Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Green Tribunal (NGT), Pusa-Biodecomposer
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the Punjab government to devise a comprehensive strategy for managing the estimated 19.52 million tonnes of paddy stubble in the state.
About National Green Tribunal (NGT)
|
Description |
| Establishment |
Formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body. |
| Objective
|
- To deal with cases related to environmental issues and ensure speedy implementation of decisions.
- Responsible for making many prominent decisions aimed at environmental protection, including addressing air pollution in Delhi and cancelling coal block clearances.
|
| Composition |
- Headquartered in Delhi, chaired by a retired Supreme Court judge
- Included Judicial Members and Expert Panel.
|
| Powers |
Empowered to decide on questions related to various environmental laws and hear civil cases concerning environmental issues:
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
- The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
- The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
- The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
- The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;
- The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
|
| Exceptions |
Prohibited to hear any issues which are covered under:
- The Indian Forest Act, 1927,
- The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and
- Any other laws made by States which are related to protection of trees, forests, etc.
|
| Places |
- Principal bench in Delhi;
- Additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
|
| Governing Principles |
- Governed by principles of natural justice, not bound by Indian Evidence Act.
- Applies principles of sustainable development, precautionary, and polluter pays.
|
| Review and Challenge |
- NGT orders can be reviewed as per Rule 22 of NGT Rules.
- Can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days.
|
NGT intervention in Punjab
- The ban and action against people burning crop residue are regulated under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
- Punjab is required to provide details on the steps taken to utilize paddy straw in the previous year, including the mode and manner of removal, transportation, and utilization in various units.
- Punjab estimated an increase in paddy straw generation to 52 million tonnes in 2024, with a projected utilization of 18.66 million tonnes.
- Notably, the off-site utilization is expected to see a significant 60% increase, with 5.96 million tonnes being utilized in industrial and energy plants.
Alternatives used for Stubble Burning
- In-Situ Treatment: This involves managing crop residue directly in the field. Examples include using zero-tiller machines and bio-decomposers to break down stubble.
- Ex-Situ Treatment: This method involves treating crop residue outside the field. An example is using rice straw as cattle fodder.
- Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Technique: This can uproot stubble and sow seeds while clearing the field. The stubble can then be used as mulch.
Pusa-Biodecomposer
- Pusa-Biodecomposer is a fungi-based liquid solution developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
- It softens hard stubble, making it easy to mix with soil as compost.
- It produces enzymes to digest cellulose, lignin, and pectin in paddy straw, rapidly converting crop residues and other waste into organic manure.
|
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following:
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Methane
3. Ozone
4. Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bactolime, Bactogypsum, and Trichogypsum; Soil Microbes
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), located in Kozhikode, has introduced and validated three new microbial formulations (Bactolime, Bactogypsum, and Trichogypsum) aimed at improving agricultural productivity.
IISR Microbial Formulations
- It leverages granular lime and gypsum to address soil pH issues while simultaneously delivering beneficial microorganisms.
- These are developed using IISR’s proprietary patent-applied technology.
- The formulations are:
- Bactolime:
- Bactolime, the flagship product, combines beneficial bacteria, specifically plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria, with liming material in a single formulation.
- This integration ensures not only the correction of soil acidity but also the provision of essential nutrients to plants.
- Bactogypsum and Trichogypsum:
- The other two formulations, Bactogypsum and Trichogypsum, utilize gypsum as a base material to buffer soil pH to a near-neutral level.
- By creating an optimal environment for beneficial microbes, these formulations improve soil structure, enhance the availability of secondary nutrients, and boost overall microbial activity.
Back2Basics: Soil Microbes
Soil microbes refer to microorganisms that inhabit the soil environment and play vital roles in soil health, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. These microorganisms are diverse and include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and algae.
|
Function |
Benefits |
| Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria |
Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it available to plants |
Enhance soil fertility, improve plant growth and yield |
| Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria |
Solubilize insoluble phosphorus, making it available to plants |
Increase phosphorus availability, promote root development and flowering |
| Mycorrhizal Fungi |
Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, facilitate nutrient uptake |
Improve soil structure, enhance nutrient absorption, increase plant resilience |
| Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) |
Stimulate plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, suppress pathogens |
Promote root development, improve nutrient efficiency, increase stress tolerance |
| Actinomycetes |
Decompose organic matter, produce antibiotics |
Enhance soil fertility, control soil-borne diseases and pests |
| Azotobacter |
Fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce growth-promoting substances |
Increase nitrogen availability, stimulate root growth and nutrient uptake |
| Azospirillum |
Fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce phytohormones |
Enhance nitrogen availability, promote root growth and stress tolerance |
| Bacillus spp. |
Produce antimicrobial compounds, enzymes |
Control plant diseases and pests, improve soil health and fertility |
PYQ:
[2016] Why does the Government of India promote the use of ‘Neem-coated Urea’ in agriculture?
(a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms
(b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil
(c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields
(d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Important reports in the News; Trends in unemployment
Mains level: Urbanisation and Unemployment;
Why in the news?
A recent report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Institute for Human Development (IHD) revealed that two out of every three unemployed individuals were young graduates.
Unemployment across Indian States:
- Highest Unemployment Rate: At almost 10%, Goa’s unemployment rate is more than three times the national average of 3.17%.
- Four of the top five states with high unemployment rates (Goa, Kerala, Haryana, and Punjab) are comparatively richer states.
- Lower Unemployment Rates: Maharashtra and Gujarat, which are rich states in western India, experience unemployment rates far less than the national average.
- Unemployment in Northern and Southern states: All northern states (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh) and most southern states have unemployment rates higher than the national average, except Karnataka.
- Unemployment below the National Average: Out of the 27 states considered, 12 states have unemployment rates less than the national average.
- Lower unemployment rates in poorer states: Except for Maharashtra and Gujarat, most states with unemployment rates lower than the national average also have per capita incomes lesser than the national average.
