Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three-finger toxin (3FTx)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) in Bengaluru have successfully created a synthetic human antibody capable of neutralizing potent neurotoxins found in the venom of highly toxic snakes.
Synthetic Antibody against Snake Venom
- Approach: The team utilized a method previously employed to screen antibodies against HIV and COVID-19 to synthesize the new venom-neutralizing antibody.
- Targeted Region: The developed antibody targets a conserved region within the core of a major toxin called the three-finger toxin (3FTx) present in elapid venom.
- Library of Antibodies: The team designed a library of artificial antibodies from humans displayed on yeast cell surfaces and screened them for binding to 3FTxs from different elapid snakes worldwide.
- Effective Binding: After rigorous screening, one antibody emerged capable of binding strongly to various 3FTxs, displaying effectiveness across different elapid species.
Challenges with Current Anti-venom
- Animal-Based Production: Existing anti-venom production involves injecting snake venom into equines and collecting antibodies from their blood, leading to therapeutically redundant antibodies due to exposure to various microorganisms.
- Efficacy Concerns: Research indicates that less than 10% of anti-venom contains antibodies specifically targeting snake venom toxins, raising concerns about efficacy.
Animal Model Testing
- Efficacy in Mice: Mice injected with a toxic 3FTx along with the antibody survived past the 24-hour observation window, while those given only the toxin succumbed within four hours.
- Versatility: The antibody showed effectiveness against the venom of different elapid species, including the monocled cobra and black mamba, with nearly 15 times the potency of conventional products.
- Delayed Administration: Crucially, administering the antibody after a time delay still successfully saved the mice, highlighting its potential for delayed treatment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fali S Nariman and his notable cases
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Fali S. Nariman, an eminent jurist and Senior Advocate, left an indelible mark on India’s legal landscape over his illustrious 75-year career.
- Representing clients in a multitude of landmark cases, his contributions reshaped constitutional jurisprudence and safeguarded democratic principles.
Legacy in Indian Jurisprudence
- Legal Battle: Advocating before the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (1981), Nariman challenged the interpretation of “consultation” in judicial appointments, emphasizing its binding nature to preserve judicial autonomy.
- Judicial Triumph: Nariman’s advocacy led to the establishment of the Supreme Court Collegium, ensuring transparent and independent judicial appointments, a landmark decision that endures to this day.
- Presidential Reference: Nariman contributed to the Supreme Court’s deliberations in Special Reference 1 (1998), facilitating a structured consultative process for judicial appointments, reinforcing the judiciary’s collective responsibility.
- Expanded Collegium: His efforts expanded the scope of judicial consultation, enhancing transparency and accountability in the appointment process.
- Challenging Executive Interference: In Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, Nariman vehemently opposed the National Judicial Appointment Commission Act, 2014, safeguarding judicial autonomy against executive overreach.
- Triumph for Collegium System: His advocacy contributed to the reinstatement of the collegium system, preserving the judiciary’s prerogative in judicial appointments.
- Constitutional Challenge: Nariman’s intervention in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967) underscored Parliament’s limitations in amending fundamental rights, reinforcing the sanctity of constitutional provisions.
- Protecting Liberties: His advocacy upheld the inviolability of fundamental rights, ensuring the primacy of constitutional principles.
[5] Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1989)
- Navigating Tragedy: Nariman’s representation of Union Carbide in the aftermath of the Bhopal gas tragedy facilitated a landmark settlement, ensuring timely compensation for victims and environmental remediation.
[6] Safeguarding Minority Rights: TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka
- Advocating Pluralism: Nariman’s involvement in TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka underscored the constitutional protection of minority rights in education, fostering inclusivity and diversity in the educational landscape.
[7] Upholding Constitutional Norms: Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker
- Restoring Constitutional Order: Nariman’s intervention in Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker (2016) reaffirmed the constitutional mandate for gubernatorial action, preserving democratic governance and institutional integrity.
[8] Ensuring Legal Fairness: J. Jayalalithaa v. State of Tamil Nadu
- Securing Justice: Nariman’s successful bail plea for Jayalalithaa exemplified his commitment to due process, ensuring equitable legal treatment for all individuals before the law.
[9] Resolving Inter-State Disputes: State of Karnataka v. State of Tamil Nadu
- Navigating Complexities: Nariman’s representation in the Cauvery water dispute showcased his dedication to resolving interstate conflicts through legal avenues, contributing to the equitable allocation of vital natural resources.
Conclusion
- Fali S. Nariman’s illustrious legal career stands as a testament to his unwavering commitment to justice, constitutionalism, and the rule of law.
- His profound influence on Indian jurisprudence reverberates through landmark decisions and enduring legal principles, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s legal landscape.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
What is the provision to safeguard the autonomy of the Supreme Court of India?
- While appointing the Supreme Court Judges, the President of India has to consult the Chief Justice of India.
- The Supreme Court Judges can be removed by the Chief Justice of India only.
- The salaries of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India to which the legislative does not have to vote.
- All appointments of officers and staffs of the Supreme Court of India are made by the Government only after consulting the Chief Justice of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 3 only
- 3 and 4 only
- 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Helium Star, Neutron Star etc.
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Astronomers have triumphantly uncovered a rare class of stars, known as helium stars, after a decade-long quest.
- Led by Dr. Maria Drout from the University of Toronto, astronomers embarked on a collaborative mission to decipher the mysteries of these elusive cosmic entities
Helium Stars: An Overview
- Helium stars, also known as helium-burning stars, are a stage in the evolution of certain types of stars.
