On April 8, 2025, the Supreme Court settled a long-standing issue between the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the state’s government and Legislative Assembly.
What was the Supreme Court’s ruling on the Tamil Nadu Governor’s delay in assenting to Bills?
No “Pocket Veto” by Governor: The Court ruled the Governor cannot indefinitely withhold assent to Bills passed by the State Legislature. Eg: The Governor delayed action on ten Bills for years without justification.
Governor Must Act Timely: The Governor must either assent, return, or refer the Bills to the President within reasonable time. Eg: The Court stated the Governor should act on the Bills, not delay them.
Article 142 Used to Declare Bills Law: Due to the delay, the Court invoked Article 142 to deem the Bills as law. Eg: The Tamil Nadu government notified the Acts as law following the Court’s decision.
Why did the Court use Article 142 to declare the Bills as law?
Prolonged Delay by the Governor: The Court found that the Governor had unjustifiably delayed action on the Bills for years, violating the constitutional principles of federalism and representative democracy. Eg: The Governor kept the Bills pending for an extended period without offering valid reasons, causing a constitutional impasse.
Ensuring Justice and Upholding Democracy: The Court invoked Article 142 to do “complete justice” by respecting the will of the elected representatives of the State Legislative Assembly, thus protecting the democratic process. Eg: The Court deemed the Bills passed by the Legislature as law to ensure that the legislative intent of the people’s representatives was not thwarted.
Constitutional Vacuum and Remedy: Since the Constitution did not specify a time limit for the Governor’s action, the Court stepped in to remedy the situation, ensuring the Bills were not indefinitely stalled. Eg: The Tamil Nadu government immediately notified the Acts as law after the Court’s intervention, rectifying the Governor’s delay.
When is the Governor constitutionally allowed to refer a Bill to the President?
When the Bill is Inconsistent with Central Law: The Governor can refer a Bill to the President if it conflicts with existing central laws or raises constitutional issues requiring the President’s decision. Eg: A Bill that contradicts a central law on the same subject matter may be referred to the President for approval.
When the Governor Has Doubts on the Bill’s Constitutionality: If the Governor has constitutional concerns regarding a Bill, they can refer it to the President for further consideration, especially if it involves matters outside the state’s jurisdiction. Eg: A Bill that encroaches on the powers reserved for the Union can be referred to the President for a final decision.
Which constitutional flaw did the Court aim to rectify through this judgment?
Lack of Clear Guidelines for Governor’s Action: The Constitution did not specify clear timelines or procedures for the Governor in handling State Bills, leaving room for delays and misuse of power. Eg: The Governor of Tamil Nadu delayed assent to Bills for years, exploiting the absence of a specific time frame for action.
Absence of Safeguards Against Governor’s Arbitrary Power: The Constitution did not explicitly limit the Governor’s power to withhold assent or exercise a pocket veto, leading to potential abuse and undermining the democratic process. Eg: The Governor’s delay in assenting to ten Bills without any constitutional justification prompted the Court’s intervention.
Weakness in Protecting Federalism and Legislative Authority: The lack of specific checks on the Governor’s actions threatened the principles of federalism and undermined the autonomy of the State Legislative Assembly. Eg: By indefinitely stalling the Bills, the Governor weakened the power of the elected State Legislature, which led the Court to act to preserve federalism.
Who is responsible for upholding constitutional conventions to protect federalism?
The Executive (Governor and Chief Minister): Both the Governor, as the representative of the President, and the Chief Minister, as the head of the state government, must respect constitutional conventions to ensure the smooth functioning of federalism and maintain the balance of power between the Centre and States. Eg: The Governor’s undue delay in assenting to Bills disrupted the federal balance and called for judicial intervention.
The Legislature (State Legislative Assembly): The elected representatives in the State Legislature must ensure that the legislative process adheres to constitutional conventions, fostering federal cooperation and preventing undue interference by the Centre. Eg: The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed Bills that reflected the will of the people, but faced obstruction due to Governor’s delays, highlighting the need for constitutional respect.
The Judiciary: The judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding constitutional conventions when other branches fail to act appropriately. The Supreme Court intervenes when there is a violation of constitutional principles like federalism and when executive or legislative actors overstep their bounds. Eg: The Supreme Court used Article 142 to declare the Tamil Nadu Bills as law, rectifying the constitutional flaw in the Governor’s inaction and protecting federalism.
Way forward:
Clarify Constitutional Procedures: There is a need for clear constitutional guidelines and timeframes for Governors to act on State Bills, reducing ambiguity and preventing delays that undermine federalism. This could involve amendments or judicial directions for timely decision-making.
Strengthen Checks on Executive Power: Strengthening safeguards against arbitrary use of powers by the Governor through legal reforms and accountability measures can ensure that the democratic process and legislative authority of states are respected.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.
Linkage: The Supreme Court’s 2025 verdict addressed the limits of the Governor’s power regarding assent to bills, effectively preventing the use of a “pocket veto”. This context makes the 2022 question relevant as it explores other aspects of the Governor’s legislative role and the need for accountability to the state legislature.
A recent paper published in Nature by a team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences explored the genetic modification of rice plants to increase Coenzyme CoQ10 production.
What are Coenzymes and CoQ?
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.
Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions, making cellular metabolism more efficient.
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that helps stabilize cells under stress. It is crucial for cellular energy production.
CoQ exists in 10 forms (CoQ1 to CoQ10), all present in the respiratory chain within cells.
Importance of CoQ9 and CoQ10
CoQ9: It is found in cereal crops (wheat, rice, oats, barley, etc.), bamboo, and flowering plants like cinnamon, avocado, and pepper. It is rich in daily foods, making it an accessible nutrient.
CoQ10: It is vital for mitochondrial energy production. Concentrated in high-energy organs like the heart. CoQ10 is crucial for health, especially in those with neurological issues or age-related deficiencies.
Health Benefits of CoQ10:
2008: CoQ10 supplementation helped patients with neurological disorders, improving their health (Montini et al., Milan).
2012: Infants with CoQ10 deficiency benefitted from ubiquinone analogues (Shamima Ahmed, London).
CoQ10-based supplements are now commonly prescribed by healthcare professionals.
[UPSC 2007] Question: Which one of the following is not a digestive enzyme in the human system?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aryabhata
Why in the News?
50 years ago on April 19, 1975, India marked a major milestone in its space history with the successful launch of Aryabhata, its first satellite.
About Aryabhata
Aryabhata, India’s first satellite, was launched on April 19, 1975, with Soviet assistance from the Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome.
Named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata, the satellite was a significant milestone in India’s space journey.
It had a unique 26-sided polyhedron design, measuring 1.4 meters in diameter and weighing 360 kg.
The satellite’s faces were covered with solar panels, except for the top and bottom.
Aryabhata orbited the Earth every 96.3 minutes with an inclination of 50.7 degrees, and its apogee and perigee were 619 km and 563 km, respectively.
Its mission was to conduct experiments in solar physics and X-ray astronomy.
Despite experiencing a power failure after 5 days, Aryabhata continued transmitting data for several more days, completing a remarkable 17 years in orbit.
This success was pivotal for India, establishing the country’s space capabilities.
Inception of India’s Space Program:
India’s space program began in the 1960s, led by Vikram Sarabhai, the founder of ISRO.