What is the Relationship between Urbanisation and Unemployment? (ILO observations)
- Relationship between Self-employment and Unemployment: The trend line shows a downward slope, indicating a negative relationship between self-employment and unemployment.
- Informal self-employment mainly in Agriculture and Rural Economy: A significant portion of informal self-employment is in agriculture and the rural sector.
- Relationship between Labor Force and Unemployment: Figure 3 illustrates a positive relationship between the urban share of the labor force and the unemployment rate. Highly urbanized states tend to have higher unemployment rates (Positive relationship).
- High Unemployment and Urbanized states: States like Goa and Kerala, which are highly urbanized, experience high unemployment rates. This is attributed to the limited scope for informal jobs in urban settings compared to rural agriculture, which acts as a reserve for absorbing surplus labor.
- Limited Informal Sectors: Although informal sectors exist and thrive in urban settings, they have limited capacity to absorb job-seekers compared to rural agriculture.
- Exceptions states: Gujarat and Maharashtra, despite being highly urbanized, have lower unemployment rates compared to states like Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Nexus between Education and Employment:
- Highly educated labor force and unemployment: Kerala, with a highly educated labor force (30% of graduates), faces high unemployment.
- In contrast, Gujarat and Maharashtra have lower proportions of graduates in their labor force (14% and 20% respectively) and experience lower unemployment rates despite being richer and urbanized.
- High unemployment among graduates: Graduates may lack the skills required for the growing modern sector, highlighting the need for improved teaching infrastructure and standards.
- Graduates aspire to high-wage jobs that match their skills, leading to unemployment if the modern sector doesn’t expand enough to absorb them.
|
Conclusion: Addressing youth unemployment necessitates improving education quality to match job market demands, fostering skill development for the modern sector, promoting entrepreneurship, and enhancing rural employment opportunities. Policy interventions should target these areas for inclusive growth and employment generation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National One Health Mission; Lumpy Skin disease;
Mains level: Healthcare in India; National One Health Mission;
Why in the news?
In the past, we have seen that there is interdependence between humans, animals, and the environment has been made increasingly evident with the emergence of pandemics such as COVID-19.
- It is not just humans who are affected by pandemics but also livestock — an example being the outbreak of lumpy skin disease that has spread across countries.
Why an integrated idea like the ‘One Health’ Mission is needed?
One Health is an interdisciplinary approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and environmental health. It emphasizes collaboration across various sectors, including medicine, veterinary science, ecology, and public health, to address health challenges comprehensively.
Key features of National One Health Mission:
- Intersectoral Collaboration: The mission aims to coordinate, support, and integrate all existing One Health initiatives in the country, including the Ministries of Health and Family Welfare, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Environment, and Science and Technology
- Integrated Disease Surveillance: The mission implements integrated disease surveillance within and across human, animal, and environmental sectors to address communicable diseases, including zoonotic diseases, and improve overall pandemic preparedness and integrated disease control.
- Consolidation of data: The mission creates an integrated, science-based environment where researchers from various disciplines can use laboratories as necessary and generate requisite inputs for One Health Science, including databases and models with a consolidated approach of ecologists, field biologists, epidemiologists, and other scientists.
Challenges in National One Health Mission
- Limited Database: There have been limited efforts to develop databases and models with a consolidated approach of ecologists, field biologists, epidemiologists, and other scientists to understand and respond to the drivers that threaten health and optimize the effectiveness of public health systems in achieving these goals within each sector.
- Lack of Awareness and Understanding: The lack of awareness and understanding of the One Health concept among stakeholders hinders collaborative efforts required to address complex public health issues
- Funding Constraints: Funding constraints are a significant barrier to implementing One Health interventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries that may need more resources to invest in One Health initiatives
Conclusion: To address challenges in the National One Health Mission, efforts must focus on enhancing data collection, raising awareness among the stakeholders, and securing adequate funding. These measures are essential for effective implementation and holistic health management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: ARC report;
Why in the news?
In the run-up to elections, political parties make allegations of corruption against their rivals to reach out to voters and influence voting patterns. So, let’s see about the corruption trend in India.
What is Corruption?
Corruption refers to dishonest or unethical conduct by individuals or institutions, often involving the misuse of entrusted power or resources for personal gain. It can take various forms, including bribery, embezzlement, fraud, nepotism, cronyism, and favoritism. Corruption undermines the principles of fairness, integrity, and accountability in both public and private sectors. |
Corruption in India (Pre-poll survey of 2024 compared with 2019 Survey):
- Increase in Corruption: According to a pre-poll survey, more than half (55%) of respondents believe that corruption has increased in the past five years.
- The proportion of respondents believing that corruption has decreased has declined significantly, from 37% in 2019 to 19% in 2024.
- Causes for Corruption in India: A majority of respondents (56%) hold both Union and State governments responsible for the increase in corruption, with a higher proportion blaming the Union government specifically.
- Across Spatial Consistency: Regardless of whether respondents live in villages, towns, or cities, the perception of increased corruption is widespread.
- Opinion of Respondents: Both rich and poor respondents largely agree that corruption has increased, though there is a slight increase in the perception of decreased corruption among richer respondents.
What does the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) report say?
- Lack of Transparency: The opacity of government processes and decision-making provides opportunities for corruption.
- Regulatory Environment: Cumbersome and complex regulations create opportunities for rent-seeking behavior by officials and bureaucrats.
- Political Interference: Politicization of administrative processes and appointments leads to patronage networks and favoritism, fostering corruption.
- Lack of Whistleblower Protection: The absence of robust mechanisms to protect whistleblowers discourages individuals from reporting corruption. Fear of retaliation and inadequate legal safeguards inhibit the exposure of corrupt practices.
- Weak Enforcement Mechanisms: Inadequate enforcement of laws and regulations allows corrupt practices to thrive.
