Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horizontal and vertical reservation system, NALSA and related facts
Mains level: Horizontal and vertical reservation system, Transgender reservation and issues
Central Idea
- Recently, many trans rights activists from The Trans Rights Now Collective, who were peacefully protesting to demand horizontal reservation for transgender people, were detained by the Tamil Nadu police. In Tamil Nadu and in many states across the country, the movement for horizontal reservation has been shaping up to support Dalit trans people who are struggling with transphobia and casteism in educational institutions, workplaces, and larger ecosystems of education and employability.
- Fixed Percentage reservation: Vertical reservation is a policy of reserving a percentage of government jobs and educational seats for individuals from socially and economically disadvantaged communities or categories such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It aims to address historical injustices and create equal opportunities for all sections of society.
- For example: if the Scheduled Caste population in a particular state is 15%, then 15% of the available seats or positions in educational institutions and government jobs in that state will be reserved for SC candidates. This ensures that members of historically oppressed and marginalized communities have greater access to opportunities for education and employment, and helps to address the inequalities that exist due to caste-based discrimination.
What is Horizontal reservation?
- Horizontal reservation is a type of affirmative action approach that supplements vertical reservation in India. Horizontal reservation recognizes that individuals from marginalized communities also face multiple layers of discrimination and seeks to provide additional reservation opportunities for them.
- It involves providing reservations for various intersectional identities such as women, persons with disabilities, and transgender persons within each of the vertical reservation categories.
- For example, a Dalit woman could access vertical reservation under the SC category, but through horizontal reservation, she could also access reservations for women. Both vertical and horizontal reservations would equally affect her social location.
Facts for prelims: Horizontal reservation v/s Vertical reservation
|
Horizontal Reservation
|
Vertical Reservation
|
| An intersectional approach that is provided for within each vertical reservation category |
Reservation for specific marginalized communities, such as SC/ST/OBC |
| Example: A Dalit woman can access vertical reservation under the SC category, whereas through horizontal reservation she will be able to access reservations for women as well |
Example: A Dalit person can access reservation under the SC category |
| Intended to provide opportunities for people who face multiple forms of marginalization |
Intended to provide opportunities for specific marginalized communities |
| Provides for a more nuanced approach to reservation that takes into account intersectional identities and experiences |
Provides for reservations for specific communities based on historical injustice and social exclusion |
| Allows for better representation of people from diverse backgrounds in public institutions and workplaces |
Helps to address inequality and improve access to resources and opportunities for specific marginalized communities |
| Currently not implemented consistently across all states in India |
Implemented consistently across all states in India |
| Has been demanded for transgender persons in government jobs and education to address caste and gender-based marginalization |
Has been in place in India since independence and has been expanded over time to include more communities |
| Example: Karnataka became the first and only state in India to reserve jobs in public employment for transgender persons through horizontal reservation in 2021 |
Example: In Tamil Nadu, reservations are provided for SC/ST/OBC communities |
Challenges with Vertical Reservation System?
- Dominance of creamy layer: The benefits of reservation are often enjoyed by the creamy layer or the affluent members of reserved categories who are not in need of affirmative action. This leads to further marginalization of the truly underprivileged members of these communities.
- Limited benefits: Vertical reservation benefits are limited to only a particular category of people, leaving out those who may also be disadvantaged due to other factors such as gender, disability, sexual orientation, etc.
- Stigmatization: The reservation system has led to stigmatization and discrimination against members of reserved categories, with many being perceived as less competent or deserving of their position.
- Political exploitation: Reservation policies are often used for political gain rather than social justice, with political parties making false promises and manipulating the system to gain votes.
- Lack of representation: Reservation policies have not led to adequate representation of marginalized communities in decision-making positions, as many still face discrimination and bias in these spaces.
- Inadequate infrastructure and resources: Reservation policies have not been accompanied by adequate infrastructure and resources for marginalized communities to access opportunities, leading to further marginalization.
- Conflict among marginalized communities: The current vertical reservation system creates a hierarchy among marginalized communities, with some having greater access to opportunities than others. This has led to conflict and tension among different communities.
Challenges with Horizontal reservation System?
- Opposition from dominant castes: Horizontal reservation is often met with resistance from dominant castes and communities who feel that it is unfair and takes away opportunities from them. This can lead to political backlash and opposition to the implementation of such policies.
- Identification and classification: Another challenge is the identification and classification of individuals who qualify for horizontal reservation. For example, in the case of transgender individuals, there is a lack of clarity on who qualifies as transgender and how to identify them. This can lead to confusion and disputes over who is eligible for reservation benefits.
- Administrative challenges: Implementing horizontal reservation policies can be administratively complex, especially in larger organizations and government agencies. There may be challenges in tracking and monitoring the implementation of such policies, and ensuring that they are being applied fairly and consistently.
- Stigma and discrimination: Horizontal reservation policies may also be stigmatizing for some individuals, as they may feel that they are being singled out or labeled based on their identity. This can create additional barriers to social inclusion and participation, and may make it more difficult for individuals to access opportunities.
- Limited scope: Horizontal reservation policies are often implemented in specific sectors or areas, such as education or public employment. This means that individuals from marginalized groups may still face discrimination and exclusion in other areas of society, such as housing or healthcare.
Value Addition Box form Civilsdaily
Did you know: NALSA Judgement?
- NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) judgment of 2014 is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that recognized the legal recognition of the third gender in India.
- It directed the central and state governments to legally recognize the transgender community as a third gender and to ensure that they have access to the same rights and protections as other citizens of the country.
- The judgment also recognized the right of transgender persons to self-identification and directed the government to provide reservations for transgender people in education and employment.
- This judgment was a significant step towards ensuring the rights and protections of transgender people in India.
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
- The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 is a law enacted by the Parliament of India for the protection of rights of transgender persons and their welfare.
- The Act defines a transgender person as someone whose gender does not match the gender assigned to them at birth.
- The Act prohibits discrimination against transgender persons in areas such as education, employment, healthcare, and housing, and recognizes their right to self-perceived gender identity.
|
What are the policy gaps and ambiguities?
- The policy gaps and ambiguities that exist, which often used by the courts to refuse horizontal reservation for trans people and instead offer vertical reservation.
- The judiciary’s easy solution of putting all trans people in OBC categories is restrictive and does not allow trans people who belong to SC/ST categories to claim their right to reservation under both categories.
- The homogenous understanding of the trans community underplays the caste realities and marginalisations that many trans people come from and how it further hinders their social mobility.
Way ahead
- There is a need to recognize the intersectionality of identities and provide horizontal reservation for marginalized communities, including transgender people of Dalit, Bahujan, and Adivasi (DBA) backgrounds.
- State governments and the judiciary need to take a more proactive approach to address the policy gaps and ambiguities about the reservation for trans people.
- More awareness and education are needed to understand the complexities of caste and gender identity and their impact on social mobility.
- More research and data collection are needed to understand the challenges faced by trans people from DBA backgrounds and to develop effective solutions to address their unique needs.
- Ultimately, the goal should be to create a more inclusive and equitable society that recognizes and celebrates the diversity of all its citizens, regardless of their gender identity or caste background.
Conclusion
- The movement for horizontal reservation is not only about a Dalit-trans issue; it is cross-cutting and a living testimonial of how certain sections of people are repeatedly forced into the margins. There is need for horizontal reservation to assert that transgender people have an equal stake in this nation’s citizenship and public resources.
Mains question
Q. In many states across the country, the movement for horizontal reservation has been shaping up to support Dalit trans people. In this light explain what is horizontal reservation system and discuss the challenges associated with its implementation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Women's labour force participation In India
Central Idea
- Recent data reveals that despite more Muslim women than men enrolling in higher education courses, the number of Muslims in higher education has decreased. Additionally, Muslim women’s employment rates are still lagging behind, in line with the secular trends of low female labour force participation rates and increasing unpaid labour.
The Current Scenario: Women’ Labour force participation
- The PLFS reports show three disturbing secular trends:
- The female labour force participation (FLFP) rate has stagnated at very low levels in our country.
- Women’s employment is seen as a supplemental source of income, and that is only activated in dire times for the family.
- The share of women employed in unpaid labour has increased even for highly educated women. In 2017-18, 6.2 per cent of women (age 15-59) with graduate (or higher) level of education worked as unpaid helpers. By 2021-22, this share had increased to 11.2 per cent.
Female labour force participation rate of Muslim women
- The female labour force participation rate of Muslim women in the country is 15 per cent, as compared to 26.1 per cent for Hindu women.
- Over the past three years, Muslim women have had the lowest LFP rate amongst all religious groups in the country, while the gender gap in participation has also been the widest for the community except for the Sikh community.
- While salaried work is perhaps the more stable source of income, only 12.4 per cent of working Muslim women the lowest of all communities are salaried as compared to 16.2 per cent of Hindu women.
- Research shows that Muslim women face significant discrimination in hiring at entry level roles.
- Cultural and social norms: Traditional gender roles and stereotypes often view women as responsible for domestic work and caregiving. Women are expected to prioritize their role as wives and mothers over their careers.
- Lack of educational opportunities: Women from rural areas or lower socio-economic backgrounds may not have access to quality education or vocational training, limiting their employment opportunities.
- Lack of safe and flexible work environments: Many women face challenges in finding safe and secure work environments, especially in fields that require mobility or working late hours. Women with children also face challenges in finding work that accommodates their caregiving responsibilities.
- Discrimination and bias: Women face discrimination and bias in the workplace, including lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement. Muslim women may also face additional discrimination based on their religion.
- Legal barriers: Some laws and policies, such as restrictions on working night shifts, may limit women’s employment opportunities.
- Patriarchal norms in family and society: Patriarchal norms often limit women’s decision-making power within the family and restrict their mobility outside of the home, further limiting their employment opportunities.
Why the female labour force participation rate of Muslim women Is low?
- Educational attainment: Muslim women, particularly those living in rural areas, have lower levels of educational attainment compared to women from other communities. This limits their access to better-paying and more skilled jobs, making it more difficult for them to enter the workforce.
- Traditional gender roles: Muslim families, particularly those in conservative areas, have traditional gender roles where women are expected to prioritize household work and child-rearing over paid employment. This social norm is a significant barrier to women’s labor force participation.
- Religious and cultural factors: Some Muslim women may face discrimination in the workplace due to religious and cultural stereotypes, which can limit their opportunities for employment.
- Lack of safe and accessible transportation: Many women, particularly those from conservative communities, may face safety concerns when traveling alone. This limits their ability to commute to work and makes it difficult for them to access job opportunities outside of their immediate neighbourhoods.
- Lack of support from family and community: Women may face resistance from their families and communities when they seek employment, particularly if it is seen as a threat to traditional gender roles or cultural norms.
Women’s low participation in the labour force and impact on society and the economy
- Economic loss: The low participation of women in the labour force leads to an economic loss for the country. Women’s potential contributions to the economy are not utilized, leading to a loss of output and income.
- Gender inequality: The low participation of women in the labour force perpetuates gender inequality. It limits women’s access to economic opportunities and reduces their bargaining power, leading to their exclusion from decision-making processes.
- Social welfare: The low participation of women in the labor force also affects social welfare. It limits the resources available to women and their families, leading to a lack of access to education, healthcare, and other basic services.
- Demographic imbalance: The low participation of women in the labor force also leads to a demographic imbalance. It limits the number of women in positions of power and decision-making, which affects the representation of women in different sectors of the economy.
- Poverty: The low participation of women in the labor force also affects poverty reduction efforts. It limits the number of women who are able to earn a living and provide for their families, which affects poverty reduction efforts in the long run.
Way ahead: To increase inclusive women’s LFP
- Society and Families must create supportive and sharing ecosystem: Society and families need to prioritize women’s employment as a means of contributing to the economic growth of the country. The stereotype of men being the sole breadwinner of the family puts a lot of pressure on them. Women can and should be brought in to share this burden while men share the burden of housework. It is essential to create a supportive ecosystem for women from all communities.
- Providing skills training: Women should be provided with skills training and education to improve their employability. This could be achieved through vocational training programs, apprenticeships, and mentorship programs.
- Employers must take intersectional approach: Employers need to ensure that they incorporate mechanisms to address unconscious biases in hiring. This can be done by designing inclusive networking opportunities and company events, promoting cultural awareness, creating an inclusive schedule for employees with faith-related needs, and offering compassion and support. Employers must work on women’s inclusion in the workplace and take an intersectional approach.
- Policymakers must enable ecosystem for employment of women: The government and policymakers need to make those jobs available that women want and create ecosystems that are supportive of employed women. This involves creating space for women from all communities in policy conversations. There needs to be an emphasis on women’s employment as a means for them to have agency, express themselves, and expand their sources of happiness.
- Encouraging entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs could be encouraged through access to credit, mentorship programs, and business incubators.
Conclusion
- India needs more women in the workforce to increase the size of the economic pie. Addressing the issue of Muslim women’s employment could significantly contribute to India’s economic growth. To bridge the gap, employers, policymakers, families, and society must work together and create a supportive ecosystem for women from all communities.
