted conventional notions of nation-states, leading to the need for reimagining governance structures. The challenges posed by technology require a principle-based global order to effectively govern its use and impact. India, with its current leadership role in the G-20, has the opportunity to spearhead the development of this global order, just as it has done in other global initiatives. By embracing this approach, we can navigate the complexities of technology and ensure that its benefits are harnessed while minimizing the risks and maintaining a balance between sovereignty, regulation, and privacy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- HC orders strict compliance: The High Court of Karnataka emphasized the need for strict compliance with Section 19 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, particularly by doctors, to prevent offenders from escaping legal consequences.
- Responsibility of Stakeholders: The court highlighted that all stakeholders, including doctors, have a responsibility to report offences under the POCSO Act.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act
|
| History |
Enacted in 2012 |
| Purpose and Scope |
Legal protection to children from sexual offences, exploitation, and abuse. |
| Safeguarding Children’s Rights |
Addresses various sexual offences including assault, child pornography, and harassment to safeguard children’s well-being. |
| Age of Consent |
Any sexual activity with person under 18 is deemed an offence, regardless of minor’s consent. |
| Child-Friendly Approach |
Implements child-friendly procedures for investigations, minimizing trauma and ensuring safety and welfare. |
| Reporting Obligations |
Requires stakeholders, including doctors, to promptly report suspected cases of child sexual offences. |
| Enhanced Punishments |
Prescribes stringent punishments and fast-track courts for expediting legal proceedings and delivering justice. |
| Support for Victims |
Emphasizes support, rehabilitation, and counseling services for victims, along with child-friendly courtrooms. |
| Awareness and Prevention |
Focuses on creating awareness, preventive measures, and educating children, parents, and communities on child protection. |
| Continuous Amendments and Enhancements |
Undergoes periodic amendments to strengthen the legal framework and adapt to evolving challenges in protecting children. |
Why in the news?
- Chargesheet against Medical Practitioner: The chargesheet filed against a doctor was not quashed by the court. He was charged for failing to report an offence under the POCSO Act.
- Treatment of a Minor: The case involved the medical treatment of a girl who was admitted to the hospital following an abortion caused by the consumption of a termination of pregnancy tablet.
- Addressing Consensual Sexual Activity and Abuse: Strict compliance with reporting obligations is crucial to ensure that offences arising from consensual sexual activity, rape, or sexual abuse against children are properly addressed under the law.
Age Discrepancy and Offence Details
- Age Discrepancy: The girl’s age, initially recorded as 18 years and three months in hospital documents, was later revealed to be around 12 years and 11 months in the complaint under the POCSO Act.
- Sexual Intercourse and Abortion: The complaint alleged that the girl was forced to have sexual intercourse by her 21-year-old boyfriend, who administered a tablet to terminate the pregnancy, leading to heavy bleeding.
- Complaint Timing: The POCSO Act complaint was filed approximately two months after the girl’s treatment at the petitioner’s hospital.
Court’s Analysis and Trial Testing
- Doctor’s Disbelief Claim: The court rejected the doctor’s contention that he had no reason to disbelieve the individuals who brought the girl to the hospital and claimed she was 18 years and three months old.
- Observations on Doctor’s Experience: The court found it highly improbable that the doctor, with 35 years of experience as a gynaecologist, did not recognize that the victim was of tender age.
- Testing in Trial: The court emphasized that the doctor’s claim of ignorance regarding the victim’s age would be examined during the trial proceedings.
Importance of Reporting by Doctors
- Ensuring Accountability: Strict compliance with reporting obligations by doctors is essential to hold offenders accountable for their actions under the POCSO Act.
- Preventing Offenders from Escaping Justice: Failure to report offences, especially by medical practitioners, can allow offenders to evade legal consequences and perpetuate harm against children.
- Safeguarding Child Welfare: Timely reporting of offences by doctors is crucial to protect the welfare and rights of children who may be victims of sexual abuse or exploitation.
Need for State Intervention and Direction
- State’s Role in Enforcement: The court highlighted the necessity for the state to intervene and direct strict compliance with Section 19 of the POCSO Act, specifically by doctors involved in medical termination of pregnancy for minors in extenuating circumstances.
- Preventing Offences in Extenuating Circumstances: By ensuring strict compliance, the state can prevent offenders from exploiting extenuating circumstances, such as medical termination of pregnancy, to escape the legal repercussions of their actions.
Way Forward
- Training and Sensitization: Specialized training programs should be conducted to sensitize doctors about identifying signs of child abuse and reporting suspicious cases promptly.
- Streamlined Reporting Mechanisms: Establishing streamlined and confidential reporting mechanisms within the healthcare system can facilitate the reporting process and encourage doctors to fulfill their reporting obligations.
- Collaboration and Coordination: Effective collaboration between healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, and child protection authorities is crucial to ensure a coordinated response in cases involving child sexual offences.
- Stringency against non-Compliance: Implementing stringent consequences for doctors who fail to report offences can serve as a deterrent and reinforce the importance of fulfilling reporting obligations.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the reporting system can identify gaps, challenges, and areas for improvement to strengthen the reporting process and enhance child protection measures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Environment Day
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Plastics have become an integral part of human life, despite their adverse environmental impact.
