Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Pulse Confederation (GPC), Stats on Pulses Production
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Global Pulse Confederation (GPC) has initiated the three-day convention — Pulses 24 — in New Delhi, India.
About Global Pulse Confederation (GPC)
|
Description |
| Formation |
Founded in 2016 through the merger of the Global Pulse Confederation (GPC) and the International Starch Institute (ISI). |
| Headquarters |
Dubai, United Arab Emirates. |
| Mission |
Represents the global pulse industry, aiming to promote the sustainable growth of the pulse industry worldwide. |
| Focus Areas |
- Advocating for policies supporting the pulse industry’s interests.
- Providing resources and support to pulse industry stakeholders.
- Facilitating research and innovation in pulse production and utilization.
|
| Membership |
Open to businesses, organizations, and individuals involved in the pulse industry, including growers, processors, traders, and researchers. |
| India’s Connect |
India, being a major producer and consumer of pulses, actively participates in the GPC and holds membership status, contributing to the organization’s objectives. |
Key Highlights from Pulses 24 Convention
- Production Growth: Pulses production in India has increased by 60% over the past decade, reaching 270 lakh tonnes in 2024 from 171 lakh tonnes in 2014.
- Partnership Goals: Mr. Goyal emphasized the partnership between NAFED and GPC, aiming to position pulses as a vital dietary component not only in India but also globally.
- Minimum Support Price (MSP): The Centre ensures an MSP offering 50% over the actual cost of production to farmers, resulting in attractive returns on investment. Significant increases in MSP for various pulses were highlighted, reaching as high as 117% in masoor and 90% in moong over the past decade.
- Self-Sufficiency by 2027: India’s progress towards self-reliance in chickpeas and other pulses, with efforts focused on achieving self-sufficiency in all pulses by 2027. Initiatives include the supply of new seed varieties and the expansion of tur and black gram cultivation.
- Global Knowledge Sharing: GPC president emphasized India’s potential to benefit from the conference by exchanging best practices and technological advancements in pulse cultivation from other countries.
- Focus on Smallholding Farmers: Pulses are noted for their soil benefits and nutritional value, particularly beneficial for smallholding farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sangam: Digital Twin Initiative
Mains level: Digital Twin Technology
Introduction
- Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has introduced the ‘Sangam: Digital Twin’ initiative, inviting Expressions of Interest (EoI) from industry pioneers, startups, MSMEs, academia, innovators, and forward-thinkers.
What is Digital Twin Technology?
- A digital twin is a digital representation of a physical object, person, or process, contextualized in a digital version of its environment.
- Digital twins can help an organization simulate real situations and their outcomes, ultimately allowing it to make better decisions.
About Sangam: Digital Twin Initiative
- Context: The initiative aligns with the technological advancements of the past decade in communication, computation, and sensing, in line with the vision for 2047.
- Proof of Concept (PoC) in Two Stages: The initiative will be distributed in two stages, conducted in one of India’s major cities.
- First Stage: An exploratory phase focusing on clarifying horizons and creative exploration to unleash potential.
- Second Stage: A practical demonstration of specific use cases, generating a future blueprint for collaboration and scaling successful strategies in future infrastructure projects.
- Objectives:
- Demonstrate practical implementation of innovative infrastructure planning solutions.
- Develop a model framework for facilitating faster and more effective collaboration.
- Provide a future blueprint for scaling and replicating successful strategies in future infrastructure projects.
Features
- Sangam: Digital Twin represents a collaborative leap towards reshaping infrastructure planning and design.
- It integrates 5G, IoT, AI, AR/VR, AI native 6G, Digital Twin, and next-gen computational technologies, fostering collaboration among public entities, infrastructure planners, tech giants, startups, and academia.
- Sangam brings all stakeholders together, aiming to translate innovative ideas into tangible solutions, bridging the gap between conceptualization and realization, and paving the way for groundbreaking infrastructure advancements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nohar Irrigation Project, Indira Gandhi Canal
Mains level: Lift Irrigation Projects in India
Introduction
- The Nohar irrigation project, supplying water to the agricultural fields in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan, is getting a boost with the repairing of Ferozepur feeder in neighbouring Punjab.
About Nohar Irrigation Project
|
Description |
| Location |
Located in the Nohar region of the Hanumangarh district in the state of Rajasthan, India. |
| Purpose |
To improve irrigation facilities in the region, thereby increasing agricultural productivity and supporting the livelihoods of local farmers. |
| Irrigation Methods |
Canal irrigation and the construction of check dams, reservoirs, and water storage facilities. |
| Water Source |
Indira Gandhi Canal |
| Rivers |
Situated near the Ghaggar-Hakra River
A seasonal river originating in the Shivalik Hills |
Back2Basics: Indira Gandhi Canal
|
Description |
| Origin |
Harike Barrage, Punjab |
| History |
Conceived by hydraulic engineer Kanwar Sain in the late 1940s, construction began in 1960 |
| Length |
612 km
Longest canal in India |
| Rivers |
Utilizes water from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers |
| Location |
Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan |
| Purpose |
Irrigation and water supply |
| Renaming |
Renamed from Rajasthan Canal to Indira Gandhi Canal in 1984 after the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various laws, judgments mentioned
Mains level: Internet Shut-downs
Introduction
- The Union government invoked its authority under a colonial-era Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services Rules, 2017 to suspend mobile Internet in select districts of Punjab during Farm Protests 2.0.