Mains Question
Q. The recent data suggests that Muslim women have had the lowest Labour force participation (LFP) rate amongst all religious groups in the country. Enumerate the reasons and Discuss overall impact of women’s low LFP on society and economy along with suggestions to improve women’s LFP .
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Important Botanical gardens
Mains level: Significance of botanical gardens and challenges
Central Idea
- The establishment of a large botanical garden in Tamil Nadu, the Chengalpattu Botanical Garden, is a welcome piece of news as it has the potential to become a major center for the exploration and discovery of India’s plant wealth, research, education, citizen science, and outreach in plant biology.
Chengalpattu Botanical Garden (CBG)
- It will be India’s largest botanical garden: The ₹300 crore Chengalpattu Botanical Garden (CBG), at Kadambur village in Chengalpattu district, is being planned across 138 hectares and will be India’s largest botanical garden.
- Potential major centre exploration and discovery of our plant wealth: The CBG has the potential to become a major center for the exploration and discovery of our plant wealth, a center of research, education, citizen science, and outreach in plant biology, and be a forceful voice in conservation.
Background: Historical association of Plants and Gardens
- Plants have been the foundation of human civilization and the long-standing association of humanity with gardens can be traced back to the dawn of agriculture over 11,000 years ago.
- The tradition of home gardens, which are planned spaces around homes to grow edible and medicinal plants, has been noted in ancient texts and depicted in cave paintings, demonstrating the antiquity of gardening.
- Rulers, from ancient to modern civilizations, have owned botanical gardens that are rich in native plants and plants collected from distant places.
- These patrons of botanical gardens not only funded them but also oversaw botanical collections as a beautiful garden was a metric of one’s prosperity and eclectic administration.
History of Botanical Gardens
- European explorations led to the establishment of several academic botanical gardens between the 15th to 17th centuries.
- The oldest of these, Orto Botanico di Padova in Italy, was founded in 1545, and the most well-known, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew near London, was formally consolidated in 1840.
- Oldest garden: The oldest of the Indian academic gardens, the Acharya Jagadish Chandra (AJC) Bose Indian Botanic Garden, in Howrah, Kolkata, was established in 1787.
- Exact number is not yet known: The exact number of botanical gardens in India is not known, but only a handful of botanical gardens have plant exploration and education programs.
- India’s flora diversity: India is home to approximately 47,000 plant species, which make up around 6-7% of the world’s total plant species. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas are two of the world’s top biodiversity hotspots, with a large number of endemic plant species found in these regions.
- The Importance of Plants: India has a high diversity of plants and animals. Plants are the structural foundations of our diverse ecological communities that feed us, provide us with nutrition and medicine, mitigate climate change, enrich our spirits, and secure us against an uncertain future. Yet, our knowledge of our vast botanical heritage is extremely limited.
Facts for prelims: Botanical Garden in India
| Botanical Garden |
Location |
Established |
Special Features |
| Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden |
Howrah, West Bengal |
1787 |
Oldest botanical garden in India; over 12,000 specimens of plants |
| Lalbagh Botanical Garden |
Bangalore, Karnataka |
1760 |
Known for its collection of rare plants, Glass House which hosts an annual flower show |
| Ooty Botanical Gardens |
Ooty, Tamil Nadu |
1848 |
Spread over 55 acres, collection of over 650 species of plants and trees, Toda tribal hut |
| Jijamata Udyan Botanical Garden |
Mumbai, Maharashtra |
1861 |
Oldest Botanical Garden in Western India; houses Mumbai’s Byculla Zoo |
| Shalimar Bagh |
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir |
1619 |
Mughal garden, UNESCO World Heritage Site |
| Government Botanical Garden |
Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu |
1848 |
Home to over 1000 species of plants including some rare ones, Fossil Tree Trunk |
| The National Botanical Research Institute Botanical Garden |
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh |
1953 |
Over 6000 species of plants including rare medicinal plants |
| The Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Botanical Garden |
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh |
1964 |
Specializes in medicinal and aromatic plants |
| The Calcutta Botanical Garden |
Kolkata, West Bengal |
1786 |
Has a large collection of plants including rare plants, Cactus House |
| The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park and Botanical Garden |
Darjeeling, West Bengal |
1958 |
Botanical garden houses a collection of Himalayan plants, zoo has endangered species such as Red Panda |
What are Botanical Gardens?
- Botanical gardens are institutions that are dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation, and display of a wide range of plants, with the aim of promoting public education and awareness of the importance of plants in the ecosystem.
- These gardens may be associated with universities, museums, or government bodies, and are often open to the public for visitation and education.
- They are often involved in research, conservation, and horticultural activities, and may collaborate with other botanical gardens around the world to share knowledge and resources.
- Botanical gardens typically feature a variety of plants from different regions and climates, including rare and endangered species, and may also include features such as greenhouses, herbaria, and educational exhibits.
Significance of botanical gardens
- Conservation of plant species: Botanical gardens often maintain collections of rare, threatened, and endangered plant species for conservation purposes. These gardens also serve as a refuge for plants in danger of extinction and work towards their preservation.
- Scientific research: Botanical gardens play a significant role in scientific research related to plants and their uses. Researchers use the gardens to study the characteristics and behavior of various plant species, their adaptability to different environmental conditions, and their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and other fields.
- Education and awareness: Botanical gardens offer an opportunity for the public to learn about plant diversity, conservation, and ecology. They often organize tours, exhibitions, and educational programs to raise awareness about the importance of plants and their role in sustaining life on earth.
- Recreation and tourism: Botanical gardens are often popular tourist destinations and provide a peaceful and scenic setting for people to relax and enjoy nature. They also offer recreational activities such as hiking, bird watching, and photography.
- Aesthetic value: Botanical gardens are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and are often designed to showcase different plant species in a visually appealing manner. The gardens often include water features, sculptures, and other artistic elements that enhance their beauty and appeal to visitors.
Challenges related to botanical gardens in India
- Maintenance and conservation: Botanical gardens require regular maintenance to ensure that the plants remain healthy and the infrastructure is in good condition. Lack of funding and trained staff can make it difficult to maintain the gardens, leading to deterioration of the plants and infrastructure.
- Climate change: Climate change is a major challenge for botanical gardens, as it can affect the growth and survival of plants. Changing rainfall patterns, temperature fluctuations, and extreme weather events can all have a negative impact on the plants in the gardens.
- Invasive species: Invasive species can pose a serious threat to the biodiversity of botanical gardens. These non-native plants can outcompete local species and disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem in the garden.
- Urbanization: Urbanization and the expansion of cities can lead to the destruction of natural habitats and reduce the available space for botanical gardens. It can also lead to increased pollution, which can have negative effects on the plants in the gardens.
- Lack of public awareness: Many people in India are not aware of the importance of botanical gardens and the role they play in conservation and research. This can make it difficult to raise funds and gain support for the gardens, which can limit their potential impact.
Way ahead: Steps to conserve botanical gardens in India
- Conservation measures: The conservation of botanical gardens can be done through various measures, such as preserving rare and endangered plant species, protecting the habitats of various plants, and using sustainable gardening practices.
- Education and awareness: Education and awareness programs should be conducted to promote the significance of botanical gardens and their role in preserving plant diversity. It can help in spreading the knowledge about the importance of plants, conservation methods, and ecosystem services.
- Scientific research: Scientific research on plant biology, taxonomy, and ecology can be carried out in botanical gardens. It can help in better understanding the plants and their natural habitat, thus helping in developing better conservation strategies.
- Sustainable practices: Botanical gardens should adopt sustainable practices, such as the use of eco-friendly materials, rainwater harvesting, and composting, to conserve the environment and reduce carbon footprint.
- Community participation: Community participation can be encouraged in botanical gardens by organizing various events, such as plant shows, gardening competitions, and nature walks. It can help in creating awareness and generating interest in plant conservation.
- Collaboration and partnerships: Collaboration and partnerships with various organizations, such as NGOs, research institutions, and government agencies, can help in creating a network for sharing knowledge, resources, and expertise. It can also help in developing new conservation strategies and initiatives.
Conclusion
- Given the complex engineering that goes behind the construction and maintenance of a successful garden, botanical gardens today represent a metric of national success, from the perspectives of science, technology, and outreach, just as in the golden ages of this region, dating as far back as the Maurya monarch, Aśoka, when a botanical garden was a display of prosperity, scientific dispositions, and eclectic administration.
- In this era of climate change and declining biodiversity, we need every inch of our backyards and elsewhere to nurture native plants and associated living organisms, to remind ourselves and the generations to come of the need to heal our earth through the power of plants.
Mains Question
Q. Establish historical association of botanical gardens and discuss its significance along with challenges associated with its conservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LIGO India and other such developments
Mains level: LIGO India and its Significance
Central Idea
The Union Cabinet approved the full budget for the LIGO-India mega-science project, which includes the construction, commissioning and joint scientific operation of a state-of-the-art, advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in India in collaboration with the NSF-funded LIGO Laboratory, USA, operated by Caltech and MIT.
About LIGO-India
- LIGO-India will be the fifth node of this international network of gravitational wave observatories, and possibly the last.
- The instrument is so sensitive that it can easily get influenced by events like earthquakes, landslides, or even the movement of trucks, and produce a false reading.
- That is why multiple observatories are needed to revalidate the signals.
- India’s involvement in LIGO is crucial to demonstrating its intent and capability to pull-off complex science projects independently
Facts for prelims: What is LIGO?
|
What is it?
|
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)
|
| Purpose |
Detect and study gravitational waves |
| Cause |
Ripples in spacetime caused by violent and energetic events in the universe |
| Location |
Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington |
| Detector |
Michelson interferometer |
| Function |
Measure changes in length caused by passing gravitational waves
|
| Benefits |
Improving our understanding of the universe and its origins |
| Discovery |
Detected gravitational waves for the first time in 2015
|
| Significance |
Confirmed a prediction made by Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity
|
| Field |
Gravitational wave astronomy |
| Discoveries |
Many exciting discoveries about the nature of the universe
|
- Advancement in gravitational-wave astronomy and astrophysics: LIGO-India will significantly enhance global capabilities in the field of gravitational-wave astronomy and astrophysics. The project will enable an entirely new window to our universe and open up opportunities to study the cosmos in ways that were previously impossible.
- Boosting research careers: LIGO-India will provide opportunities for Indian youth to pursue research careers in cutting-edge areas of science and technology, thereby supporting the growth of the Indian science industry and economy.
- Development of cutting-edge technologies: LIGO-India will lead to the development of cutting-edge technologies such as lasers, optics, vacuum, quantum metrology and control-system technologies, which have great national relevance. The project will bring together researchers in fundamental and applied sciences from national research laboratories, IITs and IISERs to universities in partnership with the industry, and attract talent from the large pool of Indian researchers spread worldwide.
- Galvanizing India’s industry: The project will galvanize India’s industry to enhance capability and capacity to engineer and manufacture complex components with precision to meet stringent scientific requirements, thereby enhancing the reputation of Indian industry.
- Contributing to India’s mega-science ventures: LIGO-India is part of India’s mega-science ventures, which aim to lead or partner in very high-science goals through large-scale collaborative efforts requiring highly skilled human resources, significant fiscal capital and infrastructural investment, and close academia-industry partnerships. LIGO-India is expected to extend the legacy of successful world-class facilities such as the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune and Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) in Ladakh.
Facts for prelims: Other Important science projects
|
Mega-science Project
|
Description
|
| Large Hadron Collider (LHC) |
Particle accelerator located in Switzerland, aims to study subatomic particles |
| Indian-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) |
A proposed underground neutrino laboratory to be located in Tamil Nadu, India |
| Facility for Antiproton & Ion Research (FAIR) |
A particle accelerator located in Germany, used for research in nuclear and particle physics |
| Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) |
A proposed astronomical observatory, with a mirror diameter of 30 meters, to be located in Hawaii |
| Square Kilometre Array (SKA) |
A radio telescope that will be the largest and most sensitive in the world, to be located in Australia and South Africa |
| Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) |
A facility designed to detect gravitational waves, with observatories located in the USA and India |
Way ahead: Mega-Science Projects and India’s S&T Policy
- Mega-science projects like LIGO-India inculcate invaluable elements of work ethic in the scientific community.
- The key is the ability to create a focused but adequately large well-knit collaborative ecosystem that remains open to growing by bringing in wider participation.
- There is need for a culture within S&T communities to anticipate breakthroughs and appreciate new findings that may often deviate from the current comfort zone for policymakers to be receptive and for executing agencies to create robust mechanisms to assess, evaluate, and respond expeditiously to allow sufficient time to set up the enterprise.
Conclusion
The LIGO-India mega-science project is a significant milestone in India’s contribution to the growth of modern astronomy. The project will prompt Indian S&T in academia, national laboratories, and industries to leapfrog in a range of cutting-edge technologies. It reinforces the view that a healthy sprinkling of mega-science efforts in the overall S&T policy empowers and enriches the nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Caste census analysis and impact
Central Idea
- The demand for a caste-based census in India has once again brought Mandal politics to the forefront. Mandal politics has succeeded in capturing political power in large parts of India and has shifted the political discourse towards a universal acceptance of OBC reservations. However, the movement has weakened in recent years, and the demand for a caste census is seen as a way for Mandal parties to regain their hold in the public discourse.
