A gene called SASS6 (Spindle Assembly Abnormal Protein 6) and its variants have been found to play a key role in a developmental process that causes “Microcephaly”.
What is Microcephaly?
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than normal.
It is associated with a smaller brain, poor motor skills, poor speech, abnormal facial features, and intellectual disabilities.
Developmental Roots:
The condition is believed to start during the peak phase of brain development in the embryo. Cells that are supposed to become neurons fail to divide normally.
Diagnosis:
Microcephaly can be diagnosed before birth using foetal ultrasound and MRI.
Role of SASS6 gene
Since 2014, the SASS6 gene and its variants have been linked to microcephaly.
A recent study in China:(On March 19, 2024)
The study of a consanguine couple revealed microcephaly and fetal growth issues. Confirming the SASS6 gene’s role in microcephaly, findings suggest embryo survival requires at least one functional gene copy.
The University of Cologne Study (February 2024):
Researchers removed all functional SASS6 genes from mouse embryo-derived cells.
Even without the genes, cells could make abnormal but passable centrioles (structures needed for cell division).
When these cells were prompted to become neurons, the centrioles disappeared, preventing the cells from becoming neurons.
Consanguinity and Genetic Risk of Microcephaly
Expert Insight:
Researchers explained that over 70% of congenital microcephaly cases come from consanguineous marriages.
Such marriages increase the risk of inheriting mutated genes from both parents.
Genetic Causes:
Mutations in 30 genes cause microcephaly.
10 of these genes create proteins needed for centrioles, which are crucial for cell division.
Ile62Thr Mutation
2004 Discovery: The SASS6 gene was discovered in the roundworm C. elegans, showing its conserved function across animals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PREFIRE Mission, Cubesats, Heat Budget of Earth
Why in the News?
NASA launched the ” PREFIRE mission”, deploying twin CubeSats to study heat emissions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, aiming to enhance climate research.
What are CubeSats?
CubeSats are essentially miniature satellites whose basic design is a 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm (which makes up for “one unit” or “1U”) cube — just a little bigger than a Rubik’s cube.
weight not more than 1.33 kg.
These satellites were first developed in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) and Stanford University as educational tools.
However, owing to their low cost and less mass in comparison to traditional satellites, they began to be put in orbit for technology demonstrations, scientific research, and commercial purposes.
About PREFIRE Mission
Jointly developed by NASA and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
It aims to investigate and comprehend the intricate dynamics of heat emissions from Earth’s Polar Regions, specifically focusing on the Arctic and Antarctica.
Components:
CubeSats: PREFIRE employs shoebox-sized CubeSats, each measuring around 6U (6 units), equipped with advanced instrumentation to facilitate data collection.
They measure around 90 cm in height and nearly 120 cm in width when the solar panels, which will power the satellite, are deployed.
The two satellites will be placed in a near-polar orbit (a type of low Earth orbit) at an altitude of about 525 kilometres.
Thermal Infrared Spectrometers (TIRS): Each CubeSat is outfitted with a Thermal Infrared Spectrometer, meticulously engineered to measure far-infrared radiation emitted by the Polar Regions.
Mission Objectives:
Investigate heat radiated from Earth’s Polar Regions into space and its impact on climate.
Employ thermal infrared spectrometers to measure far-infrared energy emitted by Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
Improve understanding of the greenhouse effect at the poles and its implications for climate change.
Enhance climate and ice models to predict changes in sea level, weather, snow, and ice cover in a warming world.
Why study heat budget of the Poles?
A large amount of the heat radiated from the Arctic and Antarctica is emitted as far-infrared radiation wavelengths of 3 μm to 1,000 μm within the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation.
However, there is currently no way to measure this type of energy.
As a result, there is a gap in knowledge about the planet’s energy budget.
Significance of PREFIRE
PREFIRE’s observations will enhance predictions of climate and environmental changes, aiding in mitigating the effects of global warming.
Data collected will contribute to updating climate models and improving understanding of Earth’s atmospheric dynamics.
PYQ:
[2017] What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?
(a) To detect neutrinos
(b) To detect gravitational waves
(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system
(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FIPIC and its member countries; Act East Policy
Why in the News?
India as a member of FIPIC, has pledged $1 million for relief efforts in flood-hit “Papua New Guinea” showcasing solidarity with the affected nation.