Mechanisms allowing Internet Shut-downs
|
Authorities |
Purpose |
| Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 |
Home Departments in the states, state government review committee, central government (under this law, but rarely used) |
Enforces shutdowns for public emergency or safety reasons. |
| Section 144 of the CrPC |
Local law enforcement authorities |
Enables shutdowns, particularly before 2017, to maintain public order and safety. |
| The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, Section 5(2) |
Home Secretary of the Union or state governments |
Allows blocking of messaging during a public emergency, safeguarding public safety, or protecting sovereignty and integrity. |
Constitutional Provisions for Right to Internet
|
Constitutional Provision |
Explanation |
| Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India and Ors. (2020) |
Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression under Article 19(1)(a) |
Grants the right to freedom of speech and expression, which encompasses access to information and the Internet. |
| Faheema Shirin RK vs. State of Kerala and others (2019) |
Right to Education under Article 21A |
Guarantees the right to education for children aged 6 to 14;
Internet access is crucial for modern education. |
| K.S. Puttaswamy (Privacy) vs. Union of India (2017) |
Right to Privacy under Article 21 |
Protects the fundamental right to privacy, and Internet access is often used for secure communication. |
| Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India and Ors. |
Freedom to Practice Any Profession or Carry on Any Trade, Business, or Occupation under Article 19(1)(g) |
Ensures the freedom to conduct various trades, businesses, and professions, often requiring Internet access. |
Landmark Precedence: Anuradha Bhasin Judgment (2020)
- Supreme Court’s Ruling: In January 2020, the Supreme Court of India recognized access to the Internet as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution.
- Restrictions Guidelines: The Court mandated that any government-imposed Internet restrictions must be temporary, limited, lawful, necessary, and proportionate. It also emphasized judicial review.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horseshoe Crab and its conservation
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Environmental groups have petitioned the U.S. government to grant endangered species protection to the American horseshoe crab.
- Horseshoe crabs, often called “living fossils,” have existed since before the age of dinosaurs.
About Horseshoe Crab
|
Description |
| Habitat |
Shallow coastal waters with soft sandy or muddy bottoms;
Spawns primarily on intertidal beaches during summer-spring high tides. |
| Taxonomic Division |
Chelicerata, a division of Arthropoda, comprising spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, mites, and ticks; characterized by segmented body and limbs, and a chitinous exoskeleton. |
| Status |
Referred to as a marine “living fossil” due to minimal evolutionary changes over time. |
| Geographic Range |
American horseshoe crab: Eastern coast of the USA and the Gulf of Mexico.
Indo-Pacific species (Tri-spine, Coastal, Mangrove): Mainly in coastal waters of India, Southeast Asia, China, and Japan. |
| Habitat in India |
Odisha serves as the largest habitat for horseshoe crabs in India. |
| Conservation Status |
Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. |
| IUCN Status |
American horseshoe crab: Vulnerable.
Tri-spine horseshoe crab: Endangered.
Other two are not listed yet. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hastsal Minaret, its history, architecture
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Hastsal Minar, also known as the Mini Qutub Minar or Chhota Qutub Minar, stands as a Grade A heritage monument in Delhi, silently narrating stories of an era marked by grandeur and mystery amidst ruins and encroachment.
About Hastsal Minaret
|
Description |
| Name |
Mini Qutub Minar (Chhota Qutub Minar, Mini Minar, Kaushal Minar, Hastsal ki Laat) |
| Location |
Hastsal village in Uttam Nagar, West Delhi, India |
| Built |
1650 |
| Builder |
Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan |
| Original Height |
5 storeys, topped with a domed Chhatri pavilion |
| Current Height |
3 storeys, 16.87 meters (55 feet) tall |
| Structure |
Built with Lakhori bricks and clad with red sandstone |
| Significance |
Grade A listed, protected heritage monument with the Department of Archaeology, India |
| History |
Originally built as a hunting lodge tower for Shah Jahan
Used to have a tunnel connecting it to the royal hunting lodge nearby |
| Architecture |
Resembles Qutub Minar in Delhi, octagonal platform, narrow staircase |
| Threats |
Endangered due to neglect, lack of conservation, encroachment by new constructions, surrounded by urbanization |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cuscuta Dodder
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- An invasive weed, Cuscuta dodder, is gradually strangling the Chengalpet forests and Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, posing a severe threat to local vegetation, ecology, and the habitat of migratory birds.
About Cuscuta Dodder
- Parasitic Nature: It is a parasitic vine devoid of roots, already infesting acres of trees in reserve forests and beginning to spread within India’s oldest bird sanctuary.