- Mandal politics refers to a political movement initiated by historically marginalized Other Backward Classes (OBCs) or Bahujan caste groups in India in the late 1980s and 1990s.
- The movement sought to secure a greater share of political and economic power through reservation in the public sector for the OBCs who had been historically excluded from such opportunities.
- The movement derived its name from the Mandal Commission, a committee appointed by the Indian government in 1979 to identify the socially and educationally backward classes of India and recommend measures for their advancement.
- The Mandal Commission report in 1980 recommended that 27% of jobs in the public sector be reserved for OBCs, a recommendation that was later implemented by the Indian government in 1990.
The outcomes of Mandal politics
Positive outcomes:
- Increased representation: One of the main positive outcomes of Mandal politics is the increased representation of OBCs and other marginalized groups in the political sphere. This has led to greater inclusivity and diversity in government and a more balanced distribution of power.
- Reservation policies: Mandal politics has also led to the introduction and expansion of reservation policies, which aim to provide equal opportunities to marginalized groups in education and employment.
- Recognition of social justice: Mandal politics has brought the issue of social justice to the forefront of political discourse and has highlighted the need for policies that address historic discrimination and disadvantage.
Negative outcomes:
- Caste-based politics: One of the negative outcomes of Mandal politics is the perpetuation of caste-based politics. This has led to the further entrenchment of caste divisions and has hindered the development of a more inclusive and egalitarian society.
- Polarization and conflict: Mandal politics has also led to polarization and conflict between different caste groups, as each group seeks to secure its own interests.
- Resentment and backlash: The policies introduced by Mandal politics have also led to resentment and backlash from certain upper-caste groups, who view the policies as discriminatory and unjust. This has sometimes led to violent protests and social unrest.
What is Caste Census?
- A caste census is basically the counting of people belonging to different castes in a particular marked area.
- With this two-phase exercise, the Bihar government will try to get numbers of people belonging to SC, ST, and OBC communities and their financial status among other important things.
- The exercise is termed ‘Jaati Aadharit Ganana’. People belonging to every religion and caste will be covered during the exercise.
Arguments for caste census
- Enumerating the marginalized: A caste census would actually bring to the particular the number of people who are at the margins, or who are deprived, or the kind of occupations they pursue, or the kind of hold that institutions like caste have on them. The caste census opens up to enumerating Dalits who are not Hindus, such as Dalit Christians and Muslims.
- Data for Policymaking: This information is absolutely necessary for any democratic policymaking. The census will be able to answer real public policy questions and direct policies more effectively towards those who most need state assistance and affirmative action policies.
- Judicial backing: The courts in India have often emphatically said that it is important to have adequate data with regard to the reservation.
- Caste offers privilege: Caste is not only a source of disadvantage; it is also a very important source of privilege and advantage in our society.
- Rids away caste rigidities: Counting of caste doesn’t necessarily perpetuate caste or the caste system. Myths of caste elitisms can be debunked through a caste census.
Arguments against caste census
- 50% breach of reservation cap: It is argued that a Socio-Economic Caste Census is the only way to make a case to breach the 50% cap on reservation and rationalize the reservation matrix in the country.
- Caste within Caste: Given the differences in caste hierarchies across various regions of the country, a comparative reading along with generating a common hierarchy may be a challenge.
- Caste over occupation linked predicaments: Caste linked deprivation or adversity may not be as common as occupation linked predicaments, which become easier to compare across states/regions.
- Anonymity and bias: An intimate and personalised attribute like caste may have its differential exposition between urban and rural residents. Urban residents’ need for anonymity can always bias the reporting on caste.
- Identity crisis: Recognition and adherence to caste identity is to a large extent shaped by progressive ideals, cosmopolitanism and education, which has its own regional divide in the country between the north and the south.
- Hurdle to casteless society: The idea of a national caste census is abhorrent when the stated policy is to strive for a casteless society.
The Impact of a Caste Census: Analysis In brief
Positive impact
- Accurate data: A caste census can provide accurate data on the caste demographics of India, which is necessary for effective policy-making and affirmative action programs.
- Better targeting of government policies: The data from a caste census can help the government target policies and programs more effectively towards the marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society.
- Improved representation: A caste census can help improve representation of underrepresented castes in government bodies and institutions.
- Empowerment of marginalized communities: A caste census can help empower marginalized communities by giving them a voice and recognition in the political and social systems.
Negative impact
- Polarization: A caste census can lead to polarization and tensions between different castes, especially if the data is used to allocate resources or benefits based on caste.
- Stigma and discrimination: There is a risk that the caste census data can be used to further stigmatize and discriminate against marginalized communities.
- Misuse of data: The data from a caste census can be misused by politicians and other groups to further their own agendas, leading to potential conflicts and social unrest.
- Privacy concerns: Some people may be hesitant to disclose their caste, leading to concerns about privacy and data protection.
Conclusion
- The caste census is seen as a way for Mandal parties to regain their hold in the public discourse and direct policies more effectively towards those who most need state assistance and affirmative action policies. However, the demand for a caste census is a double-edged sword that may create conflicts and shift the discourse from historical injustices to distribution. The Mandal movement faces challenges but remains relevant in the ongoing struggle for social justice.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TB, disease, vaccines and other developments
Mains level: TB elimination strategy
Central Idea
- At the One World TB Summit in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh on March 24, 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a fresh approach to the global tuberculosis (TB) elimination response, with innovation and research being central drivers of change. This is a critical step as India and the world look to redefine their TB elimination response. India’s recent progress in TB control efforts and COVID-19 response provides a good reflection point, which offers lessons to address the challenges faced in the fight against TB.
- Expanded reach and improved detection measures: India’s National TB Elimination Programme has introduced several measures to find, notify, and treat TB cases, resulting in expanded reach and improved detection measures. As a result, the number of TB case notifications has significantly increased, rising from 15.6 lakh in 2014 to over 24 lakh in 2022.
- Innovative approaches: India has adopted innovative approaches to TB management, including engagement with the private sector, launch of social support provisions, and introduction of diagnostic tools and new drug regimens. These measures have improved TB management in the country.
- Increased investment in health research and development: India has recognized the importance of investing in health research and development, especially in recent years. The Mission COVID Suraksha programme to develop vaccines was a good example of a public-private partnership, with clear goals and outcomes. The country has also established centres of excellence, which will facilitate collaboration between Indian Council of Medical Research laboratories and the private sector.
- Expansion of diagnostic tools: India has been working on expanding access to diagnostic tools for TB. Innovations such as nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can be a game changer by reducing diagnostic delays, and handheld digital x-ray machines with artificial intelligence-based software can now be taken to villages and urban settlements to screen large numbers of high-risk individuals.
- Introduction of new therapeutic molecules: India has been investing in the development and introduction of new therapeutic molecules for TB treatment. Shorter, safer, and more effective regimens, such as the 1HP regimen for latent TB infections, the four-month regimen (HPZM) for drug-susceptible TB, and the six-month regimen (BPaL/M) for drug-resistant TB, have been developed.
Why there is a Need for Disruptive Approaches and New Tools in TB elimination response?
- Lack of widespread awareness: Despite the progress made by India’s National TB Elimination Programme, there is still a lack of widespread awareness about the disease, which has led to delayed diagnosis and treatment.
- Access to quality care: Many people with TB in India and other developing countries do not have access to quality care, which has led to high rates of morbidity and mortality.
- Limited diagnostic tools: There is a need to expand access to diagnostic tools for TB, especially in rural and remote areas.
- Drug-resistant TB: The emergence of drug-resistant TB has made treatment more difficult, requiring the development of new therapeutic molecules and regimens.
- Need for innovative approaches: Innovative approaches are needed to change the way TB is prevented, diagnosed, and treated.
- Rapidly evolving technology: Advances in technology, such as point-of-care tests, artificial intelligence-based software, and handheld digital x-ray machines, have made it possible to develop new tools to combat TB.
- For example: Innovative technologies such as handheld digital x-ray machines with artificial intelligence-based software and nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can reduce diagnostic delays and provide rapid, low-cost diagnostics. Similarly, newer and more effective regimens and repurposed existing drugs for TB can play a crucial role in the long run.
Importance of Prioritizing TB Vaccine Trials
- Vaccines are key to ending the TB epidemic: Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases. For TB, a vaccine would be a critical tool for ending the epidemic, especially for those who are at the highest risk of developing and spreading TB.
- BCG vaccine is not effective for all: The current TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is not effective for everyone, especially adolescents and adults who are at the highest risk of developing and spreading TB. Therefore, new and effective vaccines are needed to provide adequate protection.
- Multiple TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline: There are currently over 15 TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline, which have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Prioritizing these clinical trials will help identify the most effective vaccine candidates for various community settings and different target groups.
- Cost-effectiveness: Vaccines are a cost-effective way to prevent diseases, and a TB vaccine would be no different. Investing in TB vaccine trials and development would save resources in the long run by reducing the burden of TB on health systems and economies.
- Global impact: TB is a global public health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide. The development of a new TB vaccine would have a significant impact not only in India but also in other high-burden countries.
Facts for prelims: Types of vaccine technologies
|
Vaccine Technology
|
Explanation |
Examples
|
| Inactivated or killed vaccines |
Use viruses or bacteria that have been inactivated or killed so that they can no longer cause disease |
Inactivated polio vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine |
| Live attenuated vaccines |
Use viruses or bacteria that have been weakened so that they can’t cause disease in healthy people |
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, yellow fever vaccine |
| Protein subunit vaccines |
Use pieces of the virus or bacteria, such as proteins or sugar molecules, to stimulate an immune response |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine |
| Nucleic acid vaccines |
Use genetic material from the virus or bacteria, such as DNA or RNA, to stimulate the immune system |
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna |
| Viral vector vaccines |
Use harmless viruses, such as adenoviruses, to deliver genetic material from the target virus or bacteria into the body to stimulate an immune response |
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, Ebola vaccine developed by Merck |
How Testing and Diagnosis of TB can be improved?
- Increased access to diagnostic tools: There is a need to increase access to diagnostic tools for TB, especially in rural and remote areas. Innovative approaches such as point-of-care tests (POCTs), including home-based tests, can provide decentralized, rapid, and low-cost diagnostics to provide results within minutes.
- Introduction of new diagnostic tools: New innovations such as nasal and tongue swab-based tests for TB can be a game changer by reducing diagnostic delays. Further, handheld digital x-ray machines (with artificial intelligence-based software) can now be taken to villages and urban settlements to screen large numbers of high-risk individuals, safely and conveniently.
- Strengthening the laboratory network: It is essential to strengthen the laboratory network in India to ensure quality diagnostics, especially in the private sector. Accreditation of private laboratories for TB diagnosis and linking them with the public sector is essential.
- Integration with other healthcare services: TB testing and diagnosis need to be integrated with other healthcare services to improve access and reduce stigma. For example, TB screening can be done in conjunction with diabetes or HIV screening.
- Empowering patients: Empowering patients with knowledge about TB symptoms and diagnostic tests can help increase awareness and improve early diagnosis. TB awareness campaigns can also help reduce stigma associated with the disease.
- Collaboration between public and private sectors: Collaboration between the public and private sectors can improve access to diagnostic tools and reduce the time required for TB testing and diagnosis. The private sector can be leveraged to provide affordable and quality TB diagnostics and treatment.
Need for Appropriate Policy Frameworks
- Smoothening the rollout of proven tools: Creating regulatory and policy frameworks can smoothen the rollout of proven tools to reach people with as little delay as possible. This requires greater collaboration between policymakers, scientists, product developers, and clinical researchers across the country and even across regions.
- Harmonization of standards and regulatory processes: Harmonization of standards and regulatory processes between countries can enable mutual recognition of evidence-based standards and licenses and save critical time towards rollout.
- Addressing the regulatory challenges: Appropriate policy frameworks can address the regulatory challenges of introducing new tools and approaches. This can help reduce the time and cost of clinical trials and shorten the time to market for new tools and products.
- Encouraging innovation: Policy frameworks that incentivize innovation can encourage the private sector to invest in TB research and development. This can lead to the development of new and effective tools for TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Supporting public-private partnerships: Appropriate policy frameworks can support public-private partnerships that can bring together the strengths of both sectors to develop and scale up innovative solutions for TB control.
Conclusion
- India’s scientific ingenuity during the COVID-19 pandemic has cemented its position as pioneers in innovation in the life sciences. India must use its G-20 presidency to build a global health architecture that creates equitable access for all. India must use this opportunity to call for the collaborative development of transformational tools and approaches that cater to not only India’s needs but also those of the under-represented but disproportionately affected developing world. TB should no longer be the leading infectious disease killer globally in the 21st century, and India can lead the way.
