Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Higgs Boson Decay
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Physicists at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) reported detecting a rare decay of the Higgs boson into a Z boson and a photon.
- The decay process provides valuable insights into the Higgs boson and the nature of our universe.
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
|
| What is it? |
– The LHC is the world’s largest science experiment constructed by CERN.
– It collides beams of hadrons, such as protons, for high-energy physics research.
– Upgrades have enhanced the LHC’s sensitivity and accuracy for its third season of operations. |
| Functioning |
– Protons are accelerated through a 27 km circular pipe using powerful magnets.
– Magnetic fields guide the protons, reaching speeds close to the speed of light. |
| Particle Collisions |
– Collisions of high-energy protons lead to the creation of various subatomic particles.
– The LHC has achieved collision energies of up to 13.6 TeV. |
| Scientific Discoveries at the LHC |
– LHC’s detectors, including ATLAS and CMS, discovered the Higgs boson in 2012.
– Scientists have tested predictions of the Standard Model, observed exotic particles, and gained insights into extreme conditions. |
| Future of the LHC |
– Upgrades are planned to increase the LHC’s luminosity by ten times by 2027, aiming to discover new physics.
– There is a debate about investing in a larger LHC or smaller experiments to explore new realms of physics. |
Understanding the Higgs Boson
- The Higgs boson is a type of subatomic particle that carries the force of particle movement through the Higgs field, present throughout the universe.
- Interaction with Higgs bosons determines a particle’s mass, with stronger interaction leading to greater mass.
Importance of Higgs Boson Decay
- Studying how different particles interact with Higgs bosons and understanding the properties of Higgs bosons helps reveal information about the universe.
- The recent detection of Higgs boson decay to a Z boson and a photon provides noteworthy insights.
Role of Virtual Particles
- Quantum field theory suggests that space at the subatomic level is filled with virtual particles that constantly appear and disappear.
- Higgs bosons interact fleetingly with virtual particles during their creation, resulting in the production of a Z boson and a photon.
New Result and Probability
- The Standard Model predicts that the Higgs boson will decay into a Z boson and a photon 0.1% of the time.
- The LHC needed to produce a significant number of Higgs bosons to observe this decay pathway.
Confirmation and Statistical Precision
- The ATLAS and CMS detectors, which previously observed the decay independently, combined their data for increased statistical precision.
- Although the significance is not yet 100%, the combined data enhanced the confirmation of the Higgs boson decay.
Significance for the Standard Model
- Physicists seek to detect and validate the predicted decay pathways of the Higgs boson according to the Standard Model.
- Precise testing of the model’s predictions helps identify potential deviations and explore new theories in physics.
Implications for New Theories
- Higher decay rates through the observed pathway could support new theories beyond the Standard Model.
- Experimental evidence from the LHC could contribute to advancements in scientific understanding.
Back2Basics: Standard Model
- The Standard Model is a theoretical framework in physics that describes the fundamental particles and their interactions, except for gravity.
- It provides a comprehensive understanding of three of the four fundamental forces: electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces.
- Developed in the mid-20th century, the Standard Model has been highly successful in explaining and predicting the behaviour of elementary particles.
Key points about the Standard Model:
- Particle Classification: The Standard Model classifies particles into two main categories: fermions and bosons.
- Fermions: Fermions are particles that make up matter. They are further categorized into quarks and leptons. Quarks are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, while leptons include electrons and neutrinos.
- Bosons: Bosons are force-carrying particles responsible for transmitting the fundamental forces. Examples include photons (electromagnetic force), gluons (strong nuclear force), and W and Z bosons (weak nuclear force).
- Fundamental Forces: The Standard Model explains the interactions between particles through the following fundamental forces:
- Electromagnetic Force: Mediated by photons, this force governs the interactions between charged particles.
- Strong Nuclear Force: Mediated by gluons, it binds quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other particles.
- Weak Nuclear Force: Mediated by W and Z bosons, it is responsible for certain types of radioactive decay.
- Higgs Field and Higgs Boson: The Standard Model introduces the concept of the Higgs field, an energy field that permeates the universe. Particles acquire mass through their interaction with this field. The existence of the Higgs boson, a particle associated with the Higgs field, was confirmed in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012.
Limitations and Open Questions:
While the Standard Model has been highly successful in describing particle interactions, it has some limitations:
- Gravity: The theory does not include a description of gravity, which is described by general relativity. Combining gravity with the other forces remains a challenge.
- Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The Standard Model does not account for dark matter and dark energy, which are believed to constitute a significant portion of the universe.
- Unification: The theory does not provide a unified description of all forces, including electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hammurabi Code , Adverse Possession
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The recent report by the Law Commission on the law of adverse possession provides an overview of adverse possession, its historical origins, and its current provisions under the Limitation Act of 1963.
Adverse Possession
| DEFINITION |
It refers to the hostile possession of property, which must be continuous, uninterrupted, and peaceful. |
| Historical Background |
Historical roots dating back to the Hammurabi Code and developed through statutes of limitation in England.
The first attempt to introduce the law of limitation in India was through the “Act XIV of 1859,” regulating civil suits. |
| Provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 |
The burden of proof for adverse possession shifted to the claimant, who must show continuous possession for a specified period. |
| SC Recommendations for Changes in the Law |
Hemaji Waghaji Jat v. Bhikhabhai Khengarbhai Harijan and Others (2008) case: The SC criticized the law of adverse possession as irrational and placing a premium on dishonesty.
- The SC recommended a fresh look at the law and urged the government to make suitable changes.
|
| Recent Law Commission Report |
- There is no justification for changing the law on adverse possession.
- Two ex officio members of the Commission filed a dissent note, arguing that the law promotes false claims and should be struck off.
|
| Dissenting Opinions and Criticisms |
- It questioned the contradictory requirement of peaceful and hostile possession in adverse possession cases.
- It argued that the law burdens the courts with unnecessary litigation and promotes false claims.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Duty-Free Quota Free (DFQF) Scheme
Mains level: WTO
Central Idea
- India offers a duty-free quota-free (DFQF) scheme to least developed countries (LDCs) under the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
- A report by the LDC Group reveals that about 85% of the products offered by India remain unutilised under the DFQF scheme.
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
|
| Establishment |
The WTO was established on January 1, 1995, following the Uruguay Round of Negotiations conducted from 1986 to 1994. |
| Nature |
The WTO is the only global international organization dedicated to regulating trade rules between nations. |
| Successor to GATT |
It is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was in place from 1948 to 1994. |
| Objectives |
To facilitate the smooth, predictable, and unrestricted flow of international trade. |
| Working Principles |
Based on the principles of MFN and national treatment, ensuring equal and non-discriminatory treatment. |
| Member-Driven Organization |
Governed by its member governments, and decisions are made through consensus among these members. |
| Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries |
The WTO provides specific flexibilities and rights to least developed countries (LDCs) and developing nations. |
DFQF Scheme
- The DFQF access for LDCs was initially decided at the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Meeting in 2005.
- India became the first developing country to extend this facility to LDCs in 2008, providing preferential market access on 85% of its total tariff lines.
- The scheme was expanded in 2014, offering preferential market access on about 98.2% of India’s tariff lines to LDCs.
Issues highlighted by WTO
(1) Tariff Line Utilisation Data
- WTO data from 2020 indicates that 85% of the tariff lines offered by India under the DFQF scheme show zero utilisation rate.
- China’s utilisation rate for similar tariff lines is 64%, with only 8% of the lines showing a utilisation rate above 95%.
- Utilisation rates for beneficiary LDCs vary significantly, with Guinea and Bangladesh having low rates (8% and 0% respectively), while Benin reports the highest utilisation rate of 98%.
(2) Non-Preferential Tariff Route
- Similar to China, significant amounts of LDC exports enter India under the non-preferential (most favoured nation) tariff route, despite being covered by the Indian preference scheme.
- The report highlights the importance of preference margins, indicating potential duty savings.
- For example, fixed vegetable oil exported from Bangladesh to India has a preference margin of 77.5 percentage points, implying a potential $74 million duty savings if the preference scheme were utilized.
Challenges and Barriers
- The report suggests that the low utilisation of the preference scheme by LDCs is not due to exporter awareness but rather existing barriers that hinder the effective use of preferences.
- The specific barriers preventing LDCs from fully utilizing the scheme are not mentioned in the article.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GOTS
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA), Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), and Marple (an AI company) aims to track cotton certification in India.
- Utilizing satellite images and artificial intelligence, the project focuses on identifying and classifying cotton fields in India.
What is GOTS?
- The Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) is a globally recognized standard for the processing and manufacturing of organic textiles.
- It is a leading certification for organic fibers, including cotton, throughout the entire supply chain, from harvesting of raw materials to labeling of the final product.
- GOTS ensures that organic textiles meet strict environmental and social criteria, providing credible assurance to consumers.
Key aspects of GOTS include:
- Organic Fiber Criteria: GOTS requires that at least 95% of the fibers in a textile product must be certified organic. It prohibits the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and restricts the use of certain synthetic chemicals.
- Environmental Criteria: GOTS sets strict environmental criteria for processing and manufacturing organic textiles. It includes guidelines for wastewater treatment, chemical inputs, and energy usage, promoting sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact.
- Social Criteria: GOTS also encompasses social criteria, ensuring fair and safe working conditions for employees throughout the supply chain. It includes provisions for workers’ rights, prohibition of forced labor, and compliance with International Labor Organization (ILO) standards.
- Supply Chain Traceability: GOTS requires full traceability of the supply chain, from the source of the organic fibres to the final product. This ensures transparency and integrity throughout the production process.
- Labelling and Certification: GOTS-certified products are labelled accordingly, allowing consumers to identify and choose organic textiles with confidence. Certification is carried out by independent third-party organizations that assess compliance with GOTS standards.
What is the new program about?
- ESA’s programme will train AI models to analyze ESA satellite data and identify cotton fields in India.
- The project will help GOTS generate accurate estimates of organic cotton yields and incorporate standardized yield metrics.
- The initiative aims to identify cotton fields meeting predetermined standards and support a seamless transition to organic cultivation.
- Traditional and ecologically friendly farming practices will be encouraged.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's parliamentary democracy and key constitutional provisions
Mains level: Increasing subordination of Parliament and executive dominance in India's democracy
Central Idea
- The recent inauguration of a new Parliament building in India was accompanied by both grandeur and controversy. While the exclusion of the President and the symbolic gestures surrounding the Sengol stirred significant debate, there is a deeper issue that remains overlooked the growing subordination of Parliament in India’s parliamentary democracy and the emergence of Executive democracy.
What is mean by Parliamentary Democracy?
- Parliamentary democracy is a form of government in which the executive branch, headed by a Prime Minister or equivalent position, derives its legitimacy and authority from the legislative branch, known as Parliament. In this system, the executive is accountable to Parliament and relies on its support to govern effectively.
What is mean by Executive Democracy?
- Executive democracy refers to a form of governance where the executive branch of government holds a dominant or disproportionate amount of power and influence compared to other branches, such as the legislature or judiciary. In an executive democracy, the executive branch, usually headed by a President or Prime Minister, exercises significant control over policy-making and decision-making processes
Executive Democracy vs. Parliamentary Democracy
| Aspect |
Executive Democracy |
Parliamentary Democracy |
| Concentration of Power |
Executive branch holds dominant power and control |
Power is shared between executive and legislature |
| Decision-making |
Decisions made primarily by the executive |
Decisions made through deliberation in Parliament |
| Checks and Balances |
Limited checks on executive power |
Robust system of checks and balances |
| Accountability |
Limited avenues for holding executive accountable |
Strong mechanisms to ensure executive accountability |
| Legislative Influence |
Legislature may have limited influence |
Legislature plays a significant role in shaping policies |
| Separation of Powers |
Potential for blurred separation of powers |
Clear separation of powers between branches |
| Opposition Role |
Opposition may have limited influence |
Opposition has an important role in holding the government accountable |
| Civic Engagement |
Limited avenues for civic engagement |
Opportunities for civic engagement and participation |
| Pluralism and Representation |
Potential for limited representation of diverse interests |
Emphasis on diverse representation and pluralism |
| Policy Stability |
Potentially streamlined decision-making |
Decision-making through debate and deliberation |
| Potential for Authoritarianism |
Increased risk of authoritarian tendencies |
Strong democratic safeguards against authoritarianism |
How the safeguards against executive dominance are being diluted?
- Intra-Party Dissent: The anti-defection law, introduced through the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution in 1985, suppresses intra-party dissent by disqualifying members who defy the party whip. Despite its intention to curb horse-trading and unprincipled floor-crossing, this law has reinforced the power of party leadership, particularly the executive, while making intra-party dissent more difficult due to the risk of disqualification from Parliament.