Sarabhai envisioned a space program to advance technological and scientific progress in India.
Initial efforts included developing sounding rockets under the Rohini rocket program for atmospheric research.
In 1972, India partnered with the Soviet Union for the launch of Aryabhata, marking the nation’s entry into space.
[UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:
1. In the year 2006, India successfully tested a full-fledged cryogenic stage in rocketry.
2. After USA, Russia and China, India is the only country to have acquired the capability for use of cryogenic stage in rocketry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only * (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
A hidden landmass, called the Davis Strait proto-microcontinent, has been discovered beneath the icy waters between Canada’s Baffin Island and Greenland.
About the Davis Strait Proto-Microcontinent:
The Davis Strait Proto-Microcontinent is a hypothesised landmass located in the Davis Strait, believed to have existed during the Paleozoic era.
It is composed of 19–24 km thick thinned continental crust, surrounded by two narrow bands of 15–17 km thick continental crust.
It is thought to have broken apart due to tectonic movements.
Geological evidence, including similarities in rock formations and tectonic features found in Greenland and parts of the Canadian Arctic, supports the idea of this ancient landmass.
While its exact nature and extent remain debated, the proto-microcontinent is crucial for understanding the tectonic processes that shaped the Atlantic Ocean and surrounding regions.
About Davis Strait:
The Davis Strait is a large body of water located between southeastern Baffin Island (Canada) and southwestern Greenland, serving as part of the Northwest Passage.
It separates the Baffin Bay (to the north) from the Labrador Sea (to the south), and it connects the Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
It is an important maritime route for shipping and trade.
Named after John Davis, the English explorer who navigated the area in the late 16th century, the Davis Strait plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the Arctic region.
[UPSC 2013] Consider the following:
(1). Electromagnetic radiation (2). Geothermal energy (3). Gravitational force (4). Plate movements (5). Rotation of the earth (6). Revolution of the earth
Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None*
Recent advancements in recycling perovskite solar cells have led to a new water-based solution, offering a more sustainable and efficient approach to solar energy production.
About Perovskite Solar Cells:
Perovskite solar cells are made using a perovskite crystal structure, offering high power conversion efficiencies and low manufacturing costs compared to traditional silicon-based panels.
They are lightweight, flexible, and made from inexpensive materials, making them a promising alternative in the solar energy market.
While efficient, they have a shorter lifespan and contain toxic materials like lead, posing environmental risks during disposal.
Used in solar power generation, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems due to their affordability and performance.
The New Recycling Method:
Researchers have developed a water-based recycling solution, replacing harmful organic solvents with a non-toxic approach.
The process uses three salts: sodium acetate, sodium iodide, and hypophosphorous acid, to dissolve and regenerate perovskite crystals, recovering high-quality material for reuse.
This method maintains nearly the same efficiency as fresh materials, even after five rounds of recycling, recovering 99% of the layers.
It promotes a circular economy, reducing waste and supporting the environmentally friendly recycling of perovskite solar cells.
[UPSC 2014] With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements:
1. ‘Photovoltaics’ is a technology that generates electricity by direction conversion of light into electricity, while ‘Solar Thermal’ is a technology that utilizes the Sun’s rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process.
2. Photovoltaics generate Alternating Current (AC), while solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC).
3. India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
Options:
(a) 1 only* (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None
[UPSC 2013] Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy.
Linkage: Decarbonising the logistics sector necessitates a shift away from conventional energy sources. The development of a green energy corridor, as mentioned in this PYQ, is essential for supplying the renewable energy needed to power various aspects of logistics, such as electric trucks and warehouses
Mentor’s Comment: Viksit Bharat is a commitment to a stronger, self-reliant India by 2047, focusing on inclusive development. Achieving this requires a large, efficient, and future-ready logistics sector. While infrastructure and accessibility are key, prioritizing the environment is crucial. India’s carbon-heavy logistics must transform to meet net-zero emissions by 2070, reducing transportation, warehousing, and supply chain emissions for a sustainable future.
Today’s editorial talks about India’s logistics sector, which creates a significant amount of carbon pollution. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India’s logistics sector, which produces a lot of carbon pollution, needs to change and become more eco-friendly.
What role does logistics play in achieving Viksit Bharat 2047?
Enabler of Inclusive Development: Efficient logistics ensures that goods and services reach every corner of the country, promoting equitable growth across regions. Eg: Improved last-mile connectivity in remote areas boosts rural entrepreneurship and market access for farmers.
Driver of Economic Competitiveness: A streamlined logistics sector reduces costs and delays, enhancing India’s global trade competitiveness. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti initiative integrates infrastructure planning to speed up cargo movement and reduce logistics costs.
Catalyst for Sustainability and Resilience: Greener logistics support India’s net-zero targets and build climate-resilient infrastructure. Eg: Electrification of highways and promotion of rail freight reduce emissions from the transport sector.
Why is urgent decarbonisation needed in road freight and warehousing?
High Share in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Road freight alone contributes over 88% of transport emissions, with trucks accounting for 38% of CO₂ emissions (IEA 2023). Eg: A single heavy-duty diesel truck emits over 1,000 grams of CO₂ per km — multiplied across millions of trucks, this leads to massive environmental impact.
Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Road transport is highly dependent on oil combustion, making it one of the most carbon-intensive sectors. Warehouses often rely on non-renewable power sources like diesel generators for energy and refrigeration. Eg: India’s freight trucks mostly use diesel — a key factor in air pollution and rising import bills for crude oil.
Growing Demand Increases Future Emissions: With freight and warehousing demand expected to grow rapidly by 2030, emissions will rise unless green alternatives are adopted. Eg: Government plans to triple cargo movement on inland waterways and expand warehousing, which without clean tech would add significantly to GHG levels.
Missed Economic Opportunities without Green Shift: Decarbonisation can lead to cost savings, energy efficiency, and long-term competitiveness. Delay increases operational costs and reduces global trade alignment. Eg: Green warehouses with solar rooftops can reduce electricity costs by 20–30% and earn carbon credits.
Alignment with Net Zero and Global Climate Commitments: India has committed to Net Zero by 2070. Without decarbonising logistics, achieving this goal will be impossible. Eg: Transitioning to electric trucks and LNG-powered vessels supports global targets like the Paris Agreement and IMO’s shipping emission cuts.
How can China and the U.S. guide India’s green freight transition?
Rail Freight as a Cleaner Alternative: China and the U.S. have shifted significant portions of freight transport from road to rail, which is more energy-efficient and low-carbon. Eg: China has heavily invested in rail infrastructure, making rail freight nearly 50% of its total freight, significantly reducing emissions compared to road transport.
Adoption of Cleaner Fuels and Technologies: Both countries have embraced electric rail systems and alternative fuels for freight, which India can adopt to decarbonise its logistics sector. Eg: The U.S. has invested in electrified rail corridors, and China has introduced LNG-powered freight trains, both of which reduce dependency on diesel and curb emissions.
Policy Support and Infrastructure Investment: China and the U.S. have implemented policy frameworks that incentivise green freight practices, such as tax breaks, green subsidies, and investment in sustainable infrastructure. Eg: China’s Green Freight initiative includes subsidies for green vehicles, while the U.S. offers funding for clean freight technology under programs like the Clean Diesel Program.