Mains Question
Q. At the One World TB Summit held at in Varanasi recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a fresh approach to the global tuberculosis (TB) elimination response. In this light discuss India’s Progress in TB Control Efforts and the need for disruptive approaches and new tools in TB elimination response.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Private sector startups and recent developments
Mains level: Indian Space Policy 2023, Role of private sector, advantages and potential drawbacks
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Policy 2023 has been approved by the Indian Cabinet Committee on Security. The policy has opened up the Indian space sector, facilitating an enhanced role for the private sector to augment the development and competitiveness of the Indian space program.
All you need to know about Indian Space Policy 2023
- Clear roles and responsibilities: The Indian Space Policy 2023 policy clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe), as well as that of the private players in the Indian space sector.
- Opportunities for private sector players: One of the key aspects of the new policy is to open up the Indian space sector to provide opportunities for private sector players to play an active role in augmenting the development and competitiveness of the Indian space program. This will allow ISRO to focus on non-commercial missions, such as research and development of advanced space technologies and space exploration.
- Enhance overall ISRO missions: The policy is expected to enhance overall ISRO missions with greater participation of non-government entities, including academia, the research community, startups, and industry.
- Institutional setups: Strategic activities within the space sector will be handled by NSIL, an institutional set up within the Department of Space that will address these activities in a demand-driven mode. The other recent institutional set up that will be critical in coordination between the public sector and the private players is IN-SPACe.
- Framework for use of ISRO facilities: The policy outlines a framework under which the private sector can use ISRO facilities for a small fee.
- Making Indian space programme competitive: The private players are also expected to create new infrastructure in the space sector. This will be critical in ensuring that the Indian space program becomes more competitive and developed.
- ISRO will focus on research and development: In a significant move, ISRO has stated that it will not do any operational and production work for the space sector and will instead focus its energies on developing new technologies, new systems, and research and development. This essentially means that the routine production and launches that the ISRO was involved in until now will be handled by the private sector completely.
- An Open Space Policy refers to a policy that allows for open and transparent participation in space activities.
- It involves the collaboration between public and private entities in the exploration and use of space.
- The goal of an open space policy is to promote innovation, competition, and the growth of the space industry while ensuring the safety and security of space activities.
- This policy allows for the development of new technologies, research and development, and increased cooperation and collaboration between different countries and organizations.
Facts for prelims: Private space sector startups in India
|
Company Name
|
Area of Specialization |
Recent Developments
|
| Skyroot Aerospace, Hyderabad |
Launch Vehicles for Small Satellites |
Successfully launched their first indigenously designed and developed launch vehicle, Vikram I. Vikram S (Mission Prarambh) rocket recently launched as first privately built Indian rocket to make it to space |
| Agnikul Cosmos, Chennai |
Launch Vehicles for Small Satellites |
Successfully tested their fully 3D printed rocket engine, the Agnilet, in January 2021. |
| Bellatrix Aerospace, Bangalore |
Electric Propulsion Systems |
Signed an agreement with Skyroot Aerospace for the use of electric propulsion technology in their launch vehicles. |
| Pixxel, Bangalore |
Earth Observation Satellites |
Launched their first satellite, Anand, in February 2021, and plans to launch a constellation of 30 satellites by 2023. |
| Kawa Space, Mumbai |
Space-Related Technologies |
Developed a ground station in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, to track and receive data from satellites. |
| Skylo, Bangalore |
Low-Cost Satellite-Connected Devices for IoT |
Raised $103 million in Series B funding round led by SoftBank Group Corp in August 2021. |
| SatSure, Bangalore |
Data Analytics Services for Agriculture Industry |
Launched their new product, SatSure Agri, in May 2021 to provide crop yield forecasting services to farmers. |
| Dhruva Space, Bangalore |
Satellite-Based Communication Solutions |
Signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Ananth Technologies in October 2021 to provide satellite-based communication services to the aviation industry. |
Benefits of having an open space policy
- Messaging tool: An open space policy can be used as a messaging tool, both for friends and potential foes. It can demonstrate India’s commitment to the peaceful use of outer space and build confidence among other nations.
- Moderating fears and concerns: An open space policy can help to moderate fears and concerns about India’s space activities, by providing greater clarity on India’s space objectives and priorities.
- Rebuilding confidence: An open space policy can help to rebuild confidence among other nations that India is committed to the peaceful use of outer space.
- Outlining objectives: An open space policy can provide a clear outline of India’s short-term and long-term space objectives and priorities.
- Better resource allocation: An open space policy can help to ensure better resource allocation for India’s space program, by providing a clear framework for decision-making and prioritization.
Potential drawbacks of open space policy
- Increased competition: An open space policy could lead to increased competition among countries and private entities to gain access to space and its resources. This could lead to a potential arms race in space and increased tensions between countries.
- Security concerns: Open access to space could also create security concerns, as countries may develop space weapons or use space to conduct surveillance on other countries.
- Environmental impact: An open space policy could also have environmental consequences, as increased space activity could lead to more space debris and pollution, potentially harming the Earth’s orbit and its environment.
- Lack of regulation: Without proper regulation, an open space policy could lead to the exploitation of space resources, such as minerals and water, which could negatively impact the environment and lead to unfair distribution of resources.
- Cost: Increased space activity and access could also lead to higher costs for countries and private entities, which may not be sustainable in the long run.
Conclusion
- The new policy is expected to bring about significant changes in the Indian space ecosystem, including greater private sector participation, better resource allocation, and institutional clarity. This is an important step towards an open space policy that integrates both commercial and national security requirements in a balanced fashion.
Mains Question
Q. The Indian Space Policy 2023 has been approved by the Indian Cabinet Committee on Security. Note down some of its key aspects. What do you understand by mean open space policy? Discuss its advantages and potential drawbacks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Initiatives for private investment and labour force participation
Mains level: India’s Growth Prospects, Private Investment and challenges
Central Idea
- India has had an established track record of high growth, with an average annual GDP growth of 6.6% in the decade leading up to the Covid-19 pandemic. In fiscal 2023, India is seen growing at 7%, making it the fastest-growing large economy. But with an imminent global slowdown and the full manifestation of the lagged impact of interest rate hikes since May 2022, the economy is expected to decelerate and grow at 6% in fiscal 2024.
- Growth accounting: Growth accounting provides a useful framework to analyse medium-term prospects by decomposing their drivers into the contribution of capital, labour and efficiency.
- Economic growth next five years: Indian economy expected to grow at 6.8 per cent per year for the next five years with 52 per cent of it from capital, 38 per cent from efficiency and 10 per cent from labour.
- Changing growth model: The growth model is changing to an infrastructure and manufacturing-driven one.
- Capital spending: The Union Budget has raised capital spending by almost a third in high-multiplier infrastructure segments. But such support to capex will moderate in the years to come, given fiscal consolidation pressures.
- Investment ratio: Investment as a percentage of GDP has already touched a decadal high of 34 per cent in fiscal 2023. So far, the onus to lift the investment ratio has been shouldered by the government. The contribution of the private sector to investments is set to improve, primed as it is with healthier balance sheets, cash reserves and low leverage.
- Contribution of productivity to growth: The creation of physical and digital infrastructure in conjunction with efficiency-enhancing reforms will raise the contribution of productivity to growth. The economy is expected to continue seeing efficiency gains from reforms such as GST and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).
What is holding back a swift and broad-based lift in private investments?
- Economic uncertainty, primarily, and geopolitical events to a lesser extent.
- Sustainability challenge looms for the manufacturing sector as manufacturing and infrastructure growth are carbon-intensive.
- Low-quality skilling of the workforce is holding back its contribution to growth.
- Quality and the skilling of the workforce
- Falling labour force participation of women
What is holding back in Labour’s contribution to growth?
- Labour’s contribution to growth is likely to be low not because India does not have sufficient people in the working-age group, this cohort is 67 per cent of the population and is set to expand by 100 million over the next decade. It is the quality and skilling of the workforce that is holding it back.
Why private investment is essential for Indian economic growth?
- Capital formation: Private investment helps in creating capital formation, which is essential for economic growth. It helps in building infrastructure, creating jobs, and generating income, which in turn drives consumer spending and boosts economic growth.
- Innovation: Private investment is often associated with innovation and technological advancements. Companies that invest in research and development (R&D) can develop new products and processes that can boost productivity and create new markets. This, in turn, can lead to increased profits and more investment in R&D, creating a virtuous cycle of innovation and growth.
- Employment: Private investment creates jobs, which is critical for economic growth and development. When companies invest in new projects or expand their operations, they often need to hire additional workers, which reduces unemployment and boosts consumer spending.
- Foreign investment: Private investment is also an important driver of foreign investment. When companies invest in India, they often bring new technology, skills, and expertise that can help boost local industries and drive economic growth.
- Tax revenue: Private investment can also help increase tax revenues, which can be used by the government to fund public goods and services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Steps taken by the government to encourage private investment
- Investment-Friendly Policies: The Indian government has launched several investment-friendly policies, such as Make in India, Start-up India, and Digital India, to encourage private investment in the country.
- Infrastructure Development: The government is investing heavily in infrastructure development, including roads, railways, airports, and ports, to create a conducive environment for private investment.
- Tax Reforms: The Indian government has implemented several tax reforms, such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), to simplify the tax structure and make it more investor-friendly.
- FDI Liberalization: The government has liberalized foreign direct investment (FDI) norms in several sectors, including defense, insurance, and retail, to attract more foreign investment.
- Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): The government has implemented the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), which has made it easier for businesses to exit, and has increased investor confidence in the Indian economy.
- Production Linked Incentives (PLI): The government has launched the Production Linked Incentives (PLI) scheme to encourage manufacturing in India and make it more competitive globally.
- Easing of Business Regulations: The Indian government has eased several business regulations to improve the ease of doing business in the country and attract more private investment.
- Skill Development: The government has launched several initiatives, such as Skill India and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, to develop the skills of the Indian workforce and make it more attractive to investors.
Facts for prelims: Steps taken by the government to encourage labour force participation of women
|
Initiatives
|
Description
|
| Maternity Benefit Programme |
A scheme to provide financial assistance to pregnant women and lactating mothers for their health and nutrition needs. |
| Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana |
A scheme to provide LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line households. |
| National Urban Livelihood Mission |
A programme to provide self-employment opportunities and skill development training to urban poor women. |
| National Rural Livelihood Mission |
A scheme to provide self-employment opportunities and skill development training to rural women. |
| Mahila E-Haat |
A digital platform to provide a market for women entrepreneurs to sell their products online. |
| Beti Bachao Beti Padhao |
A campaign to address the declining child sex ratio and to promote education among girls. |
| Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana |
A savings scheme for the girl child to ensure their education and marriage expenses are taken care of. |
Way ahead
- Focus on green transition: As the manufacturing and infrastructure growth are carbon-intensive, so it’s important to have a significant and simultaneous focus on green transition. Having a high sustainability quotient can only embellish India’s credentials as a production destination.
- For instance: Research suggests that between fiscals 2023 and 2027, over 15 per cent of India’s capex could be towards green initiatives involving renewable energy, transportation, altering the fuel mix, and green hydrogen. In the fragmented geopolitical milieu, which is shifting towards supply-chain diversification and friend shoring, India can attract foreign investments.
- Enhancing labour force participation of women: The labour force participation of women is falling. This will have to be reversed through employment policies and investing in the health and education of women.
- For instance: According to a World Bank report in 2018, India could add 1.5 percentage points to its GDP growth by improving the participation of women in its workforce.
Conclusion
- India is going to become a $5 trillion economy by fiscal 2029, given the current growth dynamics. However, the impact of climate risk mitigation will be felt across revenue, commodity prices, export markets, and capital spending. To win the growth marathon, India’s focus must be sharp on the drivers of pace.
Mains Question
Q. Highlight India’s growth prospects in the next five years? Discuss the significance of private investment for economic growth and enlist factors that holding back the private investment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Empathy in higher education and role of IITS in reducing social inequality in local communities
Central Idea
- The recent spate of suicides among IIT students and the subsequent media attention, which has brought to the fore the social behavior and anxieties within the IIT student community. It emphasizes that studying at the IITs can be highly stressful, especially for students from socially marginalized backgrounds.
For instance: JEE Exam and Social Inequality
- There are disparities among students from different social strata in the JEE Advanced entrance exam, with lower cut-offs for SC/ST students compared to general category students.
- This disparity in scores can be attributed to cultural and material inequalities faced by SC students, such as lack of basic amenities like water, sanitation, and transportation.
What is mean by material inequality?
- Unequal distribution of resources and basic amenities: Material inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources and basic amenities such as food, water, shelter, healthcare, education, and access to opportunities, among individuals or groups in a society.
- Factors responsible: It is a result of various factors such as income, social class, gender, race, ethnicity, and geographical location.
- Negative effects: Material inequality can have negative effects on the well-being and opportunities of individuals and communities, leading to disparities in access to resources and basic needs.
How IITs can engage with local communities?
- Conduct Field and Community Studies: Students from all disciplines can conduct field and community studies to understand the causes of material inequality in the surrounding areas. This will provide them with insights into the problems that exist and help them design effective solutions.