- These stars are typically more massive than the Sun and have exhausted the hydrogen fuel in their cores, leading to a contraction and subsequent heating of the core.
- As a result, helium fusion begins in the core, where helium nuclei fuse to form heavier elements such as carbon and oxygen.
- This fusion process releases energy, causing the star to expand and become more luminous.
- Helium stars represent an intermediate stage in stellar evolution between main-sequence stars and later stages such as red giants or supernovae.
Key Findings and Insights
- Spectral Analysis: Rigorous spectral analysis conducted from 2017 to 2024 unveiled distinct classes of helium stars based on hydrogen content, providing profound insights into their evolutionary trajectories.
- Computational Modeling: Advanced computational modelling techniques yielded crucial data on surface temperatures and gravitational forces, enriching our understanding of helium stars’ properties.
- Surface Conditions of Class 1 Stars: Further investigations into Class 1 helium stars revealed intriguing surface conditions. The team utilized computer modelling to determine surface temperature and gravity, finding them to be approximately 20 times hotter than the Sun and possessing surface gravity about 1,000 times stronger than Earth’s.
Significance of the Findings
- Hydrogen-Deficient Supernovae: A pivotal breakthrough in the discovery of helium stars was the elucidation of hydrogen-deficient supernovae, perplexing phenomena that puzzled scientists for decades.
- Binary-Star Interactions: Gravitational interactions within binary star systems played a crucial role in unmasking the helium-rich surfaces of these stellar anomalies.
Implications for Astrophysics
- Cosmic Laboratories: Helium stars serve as invaluable cosmic laboratories, offering unprecedented opportunities to explore the intricacies of stellar evolution and binary star dynamics.
- Frontiers of Research: Their discovery opens new frontiers in astrophysical research, unraveling mysteries surrounding heavy element formation and gravitational wave generation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved ₹340/quintal as the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for sugar season 2024-25 at sugar recovery rate of 10.25%.
- This is about 8% higher than FRP of sugarcane for the current season 2023-24.
Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP): Explained
- Legal Framework: FRP is established under the Sugarcane Control Order, 1966.
- Minimum Payment: It denotes the minimum price obligated to be paid by sugar mills to farmers for their sugarcane produce.
- State Agreed Price (SAP): States have the authority to determine their SAP, typically higher than the FRP.
- The fixation of FRP considers various factors, including:
- Cost of sugarcane production,
- Return from alternative crops,
- Consumer sugar prices,
- Sale price of sugar,
- Sugarcane-to-sugar recovery rate,
- Income from by-products (e.g., molasses, bagasse),
- Adequate profit margins for sugarcane growers.
Determining Sugarcane Prices
- Central Determination: FRP is set by the Central Government based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and endorsed by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
- State Role: States announce SAP, often surpassing the FRP.
Minimum Selling Price (MSP) for Sugar
- Market Dynamics: Sugar prices fluctuate based on market demand and supply.
- Introducing MSP: To safeguard farmers’ interests, MSP for sugar was introduced in 2018.
- Components Considered: MSP incorporates elements of FRP for sugarcane and the minimal conversion cost of efficient mills.
Basis of Price Determination
- Transition from SMP to FRP: In 2009-10, FRP replaced the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) of sugarcane.
- Consultative Process: The Central Government, in consultation with state authorities and sugar industry associations, determines the sugarcane price based on CACP recommendations.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Q. The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane is approved by the:
(a) Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
(b) Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
(c) Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture
(d) Agricultural Produce Market Committee
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CE20, Working of Cryogenic Engine
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved a significant breakthrough in its quest for human spaceflight with the successful human rating of its CE20 cryogenic engine.
- The ground qualification tests, conducted at the High Altitude Test Facility at ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, have been successfully completed, validating the CE20 engine for the Gaganyaan programme.
What is Cryogenic Engine?
- It is a type of rocket engine that operates on cryogenic (extremely low-temperature) fuels and oxidizers, typically liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX).
- They are highly efficient due to the high energy density of cryogenic fuels.
- They provide greater thrust compared to traditional rocket engines, making them suitable for launching heavy payloads into space.
- They are commonly used in the upper stages of space launch vehicles, where they propel payloads from initial launch phases into desired orbits.
- They operate at extremely low temperatures, typically below -150°C (-238°F) for liquid hydrogen and below -183°C (-297°F) for liquid oxygen.
|
About CE20 Cryogenic Engine
- It has been designed and developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), a subsidiary of ISRO.
- It is the first Indian cryogenic engine to feature a gas-generator cycle.
- It is one of the most powerful upper-stage cryogenic engines in the world.
- This engine develops a nominal thrust of 186.36 kN in vacuum.
Key Highlights of Ground Qualification Tests
- Thorough Evaluation: The CE20 engine underwent extensive testing, including evaluation under nominal and off-nominal conditions related to thrust, mixture ratio, and propellant tank pressure.
- Hot Firing Tests: Four engines underwent a total of 39 hot firing tests, accumulating a cumulative duration of 8,810 seconds, surpassing the minimum human rating qualification standard requirement of 6,350 seconds.
Update on First Unmanned Gaganyaan (G1) Mission
- Mission Objectives: The Gaganyaan project aims to demonstrate India’s human spaceflight capabilities by launching a crew of three members into a 400 km orbit for a 3-day mission, followed by a safe return to Earth with a landing in Indian sea waters.
- Acceptance Tests: ISRO has completed the acceptance tests of the flight engine designated for the first unmanned Gaganyaan (G1) mission, scheduled tentatively for the second quarter of 2024.