- Limited Space for Opposition: Unlike other parliamentary democracies, the Indian Constitution does not allocate specific space for the political opposition in the House. As a result, parliamentary proceedings are largely under the control of the executive, leaving no constitutional checks on how that control is exercised. This hampers the opposition’s ability to hold the executive accountable.
- Partisan Speakers: The Speaker, who should be an impartial authority representing the interests of Parliament, often acts in a partisan manner.
- Undermining the Role of the Upper House: The Upper House’s role is further undermined by the misclassification of bills and the constitutional power to issue ordinances. Ordinances, meant for emergency situations when Parliament is not in session, are increasingly used as a parallel process of law-making, bypassing the scrutiny of the Upper House and creating a fait accompli.
The implications of executive dominance
- Weakened Checks and Balances: Executive dominance can undermine the system of checks and balances that is vital for democratic governance. When the executive branch holds excessive power, the ability of other institutions, such as the legislature and judiciary, to effectively monitor and limit executive actions can be compromised.
- Reduced Accountability: The concentration of power in the executive can diminish accountability mechanisms. Transparency and oversight mechanisms may suffer, limiting public scrutiny and the ability to hold the government accountable for its decisions, actions, and policies.
- Limited Legislative Influence: Executive dominance may curtail the influence and effectiveness of the legislature. The executive may have significant control over the legislative agenda, which can limit the ability of lawmakers to shape policies, propose amendments, and exercise meaningful oversight.
- Diminished Role of Opposition: Executive dominance can marginalize the role and impact of the political opposition. With limited avenues to influence decision-making, the opposition’s ability to present alternative viewpoints, challenge government actions, and hold the executive accountable may be restricted.
- Impaired Deliberative Democracy: Executive dominance may result in limited deliberation and debate on important legislative matters. When decision-making is centralized in the executive, opportunities for comprehensive discussion, public input, and the exploration of diverse perspectives may be diminished.
- Potential for Policy Capture: Concentrated executive power can create opportunities for special interest groups or powerful individuals to exert undue influence over policy decisions. This can lead to policy capture, favoritism, and a lack of equitable representation of diverse interests.
- Threat to Judicial Independence: Executive dominance can pose risks to the independence of the judiciary. The executive’s influence over judicial appointments and the potential for encroachment on the judiciary’s autonomy can undermine the impartial administration of justice and compromise the protection of individual rights.
- Democratic Backsliding: Excessive executive dominance without proper checks and balances can contribute to democratic backsliding. It can erode democratic norms, undermine institutional integrity, and potentially lead to authoritarian tendencies.
Facts for prelims: key constitutional provisions related to India’s parliamentary democracy
| Constitutional Provision |
Description |
| The Preamble |
Declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic |
| Article 79 |
Establishes the Parliament of India as the supreme legislative body |
| Article 74 |
Outlines the role and powers of the President as the head of the executive branch |
| Article 75 |
Deals with the appointment and powers of the Prime Minister |
| Article 86 |
Outlines the powers and functions of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) |
| Article 105 |
Grants privileges and immunities to members of Parliament |
| Article 266 |
Establishes the Consolidated Fund of India and Contingency Fund of India |
| Article 368 |
Outlines the procedure for amending the Constitution of India |
| Article 226 |
Grants High Courts the power to issue writs and remedies for the enforcement of rights and laws |
Way forward: Restoring the prominence of Parliament
- Review and Amend the Anti-Defection Law: Revisit the anti-defection law, Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, to strike a balance between party discipline and intra-party dissent. The law should focus on curbing unprincipled floor-crossing while allowing space for lawmakers to express dissenting views within their parties.
- Strengthen Opposition Rights: Allocate specific space and time for the political opposition in the House to hold the executive accountable. Consider implementing sessions like Prime Minister’s questions, where the Prime Minister faces direct questioning from the Leader of the Opposition and other politicians.
- Enhance Impartiality of the Speaker: Encourage the Speaker to act independently and impartially by introducing reforms that require the Speaker to relinquish party membership and impose constitutional obligations to ensure neutrality and fairness in conducting House proceedings.
- Preserve the Role of the Upper House: Protect the role and importance of the Upper House, the Rajya Sabha, by ensuring that bills are not misclassified as “money bills” to bypass its scrutiny. Limit the misuse of ordinances to maintain the integrity and effectiveness of the legislative process.
- Strengthen Parliamentary Oversight: Enhance the capacity of parliamentary committees to scrutinize executive actions, policies, and budgets effectively. Provide them with adequate resources and powers to conduct thorough investigations and hold the government accountable.
- Public Participation and Transparency: Promote public participation in the legislative process by making parliamentary proceedings more accessible to the public through live streaming, public consultations, and the dissemination of information. Enhance transparency by ensuring timely publication of bills, reports, and other parliamentary documents.
- Judicial Independence and Judicial Review: Uphold the independence of the judiciary and ensure that it acts as a strong check on executive power. Respect the decisions of the judiciary and safeguard its autonomy to ensure that laws and executive actions align with the constitution and protect individual rights.
Conclusion
- While the inauguration of a new Parliament building attracts attention, it is imperative to address the underlying issue of the increasing subordination of Parliament in India’s democracy. Restoring the prominence of Parliament in the democratic process necessitates comprehensive constitutional changes and reforms. Only then can India reclaim its status as a robust parliamentary democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Khap Panchayats
Central Idea
- The Khap leaders are calling for swift action and the arrest of a Minister, who is accused of sexual harassment of wrestlers in order to address the allegations effectively and ensure justice.
- In order to escalate their demands and seek support for their cause, the khap leaders have decided to organize a delegation to meet with President.
Understanding Khaps
- Khaps are gotra-based and region-based social outfits: Khaps are social organizations that are primarily based on the gotras (clans tracing paternal lineage) and regions.
- How are they named?: They derive their name either from the number of villages/clusters of villages they represent or the gotras they are associated with.
Types of Khaps
- Gotra-based Khaps: They have jurisdiction in villages dominated by the respective gotras they represent.
- Region-based Khaps: They have influence over a specific region comprising a few villages to several hundred villages.
Features of Khaps
- Traditional dispute resolution: Historically, khaps served multiple functions, including resolving disputes among families and villages, upholding religious customs, and safeguarding the region from external invasions.
- Archaic decrees: However, their role in protection from invasions has become largely irrelevant today, and they primarily focus on dispute resolution and ensuring adherence to social and religious customs.
- Leadership and succession: Khaps lack a formal organizational structure when it comes to leadership and succession. While the position of khap president or leader was traditionally hereditary, it is no longer a strict rule.
Functions of Khaps
- Dispute Resolution: Khaps have traditionally played a significant role in settling disputes, both within families and between villages. They act as mediators and strive to find resolutions that are acceptable to all parties involved.
- Maintenance of Social and Religious Customs: Khaps are responsible for upholding social and religious customs within their communities. They ensure that traditions, rituals, and cultural practices are followed and preserved.
- Social Governance: Khaps exercise a form of social governance in their respective areas of influence. They enforce societal norms and standards, promoting social cohesion and harmony within the community.
- Community Welfare: Khaps often engage in activities aimed at the welfare of the community. This may include organizing social and cultural events, providing support during crises, and facilitating community development initiatives.
- Advice and Guidance: Khaps serve as a source of advice and guidance for community members. Individuals can approach the khap leaders for counsel on various personal, social, or legal matters.
- Representation and Advocacy: Khaps act as representative bodies for their communities, advocating for their interests and concerns. They may engage with local authorities, government officials, and other stakeholders to address community-specific issues.
- Preserving Lineage and Genealogy: Khaps play a role in preserving the lineage and genealogy of families within their communities. They maintain records and knowledge of ancestral connections, which can be important for social and marital customs.
- Protection of Community Interests: Historically, khaps also had a role in protecting the community from external threats, such as invasions. While this function is largely irrelevant today, khaps may still come together to address issues that affect the collective interests of their communities.
Power and Political Influence of Khaps
- Large associated population: Khaps draw power from their association with a significant number of individuals who identify with specific gotras or reside within their jurisdiction.
- Legitimacy through actions: Khaps gain legitimacy by acting as pressure groups and mobilizing people for political issues. Their ability to rally their members and exert pressure on authorities makes them influential players in politics.
- Active participation in protests: Khaps actively participate in protests and movements, amplifying the voices of the aggrieved and adding weight to their demands.
- Farmer agitation involvement: Khaps played a significant role in the farmer agitation against contentious farm laws, contributing to the success of the movement.
- Crucial players in politics: Khaps have emerged as crucial players in north Indian politics, with political parties seeking their support due to their widespread influence and large support base.
- Limited individual political success: While khaps hold political influence collectively, individual khap leaders have varying success in their personal political careers.
Issues with Khaps
- Regressive social customs: Khaps impose restrictions on inter-caste and intra-gotra marriages, limiting personal freedom and perpetuating caste-based divisions.
- Gender inequality: Khaps often discriminate against women, enforcing patriarchal norms and restricting their rights and choices.
- Involvements in honour killings: Khaps have been associated with honor killings, where individuals are killed for marrying against family or community wishes.
- Lack of legal authority: Khaps lack legal authority but exert social pressure and impose penalties, violating individual rights.
- Absence of democratic processes: Khaps lack transparent leadership selection and decision-making processes, leading to disputes and favoritism.
- Exclusion and discrimination: Khaps promote exclusion and discrimination based on caste, gotra, or other social divisions.
- Interference in legal matters: Khaps interfere in legal proceedings, challenging the authority of the judicial system.
Relevance of Khap
- Resolving local disputes: Khaps are relevant in rural areas for resolving local social disputes and providing a mechanism for conflict resolution.
- Upholding customs and traditions: Khaps maintain the relevance of social and cultural customs, contributing to the preservation of cultural identity.
- Community cohesion and solidarity: Khaps foster community cohesion and provide a platform for collective action and addressing shared concerns.
- Advisory and guidance role: Khaps offer advice and guidance to community members on personal, social, or legal matters.
- Advocacy for community interests: Khaps advocate for the needs and aspirations of their communities, ensuring their voices are heard.
- Sense of identity and belonging: Khaps contribute to a sense of identity and belonging by connecting individuals to their ancestral lineage.
- Social welfare and support: Khaps engage in activities for social welfare and community development.
- Political influence: Khaps hold political influence, with parties seeking their support due to their large support base and mobilization capabilities.
Conclusion
- Overall, a nuanced approach is necessary to recognize and respect the positive aspects of Khaps while addressing their shortcomings and ensuring a more inclusive and equitable society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ordinance related provisions
Mains level: Recent ordinance amending the Government of NCTD Act concerns over federalism and way ahead
Central Idea
- The recent promulgation of an ordinance by the Union government, amending the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) Act, 1991, has raised concerns about federalism, democracy, bureaucratic accountability, executive law-making, and judicial review. This move nullified the Supreme Court judgment that recognized the elected government of Delhi’s legislative and administrative powers over services.
What is mean by asymmetric federalism?
- Asymmetric federalism refers to a governance model in which different regions or constituent units within a country are granted varying degrees of autonomy or special provisions based on their unique characteristics, circumstances, or historical factors.
- It recognizes that not all regions or constituent units are the same and may require different arrangements to accommodate their specific needs and aspirations
Key points regarding Delhi’s unique position and asymmetric federalism
- Sui generis status: The Supreme Court recognized that the addition of Article 239AA in the Constitution granted the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) a distinct and special status. This acknowledgment indicates that Delhi does not fit neatly into the category of either a full-fledged state or a union territory.
- Examples of special governance arrangements: India’s federal system already incorporates examples of asymmetric federalism. For instance, the special provisions under Article 370 (before its dilution) for Jammu and Kashmir and the protections provided under Article 371, as well as the 5th and 6th Schedule Areas, demonstrate the existence of differential treatment based on regional considerations.
- Legislative and administrative powers: The Supreme Court’s verdict on May 11 acknowledged that the elected government of Delhi possesses legislative and administrative powers over certain subjects, including services. This recognition further solidifies the idea that Delhi operates under a distinctive constitutional framework, allowing it to exercise powers similar to those of states.
- Federal entity status: While Delhi remains a Union Territory, the Court’s judgment emphasized that the unique constitutional status conferred upon it makes it a federal entity. This recognition affirms the existence of a distinct arrangement for Delhi within India’s federal structure.
- Contrasts with Jammu and Kashmir: It is worth noting that the Court’s application of asymmetric federalism principles in Delhi contrasts with the situation in Jammu and Kashmir, where similar principles were not upheld. This discrepancy highlights the need for consistent application and recognition of federalism across different regions.