Which steps has India taken to electrify freight and green maritime transport?
Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC): Spanning 1,506 km, the WDFC connects Delhi to Mumbai, facilitating high-speed, high-capacity freight movement. This electrified corridor supports double-stack container trains, enhancing efficiency and reducing emissions.
Subsidies for Electric Freight Vehicles: In 2024, India approved ₹5 billion to incentivise the adoption of electric trucks, aiming to replace polluting diesel vehicles. This initiative is part of a broader ₹109 billion scheme to promote electric vehicles across various sectors.
Investment in Green Maritime Infrastructure: India plans to allocate ₹25,000 crore towards developing green ports and shipping infrastructure. This includes building green hydrogen hubs and manufacturing eco-friendly vessels, supporting the transition to sustainable maritime practices.
Collaboration with Singapore: India is exploring the creation of a Green Digital Shipping Corridor with Singapore, aiming to link international ports and marine industries. This initiative focuses on reducing emissions and enhancing digital integration in maritime trade.
Harit Sagar Initiative: The ‘Harit Sagar Green Port Guidelines’ aim to integrate renewable energy into port operations, promote the use of green fuels, and modernise fleets. These guidelines are part of India’s strategy to achieve net-zero emissions in the maritime sector by 2070.
Way forward:
Enhance Green Infrastructure and Technology Adoption: India should accelerate investments in green technologies, such as electric trucks, renewable energy-powered warehouses, and cleaner maritime fuels, alongside expanding rail freight networks to further reduce carbon emissions.
Strengthen Policy Frameworks and International Collaborations: Strengthening government policies to incentivize sustainable logistics practices and fostering international partnerships, such as with Singapore for green shipping corridors, can help ensure the successful transition to a low-carbon logistics sector.
US President Donald Trump once threatened to remove Jerome Powell, whom he had appointed as the head of the Federal Reserve in 2018. Such disagreements between leaders and central banks have happened before in both the US and India, but they usually don’t turn into major problems.
What triggered Trump’s criticism of Fed Chair Jerome Powell?
Disagreement Over Interest Rate Policy: Trump criticized Powell for raising interest rates, especially during times of economic uncertainty like the COVID-19 pandemic. He believed higher rates would hurt economic growth and his re-election prospects. Eg: In December 2018, Trump reportedly said Powell would “turn [him] into Hoover,” referencing Herbert Hoover, who led during the Great Depression.
Fed’s Caution on Trump’s Tariffs: Powell warned that Trump’s trade tariffs could increase inflation and impact the labour market, which contradicted the President’s economic stance. Trump saw this as “playing politics.” Eg: On April 17, 2025, Trump posted online that Powell’s “termination cannot come fast enough!” and mocked him as “Too Late Jerome Powell.”
Who in U.S. history challenged the Fed’s independence, and why?
Milton Friedman’s Influence (1970s–80s): The Nobel laureate economist argued that the Fed should be less discretionary and more rules-based, believing it often worsened economic cycles. Eg: Arthur Burns told Volcker that Friedman “wants to abolish the Fed (and) replace you with a computer.”
Ronald Reagan’s Administration (1980s): Reagan’s advisers questioned the Fed’s independence, urging more accountability and clearer monetary targets due to high inflation and unemployment. Eg: In 1981, Reagan asked Fed Chair Volcker why the U.S. needed the Federal Reserve, reflecting pressure to align with government priorities.
Donald Trump (2018–2025): Trump repeatedly attacked Fed Chair Jerome Powell for raising interest rates and criticized the Fed’s caution over his tariff policies, claiming they hindered economic growth. Eg: In December 2018, Trump expressed a desire to fire Powell, blaming him for risking a downturn like the Great Depression.
When was Section 7(1) of the RBI Act invoked, and why was it significant?
Invoked in 2018 during Centre-RBI tensions: The Union Government reportedly invoked Section 7(1) for the first time in independent India amid differences with the RBI over issues like liquidity, lending to MSMEs, and the use of RBI reserves. Eg: The Finance Ministry sent at least three letters to RBI citing Section 7(1), asking the central bank to consult with the government.
Significance – Questioned RBI’s autonomy: This move raised concerns about the erosion of the central bank’s independence, as the section allows the government to issue binding directions to the RBI in public interest. Eg: Critics saw it as a way to force the RBI to align with the government’s fiscal agenda, undermining its role as an independent regulator.
Led to public fallout and resignation: The conflict led to the resignation of RBI Governor Urjit Patel, who stepped down citing personal reasons amid speculation of pressure from the government. Eg: Patel’s abrupt resignation in December 2018 came soon after Deputy Governor Viral Acharya warned of the dangers of compromising central bank independence.
How have Indian governments handled RBI conflicts in the past?
Through backchannel negotiations and compromise: Successive governments have often resolved tensions with RBI through informal dialogue rather than confrontation. Eg: During the 1991 economic crisis, Finance Minister Manmohan Singh worked closely with RBI Governor S. Venkitaramanan to navigate reforms despite some policy disagreements.
Avoiding use of Section 7(1) until 2018: Even in times of serious disagreement, governments historically refrained from invoking Section 7(1) of the RBI Act to respect the central bank’s autonomy. Eg: In 2008–09, during the global financial crisis, the government and RBI had different views on stimulus, but maintained cooperation.
Occasional public spats but resolution behind closed doors: Disagreements sometimes came into the public domain but were eventually settled through internal discussions. Eg: In 2013, Raghuram Rajan’s monetary tightening clashed with the Finance Ministry’s push for growth, but no formal confrontation occurred.
Appointments as a tool to align RBI’s stance: Governments have sometimes appointed RBI governors who are seen as more aligned with their economic philosophy. Eg: The appointment of Y.V. Reddy and later Raghuram Rajan was seen in part as reflecting the government’s evolving monetary and financial strategy.
Post-conflict policy adaptations: After major conflicts, governments have occasionally adjusted policies or created frameworks to reduce future friction. Eg: Following the 2018 rift, the government and RBI set up a framework for the transfer of surplus reserves to avoid ad-hoc confrontations in future.
Way forward:
Institutionalise a Conflict Resolution Mechanism: Establish a formal consultative framework between the Finance Ministry and RBI to address policy differences before they escalate. This could include regular high-level meetings and joint committees to ensure transparency and trust. Eg: A permanent Finance-RBI Coordination Council with defined terms could pre-empt confrontations like the 2018 episode.
Clarify Autonomy Boundaries Through Legislation or Protocols: Amend or supplement existing laws like the RBI Act to define the scope of government intervention (like Section 7) and ensure it is used only under extraordinary circumstances. Eg: Introduce a statutory guideline requiring parliamentary review or expert panel consultation before invoking Section 7.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism?
Linkage: Constitutional amendments affecting fiscal matters can have implications for the central bank’s role and its relationship with the government.
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court overturned the Delhi High Court’s order, which had asked Wikimedia to remove a Wikipedia page due to a defamation case filed by the news agency Asian News International (ANI). The Supreme Court corrected a mistake made by the High Court.
What was the Supreme Court’s main reason for quashing the Delhi High Court’s order against Wikimedia?