- World Environment Day (5th June) serves as a reminder of our responsibility to address plastic pollution.
Why in news?
- 50th Anniversary of World Environment Day: The day, led by UNEP since 1973, marks its 50th anniversary this year.
- Global Platform for Environmental Outreach: World Environment Day has grown into the largest global platform for environmental outreach.
- Theme- #BeatPlasticPollution: This year’s World Environment Day focuses on the urgent need to combat plastic pollution.
World Environment Day 2023
|
| Date |
June 5th |
| Theme (2023) |
Ecosystem Restoration |
| Host Country (2023) |
Pakistan |
| Established |
World Environment Day was established in 1972 by the United Nations at the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment |
| Purpose |
To raise awareness and promote action for environmental protection |
| Importance |
Platform for global environmental campaigns and initiatives |
| Activities |
Various activities are organized worldwide, such as tree planting, clean-up drives, and educational programs |
| Previous Themes |
Previous themes have focused on topics like biodiversity, air pollution, plastic pollution, and more |
| Organized by |
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) |
Plastic pollution and the need for Solutions
- Plastic pollution is a pressing global issue that requires immediate attention.
- Over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, with less than 10% being recycled.
- Plastic pollution negatively affects ecosystems and poses risks to human health.
Understanding Plastic Pollution
- Versatile Nature of Plastics: Plastics are synthetic materials capable of being shaped and molded according to requirements.
- Types of Plastics: Commodity plastics, such as PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS, dominate global production.
- Identification Codes and Different Properties: Plastics can be identified by their resin identification codes (RIC) and possess distinct properties.
Environmental impact of plastics
- Plastics have revolutionized various industries but raise significant environmental concerns.
- Plastics have a slow decomposition rate, leading to the persistence of plastic waste.
- Microplastics, including primary and secondary types, accumulate in various environments.
Health risks and toxic chemicals
- Microplastics contain toxic chemicals that pose risks to human health.
- Bisphenol A (BPA) in microplastics can have detrimental effects on human health.
Worst examples of Plastic Pollution
- The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a vast collection of plastic and microplastic waste.
- It was formed due to converging ocean currents and is situated in the North Pacific Ocean.
- It covers a surface area of 1.6 million sq km, with smaller patches in other oceans.
Actions against Plastic Pollution
- Urgency for Collective Action: Plastic pollution necessitates collective efforts and immediate action.
- World Environment Day’s Reminder of Responsibility: World Environment Day serves as a reminder of our responsibility to address plastic pollution.
Way forward
- Plastic Recycling: Advanced recycling technologies offer new ways to efficiently recycle plastic waste.
- Promoting Circular Economy Models: Embracing circular economy principles can reduce plastic waste and promote sustainable resource usage.
- Education and Awareness Campaigns: Spreading awareness and educating the public about the impact of plastic pollution can drive behavioral change.
- Collaboration between Industries and Governments: Cooperation between industries and governments is essential to develop comprehensive strategies for tackling plastic pollution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) conducts investigations into train accidents, including the recent tragic train crash in Odisha.
About Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS)
- Role of CRS: CRS is a government body responsible for railway safety oversight and carries out inspectorial, investigatory, and advisory functions as mandated by the Railways Act, 1989.
- Headquarters: The CRS is headquartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA).
Evolution of CRS and Safety Oversight
- Early Railways in India: Private companies constructed and operated the first railways in India in the 1800s, with the British Indian government appointing consulting engineers for control and oversight.
- Establishment of Government Inspectors: The consulting engineers were later designated as government inspectors, and in 1883, their position was recognized statutorily.
- Inclusion in the Railway Board: In the early 1900s, the Railway Inspectorate came under the Railway Board, established in 1905, making the board the safety controlling authority for Indian railways.
Separation of Safety Oversight and Railway Board
- Government of India Act, 1935: The act stated that an independent authority, separate from the Railway Board, should be responsible for ensuring the safety of railway operations.
- Delayed Implementation: The outbreak of World War II in 1939 delayed the separation, and the Railway Inspectorate continued to function under the control of the Railway Board.
- Mount Panel Report: In 1939, the Mount Panel recommended the separation of the Railway Inspectorate from the Railway Board, acknowledging the board’s agreement with the proposal.
Transfer of Railway Inspectorate’s Control
- Central Legislature’s Endorsement: In 1940, the Central Legislature endorsed the separation of the Railway Inspectorate from the Railway Board.
- Administrative Control Shift: In May 1941, the Railway Inspectorate was transferred from the Railway Board’s control to the Department of Posts and Air.
- Renaming as CRS: The Inspectorate was renamed as the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) in 1961 and placed under the administrative control of the ministry overseeing civil aviation.
Functions and Responsibilities of CRS
- Railway Safety Oversight: CRS is responsible for ensuring the safety of rail travel and operations in India.
- Inspectorial Functions: CRS conducts inspections of railway infrastructure, equipment, and operations to ensure compliance with safety standards.