What is the Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)?
The Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) is a multilateral platform established by India to enhance cooperation with the Pacific Island countries.
FIPIC was established by India in 2014 during the first FIPIC Summit held in Suva, Fiji.
The initiative was announced by PM Narendra Modi as part of India’s broader “Act East” policy to strengthen engagement with the Pacific Island countries.
Overview
Purpose: To enhance India’s engagement with Pacific Island nations and support their development priorities through cooperative projects and initiatives.
Members: Includes India and 14 Pacific Islands nations (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu).
Summits
First Summit – Suva, Fiji (November 2014)
Context: Initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi following the re-establishment of democracy in Fiji.
Significance: The summit highlighted the geopolitical interest of major powers in the Pacific, with Chinese leader Xi Jinping visiting Fiji shortly after Modi.
Second Summit – Jaipur, India (August 2015)
Follow-up: As a continuation of the first summit, Modi invited the leaders of the 14 Pacific Islands to Jaipur.
Discussions: Covered cooperation in areas such as the blue economy, oil and natural gas, IT, healthcare, fishing, and marine research. Modi also assured to address their climate change concerns at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris.
Third Summit – Papua New Guinea (May 2023)
Current Status: Most recent summit, emphasizing ongoing cooperation and collaboration between India and the Pacific Island nations.
Back2Basics: India’s Act East Policy
Details
Launched in
November 2014, by PM Modi
Objective
To promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and develop a strategic relationship with countries in the Indo-Pacific region;
Enhancing India’s influence and economic development, especially in the North Eastern Region (NER).
Scope
Extends beyond ASEAN to include East Asian countries.
Intensive and continuous engagement in connectivity, trade, culture, defense, and people-to-people contact at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels.
Key Dimensions (4C’s)
Culture
Commerce
Connectivity
Capacity building
Security Focus
Enhanced security cooperation, particularly in the context of Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
Promoting freedom of navigation and securing India’s role in the region.
Historical Context (Look East Policy)
Look East Policy initiated in 1992 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
Focused on strengthening economic integration and cultural ties primarily with ASEAN countries.
Aimed to bolster India’s role as a regional power and counter China’s strategic influence.
Evolution from Look East Policy
Act East Policy is an upgrade and expansion of the Look East Policy, incorporating more comprehensive engagement strategies, including security cooperation and broader geographical focus.
Significant Engagements
India’s active participation in regional forums like the East Asia Summit (EAS), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and informal groupings such as the Quad.
Strategic partnerships and dialogues at various international platforms.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Campi Flegrei Super Volcano, Mt. Vesuvius, Volcanic eruptions in news.
Why in the News?
A 4.4 magnitude earthquake struck Italy’s Campi Flegrei super volcano, with Pozzuoli as the epicentre. Felt as far as Naples, it’s the strongest tremor in 40 years
Bradyseism Concerns near Campi Flegrei:
Campi Flegrei is prone to bradyseism, where ground elevation changes due to subsurface pressure.
The area, located 50 kilometres from Mt. Vesuvius, is undergoing a new cycle of bradyseism, according to volcanologists.
Over 500,000 people reside in the red zone adjacent to Campi Flegrei, prompting the Italian Civil Protection Agency to update evacuation plans.
AboutCampi Flegrei Volcano
Campi Flegrei, also known as the Phlegraean Fields, is a large volcanic area located in the western suburbs of Naples, Italy.
It is one of the most active volcanic systems in the world and has been active for at least 50,000 years.
Its Volcanic System:
Location: Campi Flegrei is situated within the Campanian volcanic arc in southern Italy, extending from the city of Naples to the Gulf of Pozzuoli.
Geological Formation: The volcanic system of Campi Flegrei is characterized by a large caldera, which is a collapsed volcanic crater, surrounded by numerous volcanic vents, craters, and lava domes. The caldera has a diameter of about 13 kilometers (8 miles).
Volcanic Activity: Campi Flegrei is considered a supervolcano due to its size and potential for large eruptions. It has experienced numerous periods of volcanic activity throughout its history, including explosive eruptions, lava flows, and phreatic (steam-driven) eruptions.
