Why in the News?
Recently, the U.S. has agreed to temporarily reduce its tariffs on Chinese goods from 145% to 30% for 90 days, while China will lower its tariffs on American products from 125% to 10%.
What are the key terms of the U.S.-China trade truce?
- Tariff Reductions: The U.S. has temporarily lowered tariffs on Chinese goods from 145% to 30%, and China has reduced its duties on American imports from 125% to 10%.
- 90-day Breather: The reprieve is limited to 90 days, giving both sides a window for further negotiations.
- Global Market Response: The announcement led to a 2%-3.8% rise in markets worldwide, reflecting investor relief.
- Exclusion from Previous Pause: Earlier, in April, the U.S. had excluded China from a 90-day reciprocal tariff pause, indicating that this thaw represents a strategic pivot.
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Why has the U.S. trade deficit with China remained unresolved despite the tariff rollback?
- Temporary and Limited Rollback of Tariffs: The U.S. reduced tariffs from 145% to 30% only for 90 days, which is not a permanent structural solution. Eg: Such short-term measures may ease tensions but do not address long-term trade imbalances rooted in production and consumption patterns.
- Core Issue of Trade Imbalance Not Addressed: The agreement focuses on reducing tariffs but does not compel China to increase imports of U.S. goods or alter its export-driven model. Eg: The U.S. continues to import large volumes of electronics, machinery, and pharmaceuticals from China while exporting relatively fewer goods.
How might the U.S.-China agreement affect India’s position in the China+1 manufacturing strategy?
- Reduced Urgency for Diversification: The easing of tensions may lead global firms to reconsider shifting away from China, reducing momentum behind the China+1 strategy. Eg: Companies that were exploring alternatives like India or Vietnam may delay or reverse their relocation plans.
- India’s Limited Gains from China+1 Exposed: India has not fully leveraged the China+1 opportunity due to infrastructure and policy bottlenecks, making it less competitive. Eg: Despite global supply chain shifts during the trade war, India attracted far less investment than Vietnam or Indonesia in electronics and apparel sectors.
- Renewed Focus on China’s Scale and Efficiency: Investors might return to China due to its unmatched manufacturing scale, efficient logistics, and mature supply chains. Eg: Apple’s decision to continue manufacturing a large share of its products in China despite exploring India illustrates the challenge India faces in replacing China.
| Note: China+1 is a business strategy adopted by multinational companies to diversify their manufacturing operations and supply chains beyond China, by adding at least one other country—hence “China plus one”. |
What challenges does India face in its trade negotiations with the U.S.?
- Retaliatory Tariff Pressures: India has had to respond to U.S. tariff hikes on steel and aluminium with potential reciprocal measures, increasing trade tension. Eg: After the U.S. imposed duties under Section 232, India notified the WTO of its plan to raise tariffs on American products like almonds and apples.
- Pending Comprehensive Trade Agreement: Despite ongoing talks, both countries have struggled to finalize a broad-based trade deal due to divergent priorities and domestic pressures. Eg: Disagreements over market access for U.S. dairy products and medical devices have repeatedly stalled progress on a bilateral trade pact.
- Impact of U.S.-China Trade Developments: A thaw in U.S.-China trade ties may reduce Washington’s interest in deepening trade relations with India, limiting India’s leverage. Eg: If U.S. firms regain confidence in China post-agreement, India may lose the strategic advantage it gained during earlier trade disruptions.
Why must Indian States implement labour and land reforms to reduce dependence on Chinese imports?
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Labour Law Reforms to Boost Ease of Doing Business: The Indian government has amended labour laws to make it easier for industries to hire and fire workers, fostering a more flexible labour market. Eg: The Code on Industrial Relations (2020) consolidates multiple labour laws and provides greater flexibility for businesses to operate efficiently.
- Land Acquisition and Infrastructure Development: The government has streamlined land acquisition processes and enhanced infrastructure to attract investments in manufacturing. Eg: The National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) is developing dedicated industrial zones with improved connectivity and land acquisition processes to boost manufacturing.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Policy Frameworks: India should strengthen its infrastructure, labor, and land reforms to offer a more competitive and attractive environment for global companies, ensuring it can capitalize on the China+1 strategy.
- Focus on Technology and Skill Development: India must invest in advanced manufacturing technologies and skill development to match China’s scale and efficiency, thus making itself a more viable alternative for global supply chains.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
Linkage: The US-China trade deal, as described in the article arose from a “tense global trade environment” involving “tariffs being ratcheted up by both sides”. This context of rising protectionism and trade tensions between major powers directly relates to the “phenomena of protectionism” mentioned in this PYQ and its potential impact on India’s macroeconomic stability.
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Why in the News?
The National Education Policy 2020 does not effectively address the employability issues faced by India’s graduates in the workforce.
What are the key flaws in NEP 2020 regarding employability?
- No Industry Participation in Policy Design: The NEP drafting process excluded industry leaders, leading to poor alignment between education and job market requirements. Eg: Graduates often lack practical skills needed for sectors like AI, renewable energy, or advanced manufacturing.
- Ineffective Skill Training Mechanisms: Although vocational training and multiple entry/exit options were introduced, they often lead to low-quality outcomes without real career growth. Eg: Students trained under NEP frequently end up in low-paying jobs like delivery services, despite completing higher education.
- Weak Implementation and Accountability: Despite ambitious reforms, there is little evidence of measurable improvement in graduate employability over the years. Eg: Employability of graduates was only 42.6% in 2025, showing minimal change from 44.3% in 2023.
Are India’s higher education institutions truly improving?
- Selective Celebration of Rankings: Government highlights QS WUR improvement (11 institutions in top 500) while ignoring low actual rankings (mostly above 100).
- Low Research Quality: India’s CNCI rank rose from 17th to only 16th among G20 nations, showing marginal improvement.
- Misleading Statistics: The 318% “performance growth” touted is percentage-based inflation, not reflecting real innovation or academic excellence.
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How does India’s GII performance expose its innovation gaps?
- Low Quality of Research Output: Despite improvements in overall GII ranking (from 81 in 2015 to 39 in 2024), India’s Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) — a measure of research quality — remains poor, ranking 16th out of 19 G-20 countries. Eg: While quantity of publications has increased, their global influence and citations remain low, showing a gap in impactful innovation.
- Weak Innovation Clusters: India’s top innovation hubs like Bengaluru, Delhi, and Chennai rank low globally (56th to 84th), and cluster intensityis poor compared to global leaders. Eg: Bengaluru, often called India’s Silicon Valley, ranks only 56th, far behind real Silicon Valley (2nd), indicating weak industrial-scientific synergy.
- Limited High-End Technological Innovation: India lags in patent filings and high-tech outputs compared to nations like South Korea, the U.S., and China. Eg: Samsung Electronics is the top patentee in Bengaluru, not an Indian firm — showing a dependence on foreign innovation in domestic clusters.
Who benefits from international university rankings like QS World University Rankings?
The QS World University Rankings are published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a global higher education company known for providing specialized services in university rankings, student recruitment, and education consulting.
- Universities: High rankings enhance global reputation, attract top students and faculty, and secure more funding. Eg, IIT Bombay benefits from its high QS ranking by attracting international collaborations and research opportunities.
- Students: International rankings help students choose universities with better academic quality, resources, and future career prospects. Eg, students opting for Harvard University often benefit from its global recognition and network.