- Investigatory Functions: CRS conducts thorough investigations into serious train accidents to determine the causes and make recommendations for improvements.
- Advisory Functions: CRS provides expert advice and recommendations to the Ministry of Civil Aviation and other stakeholders on matters related to railway safety.
- Collaboration with Railway Authorities: CRS works closely with the Ministry of Railways and the Railway Board to address safety concerns and implement safety measures.
- Cooperation with Other Agencies: CRS collaborates with other agencies and organizations involved in railway safety, such as the National Safety Council and the Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering.
Why does it function under MCA?
- Insulation from Railway Establishment: CRS operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Civil Aviation to maintain independence and prevent conflicts of interest.
- Objective Decision-Making: Independence from the railway establishment ensures impartiality in accident investigations and safety oversight.
- Enhanced Credibility: The separation of CRS from the Railway Board enhances the credibility of safety oversight and investigations.
Future Challenges and Priorities
- Modernization and Technology Integration: CRS focuses on integrating advanced technologies and modernizing railway infrastructure to enhance safety.
- Safety Culture and Behavioral Change: Promoting a strong safety culture and fostering behavioral change among railway staff and passengers are key priorities.
- Addressing Emerging Risks: CRS continuously assesses and addresses emerging safety risks, such as cybersecurity threats and climate change impacts, in railway operations.
International Collaboration and Best Practices
- Knowledge Sharing: CRS actively participates in international forums and collaborates with global railway safety organizations to exchange best practices and enhance safety standards.
- Benchmarking and Learning: CRS benchmarks its safety practices against international standards and adopts relevant best practices to improve railway safety in India.
- Harmonization of Safety Regulations: CRS contributes to the harmonization of safety regulations and standards with international frameworks to ensure interoperability and seamless rail connectivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AMR, Pandemic Treaty
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Pandemic Treaty: The latest version of the draft Pandemic Instrument, also known as the “pandemic treaty,” was shared with Member States at the World Health Assembly.
- Removal of AMR Mentions: It became apparent that all mentions of addressing antimicrobial resistance in the Pandemic Instrument were at risk of removal.
What is AMR?
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the development of resistance in microorganisms to drugs that were once effective against them.
- Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, can become “immune” to medications used to kill or control them.
- Misuse or overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of AMR.
About the Pandemic Treaty
- Initiation of Work: Work on the Pandemic Instrument began in December 2021.
- Objective: The instrument aims to protect nations and communities from future pandemic emergencies under the WHO’s Constitution.
Importance of Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
- Calls for Inclusion: Civil society and experts, including the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, have emphasized the inclusion of AMR in the Pandemic Instrument.
- Not Limited to Viruses: Not all pandemics in the past or future are caused by viruses, with bacterial pandemics like plague and cholera being devastating examples.
- Impact of Bacterial Infections: Bacterial infections cause one in eight deaths globally and contribute to the rise of drug-resistant infections.
Need for Comprehensive Pandemic Preparedness
- Wider Range of Threats: Planning and developing effective tools to respond to a broader range of pandemic threats, beyond viruses, is crucial.
- Secondary Bacterial Infections: Even in viral pandemics like COVID-19, secondary bacterial infections become a serious issue, requiring effective antibiotics.
Concerns over Potential Removal of AMR Measures
- Risk to Future Pandemics: The removal of AMR measures from the Pandemic Instrument could hinder efforts to protect people from future pandemics.
- At-Risk Measures: Measures at risk of removal include better access to safe water, infection prevention and control, integrated surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship.
Strengthening the Pandemic Instrument to Address AMR
- Inclusion of AMR Measures: Measures to address AMR can be easily incorporated into the Pandemic Instrument.
- Recommendations for Inclusion: Recommendations include addressing bacterial pathogens, tracking viral and bacterial threats, and harmonizing AMR stewardship rules.
Efforts to Highlight AMR in the Pandemic Instrument
- Involvement of Specialized Organizations: Civil society and research organizations participated in the WHO’s Intergovernmental Negotiating Body, providing analysis on AMR in the draft.
- Publication of Special Edition: Leading academic researchers and experts published a special edition outlining the importance of addressing AMR in the Pandemic Instrument.
Current State and Next Steps
- Concerns over Removal: Insertions related to AMR are at risk of removal after closed-door negotiations by Member States.
- Importance of the Pandemic Instrument: The instrument is vital for mitigating AMR and safeguarding antimicrobials for treating secondary infections in pandemics.
- Global Political Action: Collaboration and collective efforts are needed to address AMR and support the conservation and equitable distribution of safe and effective antimicrobials.
Safeguarding Antimicrobials for Future Pandemic Response
- Undermining Goals: Missing the opportunity to address AMR in the Pandemic Instrument undermines its broader goals of protecting nations and communities.
- Core Role of Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials are essential resources for responding to pandemics and must be protected.