- Interdisciplinary Field Work: IITs can adopt an interdisciplinary fieldwork pedagogy where professors from different disciplines work together to design solutions for societal challenges. This will help students to develop mutual respect, empathy, and a collective understanding of how the state and the market work.
- Local Problem Areas: IITs can identify and work on concrete problems of all sizes and difficulty levels, such as cooking energy, public transport, small enterprises, and pollution, in the surrounding districts. Faculty members can work with district administrations to address these and involve both IIT and local college students.
- Collaboration and Teamwork: Engaging with local communities will reduce competitive stress and increase collaboration and teamwork within the student body. Students will appreciate the diversity of backgrounds and understand the adversities many among them have had to face.
- Democratic Science: Students should demand training in a science of empathy and diversity that probes and explores all nooks and crannies of knowledge and society. Only when Indian science turns more democratic will the university become more empathetic and the society more equal and prosperous.
Value addition box
IIT Bombay as an example:
- IIT Bombay can use the communities in surrounding districts as problem areas for research and academics. From cooking energy to public transport, there are concrete problems of all sizes for students and faculty members to grapple with.
- Faculty members can work with district administrations to involve both IIT and local college students, thereby creating an ecosystem of higher education that satisfies its institutional and cultural roles.
|
What is empathy?
- Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves being able to put oneself in another person’s shoes and perceive things from their perspective.
- Empathy allows individuals to connect with others emotionally, recognize their needs and respond with sensitivity and compassion.
- It is an important aspect of emotional intelligence and plays a crucial role in building strong relationships, effective communication, and social cohesion.
What do you understand by mean science of empathy?
- Science of empathy refers to the study and application of empathy as a scientific concept, including understanding its mechanisms, impact, and potential applications in various fields such as healthcare, education, and social justice.
- It involves using scientific methods to study empathy, including neuroscience, psychology, and social science research.
- The goal is to deepen our understanding of empathy and how it can be applied to improve social and emotional outcomes for individuals and communities.
Why Empathy is important in IITs?
- Addressing social inequalities: IITs are known for their rigorous academic curriculum and high-achieving students, but they also have a responsibility to address social inequalities that exist in society. Empathy can help students and faculty understand the challenges faced by underprivileged communities and develop solutions that address these challenges.
- Fostering collaboration: Empathy can help IIT students and faculty work together more effectively by understanding each other’s perspectives and experiences. This can lead to better collaboration and teamwork, which is essential for tackling complex problems.
- Developing socially responsible professionals: IITs aim to produce professionals who can make a positive impact on society. Empathy is an important quality for professionals who want to understand the needs and concerns of their clients or users, and develop solutions that meet those needs.
- Enhancing research: Empathy can also enhance research by promoting interdisciplinary collaborations that consider a wide range of perspectives and experiences. This can lead to more innovative and effective solutions to complex problems.
- Social Responsibility: Higher education institutions have a social responsibility to produce graduates who understand the societal impacts of their work and who are capable of creating solutions that benefit all members of society. Empathy helps students to understand the perspectives of those who may be affected by their work and to create solutions that are more inclusive and equitable.
- Collaborative Work: In higher education, collaborative work is increasingly common across disciplines, cultures, and even national borders. Empathy enables students to understand the needs and motivations of their collaborators and to work effectively as part of a team.
- Diversity and Inclusion: Diversity and inclusion are key principles of higher education, and empathy plays a crucial role in achieving these goals. Empathy helps students to understand and appreciate the experiences and perspectives of others who come from different backgrounds, leading to a more inclusive and welcoming learning environment.
- Ethical Considerations: Science and technology can have ethical implications, and empathy is necessary to understand the impact of scientific and technological advancements on different groups of people. Empathy can help students to identify potential ethical dilemmas and to create solutions that align with ethical principles.
Conclusion
- The issues of social inequality and stress among students in the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) suggests the need for an empathetic and inclusive approach towards higher education. Interdisciplinary fieldwork and community engagement can create a diverse and inclusive ecosystem of higher education, preparing students to become better professionals and citizens.
Mains Question
Q. Empathy along with science is an essential ingredient in higher education in India. In light of this statement discuss how IITs can play a critical role in promoting empathy and reducing social inequalities in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Europe- France-US and China Complex relations
Central idea
- French President Emmanuel Macron’s recent declaration that France is an ally but not a vassal of the United States and his comments that Paris does not share Washington’s hostility towards China have generated significant reactions in the US and Europe. Beijing’s official media has praised Macron’s strategic autonomy approach towards China, and Russia hopes that France and other European countries will be less politically tied to the US.
Macron’s comments on China and Taiwan and reactions
- Outrage in the US and Europe: Macron’s comments that France does not share the US’s hostility towards China and does not see the Taiwan crisis as a threat to Europe have generated outrage in the US and Europe.
- China praised: Beijing sees Macron’s model of strategic autonomy as a positive example for other nations to follow regarding China.
- India criticized: India has criticized the remarks, noting that the principle and power are at stake in both Ukraine and Taiwan.
What is mean by Vassalisation?
- The term vassalisation refers to a state or country that is in a subordinate or dependent relationship with another, usually more powerful, state or country.
- It suggests a lack of independence and autonomy in decision-making and an obligation to follow the policies and interests of the more powerful state.
Important trends highlighted by the debate on the vassalisation of Europe and Russia
- Different perspectives on Taiwan and Ukraine
- Macron’s claim on Taiwan not being a concern to Europe reinforces India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar’s criticism of Europe’s mindset that their problems are the world’s problems.
- The Ukraine conflict has debilitating consequences for the world, and a shooting war between the US and China over Taiwan could be more devastating and costly to the international system.
- Macron’s contradictory approach to the Indo-Pacific is disappointing, and his wavering resolve on China may lead Asian countries to think less of French resolve.
- Macron does not represent all of Europe
- President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has a different take on China than Macron.
- Central Europeans trust the US more than France or Germany to defend their security interests.
- Europe is deeply divided on how to address contemporary security challenges, undermining Macron’s ambition to turn Europe into the world’s third superpower.
- The only common belief in Europe today is the political faith in Beijing’s capacity to end Russia’s war in Ukraine.
- A weaker and divided Europe enhances the prospects for a bipolar world
- Multipolarity has been an important objective of India’s foreign policy for over three decades.
- The talk of multipolarity could become academic as the US and China pull way ahead of other powers, get deeper into confrontation, and shape the choices of the rest of the world.
- The belief that Europe and Russia can act as elements of a multipolar world is becoming increasingly untenable.
- India’s possibilities in Europe and Russia
- Delhi should not turn its back on Europe despite its current predicament with China.
- Macron’s China push underlines India’s own possibilities in Europe.
- Western Europe that follows the money in China could do the same in India, providing much strategic benefit to India in its partnerships with Brussels and individual European actors.
- India is stepping up its engagement with Russia on the calculation that Moscow’s current dependence on Beijing is temporary.
- India needs to work more closely with the US and its Asian allies
- The inability or unwillingness of both Russia and Western Europe to balance China means India needs to work much more closely with the US and its Asian allies to secure a more favourable balance of power in its Indo-Pacific neighbourhood.
- India’s strategic value will only go up for the US amidst the European reluctance to stand up to China’s hegemonic ambitions.
- Few countries in Asia face more urgent and daunting challenges from China than India, and few Asian capitals have more political will to stand up to Beijing than Delhi.
- The reduced standing of Europe and Russia in great power relations is accompanied by Asia’s rise, with emerging strategic opportunities for Japan, India, and South Korea.
- Europe-China relations have been complex and multi-faceted over the years: On the one hand, China is Europe’s second-largest trading partner, and there is a lot of economic interdependence between the two. On the other hand, there are concerns about human rights violations, lack of market access for European companies in China, and China’s increasing assertiveness in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Some important developments include
- The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI): Negotiated in December 2020, the CAI is a landmark investment deal between the EU and China aimed at improving market access for European companies in China and increasing investment flows between the two regions. However, the agreement has been met with criticism from some EU member states and civil society groups, who argue that it does not do enough to address human rights abuses in China.
- Increasing concern over Chinese human rights abuses: Europe has been increasingly critical of China’s human rights record, particularly in the wake of the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong and the treatment of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang. The EU has imposed sanctions on Chinese officials involved in human rights abuses, and there is growing support for a boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
- Growing competition in the Indo-Pacific region: Europe is becoming more engaged in the Indo-Pacific region, which is seen as a key area of strategic competition between China and the US. Some EU member states, such as France and Germany, have developed their own Indo-Pacific strategies and are seeking to deepen security partnerships with countries in the region.
- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China’s massive infrastructure project, the BRI, has raised concerns in Europe about China’s growing influence in the region. Some EU member states, such as Italy and Greece, have signed on to the initiative, while others have been more cautious.
Facts for prelims
|
Category
|
Information
|
| Location |
East Asia |
| Capital |
Taipei |
| Population |
23.58 million (2021) |
| Official language |
Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Hakka, and indigenous languages |
| Currency |
New Taiwan dollar |
| Form of government |
Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic |
| Topography |
Mountainous with fertile plains in the west |
| Climate |
Subtropical |
Conclusion
- Macron’s comments on China have sparked debates about Europe and Russia’s relationship with China and the US. A weaker and divided Europe enhances the prospects for a bipolar world dominated by the US and China, which makes it important for India needs greater engagement with European geopolitics and to work closely with the US and its Asian allies to secure a more favorable balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region.
Mains Question
Q. What do you understand by mean vassalisation in terms of international politics? Discuss the latest trends that have emerged from the debate on the vassalisation of Europe derived from French president Macron’s recent comments on China.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Same-sex marriage, Legal recognition analysis
Central Idea
- The legalisation of same-sex marriage is a natural progression towards accepting and integrating the LGBTQIA+ community in India, which has been marginalized and hounded for decades. While the decriminalisation of homosexuality was a positive step towards acceptance, granting civil rights such as marriage and adoption is essential in creating a more diverse and inclusive society.
LGBTQIA+ community
- LGBTQIA+ is an acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, Asexual/Ally. The plus sign is often added to include other identities and orientations that are not explicitly mentioned in the acronym.
- It is a term used to refer to individuals who identify as any of these sexual orientations or gender identities.
- The community is made up of individuals who may face discrimination, marginalization, and stigma based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. The community advocates for equal rights and acceptance, and works towards achieving societal and legal recognition and protection.
Problems faced by LGBTQIA+ community in India
- Discrimination: Members of the LGBTQIA+ community are often subjected to discrimination, harassment, and violence due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
- Social Stigma: Homosexuality is still stigmatized in many parts of Indian society, and people who identify as LGBTQIA+ are often ostracized, bullied, and excluded from social activities.
- Lack of legal protection: The Indian legal system does not offer comprehensive legal protection against discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
- Health issues: Members of the LGBTQIA+ community often face health issues such as HIV/AIDS, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse due to the stress and discrimination they face.
- Limited access to healthcare: Due to social stigma and discrimination, many members of the LGBTQIA+ community face barriers in accessing healthcare services, including mental health care and HIV/AIDS treatment.
- Family rejection: Many members of the LGBTQIA+ community face rejection and disownment by their families, which can lead to mental health issues, homelessness, and financial instability.
- Employment discrimination: Members of the LGBTQIA+ community often face discrimination in the workplace, including being denied jobs, promotions, and other opportunities due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
- Limited legal recognition: Same-sex marriage is not recognized in India, and LGBTQIA+ couples do not have the same legal rights and protections as heterosexual couples.
What is mean by homosexuality?
- Homosexuality refers to a sexual orientation where an individual is primarily attracted to people of the same gender. It is a natural variation of human sexuality and is not considered a disorder or mental illness. The term is used to describe a person’s identity, behavior, and desire towards people of the same gender.
What is the stigma around homosexuality in India?
- Cultural and religious beliefs: India is a culturally and religiously diverse country with deep-seated traditional values. Many people believe that homosexuality is against these values and that it is a sin.
- Lack of awareness and education: There is still a lack of awareness and education about homosexuality in India, which leads to many misconceptions and negative stereotypes.
- Discrimination and harassment: People who are open about their homosexuality often face discrimination and harassment from society, including family, friends, and colleagues.
- Legal status: Until recently, homosexuality was illegal in India, which further stigmatized the community.
- Masculinity norms: Indian society often associates masculinity with traditional gender roles, which can make it difficult for people who do not conform to these norms.
- Lack of representation: The representation of LGBTQ+ people in Indian media and popular culture is limited, which can contribute to a lack of understanding and empathy for their experiences.
- Same-sex marriage is the legal recognition of a marriage between two individuals of the same sex.
- It grants same-sex couples the same legal and social recognition, rights, and privileges that are traditionally associated with marriage, including property rights, inheritance rights, and the ability to make decisions for each other in medical emergencies.
- The recognition of same-sex marriage varies around the world, with some countries legalizing it while others do not.
- The issue has been the subject of much debate and controversy, with arguments for and against same-sex marriage based on religious, cultural, social, and legal considerations.
Arguments in favor of same-sex marriage
- Civil Rights: Legalizing same-sex marriage is a matter of civil rights, which ensures equal treatment under the law for all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation.