- Engine Specifications: The flight engine, which will power the upper stage of the human-rated LVM3 vehicle, boasts a thrust capability of 19 to 22 tonnes and a specific impulse of 442.5 seconds.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kapilvastu Relics
Mains level: Places associated with Buddha
Introduction
- India will showcase some relics of Lord Buddha, currently in its possession, in Thailand from February 22 to March 18.
Kapilvastu Relics: Details
- Designation: The relics of Lord Buddha and his disciples Arahata Sariputra and Arahata Maudgalayana are known as the ‘Kapilvastu Relics.’
- Origin: These relics, comprising 20 bone fragments, have been preserved at India’s National Museum.
- Discovery: They were recovered in 1898 from a site in Bihar believed to be the ancient city of Kapilvastu. It was an inscribed casket found at the stupa site in Piprahwa (near Siddharthnagar in UP) that helped identify Kapilavastu.
- Age: Dating back to the 4th or 5th Century BC, these relics were discovered in Bihar’s Piprahwa, believed to be the ancient city of Kapilvastu.
- Excavation Details: The ASI unearthed these relics during excavations conducted from 1971 to 1977, discovering two inscribed steatite stone caskets containing 12 and 10 sacred relics, respectively.
Public Display in Thailand
- Previous Exhibitions: Portions of these relics were earlier exhibited in Sri Lanka (1976, 2012), Mongolia (1993, 2022), Singapore (1994, 2007), South Korea (1995), and Thailand (1995).
- Construction of Pagoda: The Thai government has built a special pagoda in Bangkok to enshrine the relics during the exhibition.
Significance of Display: Promotion of Indian Diplomacy
- Diplomatic Achievement: This event signifies a diplomatic achievement for India, strengthening ties with Thailand and promoting cultural exchange.
- Buddhist Circuit Development: The initiative aligns with India’s ‘Look East’ policy and emphasizes the promotion of soft power through cultural exchanges.
- Past Engagements: India previously sent the relics to Mongolia in 2022 and Sri Lanka in 2012, showcasing its commitment to fostering cultural and spiritual ties.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nanoplastics in Water Bottles
Mains level: Health and ecological hazards of Nanoplastics
Introduction
- A recent study conducted by scientists at Columbia University sheds light on the pervasive presence of micro- and nano-plastics in bottled water, with nano-plastics comprising a staggering 90% of the detected particles.
What are Nanoplastics?
- Definition: Nanoplastics, measured in billionths of a metre, are minuscule particles that evade detection by the naked eye, posing challenges for identification and quantification.
- Comparative Analysis: Smaller than microplastics, nano-plastics exemplify dimensions that are 70 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair, rendering them inconspicuous yet ubiquitous.
Key Findings
- Elevated Concentration: Bottled water contains approximately 2.4 lakh micro- and nano-plastic particles per litre, highlighting a significant underestimation of plastic concentration compared to previous assessments.
- Dominance of Nanoplastics: Nano-sized particles, previously overlooked by conventional imaging techniques, emerge as the predominant component, constituting 90% of the total plastic population.
- Complex Particle Dynamics: Analysis reveals a diverse array of plastic compositions, shapes, and sizes, elucidating the intricate interplay between different plastic types within the aquatic environment.
How were they assessed?
- Challenges in Analysis: Nanoplastics pose analytical challenges due to their diminutive size and the limitations of existing diagnostic methods.
- Innovative Approach: Researchers utilize a custom hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) imaging platform to overcome these challenges, enabling detailed molecular analysis at the single-particle level.
- Raman Scattering Principle: SRS microscopy leverages the Raman Effect, allowing for the identification of plastic particles based on their unique spectral signatures.
What is Raman Effect?
- Discovered by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928, it describes the scattering of light by molecules, resulting in a shift in wavelength due to energy exchange.
- Raman Effect occurs spontaneously when light interacts with matter, causing a small fraction of light shift to longer or shorter wavelengths.
- SRS is a controlled process where two laser beams with different frequencies interact with a material, amplifying the Raman signal.
- Unlike the weak signal of the Raman Effect, SRS involves amplifying the Raman signal by the presence of pump and Stokes laser beams.
- SRS find applications in various fields such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and chemical analysis, with SRS offering enhanced sensitivity and specificity due to its controlled nature.
- India celebrates National Science Day on February 28 each year to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman on 28 February 1928
|
Implications
- Environmental Significance: The study underscores the pervasive nature of plastic pollution, with microplastics infiltrating ecosystems worldwide, including bottled water sources.
- Biological Impact: Sub-micrometre plastic particles pose potential health risks, as they can traverse biological barriers and accumulate within living organisms.
- Technological Advancements: The adoption of advanced imaging technologies enhances our understanding of nanoplastic dynamics, facilitating more accurate assessments of plastic pollution levels.
Try this question from CSP 2017
Q.Which Indian astrophysicist and Nobel laureate predicted rapidly rotating stars emit polarized light?
(a) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
(b) CV Raman
(c) Ramanujan
(d) Amartya Sen
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lodrani, Dholavira, Harappan Civilizaiton (IVC)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Legend has it that Lodrani, a hamlet near Dholavira in Kutch, was believed to be sitting on buried gold, prompting locals to initiate a dig around five years ago.
- Contrary to expectations, the excavation led to the discovery of a fortified Harappan-era settlement, challenging the assumptions about the area’s history.
Archaeological Findings at Lodrani
- Harappan-Era Settlement: Ajay Yadav and Damian Robinson from Oxford’s School of Archaeology led the archaeological exploration, revealing a well-preserved Harappan settlement.