- Call for Strengthened Measures: Member States should strengthen measures to safeguard antimicrobials and support actions for conserving their effectiveness within the instrument.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: KFON, Fibre Optic
Mains level: Internet inclusivity
Central Idea
- Free Internet: The Kerala government officially launched KFON, a flagship project aimed at reducing the digital divide and promoting e-governance.
- Bridging the Digital Divide: KFON intends to provide high-speed broadband internet access to all households and government offices in Kerala.
What is KFON?
- KFON acts as an optical fibre cable network infrastructure provider, covering 30,000 km and 375 Points-of-Presence across Kerala.
- KFON’s infrastructure is shared with all service providers, including cable operators, benefiting both government offices and individual beneficiaries.
- Local ISP/TSP/cable TV providers are responsible for providing internet connectivity to households.
Spread and Speed of KFON
- Connectivity Goals: The initial stage of KFON aims to connect 30,000 government offices and 14,000 BPL (Below Poverty Line) families in Kerala.
- Internet Speed and Mobile Connectivity: KFON promises internet speeds ranging from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps and is expected to improve mobile phone call quality.
- Progress: As of June 5th, 17,412 government offices and 2,105 houses have been connected, with cable networks laid down for 9,000 houses.
Purpose: Empowering the Poor
- Internet Connection for BPL Families: KFON aims to provide internet connections, free of cost, to 20 lakh families below the poverty line.
- Phase 1 implementation: The first phase targets 14,000 BPL families, with a long-term plan to select 100 BPL families in each assembly constituency for high-speed internet access.
Need for KFON
- Left’s Alternative Model of Development: KFON is showcased by the CPI(M) government as part of their commitment to the public sector and an alternative development model.
- Rural Connectivity Challenges: KFON addresses the limited infrastructure and bandwidth provided by private telecom operators in rural areas.
- Enhanced Service Delivery: KFON was established to ensure efficient service delivery, quality, reliability, interoperability, and security.
Stakeholders of KFON
- Joint Venture and Ownership: KFON is a joint venture of Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and Kerala State IIT Infrastructure Limited, with KSEB owning the infrastructure assets.
- Project Implementation: A consortium led by Central PSU Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is responsible for implementing the KFON project.
- Project Funding: The project is fully funded by the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB).
Services Provided
- Core Network Infrastructure: KFON aims to create an information highway with non-discriminatory access, connecting government offices and educational institutions.
- Range of Services: KFON offers connectivity to government offices, leasing of dark fibre, internet leased line, fibre to the home, wifi hotspots, colocation of assets, IPTV, OTT, and cloud hosting.
- Licenses and Facilities: KFON holds Infrastructure Provider (category one) and Internet Service Provider (category B) licenses, allowing access to optic fibre network infrastructure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kakhovka Dam
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Breach of the Dnipro River Dam: A Soviet-era Kakhovka Dam on the Dnipro River in southern Ukraine was breached, resulting in floodwaters spreading across the war zone.
- Conflicting Accounts: Ukraine accused Russia of destroying the dam, while Russian officials provided differing explanations, suggesting Ukrainian shelling or prior damage as potential causes.
The Kakhovka Dam
- Construction and Purpose: The Kakhovka Dam was built in 1956 as part of the Khakhovka hydroelectric power plant, with a height of 30 meters (98 feet) and a length of 3.2 kilometres (2 miles).
- Water Supply: The dam’s reservoir supplies water to the Crimean peninsula, claimed by Russia since 2014, and the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant, which is also under Russian control.
- Reservoir Capacity: The reservoir holds approximately 18 cubic km of water, comparable in volume to the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA.
Accounts of the Dam Breach
- Ukrainian Accusations: Ukraine attributed responsibility to Russia, stating that the dam was destroyed by “Russian terrorists” and accusing Russian occupying forces of the act.
- Russian Claims: Russian-installed officials offered conflicting accounts, with some blaming Ukraine for shelling the dam, while others asserted that the dam collapsed due to pre-existing damage and water pressure.
Human Impact and Evacuations
- Potential Flooding: The surge in water levels poses a significant risk, potentially impacting thousands of people in the affected areas.
- Evacuations: Evacuation efforts commenced on both sides of the front line to ensure the safety of civilians.
- Population at Risk: Russian-installed officials indicated that 22,000 individuals across 14 settlements in Ukraine’s southern Kherson region were at risk of flooding, while the Ukrainian Prime Minister noted that up to 80 settlements were in danger.
Impact on Crimea
- Water Supply Concerns: The rupture of the dam raises concerns about water levels in the North Crimea Canal, which supplies fresh water to the Crimea peninsula from the Dnipro River.
- Dependence on Canal: Crimea depends on the canal for fresh water, and its previous blockage by Ukraine after the 2014 annexation caused water shortages in the region.
- Potential Consequences: Decreased water levels in the canal could have significant implications for water supply in Crimea.
Other hotspots under threat: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant
- Cooling Water Source: The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Europe’s largest, relies on the reservoir as a source of cooling water.
- Russian Control: The plant is located on the southern side of the conflict zone, which is currently under Russian control.
- Nuclear Safety Assurance: The International Atomic Energy Agency stated that there was no immediate nuclear safety risk at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, and Russia’s state nuclear energy company affirmed that there was no threat to the plant.