Terrain Features: The landscape of Campi Flegrei is characterized by volcanic features such as craters, fumaroles (steam vents), mud pots, and hot springs.
PYQ:
[2021] Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in ‘2021’ and their impact on regional environment.
[2018] Consider the following statements:
The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory.
Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 243(W)
Mains level: Environment Conservation;
Why in the News?
In the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, the farmers are using razor wire and electric fencing to defend their farms against stray cattle.
About the Wildlife Populations in the Biodiverse Terai Areas of Uttar Pradesh
The Terai region in the U.P., encompassing districts like Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri, and Bahraich, is known for its rich biodiversity, thriving sugarcane agriculture, and two tiger reserves.
This area supports endangered species such as tigers, rhinoceros, swamp deer, and the Bengal florican. The landscape blends forests, grasslands, and agriculture, creating a habitat where people and wildlife coexist.
What does the Statistics say?
During the 2022-23 fiscal year, the livestock industry accounted for 30.1% of India’s Agricultural GDP and 4.35% of the national GDP.
India’s farming practices involve a blend of crop farming and livestock rearing. This combined approach offers extra income and job prospects, especially supporting landless workers, small-scale farmers, and women in the workforce.
Constitutional Provision for the Protection of stray cattle:
As per Article 243(W) of the Constitution of India, the local bodies are responsible for cattle pounds and pinjrapole. Therefore, the State may also endow panchayats to establish and run. Cattle Pounds (Kanji Houses)/ Gaushala Shelters (community assets) to keep stray cattle.
Many States have established Gaushalas and Shelter houses for stray cattle and provide for feeding of those animals.
Present Conflicts and Conservation Challenges:
Conflicts between humans and wildlife are common, including tiger attacks and crop damage by herbivores.
Farmers near protected areas sometimes use lethal methods such as razor wire and high-voltage electric fencing along the farm-forest boundaries. The presence of stray cattle, or “chutta jaanwar,” has intensified conflicts and conservation challenges.
Stray cattle disrupt wildlife movement corridors vital for species survival and potentially increase disease transmission risks to wild populations.
The Unvaccinated stray cattle can transmit diseases like bovine tuberculosis and lumpy skin disease to wildlife, with cases reported in various Terai districts.
The degradation of productive grasslands in protected areas further threatens the habitat of imperilled species.
Way Forward:
Providing safe and comprehensive shelters: Construct adequate cow shelters outside protected areas to house stray cattle, preventing them from impacting wildlife habitats and agricultural fields.
Promote and subsidize non-lethal fencing solutions for farmers to protect crops without harming wildlife, such as wildlife-friendly barriers.
Invest in habitat restoration projects in the Terai, focusing on expanding and maintaining productive grasslands within protected areas to support wildlife populations.
Enhanced monitoring and management: Implement comprehensive vaccination and disease monitoring programs for stray cattle to prevent disease transmission to wildlife.
Strengthen enforcement against illegal cattle trade and vigilante activities that disrupt the livestock economy.
Provide economic incentives and support for farmers to adopt alternative livelihoods that do not depend heavily on livestock, reducing the need for cattle rearing.
Community Engagement and Education: Engage with local communities to educate them on the ecological impact of stray cattle and encourage participatory conservation efforts. Foster collaboration between farmers and wildlife authorities to develop sustainable solutions for coexisting with wildlife.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the status of forest resources in India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trends in Bilateral Trades;
Mains level: India- China Bilateral Trade;
Why in the News?
India’s imports from China crossed $101 billion in 2023-24 from about $70 billion in 2018-19, and the country’s share of India’sindustrial goods imports has risen from 21% to 30% over 15 years, according to a report by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI).
The data shows, it’s resulting in a cumulative trade deficit exceeding $387 Billion in the last 5 years, which is an alarming situation for the Indian government.
What is meant by Trade Deficit?
A trade deficit refers to a situation where the country’s imports exceed the receipts from its exports. A trade deficit arises in the course of international trade when the payments for imports exceed the receipts from export trade.
A trade deficit is also referred to as a negative balance of trade.
The concerns arising due to this deficit include pressure on external payments and on the currency value of a country. Countries often alter import and export policies, curbing imports or increasing import duties on certain goods due to this.
They also encourage exports and consumption of indigenous goods.