Conclusion: To combat rising corruption in India, comprehensive measures including enhancing transparency, simplifying regulations, strengthening enforcement, depoliticizing administration, and implementing robust whistleblower protection are imperative for fostering integrity and accountability in governance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agriculture Sector and Farmers Protest;
Mains level: Farmer Demands and Government Initiatives;
Why in the news?
A recent survey conducted by CSDS-Lokniti aimed to gather opinions regarding the ongoing farmer protests.
Opinion about the Farmer Protest:
The major key demands of Farmers in India include:
- On Minimum Support Price (MSP): Farmers demand a legal guarantee for MSP for crops, which is a crucial lifeline for farmers facing market uncertainties.
- On Electricity Act 2020: Farmers are demanding the repeal of the Electricity Act 2020, which they believe will negatively impact their income.
- On Compensation: Farmers are demanding compensation for farmers who died during the previous agitation in Lakhimpur Kheri.
- Withdrawal of Cases: Farmers are demanding the withdrawal of cases registered against farmers during the 2020-21 agitation.
Government Initiatives:
- Negotiations: The government has taken several steps to address the farmer agitation, including negotiations with protesting farmers, proposing the formation of a committee to provide statutory backing to the Minimum Support Price (MSP), and engaging in talks with farmer representatives.
- Demands: Despite promises made to farmers in 2021, the government has not fully responded to their demands, leading to continued tensions and protests. The government’s reaction to the protest still appears to be focused on maintaining law and order rather than proactively addressing the underlying issues raised by the farmers
Conclusion: The CSDS-Lokniti 2024 pre-poll survey highlights divisive opinions on farmer protests, citing demands for an MSP guarantee, repeal of the Electricity Act, and compensation for fatalities. Despite negotiations, unresolved grievances persist, indicating a need for proactive governmental action and dialogue
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Right to Privacy, RPA
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Supreme Court affirmed a candidate’s right to privacy from voters, stating that candidates need not divulge every aspect of their personal lives and possessions to the electorate.
- It held that Voters Right to Know about the electors is NOT ABSOLUTE.
Right to Privacy in India:
- The Right to Privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is interpreted as an intrinsic part of the fundamental right to life and personal liberty.
- Article 21 states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”
- In the landmark judgment of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court explicitly recognized the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21.
- The court held that privacy is an essential aspect of personal liberty and dignity, encompassing informational privacy, decisional autonomy, bodily integrity, and spatial privacy.
- This right protects individuals against unwarranted intrusions into their private lives by the state or any other entity.
- It includes the right to keep personal information confidential, to make decisions about one’s life and body without interference, and to maintain physical and spatial autonomy.
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A candidate doesn’t need to declare every item of movable property, such as clothing, shoes, crockery, stationery, and furniture, unless these items are of such value as to constitute a sizeable asset in itself or reflect upon the candidate’s candidature in terms of their lifestyle – Supreme Court.
What are Corrupt Practices under the RPA?
- Section 123 of the Representation of People Act, 1951 defines “corrupt practices” to include bribery, undue influence, false information, and promotion of enmity among citizens based on religion, race, caste, etc.
- Section 123(2) deals with “undue influence,” involving interference with electoral rights through threats or promises.
- Undue influence can manifest in various forms, including threats of physical harm, coercion, intimidation, promises of reward or benefit, or exploitation of vulnerabilities.
Supreme Court’s Verdict
- Emphasis on Candidate’s Right to Privacy:
- Upholding the appeal, the Supreme Court emphasized the candidate’s right to privacy, stating that not every non-disclosure automatically constitutes a defect.
- The court highlighted that a candidate is not required to disclose every item of movable property unless it reflects upon their candidature or lifestyle.
- Case-specific Evaluation:
- The court emphasized that each case must be judged on its own merits, without applying a blanket rule.
- The Court emphasized that non-disclosure of certain personal possessions does not amount to a “defect of a substantial nature” under Section 36(4) of the 1951 Act.
- Example of “High-value” Assets:
- Suppression of high-priced assets, indicating a lavish lifestyle, would constitute undue influence.
- However, ownership of simple, low-value items may not be considered a defect.
PYQ:
[2017] For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by-
(a) Anyone residing in India.
(b) A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.
(c) Any citizen of India whose name appears in the electoral roll of a constituency.
(d) Any citizen of India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coordinated Lunar Time, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The White House directed NASA to establish a time standard for the Moon, named Coordinated Lunar Time (LTC) by the end of 2026.
- This move aims to facilitate coordination among international bodies and private companies operating on the lunar surface.
Timekeeping on the Moon
- The Moon has its own day and night cycle, which lasts about 29.5 Earth days.
- Currently, the time on the Moon is measured using Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is the same timekeeping system used on the Earth.
- However, because the Moon’s day is much longer than Earth’s day, it would be difficult to use UTC for day-to-day activities on the Moon.
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- UTC is a time standard introduced on January 1, 1960.
- It is based on International Atomic Time (TAI), which is maintained by atomic clocks around the world.
- It is the primary time standard used by many countries, international organizations, and scientific research institutions.
- It is expressed as a 24-hour clock and is used to indicate the time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+0).
- Time zones are defined as an offset from UTC, with some time zones being ahead of UTC (UTC+1, UTC+2, etc.) and others being behind UTC (UTC-1, UTC-2, etc.).
- It is adjusted periodically to account for changes in the Earth’s rotation, which can cause variations in the length of a day.
- These adjustments are made through the addition of leap seconds to UTC, which help to keep the time standard synchronized with the Earth’s rotation.
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Need for a Lunar Time Standard
- Earth’s Time Standard:
- Earth’s time standard is primarily based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), set by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France.
- UTC is determined by a weighted average of over 400 atomic clocks worldwide, providing a universally agreed-upon standard for time measurement.
- Challenges with Earth’s Time Standard on the Moon:
- Time on the Moon differs from Earth due to factors like gravity and the Moon’s rotation.
- Time on the Moon ticks slightly faster due to lower gravity (about 56 microseconds every day) as per Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
Establishing a Lunar Time Standard:
- Technical Considerations:
- LTC cannot be based on UTC due to the time differences between Earth and the Moon.