What are the limitations of using such rankings as indicators of educational quality?
- Overemphasis on Research Output: Rankings often prioritize research publications and citations, which may not reflect the quality of teaching or employability. Eg, IIT Bombay ranks highly globally for research, but the focus on research may overshadow the quality of undergraduate education.
- Neglect of Local Context and Industry Relevance: Global rankings may not consider how well a university serves its local economy or industries. Eg, Jadavpur University in Kolkata is renowned for its engineering programs but is ranked lower globally, despite its significant contributions to local technology and industry development.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Promotion of Start-ups and Innovation: The government has launched various initiatives like Startup India and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation in the education sector. Eg, AIM supports schoolchildren with access to cutting-edge technology and resources to create new ideas.
- Skill Development Programs: Programs like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) aim to provide skill training to youth, improving their employability. Eg, the scheme offers certification in sectors like electronics and manufacturing, ensuring that graduates are job-ready.
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Way forward:
- Industry-Academia Collaboration: Strengthen partnerships between industries and educational institutions to design curricula that align with market needs, enhance practical training, and provide internships. Eg, tech companies collaborating with universities for real-time software development projects.
- Focus on Research Quality and Innovation: Increase investment in high-impact research and innovation by improving research infrastructure and promoting collaboration with global leaders. Eg, providing incentives for Indian firms to file patents and innovate domestically.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2016] Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative. What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?
Linkage: Education and skills to the concept of employability and the realization of India’s demographic dividend. It implies that simply having a young, educated population is not enough; they must be “productive and employable” for this potential to translate into economic benefit, highlighting a potential gap.
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Why in the News?
According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 report, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India remains unchanged at 2.0 children per woman, the same as in 2020.
Also, the annual crude birth rates for Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Kerala are declining at 2x the rate of the national average.
About Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 Report:
- The SRS survey is released by the Registrar General of India (RGI).
- It covered 8,842 sample units and a population of 84 lakh across all states.
- Despite the delay in the national Census (last held in 2011), the SRS remains India’s primary source for annual fertility and mortality statistics.
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Important Highlights of the SRS, 2021:
[A] Birth Rate Trends :
- India’s crude birth rate in 2021 was 3, declining at 1.12% annually between 2016 and 2021.
- Fastest declines were seen in Tamil Nadu (2.35%), Delhi (2.23%), and Kerala (2.05%).
- Other states with above-average decline: Maharashtra (1.57%), Gujarat (1.24%), Odisha (1.34%), Himachal Pradesh (1.29%), Haryana (1.21%), J&K (1.47%).
- Slowest declines: Rajasthan (0.48%), Bihar (0.86%), Chhattisgarh & Jharkhand (0.98%), Assam & MP (1.05%), West Bengal (1.08%), UP (1.09%).
- Rise in registered births noted in 11 regions, including Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, J&K, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
[B] Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Demographic Shifts:
- India’s TFR in 2021 stayed at 0, unchanged from 2020.
- Highest TFR: Bihar (3.0); Lowest TFR: Delhi and West Bengal (1.4).
- States below or at replacement level:
- TFR 1.5: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, J&K, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab
- TFR 1.6: Himachal Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka
- TFR 1.8: Odisha, Uttarakhand
- TFR 2.0: Gujarat, Haryana
- TFR 2.1: Assam
- Age Structure Shift (1971–2021):
- Children (0–14): declined from 41.2% to 24.8%
- Working-age (15–59): rose from 53.4% to 66.2%
- Elderly (60+): increased from 6.0% to 9.0%
- Aged 65+: grew from 5.3% to 5.9%
- Highest elderly population: Kerala (14.4%), Tamil Nadu (12.9%), Himachal Pradesh (12.3%)
- Lowest elderly population: Bihar (6.9%), Assam (7.0%), Delhi (7.1%)
- Mean female marriage age rose from 3 years (1990) to 22.5 years (2021).
| [UPSC 2024] The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as:
(a) the number of children born per 1000 people in the population in a year.
(b) the number of children born to a couple in their lifetime in a given population.
(c) the birth rate minus death rate.
(d) the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age. * |
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Why in the News?
In October 2022, 75 Digital Banking Units were launched across remote districts to commemorate India’s 75th Independence Day, but their momentum has declined from past 2 years.
About Digital Banking Units (DBUs):
- DBUs are specialized, fixed-location banking hubs designed to deliver a wide range of digital financial services using modern infrastructure.
- They operate in both self-service and assisted modes, offering customers 24/7 access to banking in a paperless, secure, and cost-effective environment.
- The RBI permits commercial banks with digital banking experience to establish DBUs in Tier I to Tier VI cities, without prior approval unless restricted.
- RRBs, payment banks, and local area banks are not eligible.
- In October 2022, as part of India’s 75th independence anniversary, 75 DBUs were launched across 75 remote districts to promote financial inclusion and bring banking services closer to citizens in semi-urban and rural areas.
Services and Features:
- DBUs offer digital services such as account opening, internet and mobile banking kits, debit and credit card applications, and UPI QR-based merchant solutions.
- Customers can apply online for retail loans, MSME loans, and government-sponsored schemes, with the entire process—from application to disbursal—handled digitally.
- Each DBU operates independently from existing branches and must follow RBI guidelines, including housing in separate premises with automated-only cash services.
- They are equipped with interactive teller machines, cash recyclers, document upload systems, and video KYC facilities.
- A senior bank executive is appointed as Chief Operating Officer (COO) to manage each unit.
Benefits Offered:
- DBUs offer a convenient, paperless banking experience, reducing the need to visit traditional branches.
- They support inclusive banking by expanding access to financial services in underserved regions.
- Customers in remote areas benefit from both automated and assisted service options.
- For banks, DBUs help optimize costs while improving service delivery and outreach.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements in respect of the digital rupee:
1. It is a sovereign currency issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in alignment with its monetary policy. 2. It appears as a liability on the RBI’s balance sheet. 3. It is insured against inflation by its very design. 4. It is freely convertible against commercial bank money and cash.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 4* |
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Why in the News?
The Centre for Earth Sciences and Himalayan Studies (CESHS) has successfully drilled India’s first geothermal production well in Dirang, located in Arunachal Pradesh’s West Kameng district.
This could potentially make Dirang the first geothermal-powered town in the country.
What is Geothermal Energy?
- Geothermal energy is derived from heat stored in the Earth’s interior, primarily from the decay of radioactive elements.
- It can be utilised for electricity generation, heating, and industrial applications.
- It is considered a renewable energy source as the Earth continuously generates heat.
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About Dirang Geothermal Project:
- This project in West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, is the first successful geothermal drilling site in Northeast India.
- It is led by CESHS under the Arunachal Pradesh Department of Science and Technology, with support from the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
- It is a medium-to-high enthalpy zone (~115°C), with a fault between quartzite and schist, enabling efficient, low-impact drilling.
- The site was selected after two years of geochemical and structural surveys, and can support applications like agricultural drying, space heating, and controlled storage.
- International partners include the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Geotropy ehf (Iceland), and Guwahati Boring Service for execution.
India’s Geothermal Landscape:
- The Geothermal Atlas of India (2022) identifies 381 thermally anomalous sites across the country.
- India has an estimated geothermal potential of 10,600 MW, enough to power over 10 million homes.
- Geothermal energy offers base load power, unlike intermittent solar and wind sources.