- Origin: Native to North America.
- Modus Operandi: As a holoparasitic plant, it forms a canopy on the host plant and extends thousands of tendrils, eventually forming a dense spectacle before strangling and killing the host.
Persistence and Germination
- Seed Characteristics: Cuscuta seeds are spheroid with a hard coat, enabling them to survive up to 50 years in dry storage and at least 10 years in the field.
- Germination: Unlike root parasites, Cuscuta seeds do not require a specific stimulant to induce germination, enhancing their ability to spread rapidly.
Impact and Spread
- India: According to a technical paper by the National Research Centre for Weed Science, Cuscuta poses a significant problem in oilseeds, pulses, and fodder crops across various states, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal, and parts of Madhya Pradesh under both rain-fed and irrigated conditions.
- Global Legislation: It is listed as a ‘declared noxious weed’ in 25 countries, with seeds and plant material restricted from entry. In the United States, it is the only weed seed whose movement is prohibited in every state.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah and his contemporaries
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- A digital twin of the Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s tomb was unveiled by a reality technology company, Hexagon in Hyderabad.
Who was Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah?
- Parentage: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was born on April 4, 1565, as the third son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali and his Hindu mother Bhagirathi.
- Literary Talent: He was not only an able administrator but also a skilled poet who composed verses in Persian, Telugu, and Urdu.
Contemporaries of Quli Qutb Shah
- Akbar (1556–1605): Mughal Emperor known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms.
- Rani Durgavati (1550–1564): Queen of the Gondwana Kingdom in central India, renowned for her bravery in resisting Mughal expansion.
- Maharana Pratap (1572–1597): Rajput ruler of Mewar, famous for his defiance against Mughal Emperor Akbar and his valor in battles.
- Chand Bibi (1550–1599): Regent of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in Deccan, known for her role in defending Ahmadnagar against Mughal forces.
- Guru Ram Das (1574–1581): Fourth Sikh Guru who established the city of Amritsar and contributed significantly to Sikhism’s growth.
- Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545): Founder of the Sur Empire in North India, celebrated for his administrative reforms and construction of the Grand Trunk Road.
|
Key Accomplishments
[A] Reign and Accomplishments
- Ascension to the Throne: Muhammad Quli succeeded his father in 1580 at the age of 15 and ruled for 31 years.
- Military Campaigns: Despite facing rebellions, he effectively led troops and quelled disturbances, ensuring stability in his realm.
[B] Foundation of Hyderabad
- Urban Planning: Concerned about overcrowding in Golkonda, Muhammad Quli initiated the construction of Hyderabad in 1591.
- Land Selection: While folklore suggests a romanticized version of land selection, Muhammad Quli’s vision for Hyderabad’s development aimed at relieving congestion and promoting growth.
[C] Architectural Marvels and City Planning
- Charminar: As the architectural centrepiece, Charminar was built under Muhammad Quli’s patronage, symbolizing the city’s grandeur.
- City Layout: Hyderabad was meticulously planned with a gridiron layout, featuring significant landmarks like Darulshafa, Mecca Masjid, and Badshahi Ashurkhana.
[D] Support for Arts and Literature
- Calligraphic Art: Under Muhammad Quli’s rule, calligraphy flourished, with various scripts adorning buildings such as the Mecca Masjid.
- Literary Contributions: Muhammad Quli’s poetic works in Urdu and Dakhni languages reflected his diverse interests and cultural appreciation.
- Taraqqi: He was a poet himself and composed poetry in Persian and Telugu under the pen name “Taraqqi”.
[E] Medical and Literary Contributions
- Intellectual Hub: Hyderabad became a centre for medical and literary pursuits, with scholars producing notable works during Muhammad Quli’s reign.
- Preservation of Culture: Muhammad Quli’s literary legacy, including his Diwan, is preserved in institutions like the Salar Jung Museum, showcasing his contribution to cultural heritage.
Legacy and Influence
- Cultural Integration: Muhammad Quli’s reign represents a period of cultural fusion, blending Hindu and Islamic traditions in the Deccan region.
- Symbol of Unity: His efforts to promote harmony and coexistence endure as a testament to the inclusive ethos of his administration.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Endometrial Stem Cells
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Approximately 20 years ago, biologist Caroline Gargett embarked on a quest to uncover remarkable cells within hysterectomy tissue.
- Dr. Gargett discovered two types of cells in the endometrium through rigorous microscopy examination, suspected to be adult stem cells due to their regenerative capabilities.
- The discovery of these cells, known as endometrial stromal mesenchymal stem cells, opened new avenues for research in tissue repair and disease treatment.
What are Endometrial Stem Cells?
- Potential for Regeneration: Endometrial stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neurons, cartilage, fat, bone, heart, liver, and skin cells.
- Collection Methods: These stem cells can be obtained through a biopsy procedure or harvested from menstrual blood, offering a less invasive and more accessible means of procurement.