Inconsistent Application of Asymmetric Federalism
- Differential treatment: Inconsistencies arise when different regions or constituent units within a country receive varying degrees of autonomy, special provisions, or protections based on their unique characteristics, historical factors, or political considerations.
- Unequal distribution of powers: In some cases, certain regions may enjoy greater devolved powers, legislative authority, or administrative autonomy compared to others. This disparity can create imbalances in decision-making and resource allocation, leading to perceptions of favoritism or discrimination.
- Varying levels of cultural or linguistic protections: Asymmetric federalism may involve granting special cultural or linguistic protections to specific regions or constituent units. However, the extent and nature of these protections can differ, leading to disparities in the preservation and promotion of cultural diversity and linguistic rights.
- Financial arrangements: Inconsistent application of asymmetric federalism can also manifest in the distribution of financial resources. Some regions may benefit from preferential funding or fiscal arrangements, while others may receive fewer resources, resulting in economic disparities and regional imbalances.
- Selective application based on political considerations: In some cases, the application of asymmetric federalism may be influenced by political factors, resulting in inconsistent treatment. Regions that align with the ruling party or have greater political influence may receive more favourable treatment, while others may be neglected or marginalized.
- Perception of unfairness and tensions: Inconsistencies in the application of asymmetric federalism can lead to a sense of unfairness, grievances, and tensions among regions or constituent units. This can undermine trust, unity, and cooperative governance within a federal system.
Facts for prelims
| Article |
Description |
| Article 123 |
Empowers the President to issue ordinances during Parliament’s recess. |
| Article 239 |
Deals with the administration of Union Territories. |
| Article 239A |
Provides for the creation of a Legislative Assembly for the Union Territory of Delhi. |
| Article 239AA |
Contains special provisions for the Union Territory of Delhi, including the establishment of a Legislative Assembly and governance structure. |
| Article 368 |
Outlines the procedure for amending the Constitution. |
| Article 144 |
Deals with the binding nature of the Supreme Court’s judgments on all courts and authorities in India. |
| Article 213 |
Empowers the Governor of a state to promulgate ordinances during the recess of the state legislature. |
Challenges Posed by the Ordinance
- Judicial independence: The swift and brazen act of undoing a Supreme Court judgment through an ordinance raises concerns about judicial independence. While the legislature has the authority to alter the legal basis of a judgment, directly overruling it undermines the independence of the judiciary.
- Executive overreach: The use of an ordinance, which is meant to address extraordinary situations, for political ends raises questions about executive overreach. The Supreme Court has previously held that ordinances should not be perverted to serve political objectives, indicating that their use should be limited and justified.
- Constitutional subterfuge: The ordinance adds an additional subject of exemption (services) to the legislative power of Delhi without amending the Constitution. This raises concerns about constitutional subterfuge, as it potentially circumvents the constitutional amendment process and undermines the constitutional framework.
- Bureaucratic accountability: The creation of a National Capital Civil Service Authority, where appointed bureaucrats can overrule an elected Chief Minister, undermines established norms of bureaucratic accountability. This consolidation of power in the hands of bureaucrats weakens democratic principles and dilutes the authority of elected representatives.
- Assault on federalism: The ordinance directly assaults the principles of federalism by limiting the control and decision-making power of the elected government of Delhi. It erodes the federal structure by introducing a mechanism where Union-appointed bureaucrats and the Lieutenant Governor can overrule the decisions of the Chief Minister and the elected government.
- Threat to democracy: The ordinance’s provisions, including the majority voting system and the decision-making authority of the Lieutenant Governor, raise concerns about democratic principles. By allowing unelected officials to wield significant power over elected representatives, it undermines the democratic ideals of representative governance and the will of the people.
Way Ahead: The Need for a New Politics of Federalism
- Protection of constitutional values: As the foundations of India’s constitutionalism are threatened, a new politics of federalism is required to safeguard the core values enshrined in the Constitution. Federalism serves as a vital mechanism to ensure a balance of power, protect the rights of states and regions, and uphold democratic principles.
- Counter-hegemonic idea: By championing the principles of decentralization, autonomy, and cooperative governance, a renewed focus on federalism can challenge the concentration of power and promote a more inclusive and participatory political system.
- Normative framework: Opposition parties often fail to take a principled stance on federalism or articulate it as a normative idea. A new politics of federalism should aim to establish federalism as a guiding principle based on first principles, emphasizing the importance of cooperative governance, checks and balances, and the protection of regional diversity.
- Articulating underlying values: A reimagined politics of federalism should consistently articulate the underlying values of federal governance. This includes recognizing the interplay between federalism and democracy, understanding the diverse interests and aspirations of regions, and ensuring equitable distribution of powers, resources, and opportunities.
- Balancing the centre-state dynamics: A robust politics of federalism can foster a healthy balance between the central government and the states or regions. It should promote dialogue, cooperation, and respect for the autonomy and authority of elected representatives at all levels.
Conclusion
- The recent ordinance amending the Government of NCTD Act has ignited debates about federalism, democracy, and bureaucratic accountability. Opposition parties must recognize the importance of federalism as a guiding principle and act to safeguard it. The protection of federalism requires a principled approach that upholds democratic values and ensures the balance of power between different tiers of government.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Role of Middle-class activism
Central Idea
- The recent protests by nationally acclaimed wrestlers against their federation chief have shed light on the limitations of middle-class activism and its failure to mobilize civil society effectively. Despite the potential for mobilization and government pressure, the wrestler protests failed to garner the support and momentum seen in past movements such as the Nirbhaya protests and the Anna Andolan.
What is mean by Middle-Class Activism?
- Middle-class activism refers to the engagement and participation of individuals belonging to the middle class in social, political, and civic activities aimed at bringing about social change, advocating for specific causes, and addressing societal issues.
Historical Perspective
- During the early 20th century, India witnessed a vibrant associational culture characterized by socio-economic initiatives led by urban elites from various social strata.
- While these efforts showcased a pluralistic and egalitarian dimension, they were not devoid of social conservatism and caste/community-based divisions.
- This associational culture, although limited in its reach, played a crucial role in uplifting individuals from lower social strata.
Retreat of Middle-Class Activism
- Shift in Focus: As the middle class gained control over power networks within the state-centered political economy, their focus shifted towards consolidating their own positions within the existing power structure.
- State-Centric Politics: With the middle-class assuming positions of power and influence within the government and bureaucracy, their engagement with civil society organizations and movements diminished.
- Fragmentation along Segmental Loyalties: The rise of caste/community-based organizations in the social and political landscape further fragmented civil society along segmental loyalties. While these organizations played a role in representing specific group identities and interests, they also contributed to a narrowing of civil society engagement and a reduced focus on broader social issues.
- Lack of Inclusivity: The retreat of middle-class activism led to a diminished role in addressing social issues and concerns that extend beyond the immediate interests of the middle class. The engagement became more exclusive and limited to issues directly affecting their own socio-economic status, often neglecting the concerns of marginalized and disadvantaged communities.
- Loss of Associational Culture: The retreat of middle-class activism resulted in a loss of vibrant associational networks that were previously instrumental in addressing social issues and fostering pluralism.
Resurgence of Middle-Class Activism
- Anti-Corruption Movement: During the UPA times, there was a notable rise in middle-class activism against corruption. The movement led by social activist Anna Hazare, commonly known as the Anna Andolan, drew significant support from the middle class, highlighting their dissatisfaction with the prevailing corruption in the political system.
- Demand for Good Governance: Middle-class activists voiced concerns about the need for transparent and accountable governance. They sought to address issues related to political corruption, public services, and the functioning of institutions, reflecting a desire for effective and responsive governance.
- Mass Mobilization: Middle-class activists mobilized large-scale protests and demonstrations to demand change. These movements aimed to bring attention to issues affecting the middle class, such as corruption and governance, and sought to create pressure for policy reforms and systemic improvements.
- Social Media and Technology: The rise of social media and digital platforms provided new avenues for middle-class activists to connect, organize, and mobilize. These platforms facilitated the dissemination of information, coordination of protests, and amplification of voices, leading to increased visibility and impact.
- Civil Society Engagement: Middle-class individuals actively participated in civil society organizations and initiatives, focusing on issues such as corruption, governance, and social justice. They contributed their expertise, resources, and time to drive change, reflecting a renewed interest in shaping civil society.
Critiques and limitations associated with middle-class activism
- Exclusionary Focus: Middle-class activism tends to prioritize issues and concerns that directly impact the middle class, often overlooking the needs and struggles of marginalized and disadvantaged communities. This exclusionary focus can perpetuate inequalities and hinder efforts to address broader social issues.
- Lack of Intersectionality: Failing to consider the intersections of race, gender, class, caste, and other factors can result in a narrow understanding of social issues and the exclusion of marginalized voices.
- Limited Grassroots Engagement: Middle-class activism can sometimes be characterized by top-down approaches, with decisions and agendas being set by a select group of individuals. This limits the involvement and agency of grassroots communities, who are directly affected by social issues and may have unique perspectives and solutions.
- Technocratic Approach: Middle-class activism often favors technocratic solutions and reforms, focusing on policy changes and institutional fixes. While these approaches can be important, they may overlook the deeper social and structural issues that contribute to inequality and injustice.
- Lack of Sustained Commitment: Middle-class activism may exhibit bursts of enthusiasm during certain moments or issues but lack long-term sustained commitment. This episodic engagement can limit the impact and continuity of activism, making it difficult to achieve lasting change.
- Co-option by Existing Power Structures: Middle-class activists may become co-opted or assimilated into existing power structures, diluting their transformative potential. This co-option can result in the absorption of activist energies into mainstream politics or bureaucratic systems, potentially leading to compromises original goals.
The Changing Indian Sensibility
- Technocratic Outlook: The changing sensibility is characterized by a technocratic outlook, which associates progress and development with technocratic governance and entrepreneurialism. There is a growing emphasis on efficient governance, economic growth, and the role of technology in driving societal changes.
- Shifting Perception of Politics: There is a sense of suspicion towards traditional mass-based politics, unions, and caste/community-based affiliations. This perception often stems from disillusionment with the existing political establishment and a desire for a more efficient and meritocratic system.
- Increasing Professionalism: The changing sensibility is marked by the rise of a professional middle class that places value on education, expertise, and meritocracy. There is an emphasis on professional accomplishments, entrepreneurship, and career success as markers of progress and social status.
The Role of Organizational Activism
- Mobilizing Support: Organizational activism involves mobilizing individuals and communities around shared goals and causes. These organizations often provide a platform for like-minded individuals to come together, share information, coordinate actions, and build solidarity.
- Advocacy and Lobbying: Organizational activists engage in advocacy and lobbying efforts to influence public opinion, shape policies, and bring about legislative or institutional changes. They work towards advancing their causes by engaging with policymakers, organizing campaigns, and using various communication channels to amplify their messages and demands.
- Grassroots Empowerment: Organizational activism can empower grassroots communities by providing them with a collective voice and platform to address their concerns. These organizations often work closely with local communities, promoting participatory decision-making, and enabling marginalized groups to articulate their needs and rights.
- Expertise and Research: Many organizational activists possess expertise in specific areas, such as human rights, environmental conservation, labor rights, or gender equality. They conduct research, collect data, and provide evidence-based arguments to support their advocacy efforts.
- Accountability and Monitoring: Organizational activists often act as watchdogs, monitoring government policies, corporate practices, or social issues. Through their monitoring efforts, they contribute to transparency, accountability, and the promotion of ethical practices.
- Coalitions and Alliances: Organizational activism frequently involves building coalitions and alliances with other like-minded organizations, movements, or community groups. By forging partnerships and collaborative efforts, they can leverage collective strength, pool resources, and amplify their impact.
- Social Transformation and Change: Organizational activism aims to bring about social transformation and change by addressing systemic issues, challenging power structures, and advocating for justice and equality.
Conclusion
- The limitations of middle-class activism, as evidenced by the wrestler protests, underscore the need to move beyond superficial and celebrity-dependent models of civil society engagement. To transcend segmental loyalties and build a more inclusive and effective civil society, a democratic process of building durable, programmatic solidarities is essential. Only through such an approach can civil society activism truly address social issues and bring about meaningful change.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's economic growth and other indicators
Mains level: Investment and Growth prospect and impact on GDP, future growth
Central Idea
- India’s GDP level is still 5 percent below its pre-pandemic trajectory, despite recording an average growth rate of 8 percent over the past two years. This indicates the lasting impact of the pandemic and highlights the need for sustained growth of over 7-8 percent to avoid further GDP loss.