Try this question from CS Prelims 2023
Consider the following pairs:
Regions often mentioned in news: Reason for being in news
- North Kivu and Ituri: War between Armenia and Azerbaijan
- Nagorno-Karabakh: Insurgency in Mozambique
- Kherson and Zaporizhzhia: Dispute between Israel and Lebanon
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LAC
Mains level: Tensions on Line of Actual Control (LAC) and need for peace and stability
Central Idea
- The Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China has been a hotbed of tension and occasional clashes in recent years, posing a significant risk of escalation. Both countries have invested heavily in defensive preparedness and military infrastructure near the LAC. While a permanent solution may not be immediately achievable due to the complexity of the border dispute, short-term and pragmatic steps can be implemented to reduce the chances of conflict and foster peaceful coexistence
Inadequacies in Existing Agreements
- Lack of Clarity on LAC: The agreements are based on the assumption that both parties have a clear understanding and definition of the LAC. However, in reality, there are significant segments of the border where the exact demarcation is disputed or lacks clarity.
- Insufficient Mechanisms for Dispute Resolution: The 1993 Agreement called for the creation of joint mechanisms to verify and settle LAC-related disputes. However, it took 19 years for the establishment of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) in 2012. While the WMCC meets twice a year, its effectiveness in resolving disputes and preventing escalations on the ground has been limited.
- Limited Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) Points: The LAC, which stretches for 3,488 kilometers, currently has only four established BPM points. The 2005 Protocol proposed the establishment of a BPM point at Lipulekh, but it has not been implemented.
- Lack of Progress in Force Reduction and Redeployment: The agreements, such as the 1993 Agreement and the 1996 Agreement, envisioned a mutually agreed reduction and redeployment of forces along the LAC. However, there has been little progress in implementing these provisions. The absence of substantial force reductions contributes to the prevailing tensions and increases the risk of confrontations.
Facts for prelims
| States |
Border with China |
Important Passes |
| Jammu and Kashmir |
1597 km |
Khardung La Pass, Chang La Pass, Marsimik La Pass, Saser La Pass |
| Arunachal Pradesh
|
1126 km
|
Bum La Pass, Kibithu Pass, Tawang |
| Uttarakhand |
345 km |
Mana Pass, Lipulekh Pass, Niti Pass |
| Sikkim |
220 km |
Nathu La Pass, Jelep La Pass |
| Himachal Pradesh |
200 km |
Shipki La Pass, Kaurik Pass |
The Need for Effective and Immediate Measures
- Fragile and Dangerous Situation: As stated by India’s External Affairs Minister, the situation along the LAC in Eastern Ladakh remains fragile and dangerous from a military assessment perspective. The potential for escalation and the risk of conflict are significant.
- Escalation of Aggression: Following the Galwan crisis, there has been a significant mobilization of Chinese forces into Tibet, accompanied by heightened rhetoric and jingoism from both countries.
- Complexity of Border Dispute: The border dispute between India and China, encompassing areas such as Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin, is intricate and has deep historical and geopolitical roots. Achieving a permanent solution to the dispute may not be immediately feasible.
- Uncertainty of War Outcomes: While there might be voices advocating for a more confrontational approach, it is essential to consider the potential outcomes of a full-fledged war. Despite assurances from the government, there is no guarantee that the results of such a conflict would be favorable to either India or China.
Proposed Steps for Peace and Stability
- Conversion of LAC into a Line of Control (LC): Both India and China should delineate the LAC on maps and on the ground without prejudicing their respective border claims. This transformation would help reduce the urge among forward troops to make incremental advances and could be accomplished through mature dialogue and the use of technology.
- Treatment of Disputed Areas as No Entry Zones or Joint Patrolling: The disputed areas along the LAC could be designated as no entry zones, preventing either side from establishing a permanent presence. Alternatively, both countries can explore the possibility of allowing mutually agreed-upon patrolling of these areas. Joint patrolling would help maintain the status quo and build confidence between the troops.
- Strengthening Existing Confidence Building Measures (CBMs): The WMCC, established in 2012, should be empowered with more authority and resources to effectively address LAC-related disputes. Additionally, establishing more BPM points along the LAC would facilitate quicker resolution of local issues and enhance communication and cooperation between the Indian and Chinese troops.
Conclusion
- The tense situation along the Line of Actual Control calls for immediate action to ensure stability and prevent the outbreak of a major conflict. It is crucial for both nations to prioritize dialogue, cooperation, and a commitment to regional stability in order to safeguard their own interests as well as those of the world, politically and economically.
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Central Idea
- Deepfakes, produced through advanced deep learning techniques, manipulate media by presenting false information. These creations distort reality, blurring the lines between fact and fiction, and pose significant challenges to society. While deepfakes have emerged as an “upgrade” from traditional photoshopping, their potential for deception and manipulation cannot be underestimated
What is mean by Deepfakes?
- Deepfakes refer to synthetic media or manipulated content created using deep learning algorithms, specifically generative adversarial networks (GANs).