- Current lunar missions operate on independent timescales linked to UTC, but this approach becomes challenging with multiple space crafts on the Moon.
- Deployment of Atomic Clocks:
- Like on Earth, atomic clocks can be deployed on the lunar surface to establish a time standard.
- A 2023 report suggests placing at least three atomic clocks on the Moon’s surface, accounting for variations in lunar rotation and local gravity.
- Synthesizing Time Measurements:
- Atomic clocks placed at different lunar locations will tick at the Moon’s natural pace.
- Output from these clocks will be combined using algorithms to generate a unified time standard for the Moon, tied back to UTC for Earth operations.
Earth’s Latitudinal Variations on Time
- On Earth, atomic clocks placed at different latitudes experience variations in time due to differences in rotational speed of Earth.
- Earth rotates faster at the Equator compared to the poles, resulting in different time measurements.
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Benefits offered by Lunar Time
- Having a lunar time zone would also make it easier for scientists and researchers to conduct experiments and collect data on the Moon.
- It would also help to prevent confusion and errors that could arise from using different timekeeping systems on Earth and the Moon.
PYQ:
[2015] Tides occur in the oceans and seas due to which among the following?
1. The gravitational force of the Sun
2. The gravitational force of the Moon
3. The centrifugal force of the Earth
Select the correct option using the code given below:
(a) 1 Only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Invasive Alien Species
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands administration sought assistance from the Wildlife Institute of India to manage the increasing population of chital (spotted deer) in Ross Island, officially known as the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island.
Chital in Andaman Islands
- The Chital, originally native to mainland India, were introduced to Ross Island (0.3 sq km) by the British in the early 20th century.
- Lacking natural predators or competitors and possessing strong swimming abilities, the Chital rapidly proliferated across the Andamans.
About Chital(spotted deer)
- The Spotted Deer, scientifically known as Axis axis, is a species of deer native to the Indian subcontinent.
- It is characterized by its reddish-brown coat adorned with white spots, particularly prominent in juveniles.
- Spotted Deer inhabit various types of forest habitats, including dry and moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and open woodlands.
- The Spotted Deer is classified as a species of Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and Schedule II animal under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
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Definition of Invasive Alien Species (IAS):
- The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines invasive alien species (IAS) as species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural past or present distribution poses a threat to biological diversity.
- These species encompass animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms, and can affect various types of ecosystems.
- According to the CBD, characteristics of IAS include their ability to “arrive, survive, and thrive” in new environments.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) is a global network of scientific and policy experts on invasive species, organized under the auspices of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Legal Definition in India:
- In India, the legal definition of IAS, as per the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (amended in 2022), is narrower.
- It refers to species of animal or plant not native to India whose introduction or spread may threaten or adversely impact wildlife or its habitat.
- Notably, this definition EXCLUDES species within India that may be invasive to specific regions, such as the chital in the Andamans.
Examples of Invasive Wildlife in India:
- Fish Species:
- Examples include the African catfish, Nile tilapia, red-bellied piranha, and alligator gar.
- These species were introduced to fulfill the demand for maintaining aquariums.
- Reports indicate their presence in various inland systems and lakes in India.
- Turtle Species:
- Notably, the red-eared slider, a favored exotic pet in India, is often abandoned in local water bodies.
- Originating from North America, this species is known for outcompeting local freshwater species due to its rapid reproduction.
Impact of IAS on Native Flora and Fauna
- Disruption of Ecosystem Balance:
- Invasive species act as disruptors in the food chain, disturbing the balance of ecosystems.
- In habitats lacking competition, invasive species can dominate the entire ecosystem.
- Specific Examples:
- In Keoladeo Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, a UNESCO World Heritage site, the African catfish has been observed preying on waterfowl and migratory birds.
- Studies have shown that the proliferation of chital in the Andamans has negatively impacted the regeneration of native vegetation, as these deer are known to consume seeds and seedlings.
IAS’ Economic Impact:
- Global Perspective:
- A report by the UN-founded Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in September 2023 revealed that approximately 37,000 established alien species were introduced worldwide, with roughly 200 new alien species introduced annually.
- The economic cost of IAS globally surpassed $423 billion annually in 2019, primarily due to the damage inflicted on natural ecosystems.
- Local Implications:
- In India, the National Biodiversity Action Plan of 2019, published by the National Biodiversity Authority, highlighted the economic impact of invasive species such as the cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis).
- This invasive species, native to North America, has significantly affected cotton crops in the Deccan region, leading to substantial yield losses.
PYQ:
[2023] Invasive Species Specialist Group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations?
(a) The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(b) The United Nations Environment Programme
(c) The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
(d) The World Wide Fund for Nature |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cluster Development Programme (CDP), CDP-SURAKSHA
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The government has introduced a new platform called CDP-SURAKSHA for disbursing subsidies to horticulture farmers under the Cluster Development Programme (CDP).
India’s Horticulture Sector:
- India’s horticulture sector contributes nearly 1/3rd to the agriculture GVA, making a substantial economic contribution.
- The total production of horticulture crops has increased, from 240.53 million tonnes in 2010-11 to 334.60 million tonnes in 2020-21.
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What is CDP-SURAKSHA?
- CDP-SURAKSHA is a digital platform acronym for “System for Unified Resource Allocation, Knowledge, and Secure Horticulture Assistance.”
- It facilitates instant subsidy disbursal to farmers’ bank accounts using the e-RUPI voucher from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
- It provides upfront subsidies during material purchase, and vendors receive payment only after farmers verify delivery.
Key Features include database integration with PM-KISAN, cloud-based server space from NIC, UIDAI validation, eRUPI integration, LGD, content management system, geotagging, and geo-fencing.
Operational Mechanism of CDP-SURAKSHA
- Farmer Interaction:
- Farmers, vendors, implementing agencies (IA), cluster development agencies (CDAs), and National Horticulture Board (NHB) officials can access the platform.