Factors Contributing to Sluggish Investment and Growth
- Global Trade Stagnation: Since the global financial crisis, global trade has experienced a slowdown, affecting India’s export-oriented industries and reducing foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows.
- Uncertain Economic Environment: Economic uncertainties, both domestic and global, have led to a cautious approach from businesses, resulting in lower investment levels. Factors such as policy volatility, regulatory hurdles, and geopolitical tensions contribute to this uncertainty.
- Decline in Corporate Investment: Corporate investment as a percentage of GDP has declined from its peak of nearly 14.5 percent in 2007-08 to around 10.5 percent. This decline can be attributed to factors like sluggish demand, high corporate debt, and a lack of investor confidence.
- Slowdown in Residential Housing: The slowdown in the real estate sector, particularly residential housing, has adversely impacted overall investment. Factors such as liquidity issues, regulatory changes, and subdued demand have led to reduced investment in the sector.
- Falling Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME) Investment: Investment from SMEs, which play a crucial role in driving economic growth and job creation, has witnessed a decline. Barriers such as limited access to credit, regulatory complexities, and lack of technological capabilities hamper their investment potential.
- Insufficient Public Sector Compensation: While the central government has increased public sector investment, the overall public sector investment as a percentage of GDP has remained unchanged at 7 percent since the global financial crisis. This lack of compensation from the public sector has limited its ability to boost overall investment levels.
- Lack of “Crowd-in” Effect: The public sector’s inability to “crowd-in” private investment has contributed to sluggish growth. Despite efforts to stimulate private investment, the overall investment climate and business environment need further improvements to attract private players.
- Economic Challenges and Policy Reforms: India faces challenges such as demographic shifts, falling productivity, high indebtedness, structural inflation, and interest rates. These factors affect investor sentiment and may hinder investment and growth prospects.
Impact of Sluggish Investment and Growth on GDP
- Lower Economic Output: With reduced investment, businesses have fewer resources to expand operations, develop new products, and create employment opportunities. This, in turn, limits the overall output and growth potential of the economy.
- Unutilized Capacity: Slower investment hampers the utilization of existing productive capacity in various sectors. This underutilization leads to inefficiencies, decreased productivity, and a reduced contribution to GDP growth.
- Employment Generation: When businesses are hesitant to invest and expand, it results in limited employment opportunities. This can lead to higher unemployment rates, underemployment, and reduced household incomes, negatively impacting consumer spending and overall economic growth.
- Impaired Productivity: A lack of investment hampers productivity-enhancing measures such as adopting advanced technologies, improving infrastructure, and fostering innovation. Insufficient investment in research and development, training, and upgrading of machinery and equipment can lead to lower productivity levels.
- Reduced Business Confidence: When businesses lack confidence in the economy’s future prospects, they may delay or scale back investment plans, impacting productivity and growth. This can create a cycle of low investment and weak growth, further undermining business confidence.
- Fiscal Challenges: Reduced tax revenues and increased demand for social welfare programs can strain public finances, making it challenging for the government to allocate resources for critical development projects, infrastructure, and public services that contribute to economic growth.
- Macroeconomic Imbalances: Sluggish investment and growth can lead to macroeconomic imbalances, such as a higher fiscal deficit, current account deficit, and inflationary pressures. These imbalances can negatively affect the overall stability of the economy and impede sustained and inclusive growth.
Factors Influencing Future Growth
- Policy Reforms and Ease of Doing Business: The implementation of structural reforms and policies that promote ease of doing business can have a significant impact on future growth. Streamlined regulations, transparent governance, and business-friendly policies attract investment, foster entrepreneurship, and drive economic expansion.
- Infrastructure Development: Adequate and modern infrastructure, including transportation networks, power supply, digital connectivity, and social infrastructure, is crucial for sustainable economic growth.
- Human Capital Development: Investing in education, skill development, and healthcare contributes to the development of a skilled workforce, which is essential for innovation, productivity, and long-term economic growth.
- Technological Advancements and Digitalization: Embracing emerging technologies and fostering digitalization can boost productivity, enhance efficiency, and spur innovation. Investments in research and development, digital infrastructure, and technological adoption can drive future growth in sectors such as manufacturing, services, and agriculture.
- Trade and Global Integration: Expanding international trade and deepening economic integration can open up new markets, attract investments, and drive economic growth. Participation in regional and global trade agreements, removing trade barriers, and diversifying export markets can enhance competitiveness and create new opportunities for growth.
- Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation: Transitioning towards sustainable practices, renewable energy, and green technologies can contribute to long-term growth while addressing environmental challenges. Investing in climate change mitigation and adopting sustainable practices can attract investments and promote responsible and inclusive growth.
- Financial Inclusion and Access to Credit: Promoting financial inclusion and ensuring access to affordable credit for businesses and individuals can fuel entrepreneurial activities, stimulate investment, and support consumption-led growth.
- Political Stability and Good Governance: Political stability, effective governance, and the rule of law provide a conducive environment for economic growth. Sound institutions, transparent decision-making processes, and the fight against corruption inspire confidence among investors and foster long-term economic development.
Supply Chain Relocation
- “China + One” Strategy: The supply chain relocation trend known as the “China + One” strategy involves companies diversifying their manufacturing and sourcing activities by establishing additional production facilities outside of China.
- Limited Absorption Capacity: While economies like India, Mexico, and Vietnam stand to benefit from the “China + One” strategy, their absorption capacity for large-scale relocations may be limited. These economies might not have the infrastructure, skilled workforce, or supporting ecosystem to absorb a significant influx of relocation investments.
- Size Matters: Inward FDI into China has remained substantial, indicating its continued attractiveness as a manufacturing hub. The sheer size of China’s market, its infrastructure, and established supply chains make it challenging for other economies to fully replace or surpass its role as a global manufacturing powerhouse.
- Security-Driven Relocation: Another aspect of supply chain relocation involves security concerns, particularly in advanced technology sectors such as advanced semiconductors, AI, and quantum computing. Countries, especially in the West, may relocate supply chains related to these emergent technologies to regions considered within their “circle of trust,” often referring to NATO and close allies.
Climate Change and Investment Opportunities
- Renewable Energy: The transition to a low-carbon economy presents significant investment opportunities in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power. Investments in renewable energy infrastructure, research and development, and technology advancements can drive the growth of clean energy industries and contribute to decarbonization efforts.
- Energy Efficiency: Investments in energy-efficient technologies and practices can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower energy consumption. Energy-efficient buildings, smart grids, efficient transportation systems, and industrial processes offer attractive investment opportunities that promote sustainability and cost savings.
- Sustainable Infrastructure: Developing sustainable infrastructure, including green buildings, eco-friendly transportation systems, waste management facilities, and water conservation projects, presents opportunities for investment. Sustainable infrastructure projects can enhance resilience, reduce environmental impacts, and contribute to sustainable development goals.
- Green Finance and Investment Products: The growing demand for sustainable investments has led to the emergence of green finance and investment products. These include green bonds, sustainable funds, and impact investments that prioritize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. Investing in such financial products can align with climate change mitigation goals while generating financial returns.
- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Investments in CCS technologies and infrastructure can help capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes, power generation, and other sectors. CCS offers potential solutions to reduce emissions in industries that are challenging to decarbonize and can contribute to achieving climate goals.
- Circular Economy: Shifting towards a circular economy model, which focuses on reducing waste, recycling materials, and promoting resource efficiency, presents investment opportunities. Investments in waste management, recycling facilities, and innovative circular business models can drive sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of traditional linear production and consumption systems.
- Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry: Investments in sustainable agricultural practices, precision farming technologies, agroforestry, and sustainable forestry management contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. These investments can enhance food security, conserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable land use.
Conclusion
- India’s economic recovery from the pandemic has been encouraging, but the gap between current GDP levels and the pre-pandemic trajectory needs to be addressed. To achieve sustained growth, India must focus on revitalizing private investment, improving the investment climate, and actively participating in the global transition to a low-carbon economy. Only then can India mitigate the long-term scarring effects of the pandemic and ensure a prosperous future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Provisions related to territorial alteration of the states and tribes in news
Mains level: Increasing demand for a separate administration in Manipur causes, advantages and challenges
Central Idea
- The recent demand for a separate administration in Manipur has sparked widespread discussions on the sanctity of borders and the territorial integrity of the state. The demand, supported by various Kuki-Zo legislators highlights the alleged tacit support of the Manipur government towards violence against the Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi hill tribals. The counter-response from Meitei groups advocating for the protection of the state’s territorial integrity further complicates the situation.
Causes of the riots in Manipur
- The principal cause of the riots in Manipur is the failure of the state government to recognize and accommodate the territorial rights and identities of the different communities in the state.
- The state’s aggressive integrationist project, which seeks to dissolve tribal land rights in the valley areas, has been a major source of tension between the Meitei and tribal communities.
- Additionally, in April 2023, The Manipur High Court’s order to expedite the recommendation for granting ST status to the Meiteis further inflamed the tribal sentiments and led to the massive protest on May 3.
Factors contributing to the increasing demand for a separate administration in Manipur
- Ethnic Tensions and Divisions: Manipur is home to diverse ethnic communities, including the Kuki-Zo and Meitei groups. Ethnic tensions and historical divisions have persisted for years, leading to a sense of marginalization and a desire for separate administrative arrangements.
- Failure of Previous Arrangements: Previous attempts to address the concerns of tribal communities, such as the proposal for a Union Territory or inclusion in the Sixth Schedule, have been perceived as inadequate or non-serious. The lack of tangible progress has intensified the demand for a more comprehensive and separate administrative setup.
- Demographic Changes and Displacement: The extensive violence, displacement of populations, destruction of property, and loss of lives in recent times have significantly altered the demographic landscape of Manipur. These changes have deepened the divide between different communities and created a sense of irreparable separation.
- Economic Considerations: The Kuki-Zo-dominated districts of Manipur, such as Pherzawl and Churachandpur, possess valuable natural resources and strategic gateways to Southeast Asia. Proponents of a separate administration argue that harnessing these resources and leveraging the region’s economic potential would be better served under a distinct administrative framework.
- Lack of Trust in the Current System: The demand for a separate administration reflects a deep-seated mistrust in the existing political and administrative structures. Some communities believe that their interests and concerns are not adequately represented or addressed within the current system, leading to a call for a separate administrative entity.
- Popular Support and Mobilization: The current demand for a separate administration enjoys unprecedented popular support among the Kuki-Zo groups. This widespread backing has galvanized community members and fueled a sustained mobilization effort, making the demand a significant force in Manipur’s political landscape.
- Alleged Government Support for Violence: The demand stems from allegations that the Manipur government has tacitly supported violence against the Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi hill tribals. The perception of government inaction or indifference has fuelled discontent among the affected communities.
Constitutional Challenges for the implementation of a separate administration in Manipur
- Article 3 of the Constitution: The power to effect changes in a state’s border lies with the central government, as outlined in Article 3 of the Constitution. This provision grants unilateral power to the center to alter state boundaries.
- Opposition from Naga Groups: Granting a separate administration for Kuki-Zo in Manipur’s hill areas could face opposition from certain Naga groups. These groups may be reluctant to compromise on their territorial aspirations, particularly concerning the Naga’s demand for a sovereign ‘Nagalim.’ Finding a resolution that satisfies the demands of both communities is a significant challenge.
- Resistance from the State Government and Meitei Groups: The Manipur state government and Meitei groups may staunchly oppose the demand for a separate administration. They might advocate for maintaining the territorial integrity of Manipur and resist any attempts to alter the administrative setup.
- Revisiting Constitutional Arrangements: Establishing a separate administration in Manipur would necessitate revisiting and potentially amending the existing constitutional arrangements. This could involve dissolving sub-state constitutional asymmetrical arrangements, such as Article 371C, district councils, and tribal land rights.
- Overlapping Ethnic Boundaries: Manipur’s ethnic dynamics present a challenge when determining the territorial boundaries of a separate administration. Some districts, such as Chandel, Kamjong, and Tengnoupal, have mixed populations and historical territorial disputes between the Kukis and Nagas. Resolving these territorial complexities and addressing the concerns of all communities is a delicate task.
- Economic Viability: Critics may raise concerns about the financial sustainability and resource allocation for the proposed administrative entity. Demonstrating the economic potential and strategic advantages of a separate administration is crucial to counter these arguments.
Facts for prelims: Major tribes of Manipur
- Naga Tribes: The Nagas are one of the largest and most prominent tribes in Manipur. They are primarily concentrated in the hill areas of the state, and are known for their distinct culture and traditions.
- Kuki Tribes: The Kukis are another major tribe in Manipur, and are also primarily concentrated in the hill areas. They are known for their love of music and dance, and have a rich cultural heritage.