- Deepfakes involve altering or replacing the appearance or voice of a person in a video, audio clip, or image to make it seem like they are saying or doing something they never actually did. The term “deepfake” is a combination of “deep learning” and “fake.
- Deepfake technology utilizes AI techniques to analyze and learn from large datasets of real audio and video footage of a person.
The Power of Deepfakes
- Manipulate Media: Deepfakes can convincingly alter images, videos, and audio, allowing for the creation of highly realistic and deceptive content.
- Blur Reality: Deepfakes can distort reality and create false narratives, blurring the lines between fact and fiction.
- Transcend Human Skill: Deepfakes go beyond traditional methods of manipulation like photoshopping, utilizing advanced deep learning algorithms to process large amounts of data and generate realistic falsified media.
- Produce Real-Time Content: Deepfakes can be generated in real-time, enabling the rapid creation and dissemination of manipulated content.
- Reduce Imperfections: Compared to traditional manipulation techniques, deepfakes exhibit fewer imperfections, making them more difficult to detect and debunk.
- Spread Misinformation: Deepfakes have the potential to spread misinformation on a large scale, influencing public opinion, and creating confusion.
- Exploit Facial Recognition: Deepfakes can be used to manipulate facial recognition software, potentially bypassing security measures and compromising privacy.
- Create Illicit Content: Deepfakes have been misused to generate non-consensual pornography (“revenge porn”) by superimposing someone’s face onto explicit material without their consent.
- Influence Elections: Deepfakes can be employed to create videos that depict political figures engaging in inappropriate behavior, potentially swaying public opinion and impacting election outcomes.
- Persist in Digital Space: Once released, deepfakes can continue to circulate online, leaving a lasting impact even after their falsehood is exposed.
Positive applications of deepfakes
- Voice Restoration: Deep learning algorithms have been employed in initiatives like the ALS Association’s “voice cloning initiative.” These efforts aim to restore the voices of individuals affected by conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing a means for them to communicate and regain their voice.
- Entertainment and Creativity: Deepfakes have found applications in comedy, cinema, music, and gaming, enabling the recreation and reinterpretation of historical figures and events. Through deep learning techniques, experts have recreated the voices and/or visuals of renowned individuals
- Visual Effects and Film Industry: Deepfakes have been utilized in the film industry to create realistic visual effects, allowing filmmakers to bring fictional characters to life or seamlessly integrate actors into different environments.
- Historical and Cultural Preservation: Deepfakes can aid in preserving and understanding history by recreating historical figures or events. By using deep learning algorithms, experts can breathe life into archival footage or photographs, enabling a deeper understanding of the past and enhancing cultural preservation efforts.
- Augmented Reality and Gaming: Deep learning techniques are employed to create immersive augmented reality experiences and enhance gaming graphics. By generating realistic visuals and interactions, deepfakes contribute to the advancement of these technologies, providing users with captivating and engaging virtual experiences.
- Medical Training and Simulation: Deepfakes can be used in medical training and simulation scenarios to create lifelike virtual patients or simulate medical procedures. This allows healthcare professionals to gain valuable experience and enhance their skills in a controlled and safe environment.
The path to redemption regarding deepfakes
- Regulatory Framework: Implementing comprehensive laws and regulations is necessary to govern the creation, distribution, and use of deepfakes. These regulations should address issues such as consent, privacy rights, intellectual property, and the consequences for malicious actors.
- Punishing Malicious Actors: Establishing legal consequences for those who create and disseminate deepfakes with malicious intent is essential. This deterrence can discourage the misuse of this technology and protect individuals from the harmful effects of false and manipulated media.
- Democratic Inputs: Including democratic input in shaping the future of deepfake technology is crucial. Involving diverse stakeholders, including experts, policymakers, and the public, can help establish guidelines, ethical frameworks, and standards that reflect societal values and interests.
- Digital Literacy and Education: Promoting scientific, digital, and media literacy is essential for individuals to navigate the deepfake landscape effectively. By equipping people with the critical thinking skills necessary to identify and analyze manipulated media, they can become empowered consumers and contributors to a more informed society.
- Responsible Technology Development: Technology companies must prioritize ethical considerations and societal implications when developing and deploying deepfake-related technologies. Instead of solely focusing on what can be done, they should also question what should be done, ensuring that deepfake technologies are aligned with ethical guidelines and serve the collective good.
- International Collaboration: Encouraging international cooperation and collaboration can foster a unified approach to tackling the challenges posed by deepfakes. This can involve sharing best practices, establishing common standards, and creating platforms for knowledge exchange and coordination.
- Fundamental Moral Rights: Recognizing the fundamental moral right to protect against the manipulation of hyper-realistic digital representations of individuals’ image and voice is crucial. Upholding and safeguarding these rights can provide a foundation for addressing the ethical implications of deepfakes and ensuring respect for individual autonomy and dignity.
- Ethical AI Practices: Applying ethical principles to the development and deployment of artificial intelligence, including deepfake technologies, is essential. Companies should prioritize responsible AI practices, including transparency, accountability, fairness, and inclusivity, to mitigate the potential harm caused by deepfakes.