- Farmers can log in using their mobile number, place orders for planting material, and contribute their share of the cost.
- Subsidy Disbursement:
- After raising the demand, farmers receive the subsidy amount automatically on the screen.
- Upon paying their contribution, an e-RUPI voucher is generated and received by the vendor, who supplies the planting material.
- Farmers verify the delivery through geo-tagged media, following which the IA releases payment to the vendor.
Significance of e-RUPI
- e-RUPI is a one-time payment mechanism redeemable without cards or digital payment apps, used for specific purposes.
- It is shared with beneficiaries via SMS or QR code and accepted at merchants supporting e-RUPI.
Old System vs. CDP-SURAKSHA:
- Previously, farmers purchased planting materials independently and then approached officials for subsidy release.
Cluster Development Program (CDP)
- CDP, under National Horticulture Board (NHB), aims to leverage horticulture clusters’ geographical specialization for integrated development.
- It is a Central Sector Scheme aimed at growing and developing identified horticulture clusters to make them globally competitive.
- 55 clusters have been identified, with 12 selected for the pilot phase, covering 9 lakh hectares and 10 lakh farmers.
- It provides government assistance based on cluster size—up to Rs 25 crore for mini clusters, Rs 50 crore for medium, and Rs 100 crore for mega clusters.
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PYQ:
[2019]Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?
(a) Spices
(b) Fresh fruits
(c) Pulses
(d) Vegetable oils |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jenu Kuruba Tribals
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
This newscard is an excerpt from an articles which delves into the historical and social context of the Jenu Kuruba community, including their displacement from their traditional lands in the Western Ghats due to conservation efforts.
About Jenu Kuruba
- The Jenu Kuruba tribe, numbering around 37,000, resides primarily in the Nilgiris region, bordering Kerala and Karnataka.
- Their traditional occupation involves collecting honey in the forest, reflected in their name where ‘Jenu’ means ‘honey’ in Kannada.
- In the early 20th century, they lived in forest huts and engaged in cultivation.
Social organization of Jenu Kurubas’
- They speak the Jenu Kurumba language, which is related to Kodava or considered a rural dialect of Kannada.
- Historically, they engaged in activities like food gathering, collecting minor forest produce, and handling elephants.
- They typically reside in small settlements known as Hadi and practice shifting cultivation.
- Social organization within the community is semi-nomadic, with decentralized authority led by a head-man (yajamana) and a ritual head or shaman (gudda).
Their rehabilitation
- The tribe has fought for their rights to live in reserved forests, most recently in 2020 under the Forest Rights Act.
- In 2021, protests continued against the forest department for promoting eco-tourism and safaris, which are deemed illegal under Indian and international laws.
- From the 1970s onwards, many Jenu Kurubas have been evicted from their homes due to conservation efforts in tiger reserves like Nagarhole and Bandipur.
- Those relocated outside the forest often work as daily wagers, agricultural laborers, or on coffee estates in Kodagu.
PYQ:
[2013] Consider the following pairs :
Tribe: State
1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim
2. Karbi : Himachal
3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha
4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
[2014] With reference to ‘Changpa’ community of India, consider the following statement :
1. They live mainly in the State of Uttarakhand.
2. They rear the Pashmina goats that yield a fine wool.
3. They are kept in the category of Scheduled Tribes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Magnesium - Copper -Cupric Oxide Fuel Cell
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Researchers at the University of Kerala have devised an eco-friendly fuel cell that primarily utilizes air and seawater to generate power.
Magnesium – Copper -Cupric Oxide Fuel Cell
- A semiconducting layer of Cupric Oxide grown over Copper substrate was used in a Magnesium- Sodium Chloride based fuel cell.
- It breathes air; produces only electricity and heat during its operation and emits pure water.
- The prototype, measuring 3 cm × 1.5 cm × 1 cm, delivered a voltage of 0.7 V and a current of 0.35 A for a duration of 10 minutes, showcasing the potential for practical application.
What is a Fuel Cell?
- A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy into electricity of a fuel and an oxidizing agent.
- It generates electrical energy from fuel through an electrochemical reaction, offering high efficiency and zero emissions.
- They are an innovative technology poised to revolutionize electricity generation, often referred to as the “battery of the future“.
- Fuel cells provide high efficiency, low emissions, and can be used in various applications.
- Note: Any electrochemical cell generates DC (Direct Current) output.
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Significance of the Device
- This innovative fuel cell technology is anticipated to disrupt the market dominance of Lithium-ion batteries, offering a higher power output.
- Unlike conventional batteries, the Magnesium-based fuel cells utilized in this research operate by utilizing saline water as fuel and extracting oxygen from the surrounding air.
PYQ:
2015:
With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements :
1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC).
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INCB, Its composition, key functions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Mrs. Jagjit Pavadia (IRS) India’s nominee has been re-elected for a third term to the INCB for the period of 2025-2030.
About International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
|
Description |
| Establishment |
Established in 1968 by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961. |
| Headquarters |
Based in Vienna, Austria, with a Secretariat supporting its activities. |
| Membership |
Consists of 13 members elected by ECOSOC, experts in drug control and related fields. |
| Role and Mandate |
Independent body monitoring compliance with UN drug control conventions. |
| Functions |
Assess global drug situation, evaluate licit drug production, and publish annual reports. |
| Collaboration |
Works with governments and international organizations on drug control issues. |
| Control Measures |
Monitors and evaluates national drug control measures for treaty compliance. |
| Advocacy and Awareness |
Promotes adherence to drug treaties and raises awareness on global drug issues. |
| Cooperation |
Collaborates with UN agencies like WHO and UNODC to address drug-related challenges. |
India’s Election to Key UN Bodies
India’s proactive engagement at the United Nations resulted in its election to several pivotal bodies:
1. Commission on the Status of Women (2025-2029)
2. Executive Board of UNICEF (2025-2027)
3. Executive Board of UNDP and UNFPA (2025-2027)
4. UN Office for Project Services (2025-2027)
5. Executive Board of UN Women (2025-2027)
6. Executive Board of the World Food Programme (2025-2027) |
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
1. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
2. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
3. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
4. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora, Indian Economy, and issues.