- Meitei Tribe: The Meitei are the dominant community in the valley areas of Manipur, and have their own distinct language and culture. They are known for their love of traditional sports such as Thang Ta (a form of martial arts) and Sagol Kangjei (a game similar to polo).
- Hmar Tribe: The Hmars are a smaller tribe in Manipur, but are still an important part of the state’s cultural fabric. They are known for their traditional dance forms, such as the Cheraw and Chheihlam
- Zomi Tribe: The Zomis are another smaller tribe in Manipur, but are spread across several states in Northeast India. They are known for their love of music and dance, and have a rich cultural heritage.
- Pangal Tribe: The Pangal tribe, also known as the Manipuri Muslims, is a minority community in Manipur. They have a distinct culture and language and are primarily concentrated in the valley region.
- Anal Tribe: The Anal tribe is a smaller ethnic group in Manipur and is primarily concentrated in the hill areas. They have a unique culture and are known for their traditional dress, dance, and music.
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Way ahead
- Dialogue and Negotiation: Facilitating a dialogue between the various stakeholders, including the Kuki-Zo groups, Meitei communities, Nagas, and the state government, is essential. Open and constructive discussions can help identify common ground and potential areas of compromise.
- Constitutional Reforms: Given the constitutional complexities involved, exploring options for constitutional reforms may be necessary. This could involve amending Article 3 to ensure greater involvement of the affected states in decisions regarding border changes, thereby addressing concerns about the exercise of unilateral power by the Centre.
- Devolution of Power: Considering the overlapping ethnic boundaries in Manipur’s districts, there could be a focus on devolving power and granting autonomy to local communities within a framework of non-territorial and territorial autonomy.
- Resource Management and Economic Development: Strategically leveraging the rich natural resources and strategic gateways in the Kuki-Zo-dominated districts, such as the natural gas belt and access to Southeast Asia, can contribute to the economic development of the region and provide incentives for a separate administration.
Inclusive Governance: Any solution should prioritize inclusive governance that recognizes and respects the rights and aspirations of all communities in Manipur. Ensuring equitable representation, protection of minority rights, and mechanisms for peaceful coexistence are essential components of a sustainable way forward.
- Learning from International Examples: Drawing lessons from federal polities like Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, where territorial divisions have been managed successfully, can provide valuable insights. Understanding their experiences and practices in accommodating territorially mobilized groups can inform the way forward in Manipur.
- Building Trust and Reconciliation: Addressing historical grievances, fostering social harmony, and promoting reconciliation among communities are crucial for long-term stability. Efforts should be made to build trust, bridge divides, and promote understanding among different ethnic groups in Manipur.
Conclusion
- With unprecedented popular support and the Rubicon of division already crossed, Manipur faces constitutional challenges in effecting this demand. The unresolved debate surrounding Manipur’s administrative future hinges on aligning agendas, ideas, and interests across India’s multi-level federal polity and processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CIBIL Score
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Student’s credit score not a factor: Kerala High Court emphasizes that a student’s credit score should not be a determining factor in rejecting an education loan application, highlighting the importance of equal opportunities for students.
- Importance of humanitarian approach: The court asserts that a humanitarian approach is necessary from banks while considering education loan applications, recognizing students as the “nation builders of tomorrow.”
RBI Circular on Educational Loan Scheme
- Model scheme for financial support: RBI has a model educational loan scheme prepared by the Indian Banks Association (IBA) to provide financial support to deserving students pursuing higher education, ensuring equal opportunities.
- Adoption by scheduled commercial banks: In 2019, the RBI advised all scheduled commercial banks to adopt the educational loan scheme, aiming for consistent practices and adherence to principles outlined in the circular.
Role of RBI in Education Loan Policies
- Ensuring financial support: RBI’s circular and advisory role aim to ensure that deserving students are not denied the opportunity to pursue higher education due to financial constraints, promoting inclusive access to education loans.
- Standardization and uniformity: The RBI’s model educational loan scheme and guidance seek to establish standardized practices across scheduled commercial banks, fostering fair and equitable access to education loans.
What is CIBIL Score?
- Numerical reflection of credit history: Credit scores, like the Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (CIBIL) score, provide a numerical summary of an individual’s credit payment history across different loan types and institutions, aiding lenders in assessing creditworthiness.
- Impact on loan applications: Credit scores play a crucial role in loan applications and financial assessments, serving as indicators of an individual’s ability to repay debts.
Why Education Loan can be an exception?
- Enabling pursuit of higher education: Education loans play a vital role in enabling students to pursue higher education, providing necessary financial support for tuition fees, living expenses, and educational costs.
- Equal opportunities for students: Access to education loans ensures equal opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds, facilitating their academic aspirations and future contributions to society.
- Implications of loan rejections: Loan rejections based solely on credit scores can hinder students’ educational prospects and limit their access to quality education and future career opportunities.
Judicial perspective on Education Loan
- Holistic evaluation beyond credit scores: Kerala HC emphasized the importance of considering the ground realities, future prospects, course potential, and scholarship opportunities for students in education loan applications, promoting a comprehensive assessment approach.
- Upholding equal access for all: Key rulings such as KM George vs The Branch Manager and Pranav SR vs The Branch Manager underscore the court’s commitment to upholding principles of equal access to education loans and fair assessments.
Significance of the Kerala HCs Ruling
- Equal opportunities: The ruling ensures equal opportunities for students by emphasizing that credit scores should not be the sole basis for loan rejections, preventing students from being denied educational opportunities based on their credit history.
- Humanitarian approach: The court’s emphasis on a humanitarian approach acknowledges the importance of considering students’ future potential and recognizes their role as future builders of the nation.
- Fair assessment criteria: The ruling establishes the need for fair assessment criteria that go beyond credit scores, encouraging financial institutions to consider factors such as course potential and future earning capabilities.
- Protection of educational aspirations: The ruling safeguards students’ educational aspirations, preventing loan rejections solely based on credit scores and allowing deserving students to pursue their studies.
- Precedent for future cases: The ruling sets a precedent for future cases, promoting a more holistic and compassionate approach in evaluating education loan applications, and potentially influencing other courts and financial institutions.
Way Forward
- Peer-to-Peer Lending Networks: Facilitate peer-to-peer lending platforms for education loans, connecting students directly with lenders and expanding access to funding.
- Education Loan Guarantee Funds: Establish funds to guarantee education loans, reducing risk for lenders and encouraging loans to students with lower credit scores.
- Financial Literacy Programs: Implement comprehensive financial literacy programs to equip students with knowledge and skills for responsible financial management.
- Industry-Academia Initiatives: Foster collaborations between industry and academia to provide scholarships, internships, and grants, supporting students’ education and future employability.
- Innovative Repayment Models: Explore income-share agreements and flexible repayment options to align loan repayment with individual earnings and ease financial burden.
- Crowdfunding for Education: Utilize crowdfunding platforms dedicated to education, enabling students to raise funds for their educational expenses from a wider audience.
- Collaborative Industry Sponsorship: Encourage partnerships where companies sponsor education loans in exchange for an internship or job placement opportunities, benefiting both students and companies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NFHS, Anaemia
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Anaemia questions are excluded from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6) due to concerns about accuracy, emphasizing the need for precise estimates to address India’s growing anaemia burden.
- NFHS-5 data reveals a significant increase in anaemia prevalence in India, underscoring the urgency of accurate estimates to effectively tackle this public health challenge.
National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
- NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.
- Three rounds of the survey have been conducted since the first survey in 1992-93.
- The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, is the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the survey.
- IIPS collaborates with a number of Field Organizations (FO) for survey implementation.
- The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health etc.
Each successive round of the NFHS has had two specific goals:
1. To provide essential data on health and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy and programme purposes, and
2. To provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues. |
Anaemia: A bigger menace
- Anaemia is characterized by low red blood cells or haemoglobin levels, leading to symptoms like fatigue and weakness.
- Iron deficiency is the primary cause, but deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12, and A also contribute.
- Addressing nutritional deficiencies is crucial for prevention and treatment.
Shift to DABS-I for Anaemia Assessment
- The Health Ministry shifted anaemia assessment to Diet and Biomarkers Survey in India (DABS-I) for more accurate prevalence estimates.
- DABS-I is a comprehensive dietary survey collecting individual data to assess food and nutrient adequacy nationwide.
Reasons for Methodology Change
- Concerns of Over-Diagnosis: Using WHO cut-offs may not suit the Indian population due to various factors that influence anaemia.
- Inadequacy of WHO Cut-Offs: Country-specific cut-offs are needed as the WHO’s haemoglobin cut-offs may not reflect the Indian anaemia situation accurately.
- Differences in Blood Sampling Methods: Venous blood sampling is more accurate than the capillary blood sampling used in previous surveys.
Role of DABS-I Dietary Survey
- DABS-I collects detailed dietary intake data to understand nutritional patterns and deficiencies contributing to anaemia.
- It provides information on nutrient composition in foods from different regions, aiding targeted interventions.
Prevalence of Anaemia in India
- High Burden: Anaemia is a significant public health concern in India, with a high prevalence across different population groups.
- Anaemia among Women: Data from national surveys indicate that a considerable percentage of women in India, particularly those in the reproductive age group, are affected by anaemia.
- Anaemia among Children: Anaemia is also prevalent among children in India, with a substantial proportion experiencing this condition at a young age.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Iron deficiency is the primary cause of anaemia in India. Inadequate intake and absorption of iron, along with deficiencies in other key nutrients, contribute to the problem.
- Socioeconomic Factors: Factors such as poverty, limited access to nutritious food, and inadequate healthcare contribute to the high prevalence of anaemia in certain socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
- Infections and Diseases: Certain infections, such as malaria and helminthiasis, and chronic diseases like kidney disease and cancer, can increase the risk of developing anaemia.
Impact on Health and Well-being
- Physical Symptoms: Anaemia can cause a range of physical symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and impaired cognitive function.
- Maternal and Child Health: Anaemia in pregnant women increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. It can also lead to low birth weight and developmental issues in infants.
- Impaired Growth and Development: Anaemia among children can hinder their growth, development, and overall well-being. It may affect cognitive function, school performance, and future productivity.
Government Initiatives and interventions
- National Nutrition Programs: The Government of India has implemented various programs, such as the National Iron+ Initiative and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, to address anaemia and improve maternal and child health.
- Supplementation and Fortification: Iron and other micronutrient supplementation programs, along with food fortification initiatives, aim to enhance iron intake and combat anaemia.
- Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns and educational programs focus on promoting nutrition, especially among vulnerable groups, and raising awareness about the importance of addressing anaemia.
Challenges and Future Directions
- Access to Healthcare and Nutritious Food: Improving access to quality healthcare services, affordable nutritious food, and clean drinking water is crucial in addressing anaemia in India.
- Multisectoral Collaboration: Addressing anaemia requires collaboration across various sectors, including healthcare, nutrition, education, and social welfare, to develop comprehensive strategies and interventions.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of anaemia prevalence, intervention effectiveness, and progress towards targets are essential to track improvements and identify areas that require further attention.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPEC+
Mains level: Global crude oil pricing dynamics
Central Idea
- Saudi Arabia has decided to decrease its oil supply to the global economy.
- This unilateral action aims to stabilize the declining crude oil prices.
- Previous efforts by major oil-producing countries within the OPEC+ alliance to cut supply did not yield desired price increases.
What is OPEC+?
- The non-OPEC countries which export crude oil along with the 14 OPECs are termed as OPEC plus countries.
- OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, and Sudan.
- Saudi and Russia, both have been at the heart of a three-year alliance of oil producers known as OPEC Plus — which now includes 11 OPEC members and 10 non-OPEC nations — that aims to shore up oil prices with production cuts.
Reasons for OPEC+ Production Cuts
- Russian war: Oil prices rose significantly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Previous major cut: The recent production cut is the largest since 2020 when OPEC+ members reduced outputs by 10 million barrels per day (bpd) during the Covid-19 pandemic.
- Benefit to Middle Eastern states: The cuts are expected to boost prices, benefiting Middle Eastern OPEC+ members who have become significant oil suppliers to Europe after sanctions were imposed on Russia.
Concerns for India
- Fuel price hike: Despite importing cheap Russian oil, India has not seen a decrease in fuel prices.
- Fiscal challenges: Rising oil prices pose fiscal challenges for India, where heavily-taxed retail fuel prices have reached record highs, threatening the demand-driven economic recovery.
- Reliance on West Asian supplies: India imports about 84% of its oil and depends on West Asian countries for over three-fifths of its oil demand.