- The first operational plant was a 20 kW binary cycle pilot in Manuguru, Telangana, developed by SCCL.
- A 25 MW project in Khammam remains stalled due to tariff issues with the Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission.
- In Puga Valley, Ladakh, ONGC resumed work in 2024 on a 1 MW pilot plant, after a 2022 hot water leak raised safety concerns.
- In Dholera, Gujarat, geothermal energy is used for cooking and air conditioning at a temple, showing direct-use feasibility.
- India has signed MoUs with Iceland (2007) and Saudi Arabia (2019), and included geothermal energy in the 2023 RETAP agreement with the United States.
| [UPSC 2013] Consider the following: (1). Electromagnetic radiation (2). Geothermal energy (3). Gravitational force (4). Plate movements (5). Rotation of the earth (6). Revolution of the earth
Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None* |
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Why in the News?
India extended critical financial assistance to the Maldives by rolling over a $50 million Treasury Bill, continuing its support under a government-to-government arrangement since 2019.
About Treasury Bill:
- A T-Bill is a short-term debt instrument issued by the GoI through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- They are part of Government Securities (G-Secs) and are used to raise short-term funds.
- They are zero-coupon securities, meaning they do not carry periodic interest payments.
- Instead, they are issued at a discount and redeemed at face value upon maturity.
- They were first introduced in India in 1917.
- They are ideal for investors seeking safety and liquidity over short periods.
Features of the T-Bills:
- Tenures Available: 91-day, 182-day, and 364-day maturity periods.
- Issued at a Discount: T-Bills are sold at a lower price than their face value. The return (yield) is the difference between purchase price and face value.
- Minimum Investment: Starts at ₹25,000, and in multiples of ₹25,000 thereafter.
- Zero-Coupon Nature: No interest payments during the tenure. Investors earn via the discounted purchase price.
- Risk-Free Investment: Backed by the Government of India, making it virtually risk-free.
- High Liquidity: Due to short tenure, T-Bills can be easily converted to cash.
- Auction Mechanism: Sold through competitive and non-competitive bidding at RBI auctions.
- Taxable Gains: Returns are treated as short-term capital gains and are taxable.
- Sensitive to Inflation: Fixed returns can be impacted by rising inflation, reducing real returns.
| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following statements:
1.The Reserve Bank of India manages and services GoI Securities but not any State Government Securities.
2.Treasury bills are issued by the GoI and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
3.Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only * (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
Linkage: The shipping industry’s contribution to GHG emissions (approximately 1 billion metric tonnes annually, about 2.8% of total global emissions) and the IMO’s efforts to reduce these emissions to align with goals like the Paris Agreement. The question’s focus on international climate agreements (Kyoto Protocol) is relevant to the IMO’s regulatory efforts. |
Mentor’s Comment: The adoption of the Net Zero Framework, which is based on Market-Based Measure (MBM) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping, marking a historic shift in global climate governance. It highlights the geopolitical negotiations, competing national interests, and the struggle to balance environmental effectiveness with economic fairness in formulating a global carbon levy on shipping emissions.
Today’s editorial talks about regulation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations and Policy Making) and GS Paper III (Environment).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
At the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC-83) session of the IMO, a major step was taken by approving a new system to cut shipping emissions.
What is the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)?
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a United Nations specialized agency responsible for regulating international shipping, promoting maritime safety, environmental protection, legal matters, and technical cooperation among member states. |
Why is it a landmark step?
- First Legally Binding Global Emission Levy: Shipping is the first industry with a mandatory, global emissions levy under the MARPOL treaty—unlike aviation (ICAO) or manufacturing, which follow voluntary or regional norms.
- Equity Through CBDR-RC: The mechanism incorporates equity—ZNZ fuel users are rewarded, while underperformers bear the financial burden, aligning with developing countries’ interests.
- Clear, Time-Bound Targets: IMO sets concrete milestones: 40% cut in carbon intensity by 2030, 70% by 2040, and net-zero by 2050—unlike ICAO’s vague goals.
What were the challenges while taking this step?
- Resisted by the Oil-Exporting Nations: Countries like Saudi Arabia, which depend heavily on fossil fuel exports, opposed stringent carbon levies, fearing these would harm their economies. They resisted the transition to green fuels, advocating for minimal changes.
- Developed vs. Developing Countries: Developed nations like the EU supported aggressive emission reductions, while developing countries like China pushed for a market-driven approach to preserve competitiveness and avoid excessive financial burdens.
How is the shipping industry tackling emissions as per the IMO?
- Reduction of GHG emissions: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented measures like the Energy Efficiency Design Index and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan to reduce carbon emissions from ships.
- Targets for carbon intensity: The IMO has set a goal to reduce carbon intensity by at least 40% by 2030 (compared to 2008 levels) and 70% by 2040, with the ultimate aim of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.
- Green technologies and fuel alternatives: The IMO is pushing for cleaner fuels and innovative technologies for emissions reduction, including efforts in alternative fuels such as green hydrogen.
What is the Net Zero Framework adopted by the IMO?
The Net Zero Framework is a Market-Based Measure (MBM) to reduce emissions in the shipping industry. It aims to implement a mandatory emissions levy on global shipping to ensure that the sector meets net-zero targets by 2050.
How would it work?
- Emission-Based Levy with Incentives: Ships emitting high greenhouse gases must pay a carbon levy, while those using Zero or Near-Zero (ZNZ) fuels receive financial rewards or credits. Eg: A ship using green hydrogen below the IMO’s emission threshold earns surplus credits, reducing its future levy.
- Tiered Compliance via GHG Fuel Standard (GFS): Ships are classified based on fuel efficiency and emission levels. Underperformers must purchase remedial units, while high performers gain tradable surplus units. Eg: A vessel exceeding emission targets must buy units from a cleaner ship, creating a carbon market within global shipping.
What is the limit on carbon emissions?
- As per IMO reward thresholds:
- Until 2034: The carbon limit is 19.0 g CO₂e/MJ
- From 2035 onwards: It tightens to 14.0 g CO₂e/MJ
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How will the Market-Based Measure (MBM) framework impact India’s maritime sector and trade costs by 2030 and 2050?
- Trade Costs: The MBM framework is likely to increase shipping costs due to carbon pricing and fuel surcharges, making Indian exports less competitive. Eg: Textile and agricultural exports from India to Europe may become costlier by 2030 due to EU’s Emission Trading System (ETS) expansion to maritime transport.
- Equity Concerns: Uniform carbon levies do not consider developmental disparities, placing a higher burden on countries like India with limited historical emissions. Eg: India has argued at the IMO that MBMs should reflect Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), as it is still building infrastructure and trade capacity.
- Green Shipping Transition: To comply with decarbonization norms by 2050, India must shift to alternative fuels (e.g., green hydrogen, ammonia) and upgrade port infrastructure, requiring massive investments. Eg: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust may need to install green bunkering facilities and electrified cargo handling systems.
- Technological and Financial Gaps: Lack of access to clean technology and climate finance may hinder India’s ability to transition smoothly, increasing dependence on foreign solutions. Eg: Advanced nations may dominate green shipbuilding, while Indian shipyards lag due to lack of R&D support and capital.
- Opportunity for Green Growth: If supported with international finance and technology transfer, MBMs can stimulate domestic innovation and green job creation in maritime sectors. Eg: India’s “Green Ports” initiative could align with MBM goals and boost employment in clean energy, retrofitting, and logistics.