Why in the news?
China’s burgeoning production of electric cars and other green technologies has become a flashpoint in a new US-China trade fight, highlighted by US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen during her five-day visit to China.
Context:
- According to the Paris-based International Energy Agency, China has built a substantial car industry that accounts for 60% of global electric vehicle sales. Similar dynamics exist in other industries, such as solar panels, batteries, and steel.
- China is now the world’s largest producer of solar cells.
- Now the main concern is that the Chinese are building up a lot of capacity in many industries across the board, including these new technology sectors, and if domestic demand does not pick up, they are going to be looking for markets outside the country.
US-China Trade Dispute:
- The US and China have been slugging it out since Trump slapped heavy tariffs on imported steel and aluminum items from China in March last year, and China responded by imposing tit-for-tat tariffs on billions of dollars worth of American imports.
- The IMF noted that the US-China trade tension was one factor that contributed to a “significantly weakened global expansion” late last year, as it cut its global growth forecast for 2019.
US-China Trade and Investment Facts:
- US GOODS & SERVICES trade with China totalled an estimated $737.1 billion in 2018. Exports: $179.3 billion; imports: $557.9 billion; deficit: $378.6 billion
- CHINA IS CURRENTLY the US’s largest goods trading partner with $659.8 billion in total (two-way) goods trade in 2018. Exports: $120.3 billion; imports: $539.5 billion; US goods trade deficit: $419.2 billion
- US FDI IN CHINA (stock) was $107.6 billion in 2017, a 10.6% increase from 2016. US direct investment in China is led by manufacturing, wholesale trade, finance and insurance
- CHINA FDI IN THE US (stock) was $39.5 billion in 2017, down 2.3% from 2016. China’s direct investment in the US is led by manufacturing, real estate, depository institutions
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How does China’s Auto Industry pose an external threat to Indian Market?
- Market Dominance: China is dominating the local market and threatening to dominate India’s traditional export markets, which could cause concern for the ‘Make in India‘ program.
- Quality Concerns: The quality of auto parts coming from China is a major concern for the safety of vehicles in India. With increasing stakes by Chinese vendors, the situation is expected to become more challenging.
- Cost Advantage: Chinese automakers have a cost advantage over North American and European brands, allowing them to undercut rivals. This cost advantage is due to Chinese manufacturers’ ability to produce EVs more efficiently and profitably than their Western counterparts.
- Security concerns: Chinese automakers flooding foreign markets with their autos and the potential for these vehicles to be used for espionage, data collection, or sabotage.
How India can benefit from the ongoing US-China trade war?
- Export Opportunities: India can tap export opportunities in both the US and China, particularly in areas such as garments, agriculture, automobile, machinery, apparel, and readymade garments
- Export Growth: India’s exports to the US increased by 11.2% in 2018, and to China by 31.4% in the same year, indicating the potential for further growth
- Product Opportunities: India can boost exports of around 350 products to the US and China, including items like copper ores, rubber, paper/paperboard, industrial valves, vulcanised rubber, carbon or graphite electrodes, and natural honey
- Trade Deficit Reduction: Increasing exports would help India narrow the widening trade deficit with China, which stood at USD 50.12 billion during April-February 2018-19
Conclusion: The US-China trade fight intensifies over China’s dominance in green technology sectors like electric vehicles. India stands to benefit from increased exports to both nations, potentially narrowing its trade deficit with China while tapping into new markets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF);
Mains level: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges about the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein;
Why in the News?
Recently, the SC called on the Centre and state governments to refrain from a “contest”, and noted that various state governments were approaching the court to seek relief against the Centre in matters related to the disbursal of funds.
- The bench was hearing the Karnataka government’s plea seeking a direction to the Centre to release financial assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for drought management.
Background:
- The Karnataka state submitted to the Central government, that 223 of the 236 talukas or sub-districts were declared drought-hit. (48 lakh hectares of land under cultivation)
- An Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) also visited the state to inspect the damage in October 2023. During the monsoon season last year, the rainfall deficit was 56% in June (the third highest in 122 years) and 73% in August (the highest in 122 years).
Supreme Court’s role in this case:
- Ensuring Accountability and Setting Legal Precedence: The plea before the SC involves significant questions concerning the interpretation of the Constitution, particularly regarding Article 293. It questions whether this article grants states a legally enforceable right to borrow from the Union government or other sources.
- Additionally, the court is considering the extent to which the Union government can regulate such borrowing rights if they exist.
- Interpreting the Constitution: There should be at least five judges to hear cases that involve ” a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution. (Article 145(3))
- Promoting Fair resource allocation in federal structure: It also raises “various questions of significant importance impacting the federal structure of governance as embedded in our Constitution.
About the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF):
- It is a fund administered by the Central Government to cover costs associated with emergency response, relief, and rehabilitation in the face of potential disaster situations or actual disasters.
- The NDRF is formed to bolster the finances of the State Disaster Response Funds (SDRF) during significant disasters, ensuring support if sufficient funds are lacking in the SDRF.
- Under the Disaster Management Act 2005, there is no definition of disasters. It can include any event arising from natural or man-made causes that can severely disrupt life for people, going beyond their coping capacity.
- NDRF is mentioned in Section 46 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
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Provisions:
- NDRF guidelines state that natural calamities of cyclones, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorms, landslides, avalanches, cloud bursts, pest attacks, and cold waves and frost are considered to be severe by the Government of India (GoI) and requiring expenditures by a state government over the balances available in its own SDRF will qualify for immediate relief assistance from NDRF.
- The NDRF also covers man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks, chemical or biological disasters, or nuclear disasters as notified by the Central Government.
- States have the State Disaster Relief Funds, where the Centre contributes 75% of the funds (and 90% for Himalayan and northeastern states) and states contribute the remainder.