- Potential impact on consumption-led recovery: India, as one of the largest crude-consuming countries, is concerned that production cuts by OPEC+ nations could undermine the country’s consumption-led economic recovery and negatively affect price-sensitive consumers.
Back2Basics: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|
Description |
| Founding |
September 14, 1960 |
| Member Countries |
Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela |
| Goal |
Coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries, ensure stability and predictability in oil markets, secure fair returns on investment for member countries’ petroleum resources |
| Production Quotas |
Set production limits for member countries to manage oil supply and stabilize prices |
| Market Monitoring |
Monitor global oil market conditions, supply, demand, inventories, and prices |
| OPEC Meetings |
Regular meetings held every six months for member countries to discuss and negotiate oil production and pricing policies |
| Pricing Policy |
Historically used the “OPEC basket” concept – a weighted average price of crude oil blends produced by member countries |
| Influence on Prices |
OPEC’s decisions and actions can impact global oil prices by increasing or decreasing production levels |
| Diminished Influence |
OPEC’s influence on oil prices has reduced due to factors like the rise of non-OPEC oil production, changes in global energy markets, and geopolitical developments |
| Non-OPEC Cooperation |
OPEC cooperates with non-OPEC countries, notably through the “OPEC+” group, which includes Russia, to collectively manage oil supply levels and enhance market stability |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Evapotranspiration, Water Cycle
Mains level: NA
Central Idea: Evapotranspiration is a key process in Earth’s dynamic systems, impacting the movement of water and nutrients, influencing the water cycle, and providing crucial information for farmers to manage irrigation and water resources effectively.
Understanding Evapotranspiration
- Definition: Evapotranspiration refers to the movement of water from terrestrial surfaces into the atmosphere and is a crucial part of the planet-wide water cycle.
- Water cycle and its connection to evapotranspiration: Evapotranspiration is an amalgamation of evaporation (water loss from soil) and transpiration (water movement and loss by plants), both of which contribute to the overall movement of water in the water cycle.
- Breakdown of the term: Evapotranspiration encompasses the movement of water upward through plants and its subsequent loss into the air from exposed plant parts.
Factors affecting Evapotranspiration
- Rate of evapotranspiration: Several factors impact the rate of evapotranspiration, including solar radiation, day length, soil moisture levels, ambient temperature, wind conditions, and the amount of water vapour already present in the air.
- Insolation and its effect: The intensity of solar radiation directly affects the rate of evapotranspiration, as it provides the energy needed to evaporate water from terrestrial surfaces.
- Role of day length: The length of the day, soil moisture content, ambient temperature, wind patterns, and the moisture content of the air all contribute to the rate at which evapotranspiration occurs.
Historical significance of evapotranspiration
- Origin and age of the term: The term “evapotranspiration” has been in use for at least 86 years and was initially published with a hyphenated form.
- Contribution of Charles Warren Thornthwaite in 1944: Thornthwaite, an American climatologist, defined and popularized the term “evapotranspiration” in 1944.
- Relevance for farmers in estimating water needs for crops: Even today, evapotranspiration remains significant for farmers who utilize it to estimate the amount of water required to irrigate their crops effectively.
Back2Basics: Water Cycle
- The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement and circulation of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface.
- Stages of the Water Cycle include:
- Evaporation: The process by which water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state, rising into the atmosphere.
- Condensation: The cooling of water vapor in the atmosphere, causing it to change from a gaseous state back to a liquid state, forming clouds.
- Precipitation: When condensed water droplets combine and fall from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
- Runoff: The movement of water on the Earth’s surface, flowing into streams, rivers, lakes, and eventually into the oceans.
- Infiltration: The process by which water seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater.
- Transpiration: The release of water vapor from plant surfaces into the atmosphere.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IT rules, 2021 and other such provisions
Mains level: Menace fake news, deepfakes, government's efforts for fact checking units and criticism associated with it
Central Idea
- The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 aim to tackle the dissemination of false or misleading information through the introduction of fact-checking units. In light of the detrimental impact of fake news, particularly during the Covid-19 crisis, governments worldwide have recognized the urgency to combat this menace. India, in particular, has experienced a surge in fake news related to the pandemic, making it crucial for the government to proactively address the issue.
What is mean by Fake news?
- Fake news refers to intentionally fabricated or misleading information presented as if it were real news. It can be spread through traditional media sources like newspapers or television, but it is more commonly associated with social media platforms and other online sources.
- Fake news can range from completely made-up stories to misleading headlines and selectively edited or out-of-context information designed to deceive readers.
- It is often used for political purposes, to manipulate public opinion or to spread misinformation about individuals, organizations or events
- Scholars at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology even found that falsified content spreads six times faster than factual content on online platforms.
The Menace of Fake News
- Dissemination of misinformation: Fake news spreads false or misleading information, leading to a distortion of facts and events. This can misguide individuals and the public, leading to incorrect beliefs and actions.
- Erosion of trust: Fake news undermines trust in media organizations, journalism, and sources of information. When people encounter fake news repeatedly, it becomes challenging to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources, eroding trust in the media landscape.
- Manipulation of public opinion: Fake news is often created with the intent to manipulate public sentiment and shape public opinion on specific issues, individuals, or events. This manipulation can have far-reaching effects on public discourse and decision-making processes.
- Polarization and division: Fake news can contribute to the polarization of society by promoting extreme viewpoints, fostering animosity, and deepening existing divisions. It can exacerbate social, political, and cultural conflicts.
- Personal and reputational harm: Individuals, public figures, and organizations can suffer reputational damage due to false information circulated through fake news. Innocent people may be targeted, leading to personal, professional, and social repercussions.
- Public safety concerns: Fake news related to public safety issues, such as health emergencies or natural disasters, can spread panic, hinder effective response efforts, and jeopardize public safety. It can impede the dissemination of accurate information and guidance.
What is mean by Deepfakes?
- Deepfakes refer to synthetic media or manipulated content created using deep learning algorithms, specifically generative adversarial networks (GANs).
- Deepfakes involve altering or replacing the appearance or voice of a person in a video, audio clip, or image to make it seem like they are saying or doing something they never actually did. The term “deepfake” is a combination of “deep learning” and “fake.
- Deepfake technology utilizes AI techniques to analyze and learn from large datasets of real audio and video footage of a person.
The Rise of Deepfakes
- Advanced manipulation technology: Deepfakes leverage deep learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to convincingly alter or generate realistic audio, video, or images. This technology enables the creation of highly sophisticated and deceptive content.
- Spreading disinformation: Deepfakes can be used as a tool to spread disinformation by creating fabricated videos or audio clips that appear genuine. Such manipulated content can be shared on social media platforms, leading to the viral spread of false information.
- Political implications: Deepfakes have the potential to disrupt political landscapes by spreading misinformation about politicians, political events, or election campaigns. Fabricated videos of political figures making false statements can influence public opinion and undermine trust in democratic processes.
- Amplifying fake news: Deepfakes can amplify the impact of fake news by adding a visual or audio component, making false information appear more credible. Combining deepfakes with misleading narratives can significantly enhance the persuasive power of fabricated content.
- Challenges for content verification: The emergence of deepfakes presents challenges for content verification and authentication. The increasing sophistication of deepfake technology makes it harder to detect and debunk manipulated content, leading to a potential erosion of trust in online information sources.
- Detection and mitigation efforts: Efforts are underway to develop deepfake detection tools and techniques. Researchers, tech companies, and organizations are investing in AI-based solutions to identify and combat deepfakes, aiming to stay ahead of the evolving manipulation techniques.
Existing Provisions to Combat Fake News
- Intermediary Guidelines of 2021: The most preferred democratic process to combat the threats and impact of fake news on a polity would be through Parliament-enacted laws. India opted for the speedier alternative of an addition to the Intermediary Guidelines of 2021 (as amended), through Rule 3(1)(v).
- Can not disseminate misleading content: Under this rule, intermediaries including social media platforms have to ensure that users do not disseminate content that deceives or misleads on the origin or knowingly and intentionally communicates any information which is patently false or misleading in nature but may reasonably be perceived as a fact.
Facts for prelims
Digital India Act, 2023
- The act is a new legislation that aims to overhaul the decades-old Information Technology Act, 2000.
- The Act covers a range of topics such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cybercrime, data protection, deepfakes, competition issues among internet platforms, and online safety.
- The Act also aims to address “new complex forms of user harms” that have emerged in the years since the IT Act’s enactment, such as catfishing, doxxing, trolling, and phishing
|
Importance of Fact-Checking Units
- Ensuring accuracy: Fact-checking units play a crucial role in verifying the accuracy of information circulating in the media and online platforms. They employ rigorous research and investigation techniques to assess the credibility and truthfulness of claims, helping to distinguish between reliable information and misinformation.
- Countering fake news: Fact-checking units are instrumental in combating the spread of fake news and misinformation. By systematically debunking false claims, identifying misleading narratives, and providing accurate information, they help to minimize the impact of false information on public perception and decision-making.
- Promoting media literacy: Fact-checking units contribute to promoting media literacy and critical thinking skills among the general public. Their work serves as a valuable resource for individuals seeking accurate information, encouraging them to question and verify claims rather than relying solely on unsubstantiated sources.
- Enhancing transparency: Fact-checking units operate with transparency, providing detailed explanations and evidence-based assessments of their findings. This transparency helps to build trust with the audience, fostering credibility and accountability in the information ecosystem.
- Holding accountable those spreading misinformation: Fact-checking units contribute to holding accountable those who deliberately spread misinformation or engage in disinformation campaigns. By publicly exposing false claims and identifying the sources of misinformation, they discourage the dissemination of false information and promote ethical standards in media and public discourse.
Conclusion
- With over 80 million Indian citizens online, the challenge of combating false information cannot be underestimated. The Indian government’s initiative to introduce fact-checking units reflects an understanding of the urgent need to tackle the spread of fake news. Jonathan Swift’s timeless quote, “Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after,” captures the essence of the problem we face today.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Telangana, States Reorganization
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- With assembly elections just months away, political parties across the board are celebrating the 9th anniversary of Telangana’s statehood today (June 2).
Formation of Telangana
- The article discusses the historical background and the struggle for statehood that led to the formation of Telangana, the newest state in India.
- It provides a chronological account of the significant events and factors that shaped Telangana’s journey towards becoming an independent state.
Why was Telangana separated from Andhra Pradesh?
Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh primarily due to historical, cultural, and developmental reasons, as well as demands from the people of the region. Here are the key reasons behind the separation:
- Historical and Cultural Differences: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh have distinct historical and cultural identities. Telangana had its own language, Telugu, but with a distinct dialect and cultural practices. The people of Telangana felt that their unique identity was not adequately recognized or represented within the larger Andhra Pradesh state.
- Socio-economic Disparities: Telangana region, despite its rich natural resources, had been relatively underdeveloped compared to the coastal Andhra region. People in Telangana felt that their region’s development needs were neglected, resulting in socio-economic disparities and unequal distribution of resources and opportunities.
- Demand for Local Control: The demand for separate statehood gained momentum due to the belief that local control and governance would be more effective in addressing the specific needs and aspirations of Telangana. The people of Telangana sought greater autonomy and decision-making power over their own affairs.
- Political Representation: Some leaders and groups within Telangana felt marginalized in the political landscape of united Andhra Pradesh. They believed that a separate state would provide better opportunities for political representation and participation.
- Water and Resource Sharing: Disputes over the sharing of water resources, particularly the Krishna and Godavari rivers, further strained the relationship between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The perceived inequitable distribution of water resources added to the demand for a separate state.
These factors, along with sustained movements and protests led by various political and social groups, culminated in the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and the formation of the separate state of Telangana on June 2, 2014.
Here is a complete timeline of the formation of the modern Telangana State
PART I: Pre-Independence and Formation of Andhra Pradesh
- Post-independence Hyderabad State (1948-1951): Hyderabad’s significance as a part of the Princely State and its dominance by the Urdu-speaking Muslim elite.
- Brutalities under Nizam’s rule and the Razakars (1945-1948): The communist-supported rebellion and the violent response of the Nizam’s local militia, the Razakars, leading to atrocities on Telangana’s population.
- Standstill Agreement and its violation (1947-1948): The signing of the Standstill Agreement with Hyderabad, the subsequent violation of its terms by the Nizam, and the intervention of India through “Operation Polo.”
- Hyderabad’s status as a Part-B state (1951-1956): The inclusion of Hyderabad as a Part-B state with an elected chief minister after India’s independence and the end of Nizam’s rule.
PART II: Linguistic Reorganisation and Creation of AP
- Potti Sriramalu’s demand for a separate Telugu state (1952): The fasting protest by Potti Sriramalu, leading to unrest and eventually the formation of Andhra State.