India’sIndustrial Imports from China:
Electronics and Telecom Sector: During April-January 2023-24, India’s import value for electronics, telecom, and electrical products was $67.8 billion, with China contributing $26.1 billion. (38.4% of the total imports)
Machinery Sector: China contributed 39.6% of India’s imports in this category. This highlights China’s essential role as a supplier of machinery to India.
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sector: India’s chemical and pharmaceutical imports were $54.1 billion, with $15.8 billion coming from China (29.2% of the total).
MSMEs sector: Products like mobiles and data processing units, are imported by Indian MSMEs. These imports could potentially be produced domestically, highlighting gaps in India’s industrial capabilities.
Current Trade Observations concerning China and other countries:
Rising Trade Deficit with China: India’s exports to China have stagnated at around $16 billion annually (from 2019 to 2024), while imports from China surged from $70.3 billion in 2018-19 to over $101 billion in 2023-24.
Growth Rate of Imports: China’s share in India’s industrial product imports increased from 21% to 30% over the last 15 years. China’s exports to India grew 2.3 times faster than India’s total imports from all other countries.
Diverse Product Imports: Chinese firms are increasingly entering the Indian market, which is expected to accelerate the import of industrial products from China. India’s imports span high to low-technology items, like smartphones, electronics, electric vehicles, and solar energy.
Strategic Concerns: The growing trade deficit and dependence on China have profound strategic implications, affecting both economic and national security dimensions.
Way Forward:
Supply chain diversification: India must focus on diversifying its supply chains and reducing dependency on single-country imports, especially from geopolitical competitors like China.
Boosting R&D: Increase investment in research and development for electronics, semiconductors, and machinery to foster innovation and improve domestic production capabilities.
Incentivizing Production: Provide tax incentives, subsidies, and grants to local manufacturers of electronics, data processing units, and semiconductor devices to encourage production and reduce import dependency.
Mains PYQ:
Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues associated with the Indian Prison System;
Why in the News?
Despite improvements in menstrual hygiene, female prisoners in India face neglect, highlighting systemic biases and unmet basic needs like sanitary products and proper facilities.
About NFHS Recently Conducted Survey:
The 5th round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2019-2020) revealed that approximately 80% of young women aged 15-24 years are now using safe menstrual hygiene products.
This survey highlights a positive shift in menstrual hygiene management across India, particularly in urban areas and among certain demographics.
About the NCRB Data:
According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), there are 23,772 women in Indian prisons. Of these, 77% are in the reproductive age group (18-50 years) and are likely to be regular menstruators.
The availability of sanitary napkins has been inconsistent across different prisons, and the quality has often been unsatisfactory.
Many States have not implemented provisions from “the 2016 Model Prison Manual”, such as supplying adequate water and washroom facilities for female prisoners.
Overcrowding and poor socio-economic conditions further exacerbate the struggle of incarcerated women to secure basic necessities during menstruation.
BACK2BASICS: National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
NCRB was set up in 1986 to serve as a repository of information on crime and criminals. Its establishment was based on the recommendations of the Tandon Committee, the National Police Commission (1977-1981), and the Ministry of Home Affairs Taskforce (1985).
It is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is headquartered in New Delhi.
NCRB acts as a “national warehouse” for the fingerprint records of both Indian and foreign criminals. It assists in locating interstate criminals through fingerprint searches.
About the National Menstrual Hygiene Policy:
In 2023, India formulated this policy to recognize menstruation as a natural process requiring meaningful attention. The policy aims to ensure equity in the safe and dignified management of menstrual hygiene.
It prioritises ensuring that all menstruating individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status and geographical location, have equal opportunities to access and manage their menstruation safely and hygienically.
The Ministry of Home Affairs, which influences menstrual hygiene management in prisons, is overlooked as a critical stakeholder in the policy.
The key challenge of the policy is that it identifies prisoners as a target population with compromised access to menstrual hygiene facilities but lacks a concrete action plan to enhance menstrual hygiene management in prisons.
Other Government Initiatives to Improve Menstrual Health and Hygiene (MHH) in India
Integration of MHH into ASHA’s Role (2005-2010): The government integrated menstrual health and hygiene into the responsibilities of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) as part of the National Rural Health Mission.
Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS) Launched (2010): India initiated the Menstrual Hygiene Scheme (MHS) to distribute sanitary napkins to young girls.
Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram Programme (2010): This program, under the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health scheme, increased awareness and access to sanitary pads.
Menstrual Hygiene Management Guidelines Issued (2011-2015): In 2011, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued menstrual hygiene management guidelines. Additional directions were issued by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2015.
Nirmal Bharat Yatra and Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2012): The Nirmal Bharat Yatra, a flagship sanitation program, included MHH as an integral aspect of its agenda. Simultaneously, other similar programs under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan began, including initiatives to promote sanitary napkin vending machines and incinerators for safe disposal.
WASH targets for prisons:
Way Forward:
Ensure Basic Standards of Menstrual Hygiene: The Indian government must guarantee that basic standards of menstrual hygiene for women in captivity are met consistently across all prisons.
Implement Model Prison Manual 2016: The government must ensure that all States adhere to the recommendations outlined in the manual, which includes provisions for adequate water and washroom facilities for female prisoners.
Mains PYQ:
Q In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Species in News; Eucalyptus;
Mains level: Conservation and Mitigation Strategies;
Why in the news?
The Kerala state government permitted Kerala Forest Development Corporation (KFDC) to plant eucalyptus for financial reasons in 2024-2025. Environmentalists objected, citing forest impact and potential human-animal conflicts.
Reasons for Allowing KFDC to Plant Eucalyptus Trees:
Financial Sustenance: KFDC was permitted to plant eucalyptus trees to support its financial viability.
Existing Plantations: KFDC manages around 7,000 hectares of plantations, including eucalyptus, which contribute to its revenue generation.
Rotation Age: Plantations like eucalyptus have specific rotation ages for harvesting, ensuring a continuous cycle of revenue generation.
Significance of Eucalyptus
Timber and Fuel: Eucalyptus wood is extensively used in Australia as fuel and for building construction, fencing, and other timber applications.
Paper and Pulpwood: The bark of many eucalyptus species is used in papermaking and tanning, while the wood is used for pulpwood production.
Eucalyptus Oil: The leaves of many eucalyptus species contain aromatic oils, which are used for various purposes such as:
Medicinal Uses: Eucalyptus oil is used in expectorants and inhalants to relieve respiratory issues like asthma and bronchitis.
Insect Repellent: The oil is used as a natural insect repellent.
Antimicrobial Activity: Eucalyptus oil has antimicrobial properties, making it effective against bacteria and fungi
Why were environmentalists and social activists against the order?
Ecological Impact: Environmentalists raised concerns about the adverse effects of eucalyptus plantations on natural forests and ecosystems.
Human-Animal Conflicts: The proliferation of invasive species like eucalyptus was linked to increased human-wildlife conflicts, as animals ventured into human habitats in search of food due to habitat depletion.
Contravention of Eco-Restoration Policy: Activists argued that permitting eucalyptus plantations contradicted the state’s eco-restoration policy, which aimed to phase out exotic species and replace them with natural forests by 2024.
Invasive Species Management: The order was seen as undermining efforts to eradicate invasive species and mitigate their damaging effects on natural habitats and ecosystems.
Government Initiatives for Plant Conservation:
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) in India operates seed banks to conserve crop diversity and wild plant species.
National Afforestation Programme (NAP) has been implemented since 2000 for the afforestation of degraded forest lands. It is being implemented by the MoEFCC.
Conclusion: The controversy over eucalyptus planting in Kerala reflects the balance between financial sustainability and ecological concerns. While eucalyptus offers economic benefits, it also poses ecological risks and challenges to conservation efforts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zero Debris Charter; Kessler syndrome.
Why in the News?
The Zero Debris Charter was signed by twelve nations and the European Space Agency (ESA) at the ESA/EU Space Council.
Zero Debris Charter
The Zero Debris Charter was unveiled at the ESA Space Summit in Seville, Spain, in November 2023.
The Charter was facilitated by ESA’s “Protection of Space Assets” Accelerator and developed through extensive collaboration among various space actors.
Objectives:
To achieve debris neutrality in space by 2030.
Long-term sustainability of human activities in Earth orbit.
Members:
The signatory countries are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
The ESA signed as an International Organization.