Application in Women’s Health
- Understanding Endometriosis: Endometrial stem cells have been linked to endometriosis, a condition affecting millions of women worldwide, providing insights into its etiology and potential therapeutic targets.
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential: Differences in menstrual stem cells between healthy individuals and those with endometriosis offer promising avenues for diagnostic tests and targeted treatments.
- Treatment Innovations: Clinical trials exploring the transplantation of menstrual stem cells have shown potential for treating pelvic organ prolapse and other gynecological conditions.
Beyond Gynecological Diseases
- Wider Therapeutic Applications: Research indicates the potential of menstrual stem cells in treating diseases beyond gynecological disorders, including diabetes and wound healing.
- Clinical Trials and Future Prospects: Small-scale trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation in humans, paving the way for further exploration and application in diverse medical fields.
Challenges and Biases
- Underrepresentation in Research: Despite their therapeutic potential, menstrual stem cells constitute a minuscule fraction of stem cell research, attributed to cultural taboos and biases surrounding menstruation.
- Funding and Investment: Limited funding and gender bias in research funding pose significant challenges to advancing research on menstrual stem cells, necessitating greater advocacy and support.
Way Forward
- Addressing Bias: Tackling sex and gender bias in research funding is crucial for fostering equitable investments in women’s health research.
- Recognition and Validation: By overcoming cultural taboos and biases, menstrual stem cells can be recognized as a valuable resource in regenerative medicine, transforming perceptions of menstruation from inconvenience to scientific opportunity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RuPay and UPI
Mains level: Rupee as regional and global currency
Introduction
- RBI has announced the establishment of RuPay card and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) connectivity between India and Mauritius, as well as UPI connectivity between India and Sri Lanka.
- This initiative aims to deepen financial integration and facilitate digital payments among citizens of the three countries.
Discussion: Rupee Integration with Neighbours
- UPI in Mauritius: Indian travellers visiting Mauritius can now pay merchants in Mauritius using UPI, while Mauritian travellers can utilize the Instant Payment System (IPS) app for payments in India.
- RuPay Adoption: The MauCAS card scheme in Mauritius will leverage RuPay technology, allowing banks to issue RuPay cards domestically. These cards can be used at ATMs and Point of Sale (PoS) terminals in Mauritius and India.
- First Adoption: Mauritius becomes the first country outside Asia to implement RuPay technology, enabling acceptance of Indian RuPay cards at ATMs and PoS terminals within Mauritius.
- QR Code Payments in SL: Indian travellers can make QR code-based payments at merchant locations in Sri Lanka using their UPI apps.
About RuPay and UPI
[A] RuPay Debit Cards
|
Details |
| Launch Year |
2012 |
| Conceived by |
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |
| Key Features |
First global card payment network of India
Wide acceptance at ATMs, POS devices, and e-commerce websites |
| Security Measures |
Highly secure network against anti-phishing
Supports electronic payments at all Indian banks and financial institutions |
| International Acceptance |
NPCI maintains ties with Discover Financial, JCB for international acceptance |
| Issuers |
More than 1100 banks including public sector, private, regional banks, and cooperatives |
| Core Promoter Banks |
SBI, PNB, Canara Bank, BOB, Union Bank of India, Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Citibank, HSBC |
[B] Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
|
Details |
| Launch |
April 11, 2016 |
| Developed by |
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |
| Key Features |
Enables simple, easy, and quick transactions using Unified Payments Interface (UPI) |
| Payment Methods |
Direct bank payments using UPI ID or QR code scanning
Requesting money from a UPI ID |
| Working |
Transfers using UPI ID, mobile number, QR code, or Virtual Payment Address.
Offers consistent transaction PIN across apps, enhancing cross-operability.
Supports push and pull transactions, over-the-counter payments, and recurring payments such as utility bills and subscriptions. |
Countries where UPI works
|
Details |
| Bhutan |
Launched in July 13, 2021.
Partnership between NPCI International Payments Ltd (NIPL) and the Royal Monetary Authority (RMA) of Bhutan.
First country to adopt UPI. |
| Oman |
Launched on October 4, 2022.
Enables acceptance of Indian RuPay cards at all OmanNet network ATMs, POS & E-commerce sites.
Allows reciprocal acceptance of Oman cards/MPCSS in the networks of NPCI in India. |
| Mauritius |
Connectivity allows Indian visitors in Mauritius to use UPI for local payments, and vice versa for Mauritian tourists in India using the Instant Payment System (IPS) app.
Enables issuance of RuPay cards by banks in Mauritius through the MauCAS card network. |
| Sri Lanka |
Digital payments connectivity enables Indian travellers to make QR code-based payments at merchant locations in Sri Lanka using their UPI apps. |
| Nepal |
Nepali users can make bank transfers to India using a unified payment interface (UPI) ID through mobile banking. |
| France |
UPI service launched at the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France this year.