- Formation of Andhra State out of Madras state (1953): The division of the Madras state and the creation of Andhra State, comprising the north and north-eastern regions, in response to the demand for a separate Telugu state.
- Formation of the States Reorganisation Committee (1953-1955): The establishment of the committee to address the issue of linguistic reorganisation and its subsequent recommendations.
- Status of Telangana region in linguistic reorganisation (1955-1956): The debate over the merging of Telangana with Andhra or having it as a separate state, conflicting with the SRC’s recommendations.
- Merging of Andhra State and Telangana (1956): The decision to merge Andhra State and Telangana against the SRC’s recommendation, resulting in the formation of Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad as its capital.
PART III: Struggle for Telangana and Creation of Telangana State
- Pre-Independence protests for Mulki Rules (1952-1947): The protests demanding the enforcement of Mulki Rules, which ensured job reservations for Telangana domiciles, even before India’s independence.
- Protests and birth of Telangana Praja Samiti in 1969: The widespread protests in 1969, leading to the establishment of the TPS and the call for a separate Telangana state.
- Repeal of Mulki Rules Act in 1973: The introduction of the 32nd Amendment to the Constitution by Indira Gandhi, repealing the Mulki Rules Act and impacting the Telangana movement.
- Revival of the Telangana movement by KCR in 2001: KCR’s resignation from the Telugu Desam Party and the formation of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi, rejuvenating the demand for a separate Telangana state.
- KCR’s fast-unto-death and the promise of Telangana statehood (2009): KCR’s fast-unto-death in 2009 following the death of Andhra Pradesh’s Chief Minister, Y S Rajsekhara Reddy, leading to the Congress party’s promise of creating Telangana.
- Formation of Telangana state in 2014: The culmination of the struggle with the formation of Telangana as a separate state in 2014, with Hyderabad serving as the capital for a period of ten years.
Back2Basics: States Reorganization in India
| |
Explanation
|
| Background and Introduction |
The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reformed India’s state boundaries based on linguistic lines.
It is the most extensive change in state boundaries after India’s independence.
The act came into effect along with the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956. |
| Pre-Independence Political Integration |
British India was divided into Provinces of British India and Indian States.
Princely states were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan after independence.
Bhutan remained independent, Hyderabad was annexed by India, and Kashmir became a subject of conflict between India and Pakistan. |
| Integration of Princely States |
Between 1947 and 1950, the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.
Some states were merged into existing provinces, while others formed unions or remained separate states.
Government of India Act 1935 served as the constitutional law until the adoption of a new Constitution. |
| Classification of States and Territories |
The Constitution of India, effective from 1950, classified states and territories into Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D categories.
Part A states were former governors’ provinces, Part B states were former princely states, and Part C states included chief commissioners’ provinces and some princely states.
Part D consisted of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. |
| Linguistic Movements and Demands |
The demand for linguistic states began before independence, with the first movement in Odisha in 1895.
Political movements for linguistic states gained momentum after independence.
Creation of Andhra Pradesh in 1953 marked a significant development in organizing states based on language. |
| States Reorganisation Commission |
Linguistic Provinces Commission was set up in 1948 but rejected language as a basis for dividing states.
States Reorganisation Commission was established in 1953 to reorganize Indian states.
Headed by Fazal Ali and had recommendations overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant. |
| Enactment and Changes |
States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956.
Constitution underwent an amendment, and the terminology of Part A and Part B states was changed to simply “states.”
Also introduced the classification of Union Territories. |
| Effects and Reorganization |
States Reorganisation Act of 1956 resulted in the reorganization of states and territories.
Took effect on 1 November 1956.
Had a significant impact on dividing India into states and Union Territories. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UGC, Accredition of Universities
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The University Grants Commission (UGC) has released revised guidelines allowing higher education institutions to apply for deemed university status.
- The new guidelines aim to establish more quality-focused deemed universities by simplifying the eligibility criteria.
University Grants Commission (UGC)
- UGC is a statutory body under the University Grants Commission Act, of 1956.
- It is charged with the task of coordinating and maintaining standards of higher education in India.
- It provides recognition to universities and also allocates funds to universities and colleges.
- It is headquartered are in New Delhi, and it also has 6 regional centres.
- All grants to universities and higher learning institutions are handled by the UGC.
- In 2015-16, the Union government initiated a National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) under UGC to rank all educational institutes.
|
Why in the news?
- Light but tight regulatory framework: The guidelines are based on the principle of a “light but tight” regulatory framework envisioned in the National Education Policy 2020.
What is Deemed University?
A Deemed University is a status granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Department of Higher Education (DHE) under the Ministry of Education based on the recommendation of the University Grants Commission (UGC).
|
State University |
Deemed University |
| Establishment |
Created by state government through legislative assembly act |
Granted autonomy by the UGC based on academic and research merits |
| Funding |
Fully funded by the state government |
Self-funded |
| Fee Structure |
Regulated and streamlined according to government guidelines |
Freedom to set their own fee structure |
| Curriculum |
Regulated and aligned with UGC guidelines |
Autonomy to design their own courses and curriculum |
| Research |
Research programs and activities aligned with government norms |
Emphasis on research with credible research output |
| Infrastructure |
Facilities and infrastructure as per government provisions |
State-of-the-art infrastructure |
| Affiliated Institutes |
Can have affiliated colleges and institutes |
Generally have a single institution |
| Admission Process |
Follows state government guidelines for admissions |
Can set their own admission policies and criteria |
| Degree Granting |
Authorized to award degrees and diplomas |
Authorized to award degrees and diplomas |
| Flexibility |
Governed by UGC regulations and guidelines |
Autonomy in decision-making and flexibility in operations |
New changes introduced-
Eligibility Criteria and Changes
- Previous eligibility criteria: Under the 2019 guidelines, institutions with an existence of at least 20 years were eligible to apply for deemed university status.
- Revised eligibility criteria: The revised guidelines replace the previous criteria with requirements such as multi-disciplinarity, NAAC grading, NIRF ranking, and NBA grading.
- Criteria for application: Institutions with valid accreditation by NAAC, NBA accreditation for eligible programs, or ranking in the top 50 of specific categories in NIRF for the last three years can apply for deemed university status.
Cluster of Institutions and Distinct Institution Category
- Cluster of institutions: A cluster of institutions managed by multiple sponsoring bodies or a society can also apply for deemed university status.
- Distinct Institution category: The guidelines introduce the “Distinct Institution” category, exempting institutions focusing on unique disciplines, addressing strategic needs, preserving Indian cultural heritage or the environment, dedicated to skill development, sports, languages, or other disciplines determined by the Expert Committee.
Changes in Faculty Strength and Corpus Fund
- Increased faculty strength: The revised guidelines increase the required faculty strength from 100 to 150.
- Increased corpus fund for private institutions: The corpus fund requirement for private institutions has been increased from Rs 10 crore to Rs 25 crore.
Executive Councils and Academic Bank of Credits
- Creation of executive councils: Private universities seeking deemed university status will be required to create executive councils, similar to central universities.
- Mandatory registration on Academic Bank of Credits: Deemed universities must register on the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) and can offer twinning programs, joint degree programs, and dual degree programs.
Off-Campus Centers and Future Plans
- Off-campus centers eligibility: Deemed universities with a minimum ‘A’ grade or ranked from 1 to 100 in the “universities” category of NIRF rankings are eligible to establish off-campus centers.
- Future removal of “deemed to be university” term: The UGC chairperson stated that the term “deemed to be university” will be removed once the Higher Education Commission of India is established through an act of Parliament.
- Current number of deemed institutions: Currently, there are around 170 deemed institutions in the country.
Back2Basics:
|
NAAC |
NIRF |
NBA |
| Full Form |
National Assessment and Accreditation Council |
National Institutional Ranking Framework |
National Board of Accreditation |
| Governing Body |
University Grants Commission (UGC) |
Ministry of Education, Government of India |
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) |
| Purpose |
Assessing and accrediting higher education |
Ranking higher education institutions |
Accrediting technical education programs in engineering |
| Assessment Criteria |
Quality parameters and predefined criteria |
Teaching, learning, research, graduation outcomes, etc. |
Criteria and standards for quality technical education |
| Accreditation Grades |
A, A+, B, B+, C |
– |
– |
| Focus |
Evaluating institution’s quality and performance |
Ranking institutions based on various parameters |
Accrediting engineering programs for quality technical education |
| Scope |
All higher education institutions in India |
All higher education institutions in India |
Technical education programs in the field of engineering |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ETS, CBAM and FTA's
Mains level: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and associated concerns
Central Idea
- The European Union’s (EU) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has raised concerns in India due to its potential impact on the country’s carbon-intensive exports to the EU. While India has criticized CBAM as protectionist and discriminatory, the debate highlights the delicate relationship between trade and environmental considerations.
Understanding The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
- CBAM is a key climate law introduced by the European Union (EU). It is designed to address the issue of carbon leakage and create a level playing field for EU industries by imposing carbon-related costs on certain imported products.
- In 2005, the EU implemented the Emissions Trading System (ETS), a market-based mechanism aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
- Under the ETS, industries within the EU are allocated allowances for their GHG emissions, which can be traded among themselves.
- However, the EU is concerned that imported products may not account for embedded emissions due to less stringent environmental policies in exporting countries.
- This disparity could put EU industries at a competitive disadvantage and potentially lead to carbon leakage, where European firms relocate to countries with less strict emission norms.
- To address these concerns, the CBAM imposes carbon-related costs on imports of specific carbon-intensive products. The products currently included are cement, iron and steel, electricity, fertilizers, aluminium, and hydrogen.
- The CBAM requires importers to pay a price linked to the average emissions cost under the EU’s ETS. If the imported products have already paid an explicit carbon price in their country of origin, a reduction can be claimed.
Advantages of CBAM in addressing climate-related challenges
- Addressing Carbon Leakage: CBAM helps address the issue of carbon leakage, which occurs when domestic industries relocate to countries with less stringent climate policies, leading to increased global emissions. By imposing carbon-related costs on imported products, CBAM aims to discourage carbon-intensive industries from shifting production to countries with lower environmental standards, thereby reducing carbon leakage.
- Encouraging Global Climate Action: CBAM incentivizes countries with carbon-intensive industries to adopt more stringent climate policies. The mechanism sends a signal that products exported to the EU market should meet similar environmental standards as EU-produced goods. This encourages exporting countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and transition to cleaner production processes, contributing to global climate action.
- Levelling the Playing Field: CBAM aims to create a level playing field for EU industries by ensuring that imported goods face similar carbon costs as domestic products. This helps prevent unfair competition, as it aligns the cost of carbon across different markets. It incentivizes domestic industries to invest in cleaner technologies and processes, knowing that imported goods will also be subject to equivalent carbon-related costs.
- Revenue Generation for Climate Initiatives: CBAM has the potential to generate revenue for the EU, which can be used to fund climate initiatives and support the transition to a low-carbon economy. The funds collected through CBAM can be reinvested in research and development, renewable energy projects, or supporting industries in their decarbonization efforts.
- Aligning Trade and Climate Objectives: CBAM highlights the interlinkage between trade and environmental concerns. It creates an opportunity to align trade policies with climate objectives, fostering greater coherence between economic growth and sustainability. CBAM encourages countries to consider the carbon intensity of their exports and provides an impetus for the adoption of climate-friendly practices in international trade.
Key issues associated with CBAM
- Trade Protectionism: CBAM has been accused of being protectionist in nature. Critics argue that it could create barriers to trade and hinder the export capabilities of countries, particularly those with carbon-intensive industries. By imposing carbon-related costs on imports, CBAM may give an advantage to domestic industries and discriminate against foreign competitors.
- Discrimination and Non-Discrimination Principles: CBAM may face challenges in adhering to the principles of non-discrimination within the WTO. While it is designed to be origin-neutral, in practice, it could potentially discriminate between goods from different countries based on varying carbon pricing policies or reporting requirements. This could lead to disputes and challenges under WTO rules.
- Complexity and Implementation Challenges: CBAM implementation involves complex calculations and mechanisms to determine the carbon-related costs of imported products. Setting up effective monitoring, reporting, and verification systems to ensure compliance could be challenging, both for the EU and exporting countries. The administrative burden and costs associated with implementing CBAM may also pose practical difficulties.
- Potential for Double Regulation: Some argue that CBAM may lead to overlapping regulations and duplicate efforts. Exporting countries may already have their own carbon pricing mechanisms or environmental regulations in place. CBAM’s imposition of additional costs on top of these existing measures could be seen as redundant and burdensome.