Individual responsibility in addressing the challenges posed by deepfakes
- Media Literacy: Developing media literacy skills is vital in today’s digital landscape. Individuals should educate themselves about the existence of deepfakes, understand how they are created, and learn to critically evaluate media content. This includes questioning the authenticity and sources of information before accepting it as true.
- Critical Thinking: Cultivating critical thinking skills enables individuals to analyze information objectively and discern between genuine and manipulated content. By questioning the credibility, context, and motives behind media content, individuals can better protect themselves from falling victim to deepfake manipulation.
- Responsible Sharing: Individuals should exercise caution when sharing content online. Before disseminating media, it is important to verify its authenticity and consider the potential consequences of sharing potentially misleading or harmful information. Being mindful of the impact one’s actions can have on others is crucial.
- Fact-Checking: Fact-checking sources and using reliable news outlets can help individuals verify the accuracy of information before accepting or sharing it. Consulting reputable sources, checking multiple perspectives, and utilizing fact-checking organizations can contribute to a more informed understanding of the content being consumed.
- Reporting Misinformation: If individuals encounter deepfake content or suspect its presence, reporting it to the relevant authorities, platforms, or organizations can help combat its spread. Promptly notifying the appropriate channels can contribute to the identification and removal of harmful deepfake content.
- Advocacy and Awareness: Individuals can actively participate in raising awareness about the dangers of deepfakes by engaging in discussions, sharing educational resources, and advocating for responsible use of technology. By spreading awareness and promoting media literacy, individuals can contribute to a more informed and vigilant society.
- Ethical Considerations: Considering the ethical implications of deepfakes and actively choosing not to engage in their creation or dissemination can contribute to responsible technology use. Upholding ethical values, such as respecting privacy, consent, and the well-being of others, helps maintain integrity in the digital space.
Facts for prelims
What are the catfish accounts?
- Catfishing refers to the practice of setting up fictitious online profiles most often for the purpose of luring another into a fraudulent romantic relationship.
- A “catfish” account is set up a fake social media profile with the goal of duping that person into falling for the false persona.
|
Conclusion
- Deepfakes present a paradoxical challenge in our modern age, wielding immense power alongside significant risks. While laws and regulations are necessary to mitigate their negative consequences, fostering public awareness and digital literacy is equally important. By collectively addressing the ethical, legal, and technological aspects of deepfakes, we can navigate this powerful yet controversial technology, ensuring it serves the betterment of society while safeguarding our moral rights and democratic values
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major breakthroughs is Indian Railways
Mains level: Indian Railways, recent accidents, Safety concerns
Central Idea
- A glance at historical data on railway accidents may create the impression that such incidents are a relic of the past. The Indian Railways has made significant progress, with the average number of accidents plummeting from 1,390 per year in the 1960s to 80 per year in the last decade. However, the recent triple-train collision in Odisha’s Balasore, one of India’s deadliest, has ignited concerns about safety in rail travel.
Train Accidents: An Overview
- Derailments: Derailments constitute the majority of train accidents, accounting for approximately 70% of incidents since 1990-91. They occur when a train’s wheels leave the tracks, often due to factors such as track defects, rail fractures, rolling stock defects, or even excessive speed.
- Level Crossing Accidents: Accidents at level crossings occur when a train collides with a vehicle or pedestrian at an intersection. These accidents are often attributed to negligence, inadequate warning systems, or disregard for safety precautions by road users.
- Collisions: Train collisions involve two or more trains crashing into each other. They can occur due to signal failures, human errors, or miscommunication between railway staff. Collisions pose a significant risk to passengers’ safety and can result in severe injuries or fatalities.
- Fires in Trains: Fires breaking out in trains can have devastating consequences. They can be caused by electrical faults, mechanical failures, or even deliberate acts. Quick response and effective fire suppression systems are crucial to minimizing the damage and ensuring passenger safety.
The causes and responsibilities associated with train accidents
- Negligence or Failure of Railway Staff: Approximately 55% of consequential train accidents are attributed to negligence or failure on the part of railway staff. This includes errors in signaling, improper maintenance of tracks or rolling stock, inadequate training, or lapses in following safety protocols.
- Factors outside Railway Staff’s Control: Around 28% of train accidents occur due to factors beyond the control of railway staff. These may include incidents caused by external elements such as unauthorized crossing of tracks by pedestrians or vehicles, sabotage, natural disasters, or acts of terrorism.
- Equipment Failure: Approximately 6% of train accidents result from equipment failure, including signaling system malfunctions, rolling stock defects, or failures in infrastructure components.
- Shared Responsibility: It’s important to acknowledge that ensuring safety in rail travel is a shared responsibility involving both the railway administration and passengers. Passengers must adhere to safety guidelines, avoid trespassing, and report any suspicious activities.
Trends and distribution of safety expenditure
- Record Allocation in Union Budget: The Indian Railways received a significant allocation of ₹2.40 lakh crore in the 2023-24 Union Budget. This record funding demonstrates the recognition of the importance of safety within the railway system.