Conclusion:
The Supreme Court, addressing Karnataka’s drought relief plea, emphasizes cooperation over conflict between the Centre and states, while also examining constitutional and federal structure implications, amid discussion on National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) utilization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teleophthalmology
Mains level: Technology in News; Significance of teleophthalmology
Why in the news?
Recently a study by researchers at the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI), Hyderabad, has found that around 70-80% of people who visit an Eye Hospital can benefit from teleconsultations because their problems aren’t serious enough to require attention at a hospital.
Key points as report:
- Telemedicine in High-Income Countries: Studies in high-income countries have shown that telemedicine is both patient- and environment-friendly for delivering healthcare services.
- Carbon Emissions from the Healthcare Sector: According to the International Comparison of Healthcare Carbon Footprints analysis, India’s healthcare sector emitted 74 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2014, around 3% of India’s total emissions of the gas that year.
- Carbon Neutrality in Healthcare: The healthcare sector should aim for carbon neutrality to mitigate its environmental impact. Teleophthalmology is cited as an efficient and effective tool to help achieve this goal, as demonstrated by the lead author’s remarks.
The teleophthalmology process:
What are Telemedicine’s Green Gains?
- Reduced Carbon Footprint: Teleophthalmology significantly reduces the need for patients, especially those from rural areas, to travel long distances to access healthcare services. This leads to a substantial reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to environmental sustainability.
- Economic Gains: Teleophthalmology results in significant cost savings for both patients and healthcare systems. Patients save money on travel expenses
- Easy Accessibility: Teleophthalmology improves access to eye care services, especially for individuals living in remote or rural areas where access to healthcare facilities is limited. It allows patients to receive timely consultations without the need for extensive travel.
- Targeted Care Gains: Teleophthalmology is particularly beneficial for patients with minor eye problems like mild refractive errors or regular preventive eye check-ups. It enables healthcare providers to target specific demographics and deliver personalized care more effectively.
Conclusion: The recent study highlights teleophthalmology’s potential in reducing carbon emissions and improving accessibility to eye care, emphasizing its role in achieving carbon neutrality and delivering cost-effective, targeted healthcare services, particularly for minor eye issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ALMM list and its objective
Mains level: Why is it being re-implemented? and dependency of solar cell on import from china
Context:
The Finance Minister proposed the ₹19,500 crore PLI scheme in the Union Budget of 2022-23.
- This was to scale domestic manufacturing of the entire solar supply chain — from polysilicon to solar modules.
- The government also introduced a steep 40% customs duty on PV modules and 25% on PV cells.
BACK2BASICS
What is the ALMM list?
- The Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) is a list of models and manufacturers of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules approved by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in India.
- Objective: The ALMM is used to ensure the quality of solar panels and the manufacturer’s reliability for government projects, government-assisted projects, projects under government schemes and programs, and open access and net-metering projects.
- It is being re-implemented to boost domestic solar manufacturing against China’s dominance in the supply value chain of solar PV.
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Does India rely on Solar PV imports?
- China’s Dominance in Imports: China is the leading supplier of solar cells and modules to India, accounting for a significant portion of India’s imports. As of January 2023-24, China accounted for 53% of India’s solar cell imports and 63% of solar PV module imports.
- Manufacturing Capacity Disparity: China holds a dominant position in the manufacturing capacity for various components of solar panels, including polysilicon, wafers, cells, and modules. Rating agency ICRA estimates that China commands over 80% of the manufacturing capacity in these areas.
Government Initiatives:
- Notification of ALMM Order: The government initiated efforts to address import dependency in the solar sector by notifying the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) order in January 2019.
- Introduction of PLI Scheme: The Finance Ministry proposed the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme worth ₹19,500 crore in the Union Budget of 2022-23. This scheme was designed to incentivize domestic manufacturing across the entire solar supply chain, ranging from polysilicon to solar modules.
- Imposition of Customs Duties on PV Modules and Cells: To further incentivize domestic manufacturing and curb imports, the government introduced steep customs duties on photovoltaic (PV) modules and cells. Initially, a 40% customs duty was imposed on PV modules, and a 25% duty was imposed on PV cells.
Why is China a leading exporter?
- Cost-Competitive Manufacturing: China is recognized as the most cost-competitive location for manufacturing all components of the solar PV supply chain.
- Low Cost of Power: The lower cost of power supplied to the solar PV industry significantly contributes to China’s competitiveness.
- Growing Domestic Demand: The significant and rapidly growing domestic demand for solar PV products in China has played a crucial role in driving economies of scale.
- Economies of Scale: China’s large-scale production capacity allows manufacturers to benefit from economies of scale.
- Continuous Innovation: Chinese government support and the competitive market environment have fostered continuous innovation throughout the solar PV supply chain.
Future scope for Solar Energy in India:
- Ambitious Targets: The target of achieving 500 GW of installed capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030 underscores the significant role solar energy will play in India’s energy mix.
- Fastest Growth Rate in Electricity Demand: India accounts for the fastest rate of growth in electricity demand among major economies, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
- Abundant Solar Potential: India possesses abundant solar resources, with an estimated solar power potential of 748.99 GW.
Conclusion: The ALMM list, PLI scheme, and customs duties aim to boost domestic solar manufacturing in India to counter China’s dominance. With ambitious targets, fast-growing electricity demand, and abundant solar potential, solar energy holds significant promise for India’s energy transition.
Mains question for practice
Q Discuss the initiatives undertaken by the Indian government to promote domestic manufacturing in the solar sector, particularly in light of China’s dominance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Clean Economy Investor Forum is set to be held in Singapore.
About IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum
- The IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum brings together the region’s top investors, philanthropies, financial institutions, innovative companies, start-ups and entrepreneurs.
- The Forum aims to mobilize investments into sustainable infrastructure, climate technology and renewable energy projects.
- It is managed by Invest India (www.investindia.gov.in), India’s National Investment Promotion Agency.