Community Support and Leadership
Over 100 organizations are expected to sign the Charter in the coming months.
This includes national space agencies, satellite manufacturers, space startups, and astronomical societies.
Space Debris Challenges
ESA estimates over one million pieces of space debris larger than 1 cm in Earth orbit.
These debris pieces pose significant risks to satellites and astronauts.
Threats posed by Space Debris
Space debris also leads to two major risks:
It creates unusable regions of the orbit due to excessive debris, and
Leads to the ‘Kessler syndrome’ – the creation of more debris due to cascading collisions resulting from one collision.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SIDS Mapping; Barbados Programme of Action (1994); Mauritius Strategy (2005); and SAMOA Pathway (2014)
Why in the News?
The 4th International Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS-4) is underway in Antigua and Barbuda.
What are Small Island Developing States (SIDS)?
SIDS encompass 39 States and 18 Associate Members of United Nations regional commissions, facing unique social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities.
SIDS are situated across three regions:
the Caribbean,
the Pacific
the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea (AIS).
Their distinctive challenges were acknowledged at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
SDGs supporting SIDS
Small island development states are mentioned in several of the Sustainable Development Goals.
For example, Target 7 of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (“Life below Water“) states-
“By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism”.
Challenges Faced by SIDS:
Remote geography and reliance on external markets due to narrow resource bases contribute to high import/export costs.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), substantially larger than landmasses, provides vital resources but poses challenges like high transportation costs and vulnerability to economic shocks.
Biodiversity and Economic Significance:
Biodiversity sustains key industries like tourism and fisheries, often constituting over half of SIDS’ GDP.
Beyond economic benefits, biodiversity holds aesthetic and spiritual value, providing essential services like food supply, erosion prevention, and protection from natural disasters.
UN Programmes Supporting SIDS:
The Barbados Programme of Action (1994), Mauritius Strategy (2005), and Small Island Developing States Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway (2014) outline specific actions to achieve sustainable development and address gaps in implementation.
Barbados Programme of Action (1994): It prescribed actions enabling SIDS to achieve sustainable development.
Mauritius Strategy (2005): It addressed remaining gaps in implementing the Barbados Programme of Action.
SAMOA Pathway (2014): It emphasises challenges like climate change and biodiversity loss, outlining priorities for sustainable development.
These programmes underscore the ongoing commitment to supporting SIDS’ development and resilience.
Human Health and Social Development: Enhance food security, and water/sanitation, reduce non-communicable diseases, and promote gender equity.
Partnerships: Foster collaborations among SIDS, UN Agencies, development partners, and stakeholders to achieve sustainable development goals.
PYQ:
[2021] Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Hydrogen; the National Green Hydrogen Mission
Why in the news?
GAIL (India) Ltd has commissioned its first green hydrogen plant at Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh, marking a significant step for the nation’s largest natural gas transmission and distribution firm into new and alternate energy sources.
About Vijaipur Green Hydrogen Plant
The plant aligns with the National Green Hydrogen Mission‘s objective of achieving 5 million tons of annual green hydrogen production capacity by 2030.
The plant features a 10-megawattproton exchange membrane electrolyser imported from Canada.
It will produce approximately 4.3 tonnes of green hydrogen per day with a purity of about 99.999% by volume.
The production process utilises electricity from renewable sources, such as solar energy, to split water and produce green hydrogen.
Major Objective: Hydrogen Blending
GAIL is currently conducting experimental blending of hydrogen with natural gas.
Current regulations permit blending up to 5% hydrogen with natural gas, with ongoing studies to explore higher blending ratios.
What is Green Hydrogen?
Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis, where electricity derived from renewable sources, such as solar or wind power, is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Since it relies on renewable energy, green hydrogen production has no direct emissions of CO2 or other greenhouse gases.
What is the Green Hydrogen Standard?
Definition of Green Hydrogen: It has defined green hydrogen as having a well-to-gate emission – including water treatment, electrolysis, gas purification, drying and compression of hydrogen – of not more than 2 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of hydrogen produced.
Nodal Agency: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, will be the nodal authority for green hydrogen production projects.
Back2Basics: National Green Hydrogen Mission, 2023
Details
Ministry
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Purpose
To incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.
Key Activities
Facilitates demand creation, production, utilisation, and export of green hydrogen.