Way forward:
- Differentiated Levy Design: IMO should adopt a flexible carbon pricing model that reflects Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), allowing developing countries like India room to grow while contributing to climate goals. Eg: Tiered levy based on national capacities and emission intensity.
- Technology Transfer & Climate Finance: Establish dedicated funding mechanisms for green shipping innovation, infrastructure upgrades, and capacity building in developing nations. Eg: An IMO-led global Green Maritime Fund supported by developed countries.
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Why in the News?
India has overhauled its e-waste governance through the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, which came into force on April 1, 2023, replacing the 2016 version. These rules mark a major policy shift to tackle India’s rapidly growing e-waste crisis.
How Does the New EPR Framework Work?
- Mandatory Registration: All manufacturers, producers, refurbishers, and recyclers must register with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) through an online portal.
- EPR Targets: These entities must meet specific collection and recycling targets, as set by the CPCB.
- Liability for Non-compliance: Failure to meet targets invokes environmental compensation and penalties.
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What is the role of EPR floor pricing in e-waste management?
- Ensures Fair Returns to Formal Recyclers: EPR floor pricing guarantees minimum compensation for authorized recyclers, making formal recycling economically viable and discouraging unsafe informal practices. Eg: A certified recycler adopting advanced e-waste extraction technologies is assured stable earnings, promoting compliance and expansion.
- Reduces Informal Sector Dominance: By offsetting the cost advantage of informal recyclers, floor pricing shifts e-waste processing to the formal sector, where health and environmental standards are enforced. Eg: In India, 95% of e-waste is handled informally; floor pricing helps shift this to regulated channels.
- Boosts Circular Economy and Material Recovery: Stable pricing encourages recyclers to focus on resource recovery—such as copper, gold, and rare metals—rather than mere disposal. Eg: Proper recycling of circuit boards in formal facilities helps recover precious metals worth crores, reducing raw material imports.
What are the economic and social consequences of poor e-waste management?
- Economic loss from pollution: Over $10 billion lost annually due to pollution from toxic e-waste processing.
- Social cost: Informal processing results in $20 billion in social loss, affecting women and children, whose average lifespan is under 27 years.
- Lost revenue and metals: India forfeits ₹80,000 crore annually in metal value and $20 billion in tax revenue due to untracked, cash-based operations.
- Health impacts: Open incineration and use of cyanide and sulphuric acid cause air, water, and soil pollution, compounding public health crises.
How does stable pricing support formal recycling?
- Ensures Financial Viability for Formal Recyclers: A minimum (floor) price for EPR certificates guarantees fair compensation, encouraging recyclers to invest in safe, modern technologies. Eg: Certified recyclers can recover precious metals like gold and copper efficiently with advanced equipment, making operations economically viable.
- Discourages Hazardous Informal Practices: Stable pricing removes the informal sector’s cost advantage, shifting recycling away from unsafe, illegal methods. Eg: With assured returns, recyclers prefer compliance over risky open burning and acid-leaching methods that dominate 95% of the sector.
- Drives Compliance and Investment: Predictable prices create trust in the system, helping producers meet EPR obligations and promoting infrastructure development.
What are the challenges?
- Dominance of the Informal Sector: A large share of e-waste in India is processed by the informal sector using hazardous and unsafe methods like acid baths and open burning. Eg: In Seelampur (Delhi), a major informal e-waste hub, workers dismantle electronics without protection, exposing themselves to toxic substances like lead and mercury.
- Low Consumer Awareness and Participation: Many consumers are unaware of proper e-waste disposal methods, leading to hoarding, landfilling, or selling to unregulated recyclers. Eg: In cities like Bengaluru and Mumbai, residents often discard electronics with household waste or sell them to local kabadiwalas despite having formal collection centers.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Awareness and Consumer Participation: Promote widespread consumer education on e-waste disposal through campaigns and incentives for responsible recycling, ensuring more e-waste is directed to formal, safe channels.
- Enhance Infrastructure and Enforcement of EPR: Develop advanced e-waste recycling infrastructure and strictly enforce EPR compliance to ensure producers meet recycling targets and transition e-waste processing to the formal sector.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.
Linkage: India’s growing e-waste problem is linked to its fast digital growth and greater use of electronic gadgets. This issue mainly relates to the economy but also highlights how digitalisation is a key reason behind the rise in e-waste.
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Why in the News?
The combination of assured government support and scientific advancements in breeding technologies has made rice and wheat the most preferred crops among Indian farmers, while other crops lag due to lack of similar incentives and innovations.
Why do farmers prefer rice and wheat?
- Assured Procurement at MSP: The government provides near-guaranteed purchases of rice and wheat at Minimum Support Prices (MSP), reducing market risk. Eg: In Punjab, rice area increased from 29.8 lakh hectares in 2015-16 to 32.4 lakh hectares in 2024-25 due to consistent MSP support.
- Lower Yield Risk Due to Irrigation and Research Support: Rice and wheat are mostly grown under irrigated conditions and benefit from superior public research, leading to more stable yields. Eg: Wheat variety HD-3385, released in 2023, offers 6 tonnes/hectare yield with resistance to rust diseases and adaptability to different sowing times.
- Continuous Breeding Innovations and Higher Returns: These crops have seen regular improvements through breeding, enhancing productivity, stress tolerance, and input efficiency. Eg: Genetically-edited rice variety Kamala yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare and matures faster, saving water and fertilizer costs.
What drives yield growth in these crops?
- Genetic Improvements and Breeding Innovations: Continuous breeding has led to development of high-yielding, stress-resistant varieties. Eg: Wheat variety HD-3385, released in 2023 by ICAR, yields an average of 6 tonnes/hectare with a potential of 7.3 tonnes, and is resistant to all three major rusts (yellow, brown, and black).
- Improved Agronomic Practices and Technology Adoption: Advanced farming practices like early sowing, use of fertiliser-responsive varieties, and direct seeding have boosted productivity. Eg: Direct-Seeded Rice (DSR) technology eliminates the need for nursery and transplanting, saving water and labour, and supporting yield levels up to 10 tonnes/hectare in some hybrid varieties.
- Public Research and Extension Support: Rice and wheat receive consistent support from government research institutions, unlike many other crops. Eg: The CRISPR-Cas edited rice variety Kamala, developed by ICAR in 2024, produces 450-500 grains per panicle (vs. 200-250 in parent variety), yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare, matures 15-20 days earlier, and requires less fertiliser and water.
How has government policy influenced the cropping patterns in states?
- Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Procurement Assurances: Farmers prefer crops with assured government procurement at MSP, reducing market risk. Eg: In Punjab, rice area increased from 29.8 lakh hectares in 2015-16 to 32.4 lh in 2024-25 due to near-guaranteed MSP procurement, while cotton area declined from 3.4 lh to 1 lh.
- Skewed Research and Input Support: Rice and wheat have received consistent research and extension support, unlike pulses or oilseeds. Eg: ICAR has developed multiple improved wheat and rice varieties (e.g., HD-3385, Kamala), while no major breakthrough has happened in cotton since Bt cotton (2002-06).
- Irrigation Infrastructure Bias: Government investment in irrigation has favoured crops like rice and wheat, making them less yield-risk prone. Eg: In Madhya Pradesh, wheat area rose from 59.1 lh to 78.1 lh and rice from 20.2 lh to 38.7 lh, as irrigation expansion supported these water-reliant crops.