Partnership between NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) and Lyra, a French leader in securing e-commerce and proximity payments. |
| Southeast Asia |
Agreement signed between NIPL and Liquid Group to enable QR-based UPI payments in 10 countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, Cambodia, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. |
Why such move?
- Tourism Promotion: Facilitating digital payments through RuPay and UPI encourages tourists from India to visit Mauritius and Sri Lanka by providing them with convenient payment options.
- Financial Integration: The rollout of RuPay and UPI fosters closer economic ties between India, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka by enabling cross-border transactions and financial services.
- Diversification (away from Maldives): By providing modern payment infrastructure and options comparable to those in popular tourist destinations like Mauritius and Sri Lanka can attract more tourists and diversify their tourism sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Hole and related terminologies
Mains level: Evidences confirming gravitational waves, relativity theory and black holes
Introduction
- Scientists have revealed new insights into a colossal black hole located 53 million light-years away, initially captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017.
- This groundbreaking achievement provided the first visual confirmation of the existence of black holes, validating a key prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
Key Findings by EHT
- The new data, obtained with improved telescope coverage and resolution, reiterated the previous discovery of the black hole’s ‘shadow’.
- The findings confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure consistent with strong gravitational lensing effects.
- Observations indicated a stable ring formation process over time, with subtle changes suggesting variations in the magnetic field structure.
About Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
|
Description |
| About |
A large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes.
Uses Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI).
Resolution of 25 micro-arc-seconds |
| Collaboration |
International collaboration involving over 300 members and 60 institutions across 20 countries and regions |
| Launch Year |
Initiated in 2009 |
| First Image Published |
April 10, 2019 (First image of a black hole, M87*) |
| Objective |
Observation of objects the size of a supermassive black hole’s event horizon |
| Key Targets |
Black holes including M87* and Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) |
| Recent Developments |
First image of black hole (March 2021), first image of Sgr A* (May 12, 2022) |
| Reconstructive Algorithms |
Includes CLEAN algorithm and regularized maximum likelihood (RML) algorithm |
| Scientific Implications |
Verification of general relativity, measurement of black hole mass and diameter, study of accretion processes |
Back2Basics: Black Holes and Related Concepts
|
Definition |
| Black hole |
A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. |
| Event horizon |
The boundary surrounding a black hole beyond which nothing can escape its gravitational pull. |
| Singularity |
A point within a black hole where gravity becomes infinitely strong and spacetime curvature becomes infinite. |
| Gravitational collapse |
The process by which massive stars collapse under their own gravity to form black holes. |
| Schwarzschild radius |
The radius of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole. |
| Hawking radiation |
Radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects near the event horizon, predicted by physicist Stephen Hawking. |
| Accretion disk |
A rotating disk of matter that forms around a black hole as it pulls in surrounding gas and dust. |
| Supermassive black hole |
A black hole with a mass millions or billions of times greater than that of the Sun, found at the center of most galaxies. |
| Quasar |
A luminous object powered by an active galactic nucleus, thought to be fueled by the accretion of material onto a supermassive black hole. |
| Neutron star |
A highly compact star composed primarily of neutrons, formed from the collapsed core of a massive star. |
| White dwarf |
A small, dense star composed of electron-degenerate matter, formed from the remnants of a low to medium mass star. |
| Gravitational waves |
Ripples in spacetime caused by the acceleration of massive objects, such as black holes or neutron stars. |
| Black Hole Information Paradox |
The theoretical problem concerning the loss of information about the initial state of matter swallowed by a black hole, which contradicts the principles of quantum mechanics. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SWATI Portal
Mains level: Women in STEMM, Various initiatives
Introduction
- The “Science for Women-A Technology & Innovation (SWATI)” Portal was recently launched by the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India.
About SWATI Portal
- Objective: Designed to be a comprehensive online platform, SWATI aims to showcase the contributions of Indian women and girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM).
- Single portal: SWATI serves as a single online portal representing Indian women and girls in STEMM fields.
- Database: It hosts a database that will aid in policy-making to address gender-gap challenges in STEMM.
- Interactive Platform: SWATI offers an interactive database, a pioneering initiative in India, developed, hosted, and maintained by the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi.
- Faculty: Featuring faculty members from Indian universities, autonomous organizations, and key ministries such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, CSIR, DBT, DST, MHRD, UGC, GATI, and KIRAN.
Objectives
- Scaling Efforts: The portal seeks to exponentially scale up efforts to include every Indian woman in science (WiS), covering all career stages and subjects in both academia and industry.
- Research Facilitation: By enabling reliable and statistically significant long-term research on equality, diversity, and inclusivity issues in India, SWATI aims to develop an active search engine and searchable database.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nazool Land, Laws governing it
Mains level: Issues with anti-encroachment drives
Introduction
- Violence erupted in Uttarakhand’s Haldwani district after the administration conducted a demolition drive at the site allegedly on Nazool Land.
What is Nazool Land?
- Definition: Nazool land refers to government-owned land that is often leased out to entities for specific purposes, rather than being directly administered as state property.