- Architectural Resemblance to Dholavira: Yadav notes striking architectural similarities between the newly discovered site, named Morodharo, and Dholavira.
- Flourishing Ancient Life: Despite being initially dismissed as a medieval fortress, the site unveils evidence of a thriving civilization dating back around 4,500 years.
Significance
- Harappan Pottery: The site yielded a significant amount of Harappan pottery akin to findings at Dholavira, indicating a connection between the two settlements.
- Chronological Placement: Experts suggest Morodharo exhibits characteristics of mature to late Harappan periods (2,600-1,300 BCE), shedding light on the region’s ancient chronology.
Insights from Archaeologists
- Dependence on the Sea: Both Dholavira and Morodharo depended on the sea, suggesting navigable waters near the Rann of Kutch during ancient times.
- Archaeological Fame: Despite false starts in the past, Lodrani now claims archaeological fame, highlighting the importance of local initiatives in uncovering historical treasures.
About Dholavira
|
Description
|
| Discovery |
Discovered in 1968 by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi. |
| Importance |
- One of the most remarkable and well-preserved urban settlements in South Asia.
- Fifth largest metropolis of the Indus Valley Civilization.
|
| Location |
- Archaeological site located in the Kachchh District, Gujarat, dating from the 3rd to mid-2nd millennium BCE.
- On Khadir bet island in the Great Rann of Kachchh.
|
| Strategic Location |
- Located on the Tropic of Cancer;
- Strategic for trade and access to mineral and raw material sources.
|
| Archaeological Findings |
- Terracotta pottery, beads, gold and copper ornaments, seals, fish hooks, tools, urns, imported vessels.
- Unique stone inscriptions in Indus Valley script.
|
| Distinct Features |
Cascading series of water reservoirs, outer fortification, multi-purpose grounds, unique gates, tumulus funerary architecture, multi-layered defenses. |
| Decline |
- Coincided with the collapse of Mesopotamia;
- Affected by climate change, aridity, and drying up of ancient rivers like Saraswati.
|
Try this PYQ:
Q. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?
(a) Dholavira (b) Kalibangan (c) Rakhigarhi (d) Ropar
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Theory, Bose-Einstein Statistics, Bose-Hubbard Model
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Satyendra Nath Bose emerged in the physics community like a comet in 1924, amidst the turbulence of a quantum revolution.
- His groundbreaking work filled a significant gap in the emerging quantum theory.
Satyendra Nath Bose: Early Life
- Born in Kolkata in 1894, Bose’s mathematical prowess was evident early on.
- He befriended Meghnad Saha during their time at Presidency College and later collaborated with him at Rajabazar Science College.
- Amidst the changing landscape of physics marked by Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum concepts, Bose and Saha contributed significantly to translating and applying new physics concepts.
Notable Contributions
[1] Bose-Einstein Statistics:
- Bose formulated a new statistical theory in 1924, known as Bose-Einstein statistics, to describe the behavior of particles that obey the laws of quantum mechanics.
- He derived this statistical distribution for particles with integer spin, which later became fundamental in understanding the behavior of particles now known as bosons.
[2] Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC):
- Bose’s work laid the foundation for the concept of Bose-Einstein condensate, a state of matter where particles occupy the same quantum state at low temperatures.
- In 1995, scientists successfully created a BEC in a dilute gas of alkali atoms, confirming Bose’s theoretical predictions and opening up new avenues for research in quantum physics.
[3] Quantum Theory of Radiation:
- Bose made significant contributions to the field of quantum theory of radiation.
- He introduced a quantum mechanical theory to explain the behavior of photons, which was later incorporated into the broader framework of quantum electrodynamics.
[4] Bose-Hubbard Model:
- Bose’s work also inspired the development of the Bose-Hubbard model, a fundamental model in condensed matter physics.
- This model describes the behavior of ultra-cold atoms trapped in an optical lattice and has applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation.
[5] Exploring Planck’s Law
- While teaching at Dhaka University, Bose delved into understanding Planck’s law of black-body radiation, a cornerstone of quantum theory.
- Bose’s innovative approach eliminated classical physics from the picture, revealing the statistical essence behind Planck’s formula and pioneering the field of quantum statistics.
Legacy and Impact
- Bose’s work laid the groundwork for understanding fundamental particles, distinguishing between bosons and fermions based on their statistical behavior.
- Despite publishing sparingly after his groundbreaking discovery, Bose’s contribution to quantum theory remains unparalleled, earning him the status of a scientific comet that illuminated the quantum world.
Conclusion
- Satyendra Nath Bose’s remarkable insight and contribution to quantum theory reshaped the trajectory of physics.
- His pioneering work on Bose-Einstein statistics not only filled a crucial gap in the emerging quantum framework but also laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in particle physics and quantum mechanics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mimas, Cassini Mission
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Recent findings published in the journal Nature suggest that beneath the icy shell of Mimas, there lies a potential liquid ocean, challenging previous assumptions about the moon’s composition and internal dynamics.
About Mimas
|
Description
|
| Discovery |
Discovered by William Herschel on September 17, 1789. |
| Characteristics |
Smallest and innermost of Saturn’s major moons. |
| Size |
Diameter of about 396 kilometers (246 miles), making it one of the smallest known astronomical bodies that is rounded in shape. |
| Features |
Known for its large Herschel Crater,
Called as “Death Star” from the Star Wars films. |
| Composition |
Mostly composed of water ice with a small amount of rock. |
| Orbit |
Orbits Saturn at a distance of about 185,520 km (115,220 miles). |
| Exploration |
Visited by the Cassini spacecraft, which captured detailed images of its surface during its mission to Saturn. |
Astronomical Insights
- Potential Liquid Ocean: Scientists analyzed Mimas’s orbital motion using data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, concluding that the moon’s oscillations indicate the presence of either an elongated silicate core or a global ocean.