Which innovations improved rice varieties?
- Semi-Dwarf and High-Yielding Varieties: Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties reduced lodging and increased fertiliser response and yields. Eg: IR-8, released in 1966, was the first semi-dwarf rice variety, yielding 4.5–5 tonnes/hectare in just 130 days, compared to 1–3 tonnes in traditional varieties over 160–180 days.
- Gene Editing using CRISPR-Cas Technology: Advanced gene-editing allows precision improvements in yield and stress tolerance. Eg: Kamala, a GE mutant of Samba Mahsuri developed by ICAR in 2024, yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare, matures earlier, and has 450–500 grains per panicle (vs. 200–250 in the original).
- Abiotic Stress Tolerance Breeding: Development of varieties tolerant to drought, salinity, and heat stress for resilience in changing climates. Eg: Pusa DST Rice 1, a GE version of Cottondora Sannalu, with edited DST gene, shows improved tolerance to drought and salt stress, enabling cultivation in marginal soils.
Way forward:
- Diversify MSP and R&D Focus: Extend assured procurement and research support to pulses, oilseeds, and millets to reduce over-reliance on rice and wheat.
- Promote Sustainable Practices: Encourage water-saving technologies like direct-seeded rice, crop rotation, and climate-resilient varieties to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.
Linkage: Farmers prefer rice and wheat partly because of access to irrigation which reduces yield risk. Challenges and management of irrigation systems directly impact this aspect of their decision-making.
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Why in the News?
Indian Grey Wolves in the Kadbanwadi Grasslands in Pune District are exposed to threats from local dog populations, such as Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), rabies, and canine parvovirus.
About the Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes):
- The Indian Grey Wolf is a subspecies of the Grey Wolf, found in India, Southwest Asia, and parts of the Middle East.
- It has a brownish-grey coat with black and white markings and is less vocal, living in small packs of 2 to 6 members.
- This wolf is nocturnal, meaning it hunts mainly at night, preying on small animals like chinkaras (gazelles), rodents, and sometimes livestock.
- It lives in scrublands, grasslands, and semi-arid regions, and prefers warm climates.
- As an apex predator of the grasslands, it plays a vital role in the ecosystem by controlling the population of herbivores and smaller predators.
- The species is under threat due to habitat loss, disease from stray dogs, crossbreeding, and human conflict.
- Its conservation status is critical:
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I (highest international protection)
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (maximum legal protection)
Do you know?
- The only protected area specifically dedicated to Indian grey wolves in India is the Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary in Latehar district, Jharkhand.
- This sanctuary was established in 1976 to protect the wolf population and is part of the Palamau Tiger Reserve.
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| [UPSC 2002] Which one of the following is monogamous?
Options: (a) Wolf* (b) Walrus (c) Seal (d) Deer* (Answer is disputed) |
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Why in the News?
The Sixth Meeting of the Group of Friends of Traditional Medicine (GFTM) was hosted by the Permanent Mission of India in Geneva.
About Group of Friends of Traditional Medicine (GFTM):
- GFTM is an informal platform launched by India in May 2023 under the WHO to promote cooperation on traditional medicine.
- It is coordinated via India’s Permanent Mission in Geneva; it hosts regular meetings to explore integration of traditional systems into health strategies.
- It supports global efforts like the WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2025–2034, fostering knowledge exchange and research collaboration.
- It focuses on policy development, capacity building, and scientific validation of traditional practices.
- It builds momentum for global events such as the WHO Global Traditional Medicine Summit and World Health Assembly sessions.
India’s Key Initiatives in Traditional Medicine:
The National AYUSH Mission (NAM) promotes Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy through dedicated facilities and education. Key efforts include:
- Establishment of Ayush Arogya Mandirs (wellness centres) for integrated care.
- Expansion of insurance coverage for AYUSH treatments.
- Promotion of collaborative research with DBT, DST, ICMR, and CSIR.
- Use of AI, genomics, and bioinformatics to bolster scientific credibility.
- Strengthening of global outreach via bilateral agreements, international events, and multilateral platforms.
| [UPSC 2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies? |
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Why in the News?
Asteroid YR4, discovered in December 2024 via Chile’s ATLAS telescope, was first thought to threaten Earth but was later ruled out. Scientists now focus on its potential Moon impact in 2032.
About Asteroid 2024 YR4:
- Asteroid 2024 YR4 was discovered in December 2024 by the ATLAS telescope located in Chile.
- It is a near-Earth asteroid (NEA) whose orbit brings it within 1.3 AU (Earth-Sun distances) of Earth.
- It is estimated to be 65 metres wide, roughly the size of a 10-storey building.
- Initially, it was suspected to have a 3.1% chance of impacting Earth in 2032, triggering NASA’s highest-ever asteroid impact alert.
- Subsequent tracking ruled out an Earth impact but indicated a 3.8% chance of hitting the Moon on December 22, 2032.
- A Moon impact would create a 500 to 2,000-metre-wide crater and release energy 340 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb.
- Despite being smaller than the 140m threshold for “potentially hazardous asteroids,” its unusual trajectory drew global scientific attention.
- Scientists continue to observe YR4, including during a close approach in 2028, to refine its orbital predictions.
Back2Basics: ATLAS Telescope
- ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System) is a NASA-funded early warning project for detecting small near-Earth objects (NEOs).
- It is developed and operated by the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy.
- As of 2025, ATLAS operates five telescopes in Hawaii, South Africa, Chile, and the Canary Islands.
- Each telescope has a 0.5-meter Wright-Schmidt design, a 1-meter focal length, and a 110 MP CCD detector with a 7.4° field of view.
- The system scans 20,000 square degrees of sky three times per night and provides 1–3 week warnings for asteroids 45–120 meters wide.
- In addition to asteroids, ATLAS also discovers supernovae, comets, dwarf planets, and variable stars.
|
| [UPSC 2011] Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only* (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
India’s briefing on Operation Sindoor was opened with lines from poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar and concluded with a reference to the Ramcharitmanas (by Tulsidas) by the IAF spokesperson.
About Tulsidas:
- Tulsidas, born as Ram Bola Dubey, was a Brahmin poet-saint believed to have been born in Rajapur (present-day Banda district, Uttar Pradesh).
- He composed the Ramcharitmanas on the banks of the Ganga in Varanasi.
- Writing began on Ram Navami in 1574, and the composition was completed over the following years.
- Tulsidas lived during the time of Emperor Akbar, and some sources suggest he had contact with Abdurrahim Khan-e-Khanan, son of Akbar’s general Bairam Khan.
|
About the Ramcharitmanas:
- Ramcharitmanas was written in the 16th century in the Awadhi dialect and is spoken across Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya regions.
- It is a retelling of Valmiki’s Ramayana in a vernacular language accessible to the common people.
- It is divided into seven chapters (Kand), covering Lord Ram’s life from birth to his coronation.
- It is referred to simply as “Ramayan” across the Hindi heartland.
- It is regarded as the holiest text in the Indo-Gangetic region.
- Geeta Press (Gorakhpur) has reportedly sold nearly 7 crore copies.
| [UPSC 2002] Who among the following was the first Bhakti saint to use Hindi for the propagation of his message?