- Lease Terms: Entities leasing Nazool land typically hold it for a fixed period, ranging from 15 to 99 years, with the option to renew the lease upon expiration.
Historical Context
- Origins: Nazool land emerged during British rule in India when lands confiscated from opposing kings and kingdoms were designated as state property.
- Post-Independence: After Independence, these lands were transferred to the respective state governments due to a lack of proper documentation to prove prior ownership by the former royal families.
Governance of Nazool Land
- Legal Framework: While various states have implemented government orders to regulate Nazool land, the Nazool Lands (Transfer) Rules, 1956, are frequently utilized for adjudication.
- Lease Renewal Process: The renewal or cancellation of leases for Nazool land is typically managed by the Revenue Department of the local development authority.
Utilization of Nazool Land
- Public Purposes: Nazool land is commonly used by the government for public infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals, and Gram Panchayat buildings.
- Housing Societies: In urban areas, Nazool land is often leased out for housing societies and other residential developments.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brumation, Hibernation, Estivation (Inactivity in response to high temperatures)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Imagine seeing an alligator resting quietly underwater, with only its snout visible. Is it alive or dead? There’s another possibility: brumation.
What is Brumation?
- Definition: Brumation is a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, similar to hibernation in mammals. It occurs during colder months when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce.
- Purpose: Reptiles enter brumation to conserve energy and survive adverse environmental conditions.
- Habitat: They may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices, or other sheltered areas where temperatures are stable.
- Metabolic Slowdown: During brumation, their metabolism significantly slows, allowing them to go weeks or months without eating.
- Reduced Activity: Reptiles minimize their resource requirements and conserve energy during this period of reduced activity.
Observations
- Species Affected: Researchers have observed brumation in various reptilian species across habitats.
- Examples: Box turtles and painted turtles burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes seek refuge in underground dens or caves, while lizards hide under rocks or within vegetation.
Significance of Brumation
- Survival Strategy: Brumation is crucial for reptiles to survive cold climates and endure challenging environmental conditions.
- Re-emergence: It allows reptiles to conserve energy until they can re-emerge to feed and reproduce in more favorable conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru, India, recently conducted the inaugural test flight of a solar-powered High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) vehicle, marking a significant stride in indigenous HAPS technology.
- India now joins a select group of nations, including China, South Korea, and the UK, pioneering the development of HAPS for diverse applications.
Test Flight Details of India’s HAPS
- Prototype Description: NAL’s test featured a small-scale HAPS weighing 23 kilograms, boasting a wingspan of 12 meters.
- Location: Engineers conducted the successful trial at the Challakere testing facilities in Karnataka state, soaring to an altitude of approximately 3 kilometers and sustaining flight for 8.5 hours.
- Progress: Despite its scaled-down size, the prototype’s performance exceeded expectations, paving the way for future full-scale models.
HAPS Technology Overview
- Definition: HAPS represents a class of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that operate autonomously in the stratosphere.
- Features: These aircraft incorporate solar cells and batteries, enabling extended flights resembling satellite persistence without the need for costly rocket launches.
Capabilities and Applications
- Altitude and Endurance: HAPS can autonomously operate at altitudes of 18-20 kilometers for months or even years, offering persistent aerial monitoring and surveillance capabilities.
- Strategic Uses: These platforms hold potential for applications such as border surveillance, disaster response, and communication network restoration.
Future Development Goals
- Milestone Objectives: NAL aims to achieve continuous flight for 24 hours in upcoming trials, further validating the aircraft’s energy storage and solar recharging capabilities.
- Operational Deployment: India anticipates deploying refined HAPS technology for practical defense by 2027 purposes, particularly in border monitoring.
Benefits and Challenges
- Cost benefits: HAPS operate closer to Earth than satellites and do not require expensive rocket launches for deployment.
- Flight Duration: Advanced HAPS can remain airborne for months or years with solar cell-powered battery recharging.
- Advantages: HAPS offer advantages over traditional satellites, including lower deployment costs, modular payloads, and increased flexibility in targeting and redirection.
- Obstacles: Challenges include navigating minimal stratospheric flight regulations and addressing unpredictable weather conditions at high altitudes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darwin Day, Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- February 12 is celebrated globally as Darwin Day to honor the birth of naturalist Charles Darwin and his contributions to evolutionary theory.
- Darwin’s seminal work, ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,’ published in 1859, revolutionized our understanding of evolution.
Who was Charles Darwin (1809–1882)?
|
Description |
| Early Life |
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England |
| Education |
Studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh but later shifted focus to natural history at the University of Cambridge |
| Famous Work |
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection |
| Scientific Contributions |
- Theory of evolution by natural selection
- Extensive studies on the Galápagos Islands
- Contributions to the fields of geology, botany, and zoology, research on barnacles
|
| Research Expeditions |
Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836), a significant expedition during which Darwin collected specimens and made observations that influenced his theories |
| Death |
April 19, 1882, at Down House, Downe, Kent, England |
| Legacy |
Considered one of the most influential figures in scientific history, his work laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology |
Evolutionary Insights
- Contributions of Darwin and Wallace: Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, sparking a paradigm shift in biology.