Sub-Schemes
Strategic Interventions for the Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT): To fund the domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and the production of green hydrogen.
Green Hydrogen Hubs: Identify and develop states and regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilisation of hydrogen as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
Green Hydrogen Hubs Details
Identifies and develops regions capable of large-scale hydrogen production and utilisation as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
Objectives
Develop 5 MMT per annum of green hydrogen production by 2030.
Add 125 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
Entail over Rs 8 lakh crore investments and generate six lakh jobs.
Reduce fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore and abate 50 MT of greenhouse gases annually.
Significance of Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is an important source of energy since it has zero carbon content and is a non-polluting source of energy in contrast to hydrocarbons that have net carbon content in the range of 75–85 per cent.
Hydrogen energy is expected to reduce carbon emissions that are set to jump by 1.5 billion tons in 2021.
It has the highest energy content by weight and lowest energy content by volume.
As per the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Hydrogen shall make up 6 per cent of total energy consumption by 2050.
Hydrogen energy is currently at a nascent stage of development but has considerable potential for aiding the process of energy transition from hydrocarbons to renewable.
Types of Hydrogen
Hydrogen extraction methods are classified into three types based on their processes: Grey, Blue, and Green etc.
Green Hydrogen: Discussed above.
Grey Hydrogen: This type of hydrogen is obtained through coal or lignite gasification (black or brown), or by steam methane reformation (SMR) of natural gas or methane (grey). These processes are typically carbon-intensive.
Blue Hydrogen: It is derived from natural gas or coal gasification, coupled with carbon capture storage (CCS) or carbon capture use (CCU) technologies to mitigate carbon emissions.
Turquoise hydrogen: It refers to hydrogen produced from methane pyrolysis, while yellow hydrogen is produced from biomass.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following heavy industries:
Fertilizer plants
Oil refineries
Steel plants
Green hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in decarbonizing how many of the above industries?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
[2023] With reference to green hydrogen, consider the following statements:
It can be used directly as a fuel for internal combustion.
It can be blended with natural gas and used as fuel for heat or power generation.
It can be used in the hydrogen fuel cell to run vehicles.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CCRAS and its functioning
Why in the news?
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) is hosting “PRAGATI-2024” at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, to promote collaboration and research opportunities between CCRAS and the Ayurveda drug industry.
About Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS)
The CCRAS is an autonomous body of the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy), Government of India.
It was established in 1978 to formulate, coordinate, develop, and promote research on scientific lines in the Ayurveda and Sowa-Rigpa system of medicine.
Primary Objectives:
Research: To undertake research to scientifically establish the efficacy of Ayurvedic practices.
Development: To develop and promote Ayurveda science through research and education.
Integration: To integrate traditional Ayurvedic methods with modern medicine for more comprehensive healthcare.
Functions of CCRAS
Research Studies: Conducting various types of research studies like drug research, fundamental research, clinical research, literary research, and medicinal plant research.
Publication: Publishing scientific journals, research papers, and other documentation to disseminate knowledge.
Medicinal Plant Development: Focusing on the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants used in Ayurveda.
Public Health Initiatives: Implementing public health programs and providing training to practitioners.
Achievements of CCRAS:
Development of Ayurvedic Formulations: CCRAS has developed several notable Ayurvedic formulations and technologies, which have been patented and commercialised.
National Ayurveda Morbidity Codes: CCRAS has developed morbidity codes and standard terminologies to standardise the practice of Ayurveda.
AYUSH Research Portal: A comprehensive database of research on Ayurveda, which includes information on drugs, case studies, and clinical trials.
Notable Projects:
Golden Triangle Partnership: A collaborative project with CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) for enhancing the scientific validation of Ayurveda.
Tribal Health Care Research Program: Aimed at documenting ethno-medical knowledge and validating it for scientific purposes.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-JANMAN Scheme
Mains level: Government initiatives and Programs; Technical Challenges in the implementation; PM JANMAN Housing Scheme;
Why in the News?
The PM JANMAN presents a new opportunity to transform the lives of India’s Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
About PVTGs:
India has numerous Adivasi groups, with 75 identified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). These comprise around 14.6 lakh households and live in scattered, remote, and often inaccessible areas. Their livelihoods rely on methods and tools that predate agriculture. PVTGs have low literacy rates, economic backwardness, and stagnant populations.