Options: (a) Dadu (b) Kabir (c) Ramananda* (d) Tulsidas |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2023] Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.
Linkage: The importance of the manufacturing sector for economic growth and asks about government policies concerning it, including MSMEs. This aligns perfectly with the theme of driving manufacturing growth as discussed in the article. |
Mentor’s Comment: Global manufacturing and trade are quickly changing, focusing more on products that use advanced technology and innovation. This shift is being powered by strong research and development (R&D), modern technology, skilled workers, and complex supply chains. Also, the high tariffs recently introduced by the United States are expected to further change how the manufacturing industry works.
Today’s editorial talks about how global manufacturing and trade are changing because of the use of advanced technology and innovation. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations and Policy Making) and GS Paper III (Manufacturing Sector).
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
As global changes are set to reshape the manufacturing industry, it is important to focus on technical education, core engineering skills, and new ideas (innovation).
What challenges hinder India’s efforts to match global manufacturing standards?
- Low Manufacturing Productivity: India’s manufacturing sector is far less efficient compared to global benchmarks. Eg: In 2023, India’s productivity stood at $8.9K, while the global average was $32K, and the U.S. reached $159K.
- Limited R&D Investment: Innovation-driven manufacturing requires substantial R&D support, which remains inadequate in India. Eg: India spends just 0.65% of its GDP on R&D, while China spends 2.4% and South Korea 4.5%.
- Skills Mismatch and Weak Technical Education: The gap between academic training and industrial skill requirements slows the shift to high-tech manufacturing. Eg: Most engineering institutions focus on theory, grading, and rote learning, with less than 50% emphasis on practical training.
- Underdeveloped Industrial Infrastructure: India lacks world-class manufacturing ecosystems with integrated supply chains and R&D support. Eg: Unlike China’s fully equipped industrial parks, many Indian parks lack plug-and-play facilities, design labs, and testing centers.
- Low Per Capita Manufacturing Output: India’s contribution to manufacturing per individual is among the lowest in major economies. Eg: In 2023, India’s per capita value added was $0.32K, while the global average was $2K.
Why must India reform technical education for innovation-led manufacturing?
- Lack of Practical Skill Development: Engineering education in India emphasizes theoretical knowledge over hands-on experience. Eg: Less than 50% of curriculum time is dedicated to lab work or industry projects, reducing readiness for real-world manufacturing tasks.
- Weak Focus on Creativity and Problem-Solving: Entrance exams and academic culture focus on rote learning rather than fostering innovation. Eg: Students are trained to solve predefined problems, but lack the ability to tackle open-ended, real-world challenges in engineering and design.
- Outdated Laboratory and Workshop Infrastructure: Many technical institutions lack modern facilities to train students in advanced manufacturing techniques. Eg: Few colleges have tool rooms, CNC machines, or 3D printing labs, which are standard in global manufacturing training programs.
- Disconnect Between Industry Needs and Curriculum: The current syllabus often fails to align with rapidly evolving industrial technologies and skills. Eg: Courses in AI integration, robotics, and IoT in manufacturing are still missing or underdeveloped in most core engineering streams.
- Limited Industry-Academia Collaboration: Technical education lacks structured partnerships with manufacturing companies for internships, research, and product development. Eg: Unlike Germany’s dual education model, Indian students rarely work on live industry problems during their course of study.
How do state-specific manufacturing parks boost industrial ecosystems?
- Accelerate Industrial Setup with Plug-and-Play Infrastructure: Ready-to-use facilities reduce time and cost for new manufacturing units. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s SIPCOT parks offer land, power, and water connections upfront, attracting auto and electronics manufacturers quickly.
- Encourage Localized Skill Development and Employment: Parks drive local job creation and training programs aligned with industry needs. Eg: Gujarat’s Dholera SIR includes skill centers to train youth for electronics, EV, and robotics industries.
- Foster Innovation and Prototype Development: Dedicated facilities help companies develop, test, and refine products. Eg: Karnataka’s Aerospace SEZ near Bengaluru hosts R&D labs, testing units, and design centers supporting aerospace startups.
- Build Industry Clusters and Supply Chains: Concentration of allied industries creates efficient ecosystems with shared logistics and services. Eg: Andhra Pradesh’s Sri City SEZ houses over 180 companies across sectors like consumer goods and automotive, fostering collaboration.
- Attract Investment Through Tailored State Policies: State-specific incentives aligned with local strengths draw both domestic and foreign investors. Eg: Maharashtra’s Aurangabad Industrial City (AURIC) offers tax benefits and sector-specific infrastructure to attract high-tech industries.
Way forward:
- Revamp Technical Education and Skilling: Align curricula with industry 4.0 needs, strengthen practical training, and build strong industry-academia partnerships to boost innovation-led manufacturing.
- Strengthen Industrial Ecosystems: Expand world-class infrastructure, ensure faster regulatory clearances, and scale up R&D investment to create globally competitive manufacturing hubs.
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Why in the News?
On May 6, India and the UK signed an important Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which was called a historic achievement by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The FTA creates new opportunities for the textile sector, which now needs to match global styles and standards
What are the key benefits of the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?
| Benefit |
Description |
Eg |
| 1. Enhanced Market Access |
India gains zero-duty access to UK markets for industrial and agricultural goods; UK exporters get reduced tariffs in India. |
Indian processed foods earlier faced 10–12% tariffs — now duty-free in the UK. Tariffs on British whiskey reduced from 150% to 40% over 10 years. |
| 2. Boost to Key Domestic Sectors |
Labour-intensive Indian sectors like textiles, apparel, toys, and footwear benefit; UK gains in automobiles and spirits. |
Indian apparel now gets zero-tariff access to UK.
Tariffs on British cars slashed from 100% to 10%. |
| 3. Job Creation & Economic Growth |
Trade expansion leads to employment generation and investment in both countries. |
India’s textile sector, employing 45+ million people, can boost jobs through increased exports. |
| 4. Diversification of Trade Partners |
India reduces dependency on US/EU; UK diversifies beyond EU post-Brexit. |
India currently holds just 1.8% share in UK imports — FTA targets major increase. |
| 5. Foundation for Future FTAs |
Sets a model for India’s trade negotiations with other major economies like the EU and US. |
Learnings from tariff cuts and ESG compliance can aid future deals with EU/US. |
How can India improve its Textiles and Apparel sector to capitalize on the FTA with the UK?
- Strengthen the Value Chain and Infrastructure: India must address its fragmented and geographically dispersed T&A value chain. Fast-tracking the operationalization of PM MITRA parks can create integrated textile hubs, reduce logistics costs, and improve delivery timelines. Eg: Bangladesh delivers apparel orders in 50 days compared to India’s 63 days — a more integrated value chain can help India match or exceed this efficiency.
- Promote Manmade Fibre (MMF) Production: India needs to resolve the inverted GST structure and ease quality norms to boost MMF-based products, which dominate global demand for technical textiles, athleisure, and activewear. Eg: MMF garments are taxed higher at the input stage than at the finished product level, making Indian exports less competitive globally.
- Focus on Compliance, Design, and Market Relevance: Indian exporters must align with global fashion trends and strengthen ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) compliance, especially in anticipation of EU and UK sustainability regulations. Eg: The EU’s Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) will require traceable, ethical supply chains by 2029 — Indian exporters must prepare accordingly.
Why is the operationalisation of PM MITRA parks important for India’s textile industry?