- Scientific Advancements: Darwin Day serves as an occasion to highlight recent scientific advancements in evolutionary biology and promote public engagement with science.
- Impact on Modern Biology: Darwin’s ideas continue to shape modern biology, providing a framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.
Key Propositions by Darwin
[A] Understanding Genetic Variations
- Role in Adaptation: Genetic diversity within populations facilitates adaptation to changing environments, as observed in the process of natural selection.
- Example: Genetic variants conferring heat tolerance in a population become advantageous in warmer climates, leading to their increased prevalence through natural selection.
- Mechanisms of Variation: Mutation, recombination, and gene flow contribute to the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity within populations.
[B] Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection: Darwin and Wallace’s theory of natural selection explains how advantageous traits become more common in populations over successive generations.
- Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, known as genetic drift, can lead to significant changes in small populations.
- Gene Flow: Migration and gene flow between populations can introduce new genetic variations and prevent genetic divergence.
Universal Principles of Evolution
- Biodiversity and Evolution: Evolutionary processes have shaped the rich biodiversity observed on Earth, spanning billions of years.
- Conservation Implications: Understanding evolution informs conservation efforts aimed at preserving species and ecosystems.
- Ecological Interactions: Evolutionary dynamics influence ecological interactions, including predator-prey relationships, competition, and mutualism.
Human Evolution and Genetic Diversity
- Human Origins: Humans share a common ancestry with other great apes and have undergone genetic divergence over millennia.
- Genetic Variation: Every individual carries unique genetic variations, contributing to the diversity within human populations.
- Cultural Evolution: Human societies have evolved culturally and genetically, contributing to the global pool of knowledge and skills.
Promoting Equality and Diversity
- Inclusive Society: Recognizing genetic diversity underscores the importance of equality and inclusion across all aspects of society.
- Cultural Diversity: Embracing cultural diversity enriches human experience and promotes mutual understanding and cooperation.
- Addressing Biases: Understanding the genetic basis of traits can help address biases and stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, and identity.
Challenges and Conservation
- Habitat Degradation: Human activities pose threats to biodiversity, necessitating conservation efforts to preserve genetic diversity.
- Climate Change: Rapid environmental changes, such as climate change, can impact the adaptive potential of species, highlighting the importance of evolutionary resilience.
- Community Engagement: Collaborative conservation efforts involving local communities and stakeholders are essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
Conclusion
- Continued Learning: Advancements in evolutionary biology deepen our understanding of life’s complexities and guide efforts towards a sustainable future.
- Celebrating Diversity: Embracing genetic, cultural, and ecological diversity enriches human experience and promotes harmony in a rapidly changing world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Ratna
Mains level: Key achievements of the Dignitaries
Introduction
- The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
- This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.
About the Bharat Ratna Laureates
[1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
- Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
- Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
|
| Career Highlights |
- Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
- Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
- Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
- Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
|
| Green Revolution Contributions |
- Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
- Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
|
| Challenges and Advocacy |
Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns. |
| Legacy and Recognition |
- Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
- Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
- Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.
|
[2] PV Narasimha Rao
|
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
- Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
|
| Education |
- Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
- Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
|
| Political Career |
- Started in the Indian National Congress.
- Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
- Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
|
| Economic Reforms (1991) |
- Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
- Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
|
| Foreign Policy |
- Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
- Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
|
| South Asian Diplomacy |
- Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
- Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
|
| Political Legacy |
- Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
- Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
- Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.
|
[3] Choudhary Charan Singh
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
- Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
|
| Political Career |
- Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
- Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
- Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
- Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
- Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
- Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
|
| Legacy |
- Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
- Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
- His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
- Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.
|
Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna
|
Details |
| Nature |
- Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
|
| History and Evolution |
- Instituted in 1954.
- Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
- Criteria expanded in December 2011.
|
| First Recipients |
C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954. |
| Key Aspects |
- Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
- Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
- Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
- Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
- Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
- No monetary grant accompanies the award.
|
| Article Reference |
- Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
- Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DigiReady Certification
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Quality Council of India (QCI) and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) announced the launch of the DigiReady Certification (DRC) portal.
What is DigiReady Certification?
- Objective: QCI, in collaboration with ONDC, aims to assess and certify the digital readiness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Self-Assessment Tool: MSMEs can utilize this online self-assessment tool to evaluate their preparedness to onboard as sellers on the ONDC platform, enhancing their digital capabilities and business potential.
- Streamlined Seller Journey: The portal is designed to facilitate a smooth seller journey, ensuring seamless integration into existing digitized workflows for MSMEs and small retailers.
- Certification Process: Evaluates various aspects of digital readiness, including documentation for online operations, proficiency in technology usage, integration with existing workflows, and efficient order and catalogue management.
- Significance: Provides additional business prospects for sellers, enabling them to become integral participants in the digital ecosystem.
Back2Basics: Quality Council of India (QCI):
- Establishment: Founded in 1997 jointly by the Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT), the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, and the Indian industry.