- Librational Model: Calculations based on Mimas’s librations and orbital changes reached a deadlock, prompting consideration of a subsurface ocean. Theoretical models incorporating viscoelastic outer layers and hydrostatic interior interfaces suggested an ice shell thickness of 20-30 km.
- Surface Heat and Eccentricity: Estimates indicate surface heat release of approximately 25 milliwatts per sq. m, expected to reduce Mimas’s eccentricity by half in 4-5 million years. Simulations suggest the ocean may have formed 2-25 million years ago, with potential hydrothermal activity.
Implications and Findings
- Comparative Analysis: Similarities between Mimas and Enceladus, another Saturn moon with a global ocean, hint at potential hydrothermal activity despite surface differences.
- Ice Shell Composition: The viscoelastic nature of Mimas’s outer icy layer and hydrostatic interior interfaces align with observations, supporting the theoretical ice shell thickness determined through calculations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Financial Emergency under Article 360
Mains level: Not Much
In the news
- The Supreme Court proceeded with hearing a suit filed by the State of Kerala against the Centre for alleged arbitrary interference in its financial matters, following unsuccessful negotiations between the two parties.
- Earlier, Kerala Governor sought for the Presidential imposition of a financial emergency in the State under Article 360(1) of the Constitution due to dwindling situation of finances in the State.
What is Financial Emergency?
- Enshrined in Article 360: It is a vital provision aimed at addressing severe financial crises threatening India’s economic stability.
- Declaration and Authority: It can be declared by the President upon satisfaction that the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is under threat.
- CoM Advice: The declaration is made based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, reflecting the collective responsibility of the executive branch.
Legislative Approval
- While the President can proclaim a Financial Emergency, its extension beyond two months needs approval from both Houses of Parliament.
- Once approved, it remains in effect until revoked by the President, allowing for flexible management of financial crises.
Effects and Implications
- The Centre’s executive authority expands significantly during a Financial Emergency, enabling it to issue directives to states on financial matters.
- Centralization of fiscal policies occurs, with the President empowered to reserve money bills passed by state legislatures for consideration.
- Austerity measures, including salary and allowance reductions for public officials, can be implemented to address economic challenges.
Judicial Review and Criticism
- 38th Amendment Act (1975) made the President’s decision final and immune from judicial review.
- However, the 44th Amendment Act (1978) allowed for judicial scrutiny.
- This amendment ensured checks and balances within the constitutional framework, preventing unchecked executive authority.
Historical Context and Usage
- Financial Emergencies have been sparingly invoked in India’s history, despite facing significant financial crises such as in 1991.
- The cautious utilization of this provision underscores the importance of aligning its implementation with democratic principles and federalism.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s intervention in the Kerala-Centre financial dispute underscores the importance of cooperative federalism in addressing intergovernmental conflicts.
- The forthcoming hearings aim to reconcile differences and ensure the equitable distribution of resources, fostering harmonious relations between the Centre and states.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AR6 Report, IPCC, Global Stocktake
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Since 1988, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been pivotal in assessing climate science and guiding global responses to climate change through its assessment reports and special publications.
- Last years’ Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) underscores the urgency of addressing climate change, highlighting the need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
About IPCC
|
Description |
| Establishment |
Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP |
| Membership |
195 member countries. |
| Objective |
Assess scientific info on human-induced climate change, impacts, and mitigation/adaptation options. |
| Main Activity |
Prepares assessment, special, and methodology reports, crucial for international climate negotiations. |
| Scientific Research |
Relies on global scientific community for literature review and conclusions. |
| Working Groups |
Comprises three groups:
- I (climate physics),
- II (impacts/adaptation), and
- III (mitigation)
|
| Reports |
Each group issues reports, compiled into a synthesis report. |
Key Findings of AR6
- Urgent Warning: AR6 warns that time is running out to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and stresses the need for immediate action to mitigate climate change impacts.
- Adaptation Challenges: The report highlights challenges in adapting to climate change and offers strategies to enhance resilience in natural and human-made systems.
Initiation of AR7 Cycle
- IPCC Bureau Meeting: In January 2024, the IPCC initiated its seventh assessment cycle (AR7) with a bureau meeting in Turkey to discuss budgeting, timelines, and the work program.
- Lessons from AR6: Insights from the AR6 cycle, along with member country submissions, informed discussions on the structure and focus of the upcoming reports.
Global Stocktake and IPCC’s Role
- Assessing Progress: The global stocktake (GST) evaluates progress towards the Paris Agreement goals, with the IPCC playing a crucial role in providing scientific input.
- Alignment with Stocktake: Member countries request IPCC reports to align with the GST, facilitating comprehensive assessments of climate action effectiveness.
Scope and Timeline of AR7 Cycle
- Report Components: The AR7 cycle will include full assessment reports, synthesis reports, methodology reports, and a special report on climate change and cities.
- Revised Guidelines: Methodology reports will cover short-lived climate forcers and carbon removal, while technical guidelines on impacts and adaptation will be updated.
- Publication Timeline: The bureau aims to publish special and methodology reports by 2027, with the timeline for assessment reports pending further discussion.
Challenges and Considerations
- Time Constraints: Balancing the need for timely reports with the rigorous review process and evolving climate research poses challenges.
- Content Integrity: Shortened timelines may affect the depth and breadth of the reports, potentially compromising their scientific rigor and inclusivity.