- Capital Expenditure Share: When considering capital expenditure for crucial safety activities like track renewal, signaling, and telecom, the allocation shares have either dwindled or remained stagnant in recent years.
- Track Renewal: Allocation for track renewal has seen a decline, with the percentage dropping to 7.2% in FY24. This indicates a potential gap in prioritizing the maintenance and renewal of tracks, which are essential for safe train operations.
- Signalling Expenditure: Expenditure proposed for signaling has remained at a low 1.7% when considered as a share of budgetary support for capital expenditure. Adequate investment in signaling systems is vital for ensuring safe and efficient train operations.
- Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK): The RRSK fund, established with a corpus of ₹1 lakh crore, aims to provide financial support for critical safety-related works and accident prevention. However, a parliamentary standing committee report in March 2023 highlighted that appropriations to the RRSK have consistently fallen short since its introduction.
- Earmarked Allocation Targets: The Railways has struggled to meet the earmarked allocation targets for safety-related works in the past five years. This indicates the need for better adherence to allocation plans and ensuring that designated funds are effectively utilized for safety measures.
Challenges in meeting the target for track renewal
- Annual Track Renewal Target: According to a white paper by the Ministry of Railways, approximately 4,500 km of track should be renewed annually to ensure the safety and efficiency of train operations. This target is based on the need to address track defects, rail fractures, and other issues that can lead to derailments or accidents.
- Target Achievement: Data indicates that the Indian Railways has struggled to achieve the desired track renewal targets in recent years. With the exception of one year, the Railways has consistently fallen short of the annual renewal target set by the Ministry.
- Factors Affecting Track Renewal: Several factors contribute to the challenges in track renewal. These include financial constraints, limited resources, logistical difficulties, and operational constraints. The vast network of the Indian Railways, spanning thousands of kilometers, presents significant challenges in efficiently renewing tracks across the entire system.
- Budgetary Allocation: The allocation of financial resources for track renewal plays a crucial role in meeting the targets. However, the share of the budget allocated to track renewal has seen a decline in recent years, reaching 7.2% in FY24. Insufficient budgetary support can hinder the timely and comprehensive renewal of tracks.
- Maintenance Practices: Effective track maintenance practices are essential for identifying and addressing potential issues before they escalate into safety hazards. Regular inspections, timely repairs, and adherence to maintenance schedules are critical in ensuring the longevity and safety of tracks. Improvements in maintenance practices can contribute to more efficient track renewal efforts.
Facts for prelims
What is Kavach?
- It is India’s very own automatic protection system in development since 2012, under the name Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), which got rechristened to Kavach or “armour”.
- Simply put, it is a set of electronic devices and Radio Frequency Identification devices installed in locomotives, in the signalling system as well the tracks.
- They connect to each other using ultra high radio frequencies to control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers, all based on the logic programmed into them.
|
Way forward
- Strengthen Safety Governance: Establish a dedicated safety governance framework within the Indian Railways, ensuring clear lines of accountability and responsibility for safety-related matters. This includes setting up safety committees, conducting regular safety audits, and implementing effective safety management systems.
- Robust Risk Assessment: Conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential hazards and vulnerabilities across the railway network. This should include analyzing historical data, conducting safety studies, and utilizing advanced technologies for risk prediction and mitigation.
- Continuous Safety Training: Provide regular and specialized safety training programs for railway staff at all levels. This includes training on emergency response procedures, safety protocols, and the use of safety equipment. Promote a safety culture that emphasizes vigilance, adherence to procedures, and continuous learning.
- Infrastructure Upgrades: Invest in upgrading and modernizing railway infrastructure, including tracks, bridges, signaling systems, and level crossings. Implement advanced technologies such as automated signaling systems, track monitoring systems, and predictive maintenance tools to enhance safety and efficiency.
- Technological Innovations: Embrace emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), and data analytics to improve safety measures. Utilize these technologies for real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, risk assessment, and early detection of potential safety hazards.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaborations with national and international organizations, research institutions, and technology providers to exchange knowledge, best practices, and innovative solutions for railway safety. Engage in public-private partnerships to leverage expertise and resources for safety improvement projects.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Leverage data analytics and predictive modeling to identify safety trends, make informed decisions, and allocate resources effectively. Establish a robust data management system to capture, analyze, and disseminate safety-related information for informed policymaking.
- Regular Safety Audits: Conduct periodic safety audits to assess compliance with safety standards, identify gaps, and implement corrective measures. Involve independent safety experts to ensure impartiality and thorough evaluation.
- Transparent Reporting: Maintain transparency in reporting safety-related incidents, accidents, and near-miss occurrences. Share safety performance data with the public, stakeholders, and regulatory authorities to foster accountability and drive continuous improvement.
Conclusion
- While the Indian Railways has made remarkable progress in reducing the number of train accidents over the years, the recent Balasore tragedy has exposed critical safety concerns. Negligence, equipment failure, and insufficient track renewal contribute to the persistent risks. By addressing these challenges head-on, the Indian Railways can restore public confidence and uphold passenger safety as its foremost priority.
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