- Integrated Value Chain and Reduced Costs: PM MITRA parks aim to bring together the entire textile value chain — from spinning, weaving, processing to garmenting — in one location, reducing logistics costs, delays, and inefficiencies. Eg: Currently, cotton is grown in Gujarat, yarn spun in Tamil Nadu, and garments stitched elsewhere, leading to high costs and long lead times. An integrated park would streamline this process.
- Boost Export Competitiveness: These parks can help scale up production, attract investment, and improve quality standards for global markets like the UK, where India now enjoys zero-duty access under the FTA. Eg: By focusing PM MITRA parks in export-oriented regions like Navsari (Gujarat) and Virudhunagar (Tamil Nadu), India can cater more efficiently to UK and EU demand.
Where does India lag behind in terms of manmade fibre (MMF) production compared to global competitors?
- Inverted GST Duty Structure: The GST on raw materials (like MMF yarn at 12%) is higher than on finished products (5%), leading to increased production costs and reduced global competitiveness. Eg: Indian MMF garments are costlier compared to those from Vietnam or Bangladesh, where tax structures are more balanced.
- Restrictive Quality Norms and Compliance Issues: Outdated or complex quality standards limit innovation and access to high-performance MMF products demanded in global markets. Eg: Indian firms struggle to meet the quality requirements for technical textiles used in athleisure and activewear segments.
- Lack of Investment in High-End Functional Fabrics: India has limited capacity for producing value-added MMF fabrics such as moisture-wicking, stretchable or anti-bacterial textiles, unlike China or South Korea. Eg: While China leads in exporting performance-based textiles, India still focuses on basic polyester products.
Way forward:
- Reform Tax Structure & Boost Incentives: Rationalize the GST structure to eliminate the inverted duty issue and offer production-linked incentives (PLI) for MMF textiles to enhance global competitiveness.
- Invest in R&D and Modern Manufacturing: Encourage investment in high-performance MMF fabric production, innovation, and compliance infrastructure to meet international standards in technical textiles and sustainability.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2017] Account for the failure of the manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labor-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labor-intensive rather than capital – intensive exports.
Linkage: Textiles and Apparel (T&A) sector as a labour-intensive sector that employs over 45 million people and can benefit significantly from the FTA by gaining access to high-end markets. This question directly asks about promoting labour-intensive exports, aligning perfectly with the potential benefits highlighted for the T&A sector through the FTA.
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Why in the News?
On May 9, 2025, the Supreme Court of India canceled the Delhi High Court’s order that had asked the Wikimedia Foundation to remove a page from its Wikipedia website. This decision is important for several reasons.
What was the Supreme Court’s reason for overturning the High Court’s order on Wikipedia?
- Protection of Free Speech and Public Debate: The Supreme Court emphasized that important legal and public issues must be open to public discussion, even if they are under judicial consideration (sub judice). Eg: Wikipedia users commenting critically on a judge’s order were exercising free speech, not committing contempt — the Court said the High Court “overreacted” by viewing it as contempt.
- Right to Know is a Fundamental Right: The Court reaffirmed that the right to know is part of the fundamental rights under Articles 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech) and 21 (right to life and personal liberty). Eg: Wikipedia entries serve public interest by disseminating information — taking down pages affects people’s access to knowledge.
- Wikimedia is a Neutral Intermediary: The Foundation does not create or control content but provides the platform, which is maintained by users under community guidelines.Eg: Since Wikimedia only hosts content and does not produce it, the responsibility lies with users — the High Court erred by targeting the platform instead of applying proper intermediary liability norms under the IT Act.
Why is the right to know protected under Articles 19(1)(a) and 21?
- Linked to Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): Freedom of speech includes both the right to express and the right to receive information. Without access to information, freedom of expression is incomplete. Eg: Journalists rely on access to court documents, government records, or public statements to report news and foster transparency.
- Essential for a Life with Dignity (Article 21): The right to life includes the right to live with dignity, which requires access to truthful and relevant information that affects one’s wellbeing and rights. Eg: A patient has the right to know about the risks of a medical procedure; a citizen has the right to know about environmental hazards in their locality.
How does Wikimedia qualify as an intermediary under IT law?
- Provides Platform Without Editing User Content: Wikimedia only offers the technical infrastructure for Wikipedia — it does not create or edit the content published by users. Eg: If a Wikipedia page contains inaccurate information, it is user-generated. Wikimedia itself does not write or verify the content.
- Acts Within Safe Harbour Protections (Section 79, IT Act): As an intermediary, Wikimedia is protected from liability for third-party content as long as it doesn’t initiate or modify the transmission and follows due diligence. Eg: If defamatory content appears on Wikipedia, Wikimedia is not legally responsible unless it fails to act on legitimate removal requests.
- Operates Under Community Guidelines, Not Control: Wikipedia’s content is governed by community-led guidelines and editors, not by Wikimedia itself. This decentralized structure supports its status as a neutral intermediary. Eg: Disputes over article edits are resolved through user discussion forums, not by Wikimedia’s direct intervention.
Where did the High Court overstep in interpreting adverse comments as contempt?
- Misconstrued Online Criticism as Judicial Contempt: The High Court treated user discussions and critical comments on Wikipedia as contempt of court, despite them being expressions of public opinion. Eg: A user forum questioning the logic of the High Court’s interim order was taken as contempt, even though it reflected public debate — a protected form of speech.
- Failed to Recognize the Role of Open Debate in Democracy: By ordering content removal based on adverse comments, the Court ignored the constitutional protection of open criticism, especially on matters of public interest. Eg: The take-down order was based on perceived insult to the judiciary, but the Supreme Court clarified that public discussion, even when a case is sub judice, is vital to democratic accountability.
When should courts uphold free speech in online platform cases?
- When Public Debate Involves Matters of Legal or Democratic Importance: Courts should protect speech that contributes to informed public discourse, even if the topic is sub judice, as long as it doesn’t obstruct justice. Eg: In the Wikipedia case, users debated a High Court order — the Supreme Court ruled this was legitimate discussion, not contempt.
- When the Platform Functions as a Neutral Intermediary: If an online platform merely provides infrastructure without controlling content, courts should focus on protecting users’ freedom of expression rather than penalizing the platform. Eg: Wikimedia does not write or edit articles but hosts user content — thus, courts should defend user rights unless unlawful content is proven.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Intermediary Guidelines: Clearer regulations are needed to distinguish between platforms acting as neutral hosts and those responsible for content, ensuring they are not unduly penalized for user-generated content.
- Promote Balanced Public Discourse: Courts should encourage open debate on matters of public interest, ensuring that free speech is upheld while preventing actions that could obstruct justice or harm reputations.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.
Linkage: Article 21, one of the fundamental rights the Supreme Court linked to the “right to know” in the Wikimedia case. It discusses the expanding scope of rights under Article 21, similar to how the right to know is being interpreted.
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Why in the News?
India and Pakistan agreed to cease all firing and military actions following precision strikes by India under Operation Sindoor as a Self-Defence against the Pahalgam massacre that killed 26 civilians.
About Right to Self-Defence under UN Charter:
- The United Nations Charter generally prohibits the use of force under Article 2(4).
- Article 51 provides an exception, permitting the use of force in self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member State.
- The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in Nicaragua v. U.S. (1986) interpreted “armed attack” as the gravest form of the use of force.