Overbroad Takedown Order: The Supreme Court found the High Court’s direction to remove “all false, misleading, and defamatory content” to be too broad and vague. It emphasized that such general orders lack precision and could lead to over-censorship.Eg: Asking to remove an entire Wikipedia page without identifying specific defamatory lines is like banning an entire book over one disputed paragraph.
Safe Harbour Protection for Intermediaries: The Court reaffirmed that Wikipedia enjoys safe harbour under the IT Act as an internet intermediary, meaning it is not directly responsible for user-generated content unless a specific violation is pointed out. Eg: Just like social media platforms aren’t liable for every comment made by users, Wikipedia too cannot be penalized without clear proof of harmful content.
Need for Specific Pleas: The Bench advised that ANI should file a fresh, specific plea pointing out the exact portions of the content they consider defamatory. This would allow the Court to consider actual harm rather than act on general accusations. Eg: It’s more reasonable to ask a website to remove a sentence that says “X is a fraud” rather than demanding the removal of an entire article about X.
Why did the Delhi High Court originally ask Wikipedia to take down the page related to ANI?
Defamation Claim: The Delhi High Court ruled that the statements on the Wikipedia page were defamatory towards the news agency, Asian News International (ANI). It concluded that the content harmed ANI’s reputation and was therefore damaging. Eg: If an article on Wikipedia falsely claims that ANI is involved in unethical practices, it could damage the agency’s credibility and reputation.
Non-Verbatim Reproduction of Sources: The Court stated that the Wikipedia page did not accurately reproduce the references it cited, but rather presented them in a distorted or selective manner, which misrepresented the original information. It emphasized that this misrepresentation contributed to the defamatory nature of the content. Eg: If the page quoted investigative reports but omitted important context, it could lead to a misleading understanding of ANI’s role in the events.
Higher Responsibility of Wikipedia: The Court held that Wikipedia, as an encyclopaedia, carries a higher responsibility in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of its content, especially since it’s widely accessed and can influence public perception. It believed that as a trusted platform, Wikipedia should prevent the spread of defamatory or misleading content. Eg: Just like traditional encyclopaedias, Wikipedia should uphold higher standards of verification to avoid spreading misinformation.
Who is responsible for creating and moderating content on Wikipedia?
Wikipedia Users and Volunteers: Users and volunteers create and edit content on Wikipedia by contributing articles and making revisions. Eg: A user with knowledge of climate change might write or update articles related to global warming.
Wikipedia Community: Content is moderated by the Wikipedia community through discussions, consensus, and resolving disputes. Eg: If two users disagree on an article, the community helps decide on the final content through discussion or voting.
Administrators (Admins): Admins, elected by the community, have special privileges to manage disputes, protect pages, and enforce Wikipedia’s guidelines. Eg: Admins might restrict editing on a page to prevent vandalism, allowing only trusted users to make changes.
How does Wikipedia usually resolve disputes or “editing wars” over content?
Community Discussion and Consensus: Disputes are typically resolved through discussion on the article’s talk page, where editors reach a consensus on the correct content. Eg: If two users disagree on the phrasing of a sentence, they may discuss it on the talk page and come to an agreement.
Page Protection: If disputes persist, Wikipedia may protect the page, limiting edits to trusted editors or administrators to prevent further conflicts. Eg: A page on a controversial topic may be locked to prevent constant changes, with only experienced users allowed to make edits.
What could be the potential consequence of allowing broad takedown orders against platforms like Wikipedia?
Censorship and Suppression of Information: Broad takedown orders could lead to censorship, stifling the free flow of information and limiting access to diverse perspectives. Eg: If a controversial topic is targeted, it could lead to entire pages being removed, denying users access to critical information.
Chilling Effect on Open Discussion: Such orders could create a chilling effect, discouraging people from contributing to platforms like Wikipedia for fear of legal consequences. Eg: Contributors might avoid writing about sensitive topics like politics or social issues to prevent being involved in legal disputes.
Undermining the Platform’s Model: Wikipedia’s model relies on user-generated content and community moderation; broad takedown orders could disrupt this and harm the platform’s collaborative nature. Eg: If Wikipedia faces constant takedown requests, it might have to impose strict content restrictions, altering its open editing structure and reducing the reliability of information.
Way forward:
Clearer Guidelines and Specificity in Takedown Requests: Courts and platforms should establish clear guidelines for takedown requests, ensuring that only specific defamatory content is targeted rather than broad or vague orders. Eg: Legal requests should identify exact defamatory statements rather than asking for the removal of entire pages.
Strengthening Community Moderation and Accountability: Encourage community-based solutions to resolve disputes, with oversight from trusted administrators, while respecting Wikipedia’s open model. Eg: Wikipedia could enhance its dispute resolution processes and ensure content integrity by empowering its community to handle content concerns collaboratively.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
Linkage: Fundamental right of speech and expression, which is central to the discussion about taking down online content like Wikipedia pages. The Supreme Court’s order emphasizes the need to carefully consider the implications for the free flow of information, a key aspect of freedom of speech.
India has signed a Headquarters Agreement with the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), officially establishing its headquarters in India.
About International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA):
IBCA is a multi-country, multi-agency group of 96 big cat range and non-range countries focused on conserving 7 big cats and their habitats.
It was proposed by PM Modi in 2019, officially launched in April 2023 for Project Tiger’s 50th anniversary.
It aims to protect and conserve Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma; restore habitats and reduce human-wildlife conflict.
Key activities include- Advocacy, knowledge sharing, eco-tourism promotion, and resource mobilization for big cat conservation.
Currently, India, Nicaragua, Eswatini, and Somalia are members. Though membership is open to 96 range countries with big cat habitats.
Governance: Includes a General Assembly, elected Council, and Secretariat with a Secretary-General.
India’s Role:
India is home to 5 (tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, and cheetah) of the 7 big cats and 70% of the world’s tiger population, playing a leading role in global wildlife protection.
₹150 crore from the Indian government (2023-2028) with additional contributions from global partners.
[UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:
1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.
3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 2
The Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, a significant religious pilgrimage for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Bon followers, is set to resume after a halt since 2020.
About Kailash Mountain and Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
Kailash Mountain is situated in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) of China, near India and Nepal, standing at 6,638 meters (21,778 feet).
Religious Significance:
Hinduism: Abode of Lord Shiva and Parvati, believed to bring moksha (liberation).
Buddhism: Home of Buddha Demchok, symbolizing bliss.
Jainism: Lord Rishabhanatha attained Nirvana here.
Bon Religion: Center of the universe in Bon faith.
Mansarovar Yatra is the pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar Lake at 4,556 meters (14,950 feet).
This lake is believed to be created by Lord Brahma, bathing here is believed to cleanse sins.
The Yatra is managed by India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) for Indian pilgrims.
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Routes to Kailash Mansarovar
Lipulekh Pass: Located at 5,115 meters, this route is 200 km of trekking and has been suspended since 2020 due to geopolitical tensions.
Nathu La Pass: Positioned at 4,310 meters, this 1,500 km motorable route requires 35-40 km of trekking. It has been operational since 2015.
Nepal Route: Available since 2023, this route is managed by private operators, with challenges related to visa and permit requirements.
[UPSC 2007] Which one of the following Himalayan passes was reopened around in the middle of the year 2006 to facilitate trade between India and China?