- Engagement Complexity: Limited timeframes may hinder effective engagement with under-represented communities and stakeholders, impacting report quality.
Conclusion
- The initiation of IPCC’s AR7 cycle marks a critical juncture in global climate science, emphasizing the urgency of addressing climate change.
- Despite challenges, the IPCC remains committed to delivering comprehensive and scientifically robust assessments to guide climate action.
- Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders will be essential in navigating the complexities of climate science and fostering sustainable solutions for a resilient future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bubonic Plague and its causes
Mains level: Rise of zoonotic diseases
Introduction
- Recent reports from Oregon, US, confirm the reemergence of bubonic plague, marking the first case since 2005.
- Notable historical instances include the Third Pandemic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, originating in China and spreading worldwide, reaching India by 1896.
What is Bubonic Plague?
- Cause: Bubonic plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacterium primarily found in small animals and their fleas, capable of transmission to humans.
- Transmission: The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies three primary modes of transmission:
- Through infected vector fleas,
- Contact with infectious bodily fluids or materials, and
- Inhalation of respiratory droplets from pneumonic plague patients.
Symptoms and Forms
- Bubonic Plague: Characterized by fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and weakness, typically resulting from flea bites.
- Septicemic Plague: Occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, leading to severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock, and skin discoloration.
- Pneumonic Plague: The most perilous form, causing rapid-onset pneumonia, and posing a high risk of fatality if left untreated, with potential person-to-person transmission.
Historical Impact of the Black Death
- Deadliest Outbreak: The Black Death, spanning from 1346 to 1353, decimated up to half of Europe’s population, leaving a profound and enduring impact on survivors.
- Genetic Legacy: Genetic mutations linked to increased survival during the Black Death era have been identified, albeit with potential implications for autoimmune diseases in modern populations.
- Social and Economic Ramifications: Historians attribute Europe’s rise to global dominance partly to the aftermath of the Black Death, shaping subsequent societal, economic, and cultural trajectories.
Contemporary Outlook and Mitigation
- Limited Spread: Medical experts allay fears of a Black Death resurgence, affirming the localized nature of the recent bubonic plague case and the low likelihood of widespread transmission.
- Modern Interventions: Advancements in antibiotics and healthcare infrastructure significantly mitigate the threat posed by bubonic plague, rendering it treatable and containing its potential impact.
- Global Surveillance: Vigilant monitoring and prompt treatment protocols contribute to managing sporadic plague cases reported worldwide, underscoring the importance of continued vigilance and preparedness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Medaram Jatara, Tribes gathered, historical background
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- People have started shopping ahead of Asia’s largest tribal festival, the Medaram Jatara. Devotees offer jaggery equivalent to their weight to the deities, Sammakka and Saralamma, during the festival.
About Medaram Jatara
|
Description |
| Origin |
Rooted in the legend of Sammakka and Sarakka, a revered mother-daughter duo among the local tribal community. |
| Historical Significance |
Commemorates the 13th-century battle of Sammakka and Sarakka against then local Kakatiya rulers’ taxation of the Koya people. |
| Location |
Mulugu, Telangana, India |
| Frequency |
Biennial festival |
| Attendance |
Attracts around 1.5 crore devotees from various tribal and non-tribal communities from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh but also from as far as Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra |
| Political & Social Impact |
Declared as a State Festival in 1996;
Receives active support from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Telangana state government. |
| Infrastructure Development |
Funds allocated for community shelters and infrastructure in and around Medaram. |
| Ministry Support |
Active participation and significant financial backing from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Telangana state government. |
| Tribal Circuit Development |
Ministry of Tourism sanctions funds for the integrated development of the tribal circuit. |
Try this PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
| Traditions |
Communities |
| Chaliha Sahib Festivals |
Sindhis |
| Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra |
Gonds |
| Wari-Warkari |
Santhals |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) None of the above
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ultradian vs. Circadian Rhythms and key difference between them
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Life on Earth is characterized by cyclical processes that sustain and enhance survival, with one such fundamental process being ultradian rhythms.
- Ultradian rhythms are distinct from circadian rhythms and refer to biological cycles that occur more frequently than once every 24 hours, governing essential physiological functions.
Ultradian vs. Circadian Rhythms
|
Ultradian Rhythms |
Circadian Rhythms |
| Definition |
Repeat at intervals of less than 24 hours. |
Repeat approximately every 24 hours. |
| Duration |
Shorter cycles, typically minutes to a few hours. |
Longer cycles, around 24 hours. |
| Examples |
Sleep cycles, heart rate variability, hormone release. |
Sleep-wake cycle, body temperature regulation. |
| Influence |
Impact physiological processes within a single day. |
Regulate sleep-wake patterns, hormone release, etc. |
| Importance |
Essential for various bodily functions and processes. |
Crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. |
| Disruption Effects |
Interruption can lead to fatigue or mood swings. |
Disruption can cause sleep disorders or mood disorders. |
Key Characteristics of Ultradian Rhythms
- Frequency: Ultradian rhythms recur more frequently than circadian rhythms, impacting various biological processes.
- Physiological Patterns: These rhythms regulate heartbeat, breathing, hormonal release, and brain-wave activity, ensuring proper functioning of living organisms.
Significance
- Sleep Cycle: A well-known example of ultradian rhythm is the sleep cycle, which comprises alternating periods of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and non-REM sleep, typically lasting around 90 minutes each.
- REM and Non-REM Sleep: REM sleep involves dreaming, while non-REM sleep is essential for physical restoration and memory consolidation.