- Impact on Developing Countries: Developing countries, which often have carbon-intensive industries, may face disproportionate negative effects from CBAM. These countries might struggle to comply with the stringent requirements and costs associated with CBAM, hindering their economic development and ability to compete in global markets.
- Incomplete Accounting of Emissions: CBAM focuses on explicit carbon prices, which may not fully account for the implicit costs associated with products from different countries. This incomplete accounting could result in arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination and may not effectively incentivize countries to adopt more stringent environmental policies.
WTO Consistency and CBAM potential discrimination
- WTO’s non-discrimination principle: The World Trade Organization (WTO) operates on the principle of non-discrimination, treating ‘like’ products from different countries equally.
- Origin-neutral CBAM: While CBAM appears origin-neutral in design, its application could potentially discriminate between goods based on inadequate carbon pricing policies or burdensome reporting requirements for importers. Whether the products affected by CBAM are truly ‘like’ is a key consideration.
- For instance: While steel products may seem similar, different production methods lead to varying carbon intensity. This raises the question of whether processes and production methods should be relevant for comparing products. Critics argue that CBAM violates WTO law by discriminating based on embedded emissions
General Exceptions under WTO and potential application for CBAM
- Exceptions allow countries to deviate from trade rules: The General Exceptions, outlined in Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), provide a set of policy grounds under which WTO members can justify trade measures that would otherwise violate their WTO obligations. These exceptions allow countries to deviate from certain trade rules for specified policy reasons.
- Justification for exception: Article XX of the GATT lists various policy justifications, including public health, conservation of natural resources, and protection of the environment. The use of these exceptions is subject to meeting specific requirements, known as the chapeau. The chapeau sets out conditions that must be satisfied to justify a trade measure.
- In the context of the CBAM: A WTO member implementing CBAM measures might seek to invoke the General Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT to justify any potential inconsistency with non-discrimination obligations.
- For example: A country might argue that CBAM measures are necessary for the conservation of exhaustible natural resources or the protection of the environment, thereby justifying any deviation from non-discrimination principles.
What are the concerns raised in India?
- Impact on Export of Carbon-Intensive Products: India fears that CBAM implementation could severely affect its export of carbon-intensive products, particularly in sectors like aluminium, iron, and steel. These sectors may face significant challenges in accessing the EU market if they are subjected to additional economic costs due to CBAM.
- Protectionism and Discrimination: India has criticized CBAM as being protectionist and discriminatory. It argues that the mechanism may create trade barriers and hinder the export competitiveness of Indian industries. India fears that CBAM could give an unfair advantage to EU domestic industries at the expense of Indian exporters.
- Potential Economic Disruption: The implementation of CBAM may disrupt India’s trade flows and economic stability. The imposition of additional costs on carbon-intensive products exported to the EU market could lead to reduced demand, loss of market share, and potential negative impacts on employment and economic growth in India.
- World Trade Organization (WTO) Challenge: India has contemplated the possibility of challenging CBAM at the WTO’s dispute settlement body. It raises concerns about the compatibility of CBAM with WTO rules, particularly regarding non-discrimination and trade-related principles
- Interplay between Trade and the Environment: The concerns raised by India highlight the broader issue of the interplay between trade and environmental considerations. While acknowledging the need for environmental protection, India emphasizes the importance of ensuring that environmental measures do not become a smokescreen for trade protectionism.
Facts for prelims
What is Regional Trade Agreement (RTA)?
- RTA is a treaty between two or more countries in a particular region that aims to reduce or eliminate trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, to facilitate increased trade between the member countries.
- RTAs can take various forms, such as Free Trade Agreements, Customs Unions, Common Markets, and Economic Unions.
What is Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?
- FTA is a specific type of RTA that eliminates tariffs and other trade barriers on goods traded between the member countries.
- FTAs may also include provisions on trade in services and investment, but they are primarily focused on reducing tariffs on goods
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Conclusion
- The implementation of the EU’s CBAM has sparked concerns in India, primarily due to its potential impact on carbon-intensive exports. Analyzing its WTO consistency and potential justifications under the General Exceptions clause is crucial. In the ongoing India-EU free trade agreement negotiations, India should actively engage with the EU to safeguard its interests regarding CBAM while remaining open to the possibility of a WTO challenge.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Salt Cavern-Based Reserves
Mains level: Strategic Oil Reserves in India
Central Idea
- Engineers India (EIL) is conducting a feasibility study for developing salt cavern-based strategic oil reserves in Rajasthan, India, to increase the country’s storage capacity.
- If successful, it would be India’s first oil storage facility using salt caverns, different from the existing rock cavern-based strategic storage facilities.
Cavern-based Oil Storage
- Cavern-based strategic oil storage facilities are storage facilities for crude oil or petroleum products that utilize naturally occurring underground caverns for storage purposes.
- These caverns are typically formed in salt formations or other geological formations through processes such as solution mining or excavation.
- In the case of salt cavern-based storage facilities, the storage space is created by dissolving salt deposits with water.
- The process involves pumping water into the geological formations with large salt deposits, which dissolves the salt and creates caverns.
- Once the brine (water with dissolved salt) is pumped out, the space can be used to store crude oil or other petroleum products.
Advantages offered
- Secure and safe: They are naturally well-sealed, providing a secure and impermeable barrier against liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.
- Impermeable: This inherent sealing property makes them suitable for long-term storage of oil, minimizing the risk of leaks or environmental contamination.
- Efficient pumping: Furthermore, cavern-based storage facilities often have high injection and extraction rates, allowing for rapid and efficient operations.
- Huge capacity: The large volume capacity of caverns enables significant storage capacity, making them ideal for strategic oil reserves intended to address supply disruptions or emergencies.
- Strategic asset: Countries build strategic crude oil reserves to mitigate supply disruptions and ensure energy security during global supply shocks and emergencies.
India’s Current Strategic Oil Reserves
- Existing strategic oil storage facilities: India’s three current strategic oil storage facilities are located in Mangaluru, Padur, and Visakhapatnam, consisting of excavated rock caverns.
- Current capacity and days of demand met: India’s current strategic oil reserves have a capacity of 5.33 million tonnes, equivalent to around 39 million barrels, meeting approximately 9.5 days of demand.
- Expansion plans: India is in the process of expanding its strategic oil reserves by 6.5 million tonnes at Chandikhol in Odisha and Padur.
Salt Cavern-Based Reserves vs. Rock Cavern-Based Reserves
|
Salt Cavern |
Rock Cavern |
| Development Process |
- Developed through solution mining
- Dissolving salt deposits with water to create storage space
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- Excavated from solid rock formations
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| Advantages |
- Naturally well-sealed
- Rapid injection and extraction of oil
- Less labour-intensive and cost-intensive compared to rock caverns
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- Excavation process
- Suitable for certain geological formations
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| Suitability for Oil Storage |
- Low oil absorbency
- Impermeable barrier
- Suitable for storing crude oil
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- Depends on specific geological formations
- May have varying degrees of oil absorbency and permeability
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Examples of Salt Cavern-Based Storage
- US Strategic Petroleum Reserve: The US has the world’s largest emergency oil storage, with storage caverns created in salt domes along the Gulf of Mexico coast. It has a capacity of around 727 million barrels.
- Salt caverns for other purposes: Salt caverns are also used for storing liquid fuels, natural gas, compressed air, and hydrogen in various parts of the world.
Potential for such storage in Rajasthan
- Rajasthan’s conducive conditions: Rajasthan, with abundant salt formations, is seen as a favorable location for developing salt cavern-based strategic storage facilities.
- Previous plans and current renewal: Earlier plans for a strategic oil reserve in Bikaner did not materialize, but the exploration of salt cavern-based storage in Rajasthan can be seen as a renewed proposal.
- Infrastructure suitability: The presence of a refinery in Barmer and existing crude pipelines in Rajasthan make the infrastructure conducive for building strategic oil reserves.
- Importance of technology access: Previously, no Indian company possessed the necessary technical expertise for building salt cavern-based strategic hydrocarbon storage.
Future plans in India
- Emergency stockpiles: India’s strategic oil reserves are intended to provide emergency stockpiles and are managed by the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve (ISPRL).
- Import protection: The International Energy Agency (IEA) suggests that countries should hold oil stockpiles sufficient for 90 days of import protection.
- Commercialization plans and partnerships: India plans to commercialize its strategic petroleum reserves through public-private partnerships, reducing government spending and leveraging the commercial potential of the reserves.
- Recent actions and releases: India took advantage of low crude oil prices to fill its reserves, leading to cost savings. It also released oil from its strategic reserves as part of coordinated actions with other major oil-consuming countries.
Conclusion
- Compared to rock cavern-based reserves, salt caverns offer unique benefits that align with India’s goals of increasing storage capacity and ensuring energy security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Helmand River
Mains level: Taliban-Iran Conflict
Central Idea
- Iran and Afghanistan have been engaged in a prolonged disagreement over the sharing of water from the Helmand River.
- Violent confrontations have occurred in the border region between the two countries in the recent past.
About Helmand River
- The Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan, spanning approximately 1,150 kilometers (715 miles) in length.
- It originates near Kabul in the western Hindu Kush mountain range.
- The river flows in a south-westerly direction through desert areas before emptying into Lake Hamun, which straddles the Afghanistan-Iran border.
- Lake Hamun, fed by the Helmand River, is the largest freshwater lake in Iran.
- The Helmand River is a vital water source for both Afghanistan and Iran, supporting agriculture, livelihoods, and ecosystems in the region.
Row over Helmand River and Lake Hamun
- Afghanistan’s longest river: The Helmand River holds great importance for Afghanistan as it is the country’s longest river, originating near Kabul and flowing through desert areas.
- Iran’s largest freshwater lake: Lake Hamun, located on the Afghanistan-Iran border, is Iran’s largest freshwater lake and has been historically sustained by the Helmand River.
- Drying up due to drought: The Lake has experienced a drastic decline in water levels and has largely dried up, attributed to factors such as drought and the construction of dams and water control infrastructure.
- Economic Importance: Lake Hamun plays a vital role in the regional ecosystem and supports agricultural activities, livelihoods, and economic sectors in the surrounding areas.
Disagreements between Iran and Afghanistan (Taliban)
- Fouling of the 1973 Helmand River Treaty: The agreement signed in 1973 between Iran and Afghanistan to regulate the allocation of river water has not been fully ratified or effectively put into practice.
- Iran accuses Afghanistan of violating water rights: Iran has consistently accused Afghanistan of infringing upon its water rights, claiming that it receives significantly less water than agreed upon in the 1973 treaty.
- Afghanistan blames climatic factors for reduced water flow: Afghanistan has refuted Iran’s allegations, citing climatic factors such as reduced rainfall and diminished river water volumes as the primary causes of the current situation.
- Concerns over Afghanistan’s dam and irrigation projects: Tehran expresses concerns over Afghanistan’s construction of dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems along the Helmand River, fearing that these initiatives negatively impact water flow into Iran.
Tehran-Taliban Relations: A recent recap
- Previous ties between Iran and the Taliban: Prior to the Taliban’s capture of Kabul, Iran maintained diplomatic relations with the group, driven by shared opposition to the presence of US forces in the region.
- Lack of formal recognition of the Taliban government: Despite refraining from formally recognizing the Taliban government, Iran has pragmatically engaged with the ruling group in Afghanistan to protect its interests, including the preservation of Lake Hamun.
- Border clashes since the Taliban’s takeover: Following the Taliban’s rise to power, there have been repeated incidents and clashes along the Iran-Afghanistan border.
Why is Taliban furious this time?
- Taliban’s interest in promoting agriculture: The Taliban seeks to prioritize agricultural development, which influences their approach to water management and distribution.
- Tehran’s sudden attention to Sistan-Baluchistan after protests: Following nationwide protests, including Sistan-Baluchistan, Iran’s government has shown increased attention to the region due to its disadvantaged status and reliance on water resources from Lake Hamun.
Major hurdles in the resolution
- Lack of interest: Both Iran and the Taliban show little interest in addressing the mismanagement of water resources and environmental challenges in the region.
- Short-term focus on internal problems: Both Iran and the Taliban prioritize short-term solutions and focus on internal issues rather than actively resolving the water dispute.
Current situation in Sistan-Baluchistan
- Mounting public anger: The region of Sistan-Baluchistan in eastern Iran experiences growing public anger and frustration, largely driven by water shortages and other economic and social challenges.
- Water shortages and other problems: Sistan-Baluchistan faces severe water shortages, contributing to economic and social difficulties in one of Iran’s poorest areas.
- Setting up an inquiry commission: In an effort to address the recent border clash, Iran and Afghanistan have agreed to establish a commission of inquiry to investigate the incident.
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