(a) Chang La (b) Jara La (c) Nathu La* (d) Shipki La
A new study highlights the success of Surat’s Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme (PM-ETS), the world’s first market-based system for trading particulate emissions.
The scheme has reduced pollution by20-30%, providing insights into its potential to improve air quality in industrial areas.
About Particulate Matter Emission Trading Scheme in Gujarat:
This PM ETS was launched in Surat, Gujarat in 2019.
It is the world’s first pilot project targeting particulate pollution using a market-based emissions trading system.
It is India’s first emissions trading initiativefor any pollutant.
The scheme aims to reduce emissions from industries using solid (coal, lignite) and liquid fuels (diesel) by controlling fine particulate matter (PM).
How It Works?
Cap-and-Trade: Regulators set a cap on total emissions, and industries are issued permits (1 kg of particulate matter per permit).
Permit Allocation: 80% of permits are given for free; 20% are sold via auctions.
Market Trading: Permits can be bought or sold to meet emission targets. A ceiling price (Rs 100/kg) and floor price (Rs 5/kg) are set.
Compliance: Non-compliant industries face fines double the ceiling price for each excess emission.
Successes of PM-ETS:
Reduction in Emissions: Participating plants cut emissions by 20-30% compared to traditional methods.
Improved Compliance: 99% compliance in participating plants.
Cost-Effective: The system allowed industries to choose the most cost-effective methods for compliance.
Limitations of PM-ETS:
Over-reliance on Free Permits: Smaller plants may struggle as the number of free permits decreases.
Supply Chain Limitations: Tightened caps could increase costs for industries not reducing emissions.
Market Manipulation: Concerns over unfair permit trading.
Geographical Constraints: Limited to Surat, restricting broader impact.
[UPSC 2011] Regarding “carbon credits’’, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto protocol.
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota.
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission.
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations environment programs. *
[UPSC 2024] What are the challenges in the commercialisation and diffusion of indigenously developed technologies? Although India is second in the world in filing patents, still only a few have been commercialised. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialisation.
Linkage: The challenge of scaling up the impact of innovation by focusing on the commercialisation of patents, which is a crucial aspect for startups aiming to grow.
Mentor’s Comment: Startups in India have seen significant growth, especially with government initiatives like Startup India. However, Union Minister highlighted that many of these startups are focusing on repetitive ideas, like grocery delivery, rather than pushing the boundaries of innovation. He emphasized the need for more groundbreaking, science-based solutions to address broader challenges and drive sustainable growth.
Today’s editorial looks at startups in India, focusing on factors that help them grow, challenges like lack of innovation and funding, and the need to move beyond grocery delivery for long-term success.. This content would help in GS paper 3 mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, at the Startup Mahakumbh in New Delhi, Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal said that many startups are not focusing enough on real innovation and are mostly sticking to ideas like grocery delivery.
What challenges do deep tech startups in India face when it comes to scaling up?
High Initial Capital Requirement: Deep tech startups, especially in sectors like AI, biotech, or semiconductors, require significant funding in the early stages for R&D and prototyping. Eg: A startup working on quantum computing may need years of research before any commercial product is viable.
Lack of Follow-up Funding: Government seed funds like the Startup India Seed Fund provide limited support (~₹50 lakh), but large-scale funding is often unavailable, especially from domestic sources. Eg: A robotics startup may struggle to find Series A or B investors willing to back them after the seed stage.
Longer Time-to-Market and Uncertain Returns: Deep tech innovations take longer to reach the market and generate revenue, which deters many investors focused on quick returns. Eg: Healthtech firms developing diagnostic devices may take years to pass regulatory approvals before commercialization.
Why is private sector follow-up funding considered crucial after initial government support for startups?
Bridges the Capital Gap: Government funds are limited and mainly support early-stage needs. Scaling requires much higher investment. Eg: A biotech startup receiving ₹50 lakh from a seed fund may need ₹10 crore for clinical trials.
Enables Long-Term Growth: Startups need sustained funding over multiple stages (Series A, B, etc.) to expand, hire talent, and enhance products. Eg: An electric mobility startup may require continuous investment to build charging infrastructure.
Signals Market Validation: Private investment shows that the startup idea has commercial potential, encouraging more stakeholders to engage. Eg: A deep tech startup attracting VC funding is more likely to gain customer and partner interest.
Brings Strategic Guidance and Networks: Private investors often provide mentorship, access to global markets, and business connections. Eg: A startup funded by a top VC firm might get access to international accelerator programs.
Reduces Dependence on Government: Encourages a self-sustaining innovation ecosystem and reduces reliance on public funds. Eg: Startups backed by private capital scale faster without waiting for bureaucratic processes.
How do venture capitalists define innovation while deciding to invest in a startup?
User Impact and Experience: VCs assess whether the product/service offers a significant improvement in user experience or solves a real problem. Eg: A fintech app that reduces loan approval time from days to minutes is seen as innovative.
Market Potential and Demand: Innovation must address a need in a large or fast-growing market to be attractive to investors. Eg: An edtech startup targeting affordable online education in Tier-II/III cities taps into a large unmet demand.
Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Startups should have something unique that competitors can’t easily copy, like patents or proprietary tech. Eg: A healthtech startup with patented diagnostic AI software has a stronger edge.
Commercial Viability: Innovation must eventually lead to profitability and returns. VCs look for feasible business models. Eg: A SaaS platform with recurring revenue from subscriptions is more viable than a one-time product sale model.
Scalability and Replicability: The innovation should be scalable across geographies or customer segments. Eg: A logistics startup using AI route optimization can be scaled across different cities and industries.
Which factors have contributed to the rise in the number of startups under the Startup India initiative?
Policy Support and Government Incentives: Multiple ministries and state governments have launched startup-friendly policies, funding schemes, and incubation support. Eg: The Startup India Seed Fund Scheme provides up to ₹50 lakh for early-stage startups.
Improved Access to Funding: Capital inflow through both equity and debt has increased, with growing interest from banks and private investors. Eg: SIDBI’s Fund of Funds supports venture capital firms that, in turn, invest in Indian startups.
Changing Mindset and Entrepreneurial Culture: A cultural shift among youth toward entrepreneurship, driven by success stories and digital exposure. Eg: Companies like Flipkart and Freshworks have inspired a new generation to build their own ventures.
Where does India lag behind in comparison to countries like China and the U.S. in building a thriving startup ecosystem?
Lower Per Capita Income and Consumption Capacity: India’s lower GDP per capita limits domestic consumer spending, which affects the growth of digital and tech-driven startups. Eg: India’s per capita GDP is around $3,500, while China’s is over $12,000—boosting China’s digital economy faster.
Limited Domestic Risk Capital Availability: India relies heavily on foreign capital for startup funding, unlike the U.S. or China, which have strong domestic investor bases. Eg: Most VC funding in India comes from the U.S., while China has state-backed venture funds.
Bureaucratic Hurdles and Complex Regulations: Regulatory bottlenecks and lack of smooth implementation hinder startup operations and scalability. Eg: Despite policy support, startups still face delays in government clearances and compliances.
Way forward:
Strengthen Domestic Funding Ecosystem: Promote domestic VC funds, corporate venture arms, and pension fund investments in startups to reduce dependency on foreign capital. Eg: Incentivize Indian institutional investors to back deep tech ventures.