Role in Hormonal Regulation
- Pulsatile Hormone Secretion: Ultradian rhythms influence the pulsatile secretion of hormones like growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin throughout the day.
- Metabolism and Stress Response: These hormonal fluctuations are crucial for regulating metabolism, energy levels, and responses to stress, ensuring overall well-being.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MnBi2S4 and its properties
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Researchers have identified a unique mechanism of electric polarization via magnetic ordering in a novel mineral named “MnBi2S4”, which can be useful for energy-efficient data storage.
About Magnetoelectric Multiferroics
- This special class of materials is renowned for their rarity and unique properties, capable of exhibiting both magnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously.
- They find applications in advanced technology like spintronics, electronic memory devices, actuators, and switches.
What is MnBi2S4?
- Also known as mineral gratianite, it belongs to the ternary manganese chalcogenide family.
- It showcases distinct magnetic structures, including a spin density wave, cycloidal, and helical spin structures.
- Notably, the latter two spin structures induce ferro-electricity in the material.
- MnBi2S4 is centro-symmetric and undergoes magnetic ordering at low temperatures (27, 23, and 21.5 Kelvins).
Significance of the Study
- This finding highlights the strong coupling between magnetism and electric polarization.
- The unique mechanism, driven by magnetic frustration, represents a breakthrough in magnetoelectric coupling.
- If the material can exhibit the same phenomena at room temperature, it could revolutionize data storage by reducing energy consumption during writing processes.
- Additionally, these findings could aid in the development of a four-state logic memory system, providing additional degrees of freedom for device performance compared to current binary logic systems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vardhaman Mahavir, Jainism
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- A 1,000-year-old stone statue of Thirthangara Mahavir has been found in Tamil Nadu at at Manavarayanendal near Thiruchuli in Virudhunagar district.
Features of the Statue
- There is a triple umbrella above the head of the statue, which has creepers carved on it.
- It is flanked by sculptures of yakshas.
- Based on the sculpture technique, it is assumed that the statue might belong to the 11th century AD.
About Vardhaman Mahavir
|
Description |
| Birth |
540 B.C. |
| Birthplace |
Kundagrama village near Vaishali |
| Family Background |
Belonged to the Jnatrika clan; father Siddharta was the head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan, and mother Trishala was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali. |
| Renunciation |
Renounced home at the age of 30 to become an ascetic. |
| Spiritual Practice |
Practiced austerity for 12 years. |
| Attainment of Kaivalya |
Attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya (conquered misery and happiness) at the age of 42. |
| First Sermon |
Delivered his first sermon at Pava. |
| Symbol |
Associated with the symbol of a lion. |
| Missions |
Traveled to various regions including Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, etc. |
| Passing Away |
Passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri in Bihar. |
| Legacy |
Founded Jainism as it is known today; contributed significant teachings and principles to the religion. |
Everything you need to know about Jainism
|
Description |
| Origin |
Jainism gained prominence in the 6th century B.C. when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion. |
| Founder |
Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the central figure |
| Tirthankaras |
- Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras or great teachers
- Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira the last.
|
| Meaning of “Jain” |
“Jain” is derived from “jina” or “jaina,” signifying the “Conqueror” or one who has conquered the inner enemies like attachment, aversion, and delusion. |
| Main Principles |
Jainism emphasizes the Three Jewels or Triratna:
- Right Faith (Samyakdarshana),
- Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana), and
- Right Conduct (Samyakcharita).
|
| Five Doctrines |
Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-attachment), and Brahmacharya (chastity) are the fundamental principles of Jainism. |
| Concept of God |
- Jainism does not adhere to the concept of a creator God
- Believes in the existence of liberated souls (Siddhas) who have attained spiritual perfection.
|
| Major Doctrines |
- Anekantavada: Jain doctrine of non-absolutism, recognizing that truth can have multiple perspectives or facets.
- Syadvada: Jain doctrine stating that all judgments are conditional and true only from certain perspectives, expressed by the term “syat” (may be).
|
| Sects/Schools |
Jainism is divided into two major sects:
- Digambara (sky-clad) and
- Svetambara (white-clad)
|
| Spread |
- Jainism spread gradually into regions where Brahmanical influence was weak,
- Received royal patronage from rulers like Chandragupta Maurya
|
| Literature |
Jain literature comprises:
- Agama (canonical) texts, which include the direct teachings of Mahavira, and
- Non-agama (commentaries and elaborations) works, such as the Acaranga Sutra.
|
| Architecture |
- Temples, caves (layana/gumphas), statues, and ornamental pillars (manastambha), exhibiting intricate designs and religious motifs.
- Notable Jain architecture in India includes the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, and the Girnar and Palitana Temples in Gujarat.
- These structures exemplify intricate craftsmanship and religious symbolism.
|
| Jain Councils |
Two significant Jain councils were held for compiling and preserving Jain scriptures and teachings:
- First Jain Council at Pataliputra (3rd century B.C.) and
- Second Jain Council at Vallabhi (512 A.D.)
|
| Difference from Buddhism |
- Acknowledgment of a permanent self (atman),
- Acceptance of the varna system,
- Belief in the concept of a soul (jiva), and
- Advocacy of extreme asceticism ex. Santhara/Sallekhana
|
Thoughts on Rebirth
|
Acaranga Sutra: Jainism teaches the doctrine of rebirth (samsara) and various realms of existence (lokas) based on karma, with souls cyclically transmigrating through different life forms. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INSAT-3DS
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to launch its meteorological satellite INSAT-3DS aboard the spacecraft GSLV F14.