- Equality: All citizens should have the right to marry the person they love, irrespective of their gender or sexual orientation.
- Family: Same-sex couples should have the same legal rights as heterosexual couples when it comes to adoption, inheritance, and other family-related matters.
- Mental Health: Same-sex couples who can marry experience greater mental health benefits due to increased social support, greater economic stability, and increased social acceptance.
- Social Stability: Legalizing same-sex marriage can help promote social stability by increasing the number of legally recognized families and reducing social stigmas.
Arguments against same-sex marriage
- Religious Beliefs: Many people oppose same-sex marriage because of their religious beliefs and consider it to be a sin.
- Traditional Family: Some people believe that same-sex marriage is a threat to traditional family values.
- Children: There are concerns that children may be negatively affected by growing up in same-sex households.
- Social Consequences: Some people believe that legalizing same-sex marriage will have negative social consequences, including the breakdown of the family and moral decay.
- Slippery Slope: Some people believe that legalizing same-sex marriage could lead to a slippery slope, where other forms of non-traditional marriage become legal as well.
Way ahead
- Education and Awareness: A sustained education and awareness campaign could be launched at various levels, including schools, universities, media, and community organizations to address the social stigma and prejudice against LGBTQIA+ individuals. This could also involve sensitization training for various public and private sector employees to reduce discrimination and bias in the workplace.
- Advocacy: Pro-LGBTQIA+ advocacy groups could play a significant role in lobbying for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages. This could involve building alliances with other civil society organizations, engaging with lawmakers, and using social media to spread awareness about the issue.
- Legal Framework: A new legal framework could be developed to recognize same-sex marriages, which would include rights and protections for LGBTQIA+ individuals. This framework would need to address issues such as inheritance rights, joint property ownership, and the legal recognition of children born to same-sex couples through surrogacy or adoption.
- Consultation: A wide-ranging consultation process could be initiated with stakeholders from different communities, including religious leaders, civil society organizations, and members of the LGBTQIA+ community, to build consensus on the issue.
- Balancing Interests: The government could take a cautious approach to legalizing same-sex marriage, considering the positive effects such as social inclusion and individual rights, and the potential negative effects, such as religious sensitivities and family values. This could involve striking a balance between individual rights and social cohesion, taking into account the unique cultural and social contexts of India.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: The government could set up an independent body to monitor the implementation of same-sex marriage legislation and evaluate its impact on society. This could help to identify areas of success and potential areas for improvement, and ensure that the legal recognition of same-sex marriages is a positive step forward for Indian society as a whole.
Conclusion
- The hallmark of a progressive nation is reflected in its ability to accept diversity, include minorities, and integrate the marginalised. Legalising same-sex marriage may pave the way for generations to come and become a big step towards reclaiming the diverse, multicultural, and inclusive civilisation that India has always been. Government should strike a balance between individual rights and social cohesion, taking into account the unique cultural and social contexts of India.
Mains Question
Q. What do you understand by mean by Homosexuality? Decriminalization of homosexuality in India is considered as a positive step. In this backdrop analyze the issue of Same Sex Marriage in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IT Rules
Mains level: Fake news, IT Rules amendments and issues
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has created powers to determine fake or false or misleading internet content about any business of the Central Government, which is inspired by George Orwell’s novel 1984 and its concept of Newspeak. While the government claims that these changes are for an Open, Safe & Trusted and Accountable Internet, this claim is questionable, and their impact on natural justice, transparency, and trust in government.
- Fake news refers to intentionally fabricated or misleading information presented as if it were real news. It can be spread through traditional media sources like newspapers or television, but it is more commonly associated with social media platforms and other online sources.
- Fake news can range from completely made-up stories to misleading headlines and selectively edited or out-of-context information designed to deceive readers.
- It is often used for political purposes, to manipulate public opinion or to spread misinformation about individuals, organizations or events.
What makes Government’s claim questionable?
1. No safeguards for natural justice
- Against the principle of natural justice: The IT Amendment Rules, 2023, contain powers that allow the government to act as a judge in its own case. This goes against the principles of natural justice, where a transparent process with a fair chance of hearing and a legal order is essential.
- Government censorship: The absence of such safeguards in the IT Rules could result in government censorship, where press releases and tweets by the government may rally citizens to its cause without providing legal reasoning or the remedy of a legal challenge.
2. Government censorship in the name of safety
- Swift take-down of the content: With the new powers, the determination of fake or false or misleading information by a fact-checking unit of the Central Government will result in a swift take-down of the content, making it inaccessible not only on social media but also on the news portal’s website.
- Prevents critical understanding: This will prevent readers from developing a critical understanding of facts, which is a natural outcome of a democratic system. Thus, the IT Rules undermine the administration of justice and assume that the executive alone knows what is best for the citizen.
3. Lack of details on fact-checking body composition
- Lack of details and autonomy of the fact checking body: For a trusted internet, the fact-checking body’s composition and design of regulatory institutions are important. When these bodies are not insulated or formed with financial and functional autonomy, they become subservient to government and political interests. This undermines the basis of trust in government built through scrutiny.
- Government the sole arbiter of truth: The present system makes the Union Government the sole arbiter of truth, leaving citizens with little choice but to trust the government.
The basis of accountability
- Accountability requires remedial actions that are neither an artificial measure of placation nor a disproportionate or aggressive penalty.
- The IT Rules target institutions that work towards accountability, making it difficult to achieve its purpose.
- The mission of journalists is to report facts and speak truth to power, and the slogan Open, Safe & Trusted and Accountable Internet means little in a Digital India, where Newspeak-like rules prevent the free exchange of information.
Conclusion
- IT Rules of 2023, inspired by Orwell’s Newspeak, could lead to government censorship, lack of natural justice, and trust in government. The government needs to provide transparency, impartiality, and accountability in the regulatory institutions’ design to build trust among citizens. Instead of relying on a fact-checking unit of the Central Government, it is essential to establish independent regulatory bodies with financial and functional autonomy to promote a truly open, safe, and trusted internet.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Golden crescent and golden traingle
Mains level: Menace of Drug trafficking in India
Central Idea
- Narcotics trade is a global social problem that has harmful effects on the youth and families. This trade generates money that is diverted to disruptive activities having bearing on national security, keeping the law enforcement agencies on tenterhooks. India is also facing the problem of drug trafficking, and the issue is assuming dangerous proportions.
What is Narcotics trade?
- The narcotics trade refers to the illegal production, distribution, and sale of drugs such as opium, heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine.
- It is a global issue that poses a serious threat to public health and safety, as well as national security.
- The trade is often controlled by criminal organizations, and the money generated from it is often used to fund other illicit activities such as terrorism and money laundering.
Prevalence of Narcotics trade in India
- Significant challenge: The Narcotics trade is a serious problem in India, affecting the youth and families, and leading to the diversion of money for disruptive activities that have a bearing on national security.
- Sandwiched between golden Crecent and golden triangle: India is a big market and a transit route for other countries. India has been seen as sandwiched between the Death (Golden) Crescent and Death (Golden) Triangle.
- Use of drones to supply drugs: The use of drones to supply drugs and weapons across the border in Punjab is a new phenomenon.
- Hot destination for cocaine: India has surprisingly become a hot destination for cocaine, which is controlled by South American drug cartels. Investigations have revealed the connection of these cartels with NRIs based in Canada, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and several European countries along with local drug lords and gangsters in India.
- Social and health impact: Narcotics trade harms youth and families, leading to addiction and health problems.
- Diversion of funds for disruptive activities: The money generated from the narcotics trade is diverted for disruptive activities that have bearings on national security.
- Increase in terrorism: Drug traffickers from across borders have been found to have connections with terrorist organizations like Lashkar-e-Toiba and Hizbul Mujahideen, and the illegal money is used for terror activities sponsored by the ISI.
- Infiltration of organized crime: Organized gangs, which primarily used to carry out extortion activities in their local areas, are getting hooked to the narcotics trade network, and are being used for drug trafficking and gun running. This creates a nexus between terrorists and organized gangs/underworld, which poses a new and disturbing trend that needs to be tackled effectively by security agencies.
- Proliferation of darknet markets: Studies reveal that 62 per cent of the darknet is being used for illicit drug trafficking. The anonymity and low risks of darknet transactions are disrupting traditional drug markets.
- Border security: The heroin and methamphetamine-producing areas have porous borders and are reportedly under the control of rebel groups indirectly supported by intelligence setups. Illicit arms are manufactured here and supplied to underground groups active in India.
Facts for prelims
- The Golden Crescent: The Golden Crescent is a region in South Asia that is known for the production of illicit drugs, particularly opium. The region includes parts of Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. It is one of the two major drug-producing areas in the world, along with the Golden Triangle, which is located in Southeast Asia.
- The Golden Triangle: The Golden Triangle is a region in Southeast Asia that encompasses parts of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It is one of the world’s largest opium-producing areas and is named after the shape formed by the overlapping mountains of these countries.
- Nearly 90% of the world’s demand for heroin and methamphetamine is being met from these regions.
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Why drug trafficking is a serious security issue?
- Illegal money: Drug trafficking generates a significant amount of illegal money, which can be used to fund other illegal activities such as terrorism, money laundering, and human trafficking.
- Social and economic consequences: Drug addiction and abuse can have severe social and economic consequences, including increased crime rates, loss of productivity, and strain on the healthcare system.
- Organized crime syndicates: Drug trafficking often involves organized crime syndicates, which can undermine the rule of law and weaken the state’s ability to maintain law and order.
- Impacts regional stability: Drug trafficking can create instability in regions that are already vulnerable to conflict and violence, as rival groups compete for control of the lucrative trade.
Steps taken by India to address the issue of drug trafficking
- National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: India has a comprehensive policy framework to address the issue of narcotics trade. The National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances provides a framework for controlling the illicit traffic in drugs, preventing drug abuse, and providing care and rehabilitation to drug addicts.
- Narcotics Control Bureau: The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the nodal agency for combating drug trafficking in India. It works closely with other law enforcement agencies to prevent drug trafficking, intercept drug shipments, and prosecute drug traffickers.
- International cooperation: India has been cooperating with other countries to combat the narcotics trade. It has signed several bilateral and multilateral agreements to strengthen cooperation on drug trafficking, including the SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
- Seizure of drugs: Law enforcement agencies have been seizing large quantities of drugs in recent years. In 2020, the NCB seized over 9,500 kg of drugs and arrested over 5,000 people in drug-related cases.
- Awareness campaigns: The government has been running awareness campaigns to educate people about the dangers of drug abuse. It has also been working with NGOs and civil society organizations to provide care and rehabilitation to drug addicts.
- Use of technology: Law enforcement agencies are using technology to track drug trafficking. For example, the NCB has been using social media and the dark web to track drug trafficking.
- Strengthening border security: India has been strengthening its border security to prevent the entry of drugs into the country. The government has been using modern technology, such as drones and sensors, to monitor the borders.
- Use of financial intelligence: Law enforcement agencies are using financial intelligence to track the money trail of drug traffickers. They are working closely with banks and financial institutions to identify suspicious transactions and freeze the assets of drug traffickers.
Way ahead
- International cooperation: India needs to engage with its neighboring countries to ensure that they take steps to prevent the production and transit of narcotics through their territories. India should also collaborate with international agencies like the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to share intelligence and develop a coordinated approach towards combating the drug menace.
- Strengthening law enforcement: India should strengthen its law enforcement agencies and provide them with the necessary resources and training to effectively tackle the narcotics trade. The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) should be given more teeth and made more proactive in tracking down drug traffickers and seizing drugs.
- Public awareness: India needs to launch a sustained public awareness campaign to educate people about the harmful effects of drugs and the links between drug trafficking and terrorism. The government should also work with civil society organizations to mobilize communities to report drug-related activities in their neighborhoods.
- Stricter punishment: India needs to introduce stricter punishment for drug traffickers and increase the penalties for drug-related crimes. This will act as a deterrent and make it more difficult for drug traffickers to operate in India.
- Use of technology: India needs to leverage technology to track and intercept drug shipments. The use of drones and other unmanned aerial vehicles can be explored to monitor the movement of drugs across borders.
- Monitoring darknet activities: India needs to monitor activities on the darknet and take action against those engaged in drug trafficking through this channel. The NCB can work with international agencies to track down drug traffickers operating on the darknet.
- Rehabilitation: India needs to focus on rehabilitating drug addicts and providing them with the necessary support to overcome their addiction. This will help in reducing demand for drugs and prevent people from getting into the trap of drug trafficking.
Conclusion
- The problem of drug trafficking is a growing threat to India’s security, and the issue needs to be addressed urgently. Concerted and coordinated efforts of all the agencies will be required to tackle this growing threat. The nexus between terrorists and organized gangs/underworld is a new and disturbing trend and the law enforcement agencies must develop new strategies to counter the new trends.
Mains Question
Q. The problem of drug trafficking is a growing threat to India’s security. In this backdrop discuss the concerns regarding narcotics trade in India and suggest a way ahead
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heatwaves, Urban heat island effect
Mains level: Climate change induces weather variability, its impact and mitigating measures
Central Idea
- India is facing an increasing heatwave due to climate change, leading to significant agricultural crop losses, urban unlivability and reduced labour productivity. India need to take range of measures to mitigate the problem, such as expanding green cover, upgrading urban building standards, embracing public transportation, and improving waste segregation and management.