Simplify Regulatory Processes: Establish single-window clearances and reduce compliance burdens to foster ease of doing business for startups. Eg: Fast-track approvals for sectors like biotech, fintech, and healthtech.
Concerns about an AI arms race and AGI are rising, but research on AI’s impact on strategic affairs remains limited.
What are the key strategic differences between AI and nuclear weapons?
Strategic Difference
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Nuclear Weapons
Development and Control
Driven by private companies and research institutions (Eg: OpenAI)
Developed and strictly controlled by state actors
Resource Dependence
No ongoing physical resources needed once trained
Depend on rare materials like enriched uranium, requiring secure control
Global Accessibility
Rapidly accessible and globally developable (Eg: AI in healthcare)
Restricted to a few nations with production and maintenance capacity
How should these affect policy?
Focus on Global Tech Governance: Policies should emphasize international collaboration on AI standards and ethics, not just state-centric treaties. Eg: The OECD AI Principles guide responsible AI use across countries and private entities.
Regulate Private Sector Innovation: Governments must work closely with tech firms to monitor and regulate AI development. Eg: The EU AI Act places obligations on companies deploying high-risk AI systems.
Invest in Civilian and Dual-Use Oversight: Policies should ensure AI developed for civilian use isn’t misused for harmful purposes. Eg: Export controls on advanced AI chips to prevent their misuse by authoritarian regimes.
Why is the comparison between Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) and Mutual Assured AI Malfunction (MAIM) flawed?
Different Nature of Threats: MAD is based on physical destruction through nuclear weapons, while MAIM assumes AI failure or sabotage, which is less predictable and harder to control. Eg: A nuclear missile has a clear origin and impact but an AI malfunction could be decentralized and ambiguous.
Diffuse Infrastructure: Nuclear programs are centralized and state-controlled, but AI development is global, decentralized, and often driven by private entities. Eg: Open-source AI models can be developed by individuals or startups across countries, unlike nuclear weapons.
Unreliable Deterrence Mechanism: MAD relies on guaranteed retaliation; AI malfunction is not guaranteed nor clearly attributable, making deterrence weak. Eg: It’s hard to prove who caused an AI collapse, unlike a nuclear strike which can be traced.
What are its policy implications?
Risk of Escalation: Using MAIM as a deterrence may justify preemptive strikes or sabotage, increasing chances of conflict. Eg: States might attack suspected AI labs without solid proof, causing diplomatic or military escalation.
False Sense of Security: Assuming AI deterrence works like nuclear deterrence may lead to complacency in governance and oversight. Eg: Policymakers might underinvest in AI safety, believing threat of malfunction is enough to prevent misuse.
Lack of Accountability: Diffuse AI development makes retaliation or regulation difficult, weakening the policy’s enforceability. Eg: If a rogue actor causes an AI incident, it’s hard to trace or penalize, unlike state-driven nuclear attacks.
How feasible is controlling AI chip distribution like nuclear materials?
Different Resource Requirements: Unlike nuclear tech, AI doesn’t need rare or radioactive materials, making chip controls less effective. Eg: Once AI models are trained, they can run on widely available hardware like GPUs.
Widespread Availability: AI chips are mass-produced and used in consumer electronics globally, making strict regulation difficult. Eg: Chips used for gaming or smartphones can also power AI applications.
Black Market and Bypass Risks: Efforts to restrict chip distribution may lead to smuggling or development of alternative supply chains. Eg: Countries barred from chip exports may create domestic chip industries or resort to illegal imports.
What assumptions about AI-powered bioweapons and cyberattacks are speculative, and why?
Inevitability of AI-powered attacks: It’s assumed AI will inevitably be used to develop bioweapons or launch cyberattacks, but such outcomes aren’t guaranteed. Eg: While AI can assist in simulations, creating bioweapons still requires complex biological expertise.
State-driven development dominance: The assumption that states will lead AI weaponization ignores the current dominance of private tech firms. Eg: Companies like OpenAI or Google, not governments, are at the forefront of AI research.
Equating AI with WMDs: Treating AI as a weapon of mass destruction assumes similar scale and impact, which is yet unproven. Eg: Cyberattacks can cause disruption, but rarely match the immediate devastation of a nuclear blast.
Why is more scholarship needed on AI in strategic affairs?
Lack of tailored strategic frameworks: Current strategies often rely on outdated comparisons like nuclear weapons, which don’t suit AI’s complexity. Eg: Using MAD to model AI deterrence ignores AI’s decentralized development and dual-use nature.
Unclear trajectory of AI capabilities: Without deeper research, it’s difficult to predict how AI might evolve or impact global security. Eg: The potential of superintelligent AI remains hypothetical, needing scenario-based academic exploration.
Policy gaps and ethical dilemmas: Scholarly input is crucial to guide regulation and international norms around AI use. Eg: Without academic insight, actions like preemptive strikes on AI labs could escalate conflicts unjustly.
Way forward:
Establish Multilateral AI Governance Frameworks: Nations should collaborate with international organizations, academia, and private stakeholders to create adaptive, inclusive, and enforceable AI governance structures. Eg: A global AI treaty modeled on the Paris Climate Accord can align safety, ethics, and innovation priorities.
Promote Interdisciplinary Strategic Research: Invest in dedicated research centers combining expertise from technology, security studies, ethics, and international law to anticipate and mitigate AI-related risks. Eg: Establishing think tanks like the “AI and National Security Institute” to inform real-time policy with evidence-based analysis.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] Considering the threats cyberspace poses to the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013, outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation.
Linkage: The strategic importance of cybersecurity and the need for a digital defence force, which would involve AI capabilities. This article will talk about the strategic significance of AI.
Public health has evolved with the growing economy and modern lifestyles. Key challenges include antimicrobial resistance, chronic diseases, zoonotic diseases, and mental health, with NCDs making up 60% of global deaths.
What are the key modern public health challenges faced globally, and how do they impact India?
Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): NCDs like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer account for over 60% of global deaths and are projected to rise by 17% in the next decade. India faces a dual burden of NCDs and infectious diseases. Eg: As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), over 20% of Indian adults suffer from high blood pressure.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock has led to drug-resistant infections, making common illnesses harder to treat. India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics, and AMR increases mortality rates and healthcare costs. Eg: A 2019 ICMR report showed a rise in resistance to last-resort antibiotics like colistin in Indian hospitals.
Mental Health Crisis: Stress, urbanization, and socio-economic pressures are driving a rise in mental health illnesses, yet policymakers and health systems continue to under-address them. India has a high treatment gap — about 80% of people with mental illness do not receive treatment due to stigma and lack of resources. Eg: WHO estimates that India loses nearly $1 trillion in productivity annually due to mental health issues.
How does the ‘Ayushman Bharat’ scheme aim to strengthen India’s public health system?
Financial Protection through PM-JAY: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) offers ₹5 lakh health insurance coverage per family per year to poor and vulnerable populations. It reduces the financial burden of hospitalization and protects against catastrophic health expenditure. Eg: A BPL family needing heart surgery under PM-JAY can avail treatment in empanelled hospitals without paying out-of-pocket.