- The Department of Commerce is the nodal agency for the IPEF engagements.
The Forum will have opportunity for the Indian industry in the two following tracks:
- Climate Tech Track: Under this track, IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum is holding an open call that aims to recognise the top climate tech companies and start-ups among the member countries and present them to global investors.
- Infrastructure Track: Under this track, India will showcase selected investible sustainable infrastructure projects at the 2024 Forum. The sectors of focus are-energy transition (e.g electric gird; renewable energy, including solar, and onshore wind; sustainable aviation fuel; battery storage; hydrogen; green data centers), transport and logistics (e.g. Electric Vehicle, EV charging points), waste management/waste to energy.
About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
- It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
- The IPEF was launched in 2021 with 12 initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
- The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.
Four main “Pillars” of IPEF:
Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labor commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;
Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;
Clean energy and decarbonization that will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and
Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”. |
Members Countries include:
- Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.
How is IPEF different from other trade deals?
- No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
- It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
- Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all four pillars despite being signatories.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PSLV-C58/XPoSat , POEM-3
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has said its PSLV-C58/XPoSat mission has practically left zero debris in earth’s orbit.
About PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM-3)
- Launched on January 1, 2024, POEM-3 utilized the spent PS4 stage of the PSLV-C58 vehicle, which initially launched XPoSat.
- It is a three-axis-altitude controlled platform with power generation and tele-command & telemetry capabilities, for supporting Payloads.
- The XPoSat mission aimed to leave no debris in space, demonstrating ISRO’s commitment to responsible space practices.
- Upon deployment into its orbit at 650 km, POEM-3 was maneuvered to a 350 km circular orbit to minimize orbit decay time after the experiment’s completion.
- After completing 400 orbits, POEM-3 re-entered Earth’s atmosphere after 73 days in space.
Significance of this achievement
- With the rise in the number of satellites in orbit around the earth, space debris has become a pressing issue.
- Space debris in the low earth orbit (LEO) mainly comprises pieces of spacecraft, rockets, and defunct satellites, and the fragments of objects that have deteriorated explosively as a result of anti-satellite missile tests.
- This debris often flies around at high speeds of up to 27,000 kilometres per hour.
- Due to their sheer volume and momentum, they pose a risk to several space assets.
Threats posed by Space Debris
- Space debris also leads to two major risks:
- It creates unusable regions of the orbit due to excessive debris, and
- Leads to the ‘Kessler syndrome’ – creation of more debris due to cascading collisions resulting from one collision.
Various Initiatives to mitigate the Space Debris Issue
|
Description |
| Project NETRA |
ISRO initiative for early warning system in space to detect debris and hazards to the Indian satellites.
It can spot, track and catalogue objects as small as 10 cm, up to a range of 3,400 km and equal to a space orbit of around 2,000 km. |
| Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines |
Established in 2002 by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and endorsed by the United Nations in 2007. |
| Zero Debris Charter by ESA |
Adopted by the European Space Agency (ESA) with the goal of achieving zero space debris by 2030. |
| NASA’s Orbital Debris Program |
NASA’s initiative since 1979, focusing on reducing orbital debris creation, tracking existing debris, and exploring debris removal technologies. |
| Space Force Tracking System |
Implemented by the U.S. Space Force to monitor space debris and assess collision risks in low Earth orbit (LEO). |
| Chinese Debris Removal Initiatives |
China’s efforts include deploying spacecraft for debris removal with innovative technologies like solar sails. |
| Japanese CRD2 Demonstration |
Partnership between Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Astroscale to develop debris removal technologies. |
Practice MCQ:
ISRO’s PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM-3) recently re-entered Earth’s Orbit. What is so significant about this re-entry?
(a) It practically left zero debris in earth’s orbit.
(b) It facilitated groundbreaking research on the effects of microgravity on biological organisms.
(c) It paved the way for the development of reusable spacecraft technology, reducing the cost of future space missions.
(d) None of these. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cantonments, Cantonment Board
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Centre has reportedly initiated measures to reduce the land jurisdiction of 10 major cantonment boards across five states.
- In May 2023, the Centre had kicked off a plan to abolish all 62 colonial-era Cantonments across the country.
What are Cantonments?
- Cantonments are Permanent military stations where a group of military personnel are stationed for administrative purposes.
- They are governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which provides for municipal administration and control of these areas.
- India currently has 62 cantonments spread across various states, with some areas known for their better infrastructure and facilities compared to other parts of the country.
- Cantonments are managed by Cantonment Boards, which are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members.
- The Station Commander of the Cantonment serves as the ex-officio President of the Board.
Historical Background
- The Cantonments Act, 1924, was enacted by the British to regulate the municipal administration of cantonments.
- After India’s independence, the Cantonments Act was modified to suit the democratic setup of the country.
- The current Cantonments Act, 2006, replaced the previous version, aiming to provide greater autonomy and accountability to the Cantonment Boards.
Categories of the erstwhile Cantonments
Cantonments are categorized based on the population size residing within them:
- Category I: Cantonments with a population of over 50,000.
- Category II: Cantonments with a population of 10,000 to 50,000.
- Category III: Cantonments with a population of less than 10,000.
- Category IV: Industrial or training Cantonments, irrespective of their population size.
Centre’s plan to re-regulate Cantonments
- Conversion to Exclusive Military Stations: Under the plan, military areas within all cantonments will be carved out and designated as “exclusive military stations.” The Army will exercise “absolute control” over these areas, streamlining their administration and operations.
- Merger with Local Municipalities: The civilian areas of cantonments will be integrated with the respective local municipalities. These municipalities will take up the responsibility of maintaining these areas, along with providing essential services and infrastructure.
- Move Away from Traditional Cantonment Concept: Post-independence, the Indian Army moved away from the traditional cantonment concept, primarily due to friction between military and civilian authorities. However, certain major cantonments continued to exist, such as Pune Cantonment and Agra Cantonment.
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