What is Heat wave?
- A heatwave is a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather.
- Heatwaves usually last for several days or weeks and can occur in both dry and humid climates.
- They are characterized by temperatures that are significantly higher than the average for a particular region during that time of year. This is because climate change is causing a rise in global temperatures. As the planet heats up, it leads to more extreme weather events, such as heat waves. Its geography makes India particularly vulnerable to these events.
- Increase in frequency and intensity: India has been witnessing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves in recent years.
- For instance: In April and May 2022, around 350 million Indians were exposed to strong heat stress. On an average, five-six heat wave events occur every year over the northern parts of the country.
- Rise in summer temperatures as well as winter temperature: Summer temperatures have risen by an average of 0.5-0.9°C across districts in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan between 1990 and 2019. In addition, around 54% of India’s districts have seen a similar rise in winter temperatures.
- Temperature rise projection: It is expected that between 2021 and 2050, the maximum temperature will rise by 2-3.5°C in 100 districts and by 1.5–2°C in around 455 districts. Winter temperatures will also rise between 1°C and 1.5°C in around 485 districts
Fact for prelims: Urban Heat Island Effect
- High temperature in Urabn areas: The urban heat island effect is a phenomenon in which urban areas experience higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.
- For instance: Cities in India are beset with the urban heat island effect, with temperatures 4-12°C higher than rural outlying areas.
- Human activities are primary reason: This is primarily caused by human activities such as transportation, industrial processes, and energy consumption, which release heat and pollutants into the atmosphere.
- Urab landscape made up of concrete absorbs more heat: The urban landscape, with its large amounts of concrete and asphalt, also absorbs and retains more heat than natural surfaces such as forests and grasslands.
- Reduced vegetation is a contributing factor: Additionally, reduced vegetation and tree cover in urban areas contribute to the urban heat island effect, as plants help to cool the environment through evapotranspiration.
- Negative impact: The urban heat island effect can have negative impacts on human health, as well as on energy consumption, air and water quality, and ecological systems.
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The Socio-economic impact of heat waves
- Health: Heatwaves can cause heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke, leading to hospitalization and death. People working outdoors, such as farmers, construction workers, and street vendors, are particularly vulnerable. The elderly, children, and people with pre-existing health conditions are also at a higher risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Labor productivity: High temperatures reduce work capacity and productivity, especially for outdoor workers. This can lead to income loss and lower economic growth.
- For instance: For labourers doing heavy work, heat exposure leads to a loss of 162 hours per year, as per one study. A rise in temperatures directly impacts labour productivity. About 50% of India’s workforce is estimated to be exposed to heat during their working hours. This includes marginal farmers, labourers at construction sites and street vendors parlaying their produce on the streets; increasingly, even gig economy workers are affected.
- Agriculture: Heatwaves can damage crops and livestock, leading to reduced yields and income loss for farmers. High temperatures and low soil moisture can also lead to drought and water scarcity, which can further exacerbate the agricultural impact.
- For example: 90% of India’s cumin production is from Gujarat and Rajasthan. The recent weather variability has destroyed the majority of the cumin crop in Rajasthan. From agricultural crop losses, it is a short step towards drought and higher mortality.
- Energy demand: During heatwaves, the demand for electricity and other forms of cooling increases, leading to power outages and blackouts. This can affect businesses, hospitals, and other critical infrastructure.
- Migration: Heatwaves can lead to migration as people seek cooler areas or better living conditions. This can strain resources in the destination areas and lead to social tensions.
Ways to Mitigate the Problem
- Greening could help mitigate part of the problem: Ideally, for every urban citizen in India should have at least seven trees in the urban landscape. However, many urban localities even in leafy Delhi fall short. Development plans for Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities can set up a mandate to increase urban surface area that is permeable, while pushing to increase the density and area of urban forests.
- Expanding and restoring wetlands: Expanding wetlands and restoring dead and decaying ponds/lakes may also help ensure ecological functioning along with reducing urban heat.
- Reducing the urban heat island effect: This requires a push for greater usage of permeable materials in civic infrastructure and residential construction and enhancing natural landscapes in urban areas. Urban layouts such as brick jalis for ventilation and terracotta tiles to allow hot air to escape, and curbs on anthropogenic heat emissions from vehicles, factories, etc. may be considered.
- Avoiding usage of heat absorbent material: Urban building standards should be upgraded to avoid usage of heat-absorbent galvanized iron and metal roof sheets.
- Using cleaner cooking fuels: Using cleaner cooking fuels will reduce indoor air pollution, which may also help reduce urban heat.
- Increasing natural vegetation: Streets with low ventilation may need further expansion, or an increase in natural vegetation
- Voluntary and other measures: Other measures can also be considered such as, from embracing public transportation, to reducing personal vehicle usage and, most importantly, reducing the size of landfills. A push for waste segregation, along with solid waste management at source, can help.
- Improving our forecasting ability: India needs to improve our forecasting ability, including the potential impact of heat on food production.
- Improving economic models: Current econometric models associated with food inflation primarily look at the variability in the monsoon, minimum support prices and vegetable prices. India needs to add local heat trends to the mix as well, given the impact of heat on food production, storage and sale.
- Detailed management policies: We need detailed policies and guidelines on weather variability and urban heat management at the State, district, city and municipality ward levels.
Value addition box: The Chandigarh Model, a template to build climate-responsive architecture
- Natural green belts: The city was set up by the foothills of the Shivaliks, between two river beds, while natural green belts were incorporated within the city’s master plan.
- For instance: A large green belt of mango trees was also planted around the city to help reduce urban sprawl and to serve as a buffer between the residential city and the industrial suburbs.
- Climate responsive architecture: Local architecture such as mud houses within the region was considered as a template to build climate-responsive architecture.
- City cooling plans: A small rivulet was dammed to create the Sukhna lake, to help cool the city, while small water bodies were developed near large buildings.
- Increased tree cover: Parks were planned out in every sector, along with tree plantations alongside all the major roads. Large forest areas were also reserved.
|
Conclusion
- With climate change exacerbating local weather patterns, we are likely to see April-May temperatures reaching record highs every three years. Moreover, an El Niño-influenced monsoon bodes ill for marginal farmers and urban migrants. Policymakers must take mitigatory action early, while instituting structural infrastructure measures to help Indians adapt to these conditions.
Mains Question
Q. What do you understand by mean urban heat island effect? What measures can be taken to mitigate the impact of rising heatwaves and how can these efforts be integrated with broader climate change adaptation strategies?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EC, Political parties and related provisions
Central Idea
- The Election Commission of India (EC) recently revised its list of recognised national and state parties.
The EC’s decision
- The EC recognised AAP as a national party and revoked the national party status of TMC, NCP and CPI.
- It also revoked the state party status granted to Rashtriya Lok Dal in Uttar Pradesh, Bharat Rashtra Samithi in Andhra Pradesh, People’s Democratic Alliance (Manipur), Pattali Makkal Katchi (Puducherry), Revolutionary Socialist Party (West Bengal) and Mizoram People’s Conference (Mizoram).
- The EC laid down strict technical criteria for a party to be recognised as a national party, based entirely on its electoral performance. A party may gain or lose national/state party status from time to time, depending on the fulfilment of these conditions.
Process of recognition and derecognition
- Election Symbols Order, 1968: The process of recognition and derecognition is stipulated under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, which lays down the criteria for recognition as a national or state party.
- Specific stipulations: The order has specific stipulations which also find concurrence in the EC’s Political Parties and Election Symbols, 2019 Handbook.
- Based on poll performance: The EC’s decision was based on a review of the parties’ poll performances since 2014.
What is a National Party?
- The name suggests that a national party would be one that has a presence ‘nationally’, as opposed to a regional party whose presence is restricted to only a particular state or region.
- National parties are usually India’s bigger parties.
- However, some smaller parties, like the communist parties, are also recognised as national parties.
- A certain stature is sometimes associated with being a national party, but this does not necessarily translate into having a lot of national political clout.
| Criteria |
National Party |
State Party |
| At least 6% of valid votes in 4+ states OR 4 Lok Sabha seats from at least 3 states OR recognition as a state party in at least 4 states |
✓ |
|
| 2% of all Lok Sabha seats in the last such election, with MPs elected from at least three states. |
✓ |
|
| Two seats plus a 6% vote share in the last Assembly election in that state |
|
✓ |
| One seat plus a 6% vote share in the last Lok Sabha election from that state |
|
✓ |
| 3% of the total Assembly seats or 3 seats, whichever is more. |
|
✓ |
| One of every 25 Lok Sabha seats (or an equivalent fraction) from a state. |
|
✓ |
| An 8% state-wide vote share in either the last Lok Sabha or the last Assembly polls. |
|
✓ |
Benefits of recognition as a national party
| Benefit |
Description |
| Election symbol |
The election symbol of the party will remain unchanged across India, making it easier for voters to identify and vote for the party. |
| Free broadcast/telecast time |
National parties get free broadcast/telecast time on Akashvani and Doordarshan during the general election, giving them greater visibility and reach. |
| Star campaigners |
National parties can have a maximum of 40 star campaigners whose travel expenses will not be counted in the accounts of the candidates. |
| Consultation with the Election Commission |
National parties will have the privilege of consultation with the EC in the setting of election dates, and giving inputs in setting electoral rules and regulations. |
| Top slots on the EVM/ballot paper |
Top slots on the EVM/ballot paper are reserved for national parties, giving them greater visibility and prominence on the ballot. |
Perception and legal challenges
- The greater impact, however, will be concerning the public perception of the party, which is why many who have lost national party status are planning to go to courts.
- Some parties are questioning the power of the EC though it stands legitimised by the Supreme Court.
- The EC has no discretion in the matter as the rules are very specific and repeatedly emphasise that a party is eligible if, and only if it fulfils all criteria.
Conclusion
- The EC’s decision to revise the list of recognized national and state parties has faced legal challenges from some parties questioning the power of the EC. However, the EC’s decision is based on strict technical criteria laid down by the EC and the process of recognition and derecognition is stipulated under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
Mains Question
Q. The Election Commission of India (EC) recently revised its list of recognised national and state parties. In this light highlight the criteria for recognition of political parties and discuss the benefits of recognition as a national party
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran and China's mediation efforts, concerns of US, Israel and India
Central Idea
- China’s mediation efforts have resulted in the resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, which is significant in terms of regional stability and the changing dynamics of international diplomacy.
What is Mediation?
- Mediation is a deliberate attempt to reconcile differences between two parties, and it plays a significant role in international relations. In this op-ed, we will discuss China’s recent mediation efforts that led to the resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Background
- Conflicts in GCC: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been facing several tensions and conflicts since 2016, mainly related to Yemen and Syria. However, bilateral efforts have been underway since early 2016 to ease these tensions.
- Bilateral efforts: Talks were held in Baghdad and during Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s visit to China in February 2023. The Emir of Kuwait and the Sultan of Oman initiated steps that were responded to by Iran. All concerned were worried about the attacks on shipping and energy facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates.
- Resumption of diplomatic relations: In a joint statement on March 10, 2023, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China announced that an agreement has been reached between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran covering a resumption of diplomatic relations between them and a re-opening of their embassies and missions within a period not exceeding two months.
- Terms of the agreement: The agreement affirmed their respect for the sovereignty of states, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, and said the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of both countries shall meet to implement this, arrange for the return of their Ambassadors, and discuss means of enhancing bilateral relations.
- For instance; One agreement and seven achievements: Iranian National Security Adviser Ali Shamkhani lent credibility to the accord. A commentary in an Iranian newspaper on March 11 depicted the event as ‘One agreement and seven achievements’; it listed the latter as
- Tehran’s willingness to engage in dialogue;
- Failure of the U.S.’s effort to isolate Iran;
- Strengthening of the alliance of Islamic Countries;
- Failure of Israeli efforts against this agreement;
- Failure of U.S. effort to show the Iranian public that it has no choice but to agree to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with America;
- Beijing’s successful entry in West Asian relations, and
- Failure of dreams of regime change.
American and Israeli Reactions
- US; Change in terms of reference in international diplomacy For US:S. reactions, apart from unconcealed surprise, reflected the change in terms of reference in international diplomacy.
- Israel; a fatal blow to a regional coalition against Iran: Equally surprised was Israel, the other major player in the region, which saw it as a fatal blow to the effort to build a regional coalition against Iran.
The Indian stand
- India’s reaction to this development has been restrained: Apart from historical linkages, the region is in India’s proximate neighbourhood and within its security parameters.
- Trade a priority: It is the principal source of hydrocarbon imports, and increasingly of investments. It is also an important destination for manpower exports apart from being a major trading partner including projects.
- Policy of avoiding interference in bilateral and regional disputes: The official policy has focused on bilateral relations and avoidance of involvement in bilateral and regional disputes.