Strengthening Primary Healthcare via Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): These upgraded Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) provide comprehensive care, including preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative services, close to communities. Eg: A rural health centre now screens for diabetes, mental health, and cancers under the AAM model, increasing early detection and timely treatment.
Infrastructure Development through PM-ABHIM: The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) improves health system preparedness by investing in labs, critical care units, and public health surveillance systems. Eg: District hospitals are being upgraded with ICU beds and disease monitoring labs under PM-ABHIM, boosting emergency response and pandemic readiness.
What are the reasons behind the lack of trust in India’s public health system?
Poor User Experience and Service Quality: Long wait times, overcrowding, and inadequate attention from healthcare staff often lead to patient dissatisfaction and erode trust in public facilities. Eg: Patients at many government hospitals report delays in receiving treatment due to staff shortages and administrative inefficiencies.
Inconsistent Infrastructure and Cleanliness: Lack of clean facilities, essential medicines, and functional equipment in some centers diminishes public confidence in receiving quality care. Eg: A 2022 Health Ministry survey found that several PHCs in remote areas lacked basic amenities like running water and power backup.
Stigma and Miscommunication in Care Delivery: Lack of sensitivity among staff, especially in mental health and maternal care, coupled with poor communication, creates a sense of neglect or discrimination. Eg: Many rural women avoid public health centers for childbirth due to past experiences of rude treatment or neglect by staff.
How does the quality and accessibility of private healthcare in India compare to the public sector?
Better Infrastructure and Perceived Quality in Private Sector: Private hospitals often offer cleaner facilities, modern equipment, and shorter wait times, making them the preferred choice for many. Eg: Urban patients may choose a private multispecialty hospital over a government facility due to advanced diagnostic tools and faster service.
Higher Costs and Risk of Catastrophic Expenditure: While private healthcare ensures timely treatment, it comes at a high cost, which can push middle- and low-income families into debt. Eg: A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy in a private hospital may face bills in lakhs, unlike subsidized or free treatment in public hospitals under schemes like PM-JAY.
Limited Accessibility for Rural and Poor Populations: Private hospitals are concentrated in urban areas and are often unaffordable for rural or economically weaker sections, widening the healthcare gap. Eg: A villager may have to travel over 50 km to access private healthcare, while a nearby government PHC is under-equipped or understaffed.
What is the role of National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS) in enhancing public health services in India?
Improves Service Delivery and Patient Care: NQAS ensures that healthcare facilities follow standardized procedures, improving the quality, safety, and effectiveness of care provided. Eg: A district hospital certified under NQAS follows set protocols for infection control and patient safety, reducing the chances of hospital-acquired infections.
Builds Accountability and Performance Monitoring: Facilities are regularly assessed on key quality indicators, encouraging a culture of accountability and continuous improvement. Eg: A Primary Health Centre (PHC) striving for NQAS certification upgrades its infrastructure and staff training to meet quality benchmarks.
Enhances Public Trust in Government Facilities: By aligning public health facilities with global standards like ISQua, NQAS boosts confidence among patients to seek care from government institutions. Eg: An NQAS-certified Community Health Centre (CHC) attracts more patients due to its improved cleanliness, better staff behaviour, and reliable service delivery.
Way forward:
Invest in Quality and Infrastructure: Strengthen public health facilities with adequate staff, modern equipment, and essential supplies to ensure reliable, high-quality care across rural and urban areas.
Promote Awareness and Trust: Launch community-based health education campaigns and feedback mechanisms to reduce stigma, improve service perception, and increase public trust in government healthcare systems.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.
Linkage: The importance of a strong primary health structure, which is fundamental to making healthcare accessible and achieving broader development goals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)
Why in the News?
The Union Environment Ministry’s 2015 policy mandating the installation of Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) equipment in all of India’s 537 coal-fired plants has been scrutinised by a recent study commissioned by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser.
Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)
About Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) in Power Plants
FGD is used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gases in coal-fired power plants.
The process involves passing exhaust gases through a scrubbing system using absorbents like ammonia, sodium sulfite, or limestone.
Methods:
Wet Limestone Scrubbing: Gases pass through a scrubber tower with a slurry of water and limestone.
Dry Sorbent Injection: Uses a dry alkaline agent to neutralize SO₂.
Sea Water-Based Systems: Utilizes seawater’s natural alkalinity to absorb SO₂.
FGD can remove up to 95% of sulfur dioxide, reducing SO₂ emissions significantly.
Reduces sulfur emissions, major contributors to acid rain and air pollution.
FGD Gypsum, a byproduct, can be used in industries like cement manufacturing.
Recent Study on FGD in Power Plants
A study by NIAS critiques India’s FGD policy, recommending limited FGD installations for plants using imported or high-sulfur coal.
92% of coal in Indian plants has low sulfur content (0.3%-0.5%), meaning FGD may not significantly improve local air quality.
Widespread FGD installation could increase power and water consumption, and result in 69 million tonnes of additional CO₂ emissions by 2030.
Removing SO₂ (cooling agent) while increasing CO₂ emissions may accelerate climate change.
Recommendations: Installing electrostatic precipitators (₹25 lakh per MW) can reduce 99% of particulate matter (PM), offering a more cost-effective and impactful solution.
[UPSC 2024] According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions?
Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) has partnered with IIT Bombay to launch a pilot project on Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, integrating electric vehicles into the power grid.
About V2G Technology:
V2G enables Electric Vehicles (EVs) to send power back to the grid when not in use, turning EV batteries into decentralized energy storage devices.
It involves two key functions:
Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V): Power is transferred from the grid to charge the EV.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Power is sent from the EV back to the grid, making the vehicle a distributed energy source.
Smart charging strategies optimize charging based on grid demand and renewable energy availability, enhancing grid stability and enabling renewable energy integration.
About the KSEB-IIT Bombay V2G Pilot Project:
This pilot aims to assess EVs’ role in supporting the power grid, especially during peak demand periods when solar energy is unavailable.
Kerala’s growth in EV adoption and rooftop solar installations has raised concerns about increased electricity demand, particularly in the evenings.
The project will explore the feasibility of using EVs to reduce grid strain and optimize the use of renewable energy.
Applications of V2G:
Grid Support: EVs can supply power back to the grid during high-demand periods, improving grid stability.
Solar Energy Integration: V2G encourages charging during the day when solar power is abundant, and storing excess energy to supply the grid at night.
Emergency Power Source: EVs can act as backup power during crises or natural disasters, providing electricity to communities.
[UPSC 2024] Which one of the following is the exhaust pipe emission from Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles powered by hydrogen?
Scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have found signs of possible life on exoplanet K2-18 b by detecting gases usually produced by Earth’s biological processes.
Key findings of the Recent Study:
Scientists detected significant biosignatures in the atmosphere of K2-18 b, including dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS).
These gases, on Earth, are primarily produced by marine phytoplankton.
High concentrations of these gases suggest the possibility of microbial life, particularly in the planet’s oceans.
However, researchers caution that this is not definitive proof of life but a potential biosignature indicating biological processes.
Further studies and observations are needed to confirm whether these gases are biologically produced or the result of other processes.
About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):
JWST is a joint venture between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) launched in December 2021.
It is an orbiting infrared observatory that will complement and extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope, with longer wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity.
Webb was formerly known as the “Next Generation Space Telescope” (NGST), and it was renamed in 2002 after a former NASA administrator, James Webb.