- The right of self-defence is subject to two key conditions:
-
- Necessity: The force must be essential to respond to an armed attack.
- Proportionality: The response must not exceed what is required to repel the attack.
- Under Article 51, states must immediately notify the UN Security Council (UNSC) of any action taken in self-defence.
- In India’s case, the May 7, 2025 missile strikes were described as a “measured response” to the Pahalgam massacre, implying invocation of Article 51, though not explicitly stated.
- India’s May 8 briefing to 13 of 15 UNSC members was likely in fulfilment of this reporting obligation.
‘Unwilling or Unable’ Doctrine:
- This is an emerging principle in international law, particularly after 9/11.
- It allows a state to use self-defensive force against non-state actors operating from another state’s territory if that state is:
- Unwilling or
- Unable to stop the threat.
- It was prominently invoked by the US:
- In 2011 (killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan).
- In 2014 (airstrikes on ISIS in Syria).
- However, it is criticised by countries like Russia, China, and Mexico for undermining state sovereignty and the UN system.
India’s Stance:
- India’s position is unclear but evolving. At a UNSC Arria Formula meeting in Feb 2021, India listed 3 conditions:
- The non-state actor has repeatedly attacked the state.
- The host state is unwilling to neutralize the threat.
- The host state actively supports or sponsors the non-state actor.
- Legal scholars note it is uncertain if these conditions are cumulative or independent.
- In response to the Pahalgam attack, India accused Pakistan of inaction and labelled it a safe haven for terrorists.
- This suggests implicit reliance on the “unwilling or unable” doctrine, though it is not codified in customary international law.
| [UPSC 2005] Consider the following statements:
1. The Charter of the United Nations Organization was adopted at Geneva, Switzerland in June, 1945;
2. India was admitted to the United Nations Organization in the year 1945;
3. The Trusteeship Council of the United Nations Organization was established to manage the affairs of territories detached from Japan and Italy after WWII.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 only* (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only |
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Why in the News?
According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) Report 2021, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu have successfully achieved the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR), and Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR).
About SDGs (related to MMR, U5MR, NMR):
- Under SDG 3, the goals focus on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all.
- Target 3.1 aims to reduce MMR to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030, with no country exceeding 140.
- Target 3.2 sets the goal to reduce U5MR to 25 or fewer per 1,000 live births and NMR to 12 or fewer per 1,000 live births.
Key Highlights of the Report:
- States meeting MMR target (≤70):
- Kerala (20), Maharashtra (38), Tamil Nadu (49), plus Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, and Karnataka.
- States/UTs meeting U5MR target (≤25):
- Includes Kerala (8), Tamil Nadu (14), Delhi, Maharashtra, J&K, West Bengal, Karnataka, Punjab, Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
- States/UTs meeting NMR target (≤12):
- Includes Kerala (4), Tamil Nadu (9), Delhi, Maharashtra, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh.
- National improvements:
- MMR dropped from 130 (2014–16) to 93 (2019–21).
- U5MR declined from 45 (2014) to 31 (2021).
- NMR dropped from 26 (2014) to 19 (2021).
- IMR declined from 39 (2014) to 27 (2021).
- Sex Ratio at Birth improved from 899 to 913 (2014–2021).
- Total Fertility Rate reached replacement level of 2.0 in 2021.
- Compared globally (1990–2023), India achieved an 86% reduction in MMR (vs 48% globally), 78% in U5MR (vs 61%), 70% in NMR (vs 54%), and 71% in IMR (vs 58%).
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojna:
1. It is safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments.
2. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women.
3. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women.
4. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) Only three (d) All four |
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Why in the News?
A new study by Columbia University, suggests that the universe may have an alternate mechanism for producing gold — not just in neutron star collisions, as previously believed, but also in magnetar flares.
What are Magnetars?
- Magnetars are a rare type of neutron star with immensely strong magnetic fields, among the most powerful in the universe.
- They are formed when a massive star collapses during a supernova, leaving a highly dense stellar core.
- Due to magnetic instability, magnetars sometimes release intense flares of X-rays and gamma rays.
- These flares can be millions of times stronger than typical solar flares.
- A magnetar’s magnetic field is estimated to be about a thousand times stronger than that of ordinary neutron stars.
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r-Process in a Magnetar Flare:
- The r-process (rapid neutron-capture process) forms heavy elements like gold, platinum, and uranium by rapidly attaching neutrons to atomic nuclei.
- It was earlier believed to occur mainly in neutron star mergers.
- In a 2024 study, scientists analysed a 2004 magnetar flare followed by delayed gamma-ray emissions, recorded by NASA’s Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
- The radiation patterns matched those of radioactive decay from r-process elements, suggesting neutron-rich nuclei were produced.
- Around 1.9 septillion kilograms of matter was ejected at near-light speeds, marking the first direct evidence of r-process nucleosynthesis in a magnetar flare.
Implications for Gold Formation:
- The study shows that magnetar flares may also produce gold and other heavy elements, not just neutron star collisions.
- This implies such elements could have formed earlier in the universe than previously believed.
- The findings broaden our understanding of the origins of chemical elements in space.
- It confirms that multiple astrophysical events contribute to the formation of heavy elements.
- It also offers a new perspective on cosmic gamma-ray bursts and ancient stellar compositions.
| [UPSC 2012] Consider the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of the universe?
1. Detection of microwaves in space
2. Observation of redshift phenomenon in space
3. Movement of asteroids in space
4. Occurrence of supernova explosions in space
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
Chinese researchers has developed a first-of-its-kind rice pangenome by integrating genetic data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties from Asia (similar to the Human Genome Project).
About the Rice Pangenome:
- A pangenome includes both the core genes shared by all members of a species and the unique genes found in specific varieties, offering a complete view of genetic diversity.
- The rice pangenome was built using data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties across Asia, making it the first comprehensive genomic resource for rice.
- Researchers led the project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to explore rice evolution and domestication.
- Researchers used PacBio HiFi sequencing and advanced computational tools to detect variations, uncovering 3.87 billion base pairs of genetic material previously missing from the standard rice genome.
Key Findings:
- The study identified 69,531 genes, including 28,907 core genes common to all varieties and 13,728 genes unique to wild rice.
- About 20% of all genes were exclusive to wild rice, offering potential for trait improvement in cultivated varieties.
- The study confirmed that all Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) originated from Or-IIIa, a subgroup of Oryza rufipogon.
- Japonica rice was first domesticated in China, while indica rice arose later via hybridization as japonica spread across Asia.
- Wild-specific genes were linked to environmental adaptation, phenotypic flexibility, and regenerative traits, offering insights for future crop resilience.
- Bridging the genetic gap between wild and cultivated rice could lead to climate-resilient and high-yield varieties.
India’s Contribution:
- Rice is India’s staple food and the main monsoon crop, grown from June to September.
- In 2024–25, India produced a record 220 million tonnes of rice over 51,000 hectares, with an average yield of 4.2 tonnes per hectare.
- The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed two genome-edited rice varieties — Samba Mahsuri and MTU 1010 — known for higher yields and drought resistance; these are currently under testing.
| [UPSC 2001] Assertion (A): Scientists can cut apart and paste together DNA molecules at will, regardless of the source of the molecules. Reason (R): DNA fragments can be manipulated using restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases.
Options: (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A * (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT a correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is fasle but R is true |
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