- Refrained from speculative ventures: Given these priorities, India has consciously refrained from speculative ventures in alternate security architectures apart from supporting cooperative security and freedom of waterways and of navigation.
Conclusion
- China’s mediation efforts have played a significant role in bringing Saudi Arabia and Iran to the negotiating table. This development is significant in terms of regional stability and the changing dynamics of international diplomacy. India’s response to this development has been restrained, focusing on bilateral relations and avoiding involvement in regional disputes. The region should not be viewed in competition with China, and India should not consider itself a surrogate for those who have been outplayed in power games.
Mains Question
Q. Analyze the significance of China’s mediation efforts in bringing Saudi Arabia and Iran to the negotiating table and its impact on international diplomacy. Evaluate India’s response to this development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: National educations policy, Importance of History
Central Idea
- The controversy over the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) reducing the content on Mughal history in the school curriculum has sparked a heated debate in the country. While some argue that this move is part of a larger agenda to erase the Mughal legacy, others believe that it is a necessary step towards reducing the burden on students and providing a more balanced approach to teaching Indian history.
NCERT’s changes
- The NCERT removed overlapping material from grades 6 to 12 to reduce the burden on students.
- Grade 12 has been designed around themes in Indian history. It is divided into three parts spanning over 2,000 years. One theme out of 12 focuses on Kings and Chronicles. It revolves around the significant policies that redefined the landscape and mindset of the people. Akbar’s policies feature in this theme in the rationalized syllabus as well.
- This is over and above the extensive coverage they get in the middle school curricula, at the cost of the exclusion of the rest. Mughals have been overrepresented in Indian history books and were an obvious area for right-sizing.
What NCERT has said on omitting chapters?
- Part of rationalisation process: According to NCERT director, Chapters on Mughals have not been dropped. There was a rationalisation process last year because due to COVID, there was pressure on students everywhere.
- Reducing the burden without affecting the knowledge: The expert committees examined the books from standards 6-12. They recommended that if some sections or this chapter is dropped, it won’t affect the knowledge of the children and an unnecessary burden can be removed.
- Transition towards National Education Policy (NEP): NCERT working as per NEP, 2020. This is a transition phase. NEP 2020 speaks of reducing the content load. NCF (National Curriculum Framework) for school education is being formed, it will be finalised soon. Textbooks will be printed in 2024 as per NEP.
Need for a balanced approach
- Purpose of studying Indian history: The purpose of studying Indian history should be to understand who we are and how we got here, by understanding the demography, culture, and practices of the various components of India over the last two-and-a-half millennia.
- Dive deep into all polities: This requires us to dive deep into all polities that have resided in the subcontinental region for significant periods.
- Mughal history is just one part: Mughal history is just one part of just one period (medieval) of Indian history, and there is a lot more to our history that needs attention.
- Rich and long history: Indian history is too rich, long, and unwieldy for any curriculum to do justice.
- Children needs to have broader understanding: In the age of Wikipedia, we need to expose our children to the broad themes and grand sweep of history, create an understanding of their origins, and equip them with the tools and curiosity to read and research further as they grow.
- Step is in good direction: The current reorganization is a good step in that direction.
Conclusion
- The real debate should be how to teach 2,500 years of Indian history to children in an engaging and informative manner. Those quibbling over the current rearrangement lack both a perspective on the scale of Indian history and an understanding of the complexities of teaching it. They would be better served by picking up a few history books themselves.
Mains Question
Q. The national education policy speaks of reducing the content load and ensure the understanding in this light discuss the significance of teaching history of India in more rational and comprehensive manner.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Constitutional bodies
Mains level: Independence of Constitutional bodies and independent appointments
Central Idea
- The recent comments made by the Supreme Court regarding the independence of constitutional authorities in India is an important issue. The need for independent institutions and a system of checks and balances is essential to prevent the arbitrary use of power by the government. The appointment process of key constitutional positions needs to be safeguarded from the whims of the executive.
Need for Independent Institutions
- Executive interference: The Constituent Assembly of India had recognized the need for independent institutions to regulate sectors of national importance without any executive interference.
- Constitutional bodies: Various constitutional authorities such as the Public Service Commission, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), the Election Commission of India (ECI), the Finance Commission, and the National Commissions for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Backward Classes (BC) have been set up for this purpose.
- Need complete independence: Such constitutional bodies must be provided complete independence to enable them to function without fear or favor and in the larger interests of the nation.
Appointment Process for Constitutional Authorities
- Appointments are critical for independence: The appointment of individuals heading these institutions is critical to ensuring their independence.
- Safeguarded from the whims of the executive: While empowering the President of India to appoint all constitutional authorities, the Constitution-makers had kept in mind those institutions whose independence is of paramount importance to the country and the manner in which the independence of these authorities could be safeguarded from the whims of the executive
Appointment of Judges and Other Constitutional Positions
- The Constitution provides for certain conditions to be fulfilled by those who may be considered for such appointments.
- Role of governors: The appointment of Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court, the CAG of India, and Governors are to be kept free from political or executive pressure.
- For instance, appointment of the CAG:
- In the draft Constitution, the article for the appointment of the CAG had provided that, there shall be an Auditor General who shall be appointed by the President. The Constituent Assembly further discussed that The Auditor-General should be always independent of either the legislature or the executive.
- The process of selecting a person to be appointed as the CAG of India should begin by appointing a committee consisting of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India, and the Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee to shortlist names to be considered for appointment as the CAG of India; and a panel of three names should be forwarded to the President for him to make the final selection as in Article 148 of the Constitution of India.
- Appointment of CEC and EC’s: The Supreme Court has taken an important step in ensuring the independence of the Election Commission of India by divesting the executive of its sole discretion in appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) by forming a committee to suggest suitable names to man these constitutional posts.
- Appointment of Governors: The Court expressed serious concern over the active role being played by Governors in State politics, observing that Governors becoming part of political processes is disconcerting. The appointment process for Governors needs to be unrestricted and unfettered to ensure that the President is free from the influence of the Legislature.
Conclusion
- It is necessary to ensure the independence of constitutional authorities to enable them to function without fear or favor and in the larger interests of the nation. The appointment process for key constitutional positions must be safeguarded from the whims of the executive. The recent comments of the Supreme Court regarding the independence of constitutional authorities in India are a reminder of the need to ensure that the appointment process for such positions is free from political or executive pressure.
Mains Question
Q. The issues over the independence of constitutional authorities in India is often in the headlines. In this light discuss why is it necessary to ensure the independence of constitutional authorities, and what are the implications of failing to do so?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's philosophy and fundamentals
Mains level: India's philosophical heritage
Central Idea
- The philosophical underpinnings of India’s civilization are unique and powerful, and they empower India to withstand waves of invasions, natural calamities, and societal challenges. India’s worldview and approach towards human life make India stand out as a beacon to the world. However, many Indians remain ignorant of their own philosophical heritage, and building on these foundational values can serve as building blocks for India’s soft power.
The Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy
- Indian philosophy cannot be ascribed to any particular scripture.
- The fundamentals of the perceived philosophy of India have come from many scriptures, and the Indian approach is to let a thousand flowers bloom.
The Five Tenets that Make India Stand Out
India’s philosophy has at least five fundamental tenets that make it stand out: 1. Spiritual democracy, 2. Unity in diversity, 3. Confluence with nature, 4, antyodaya, and 5. vasudhaiva kutumbakam. These tenets reflect the teachings of sages and philosophers such as Gautama Buddha, Adi Shankara, and Guru Nanak.
- Spiritual Democracy: India rejects any monopolistic approach to ways of worship, and it welcomes diversity in ways of worship. This approach reflects the fundamental unity of all that exists, and sages call it by various names.
- Unity in Diversity: India’s unity is inherent in its diversity, and this diversity is our innate unity that manifests in myriad ways. India not only accommodates but also celebrates the pervasive diversity.
- Confluence with Nature: India does not aspire to conquer nature, but instead, it has a tradition of sincere and deepest gratitude towards nature. Many Indian traditions and rituals reflect this approach, and sustainability is a part of our philosophy of human life.
- Antyodaya: India’s unique concept of antyodaya puts the last man first. The most deprived are the most deserving when it comes to the distribution of the fruits of development. Antyodaya encompasses both social and economic justice and takes us beyond the binary of capitalism and socialism.
- Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: India has imagined the entire world as one family, where values like mutuality, sharing, and collectivism are given primacy. This approach nips in the bud all the uncalled-for apprehensions about ultra-nationalistic or jingoistic approaches.
- India can build on its unique philosophical heritage, which can serve as building blocks of India’s soft power.
- India’s foundational values are needed now more than ever, as the global community faces conflicts and wars emanating from weird ideas of supremacy, oneupmanship, and monopolistic spirituality.
Conclusion
- India’s philosophy and approach towards human life and worldly concerns are unique and powerful, and they make India stand out as a beacon to the world. India’s soft power can build on its unique philosophical heritage, and India can use this to assert itself even in the most complex and unpredictable future. The key challenge is to establish that India is capable of walking the talk and using its philosophy to deal with societal challenges. Indian philosophy empowers us to handle the contemporary challenges, and it has gained India huge goodwill among the global community.
Mains Question
Q. India’s philosophy and approach towards human life and worldly concerns are unique and powerful, and they make India stand out as a beacon to the world. Discuss
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Check the knowledge box
Mains level: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's legacy and present day governance
Central idea
- The 132nd birth anniversary of B.R. Ambedkar is an occasion to recognize his ideas and actions which continue to inspire and guide the present and future generations.
B.R. Ambedkar’s Legacy
- R. Ambedkar was more than an individual, and his ideas and actions continue to illuminate the present and are a guiding light for the future.
- He epitomised the spirit of justice and stressed establishing institutions for a just society.
Ambedkar’s contribution to nation-building
- Multidimensional contribution: The centenary of Ambedkar’s work, The Problem of Rupee: Its Origin and its Solution, paved the foundation of the Reserve Bank of India in 1934. During that time, the country was trying to come out of the clutches of colonialism, and Ambedkar vigorously advocated for significant nation-building measures in a multidimensional manner.
- Tirelessly work to safeguarding the interests of the people: From his work on the Simon Commission to representing the Depressed Classes in the Round Table conferences and chairing the Constitution’s drafting committee, Ambedkar tirelessly worked towards safeguarding the interests of the people.
Quick knowledge box from civilsdaily: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s literary work
|
Literary Works
|
Description
|
| Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development |
A paper presented by Ambedkar to an anthropology seminar at Columbia University, which discusses the caste system in India and its origins |
| The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution |
A work that proposed a solution to the problem of currency fluctuations in India and paved the way for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India |
| Annihilation of Caste |
A speech delivered by Ambedkar that strongly criticized the caste system in Hindu society and advocated for its annihilation |
| What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables |
A book that criticized the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi for their treatment of the untouchables in India |
| States and Minorities |
A book that analyzes the relationship between the majority and minority communities in India and argues for the protection of minority rights |
| The Untouchables: Who Were They and Why They Became Untouchables? |
A book that traces the history of the untouchables in India and argues for their social and economic upliftment |
| Buddha and His Dhamma |
A book that describes the life and teachings of the Buddha and how they can be applied to contemporary society |
| Who Were the Shudras? |
A book that examines the origins and history of the Shudra caste in Hindu society |
Present government’s commitment to Ambedkar’s vision
- Ambedkar’s vision in planning and implementation: The present-day government led by PM Modi has been committed to adhering to Ambedkar’s vision from planning to implementation.
- People-centric policy measures: The government has taken steps towards the ease of life of citizens, such as the implementation of pro-poor and people-centric policy measures.
- For instance: Schemes such as Stand-Up India, Start-Up India, PM Awas Scheme, BHIM, Mudra, and JAM trinity, which show that the government is leaving no stone unturned to fulfill the assigned targets and ensure saturation-level implementation.
- Government’s efforts to preserve Ambedkar’s legacy: Government’s has adopted a sensitive approach towards preserving Ambedkar’s legacy. The National Research for Conservation of Cultural Property has preserved Ambedkar’s belongings for posterity, which will be showcased at the upcoming Dr B R Ambedkar Socio-Economic & Culture Centre. The Centre will serve as a sacred place highlighting glimpses of Ambedkar’s contribution to building the nation.
Ambedkar’s relevance to present-day India
- Panch Pran mantra: There are parallels between Ambedkar’s ideas and the Prime Minister’s Panch Pran mantra for making a developed India.
- Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav: Ambedkar believed that the constitutional ideals and social philosophy of liberty, equality, and fraternity have Indian cultural roots, and the government’s initiatives, such as Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, reflect this belief.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to Ambedkar’s vision would have resulted in greater public welfare if earlier governments had accepted him in this manner. On Ambedkar’s 132nd birth anniversary, it is essential to recognize his legacy and commitment to establishing institutions for a just society. The legacy of B.R. Ambedkar is a guiding light for India, and his ideas and actions continue to inspire and provide a moral force for justice.
Mains Question
Q. Discuss the relevance of B.R. Ambedkar’s ideas to present-day India. How has the present government committed to adhering to Ambedkar’s vision in planning and implementation of policies?
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