INSAT-3DS: Mission Objectives
- Continuity of Services: The mission seeks to continue and enhance the services provided by existing operational satellites like INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR.
- Meteorological Observations: INSAT-3DS will facilitate advanced meteorological observations, land and ocean surface monitoring, and weather forecasting.
- Disaster Warning: It will play a critical role in disaster warning systems, aiding in timely alerts and response efforts.
- Satellite-aided Research and Rescue Services (SAR): Additionally, the satellite will support SAR operations, contributing to enhanced search and rescue capabilities.
Significance
- This marks the 16th space mission for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), emphasizing India’s progress in space technology.
- INSAT-3DS aims to be deployed into the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), funded entirely by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, signifying a significant step in India’s space advancements.
- After around 18 minutes of launch, the satellite will be injected in a 36,647 km x 170 km elliptical orbit.
Why called as Naughty Boy?
- Failure: GSLV F14 has faced challenges in the past, earning the moniker “naughty boy” within the Indian space programme due to its history of encountering problems.
- Probability: With a failure rate of 40%, GSLV F14 has experienced issues in six out of its fifteen missions to date.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gulf Stream System
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recent research warns that the Gulf Stream System, known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), faces a critical threat of collapse due to unabated global carbon emissions.
- If left unchecked, this collapse could occur between 2025 and 2095, with a central estimate of 2050.
What is Gulf Stream System?
|
Description |
| Origin |
Begins in the Gulf of Mexico, merging warm waters from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. |
| Flow |
Flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States. |
| Current |
Carries warm waters from the tropics towards higher latitudes. |
| Speed and Volume |
Swift ocean currents with speeds of 2 to 5 miles per hour, transporting 30 million cubic meters per second. |
| Function |
Redistributes heat towards the North Atlantic region, influencing climate and weather patterns. |
| Climate Impact |
Moderates the climate of Western Europe, keeping it relatively warmer than other regions at similar latitudes. |
| Interaction with Atmosphere |
Releases heat and moisture, influencing weather and precipitation. |
| Importance for Marine Life |
Supports diverse marine life, serving as a migratory route for fish and marine mammals. |
Gulf Stream’s Vulnerability
- Gulf Stream, currently at its feeblest point in 1,600 years, is grappling with the consequences of global heating.
- Alarming signals of a tipping point were already observed back in 2021.
- Past collapses during ice ages have triggered rapid temperature shifts of up to 10 degrees Celsius in just a few decades, underlining the immense climatic impact it holds.
Implications of Collapse
The potential collapse of Gulf Stream could lead to dire consequences worldwide, including:
- Disrupted Rainfall Patterns: Billions of people in regions like India, South America, and West Africa, reliant on these patterns for food production, would face food insecurity.
- Intensified Storms and Colder Temperatures: Europe would experience increased storm activity and colder temperatures.
- Rising Sea Levels: The eastern coast of North America would be at risk of rising sea levels, posing threats to coastal communities.
- Endangered Ecosystems: The Amazon rainforest and Antarctic ice sheets could face severe endangerment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Deposits
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- State Bank of India (SBI) is in talks with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to reduce the cash reserve ratio (CRR) requirement on green deposits.
What are Green Deposits?
- Definition: Green deposits are fixed-term investments tailored for individuals and entities seeking to support environmentally friendly initiatives.
- ESG Investing: These deposits align with the principles of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing, reflecting a growing trend towards sustainable finance.
- Utilization: Funds from green deposits are directed towards projects promoting renewable energy, clean transportation, pollution control, green infrastructure, and sustainable water management.
RBI Framework for Green Deposits
- Preventing Greenwashing: The RBI’s framework ensures transparency in environmental claims associated with green deposits.
- Deposit Options: Banks offer green deposits denominated in rupees, with choices between cumulative or non-cumulative options.
- Applicability: Scheduled commercial banks, small finance banks, non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), and housing finance companies (HFCs) must comply with this framework.
- Eligibility: Both corporate entities and individual customers can invest in green deposits, contributing to environmentally sustainable initiatives.
- Allocation: Funds mobilized through green deposits are directed towards sectors such as renewable energy, waste management, and afforestation.
- Restrictions: Lenders are prohibited from channelling green deposit funds into sectors like fossil fuels, nuclear power, or tobacco.
- Verification: Independent Third-Party Verification is conducted annually to assess the allocation and impact of funds raised through green deposits.
- Oversight: Lenders are required to review the impact of funds lent for green finance activities on an annual basis.
- Penalties: There are no penalties for underutilization of funds raised through green deposits, providing flexibility to financial institutions.
Distinguishing Green Deposits from Normal Deposits
- Project Allocation: Green deposits allocate funds to specific environmentally friendly projects, unlike regular deposits.
- Interest Rates: Interest rates on green deposits are determined by lenders and are currently comparable to those offered on conventional deposits.
Back2Basics: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
- Banks are mandated to maintain a certain portion of their deposits and specific liabilities in liquid cash with the RBI.
- CRR serves as a crucial tool in the RBI’s arsenal for managing liquidity in the economy and acts as a safety net during times of banking stress.
- Currently, banks are required to uphold 4.5% of their Net Demand and Time Liabilities as CRR with the RBI.
- Incremental-CRR was introduced on August 10, 2023, as a temporary measure by RBI to absorb surplus liquidity.
- Banks were required to maintain an I-CRR of 10% on the increase in their Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
- It came into effect from the fortnight starting August 12, 2023.
- ICRR is employed during periods characterized by excess liquidity in the financial system.
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