- Legal Status: Registered as a non-profit organization under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.
- Operational Structure: Managed through constituent Boards, primarily the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) and the National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL).
- Composition:
-
- Governed by a Council comprising 38 members with equal representations from government, industry, and consumers.
- The Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister based on industry recommendations to the government.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) and Other Zoonotic Diseases
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Recent fatalities due to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), known as monkey fever, in Karnataka have sparked concerns about the spread of this viral infection.
What is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)?
- Origins and Identification: KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the Flaviviridae virus family. It was first identified in 1957 in Karnataka’s Kyasanur Forest.
- Incidence and Mortality: Between 400-500 human cases are reported annually, with an estimated case-fatality rate ranging from 3% to 5%.
Transmission and Spread
- Tick-Borne Transmission: Humans can contract KFD through tick bites or contact with infected animals, particularly sick or deceased monkeys.
- Limited Animal Role: While large animals like goats, cows, and sheep can become infected, they play a minor role in disease transmission. There’s no evidence of transmission through unpasteurized milk.
Signs and Symptoms
- Early Symptoms: The disease typically manifests with chills, fever, and headache after an incubation period of 3-8 days.
- Progression: Severe muscle pain, vomiting, gastrointestinal issues, and bleeding tendencies may develop within 3-4 days. Some patients experience neurological symptoms in the third week, including severe headaches and vision problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnostic Methods: Early diagnosis involves molecular detection through PCR or virus isolation from blood. Serologic testing using ELISA is conducted later.
- Treatment Approach: While no specific treatment exists, early hospitalization and supportive therapy, such as hydration maintenance, are crucial.
Prevention Strategies
- Vaccination: A vaccine for KFD is available and administered in endemic regions of India to prevent the disease.
- Preventive Measures: Insect repellents and protective clothing are recommended in tick-infested areas to minimize the risk of infection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Commission Appointments Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The impending retirement of Election Commissioner Anup Chandra Pandey on February 14 signals a significant shift in India’s electoral procedures.
- For the first time, his successor will be selected through a consultative process, departing from past practices of government discretion as per the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.
EC Appointments: Judicial Imperative
- Supreme Court Intervention: In March 2023, the Supreme Court intervened to address the longstanding legislative gap surrounding the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- Emphasis on Independence: The Court emphasized the need for an independent Election Commission, paralleling other constitutional bodies with autonomous appointment mechanisms.
CEC and EC Appointment Act, 2023: Key Provisions
- Appointment Process: The Law establishes a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition or the largest opposition party’s leader in the Lok Sabha.
- Eligibility and Conditions: Eligible candidates must have held or hold positions equivalent to the Secretary to the central government, with salary parity to the Cabinet Secretary.
- Removal Mechanism: The Law outlines the removal process, retaining the constitutional provision for the CEC’s removal akin to a Supreme Court Judge and ECs’ removal upon the CEC’s recommendation.
Appointment of the CEC and ECs: Present Mechanism
[A] Constitutional Provisions:
- Part XV (Elections) of the Constitution outlines Articles 324-329, governing electoral processes.
- The Constitution does not prescribe a specific legislative procedure for appointing the CEC and ECs.
- Article 324 vests the responsibility of overseeing elections in an Election Commission comprising the CEC and other ECs, as determined by the President.
- President appoints them based on the Union Council of Ministers’ advice, led by the Prime Minister.
- Law Minister proposes suitable candidates to the Prime Minister, who advises the President on the appointments.
[B] Removal:
- Commissioners have the liberty to resign or be removed before completing their term.
- The removal process for the CEC mirrors that of a Supreme Court judge, necessitating parliamentary action.
- Removal of any other EC can only occur upon the CEC’s recommendation.
|
Current Challenges and Concerns
- Transparency and Independence: Concerns arise over the potential monopolization of the Selection Committee by ruling party members, undermining diversity and independence.
- Executive Influence: Equating the salary of Election Commissioners with that of executive officials raises apprehensions regarding government influence.
- Eligibility Criteria: Restricting eligibility to civil servants may limit diversity and expertise within the Election Commission.
- Lack of Parity: Disparities in the removal process between the CEC and ECs raise questions about fairness and institutional autonomy.
Way forward
- Safeguarding Independence: Upholding the integrity and independence of the Election Commission remains paramount, necessitating robust oversight mechanisms.
- Addressing Concerns: Mitigating concerns surrounding transparency, executive influence, and eligibility criteria is essential to foster public trust and confidence.
- Continued Judicial Vigilance: Ongoing judicial oversight is crucial to ensure the effective implementation of electoral reforms and uphold democratic principles.
Conclusion
- The transition towards a consultative process for appointing Election Commissioners reflects a significant milestone in India’s electoral governance.
- While the reform bill marks a commendable step towards enhancing transparency and inclusivity, addressing current challenges and safeguarding institutional independence will be pivotal in fostering public trust and strengthening democratic institutions.
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