It isa large infrared telescope with an approximately 6.5-meter primary mirror.
JWST is positioned at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, 5 million km away.
It consists of a mirror, spanning 6.5 meters in diameter compared to Hubble’s 2.4 meters, and its specialised instruments optimised for infrared observations.
Key Objectives:
JWST observes deeper into the universe than Hubble.
Observes celestial objects from earlier epochs.
Enables the detection of light from the universe’s earliest stars, dating back over 13.5 billion years.
[UPSC 2020] The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:
Options: (a) Voyager-2 (b) New Horizons (c) LISA Pathfinder (d) Evolved LISA*
The 6th edition of India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-6 commenced at the Foreign Training Node at Aundh in Pune, Maharashtra.
About Exercise DUSTLIK
Exercise DUSTLIK is an annual event alternating between India and Uzbekistan.
It is named after Dustlik, a town in the Jizzakh region of Uzbekistan.
The first edition of the exercise was held in 2019 near Tashkent.
The 5th edition was held in Termez District, Uzbekistan.
4th edition held in Pithoragarh, India, in February 2023.
Objectives and Focus Areas:
Focus on physical fitness, joint planning, and tactical drills.
Emphasis on special arms skills and multi-domain operations.
Tactical drills include establishing command posts, intelligence centers, heliborne operations, and room intervention.
Back2Basics: India’s bilateral exercises with Central Asian Countries
Country
Exercise
Kazakhstan
Ex PRABAL DOSTYK, Ex KAZIND
Kyrgyzstan
Ex KHANJAR
Mongolia
Ex NOMADIC ELEPHANT
Tajikistan
Ex Farkhor
[UPSC 2008] Hand-in-Hand 2007’, a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries?
[UPSC 2018] What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India?
Linkage: A “trade war” means a situation where countries, like the U.S. and China, put extra taxes (tariffs) on each other’s products. In this article, we saw how Trump delayed these reciprocal tariffs for most countries but kept them in place for China.
Mentor’s Comment: In the three months since U.S. President Donald Trump introduced his “America First” trade policy—using trade measures to pressure other countries into giving concessions—there are signs it could seriously harm the global economy. A key part of this plan was the introduction of “reciprocal tariffs” to counter what Trump saw as unfair trade practices by other nations. However, on April 9, the day these tariffs were supposed to begin, Trump changed his mind and delayed their implementation by 90 days for all 57 target countries—except China.
Today’s editorial discusses how Trump’s views on reciprocal tariffs have changed over time. This topic is useful for General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) and Paper 3 (Indian Economy).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, China’s unexpected response to Trump’s trade war showed its smart long-term planning. By preparing for risks from aggressive trade partners, it managed to handle one of the worst trade tensions ever.
What are the main features of Trump’s “America First” trade policy?
Imposition of Reciprocal Tariffs: The U.S. aimed to impose tariffs on imports from countries that had higher duties on American goods. Eg: A 34% tariff was imposed on Chinese goods, leading to retaliation from China.
Push for Bilateral Trade Deals: Trump preferred one-on-one negotiations over multilateral agreements to secure favorable terms. Eg: He delayed tariffs for 90 days to pressure 57 countries into bilateral deals.
Targeting Trade Deficits: The policy aimed to reduce U.S. trade deficits by demanding more access to foreign markets. Eg: The U.S. demanded that India open its agricultural market and relax patent laws.
Why was the implementation of “reciprocal tariffs” postponed?
Facilitating U.S.-India Trade Negotiations: The U.S. paused the tariffs to create a conducive environment for bilateral trade discussions with India. Both nations aim to finalize the first phase of a trade agreement by autumn 2025, targeting a bilateral trade volume of $500 billion by 2030. Eg: India is contemplating significant tariff reductions on over half of its $23 billion worth of U.S. imports, marking its most substantial tariff cut in years.
Avoiding Economic Disruption for Indian Exporters: The tariff pause offers relief to Indian exporters, particularly in sectors like seafood, which would have been adversely affected by increased duties. Eg: Indian shrimp exporters, who rely heavily on the U.S. market, benefit from the temporary suspension, allowing continued access without additional tariffs.
Strategic Focus on U.S.-China Trade Tensions: By postponing tariffs on India and other countries, the U.S. can concentrate its trade enforcement efforts on China, where it has imposed tariffs as high as 125%. Eg: The U.S. maintains a 10% reciprocal tariff on Indian goods, contrasting with the significantly higher tariffs on Chinese imports.
Encouraging Indian Concessions in Trade Talks: The delay serves as an incentive for India to make concessions in ongoing trade negotiations, such as reducing tariffs and increasing imports of U.S. goods. Eg: India has agreed to lower tariffs on products like motorcycles and whiskey and to increase purchases of American defense and energy goods.
Preventing Market Volatility and Economic Uncertainty: Immediate implementation of reciprocal tariffs could have led to market instability and economic uncertainty. The pause allows for a more measured approach to trade policy. Eg: Following the announcement of the tariff pause, Indian stock markets rebounded, with the Nifty 50 and BSE Sensex indices experiencing significant gains.
What hurdles does the U.S. face in negotiating trade deals with countries like India?
Tariff and Regulatory Differences: India maintains higher tariffs on several U.S. goods, and there are strict regulations in sectors like agriculture, dairy, and e-commerce that clash with U.S. interests. Eg: The U.S. has long pushed for greater market access for its dairy products, but India restricts imports based on religious and cultural norms around animal feed.
Concerns Over Intellectual Property (IP) and Data Localization: The U.S. demands stronger IP protection and opposes India’s data localization rules that require storing data within Indian borders—citing it as a barrier to digital trade. Eg: U.S. tech giants like Amazon and Mastercard have raised concerns over India’s personal data protection policies impacting cross-border data flows.
Divergent Strategic and Economic Priorities: India prioritizes strategic autonomy and developmental needs, which often conflict with U.S. demands for liberalized trade and investment norms. Eg: India walked out of the RCEP partly due to fears of opening up markets too quickly, showing its cautious stance in trade liberalization.
How can global economies respond to U.S. trade unilateralism?
Strengthening Regional Trade Blocs and Multilateral Agreements: Countries can reduce dependence on the U.S. by forming or deepening trade alliances within regions to maintain economic stability. Eg: The EU signed trade agreements with Japan and Mercosur to diversify away from U.S.-centric trade after tariff tensions.
Filing Disputes Through the WTO Framework: Nations can challenge unfair U.S. tariffs or trade actions at the World Trade Organization to uphold rules-based trade. Eg: The EU, China, and others filed WTO complaints against U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs imposed under national security grounds.
Promoting Strategic Bilateral Partnerships: Economies can build stronger bilateral trade ties with other major players to counterbalance U.S. influence and create alternative economic hubs. Eg: China and ASEAN deepened trade through the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), enhancing trade flows in Asia-Pacific.
Way forward:
Revitalise Multilateralism and WTO Reforms: Global economies should work together to strengthen the rules-based trading system and push for WTO reforms to address dispute resolution and emerging trade challenges.
Promote Inclusive and Balanced Trade Partnerships: Encourage fair, equitable trade agreements that consider development concerns of the Global South, ensuring that trade fosters mutual growth rather than unilateral advantage.