In 1960-61, the Dhebar Commission identified disparities among Scheduled Tribes, leading to the creation of the “Primitive Tribal Groups” (PTG) category. In 2006, this category was renamed Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
Government Initiatives:
Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission. Announced for the fiscal year 2023-24 to improve socio-economic conditions of PVTGs.
Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) launched in November 2023.
Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana, Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP).
PM JANMAN Objectives:
Provide essential services to PVTGs, including safe housing, clean drinking water, and sanitation.
The largest Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme in the initiative.
Aims to reach 4.90 lakh PVTG households by 2026.
Households to receive ₹2.39 lakh each in three instalments.
Technical Challenges in the PM JANMAN Housing Scheme
App Functionality and Data Gathering:
Data Collection Areas: The ‘Awaas+’ app records geographical locations, household profiles with geo-tagging, and bank account details for cash transfers.
Mandatory Jobcard: Registration requires a jobcard, but many have been deleted, affecting PVTGs’ eligibility.
Jobcard Issues:
Deletion of Jobcards: Widespread deletion of over eight crore MGNREGA jobcards in the past two years has led to many PVTGs being ineligible for the scheme.
Jobcard Misuse: Cases of fraudulent registrations with someone else’s job cards further complicate the registration process.
Village List Discrepancies:
Inconsistent Data: The pre-populated list of villages in the app does not match the MGNREGA Management Information System (MIS). For example, the app lists 22 villages while the MIS lists 31 villages for ‘Vanjari’ Panchayat in Andhra Pradesh, causing confusion.
Aadhaar-related Issues:
Name Matching: The app requires names as per Aadhaar records but does not guide what to do if Aadhaar is absent.
PVTG Identification: The app does not explicitly identify PVTGs, using a default ‘ST’ option, leading to non-PVTG registrations.
Certification Issues:
Local Certification: Ineligible registrations prompt local officials to ask PVTGs for certification from sarpanches/mukhiyas.
Conflict of Interest: Non-PVTG sarpanches/mukhiyas in mixed communities may act against the interests of PVTGs, complicating the certification process.
Geo-tagging Problems:
Network Issues: Geo-tagging required for planned construction locations faces chaos due to poor network connectivity, hindering accurate data capture.
Bank Selection Complexity:
Overwhelming Options: The app’s dropdown lists for banks are excessively long. For example, selecting ‘Commercial Bank’ shows over 300 options, and choosing ‘State Bank of India’ in Andhra Pradesh presents over 500 branches, adding unnecessary complexity for both PVTGs and officials.
Opportunity/Way Forward for PM JANMAN Housing Scheme
Simplify App Interface: Update the ‘Awaas+’ app to have a more user-friendly interface and reduce unnecessary complexities, such as the long dropdown lists for banks.
Clear Guidelines for Aadhaar: Provide explicit instructions on what names to use in the absence of Aadhaar, ensuring all eligible PVTGs can register.
Verify Jobcard Authenticity: Introduce robust mechanisms to prevent fraudulent registrations using others’ jobcards.
Improve Network Infrastructure: Invest in better network infrastructure in remote areas to support the geo-tagging feature.
Mains PYQ:
Q Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category? (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WHO; Healthcare Initiatives;
Mains level: Health Care; Convention on Tobacco Control; Global Health Rules;
Why in the News?
Health officials of the World Health Organization (WHO) aim to finalize over two years of negotiations on new pandemic response rules when they convene in Geneva next week.
About the ‘Pandemic Treaty’
The pandemic treaty is a new legally binding agreement being negotiated to improve the global pandemic response. The treaty aims to address the shortcomings revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as inequitable vaccine distribution.
Article 12, a critical and contentious part of the treaty, proposes reserving around 20% of tests, treatments, and vaccines for WHO distribution to poorer countries during emergencies.
The treaty would be the second major health accord after the 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Convention n Tobacco Control
Govt. of India ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in 2004, the first-ever international public health treaty focusing on the global public health issue of tobacco control.
The FCTC is a legally binding treaty that requires countries bound by the treaty — or Parties to implement evidence-based measures to reduce tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke.
How will Global Health Rules Change?
Updates to the existing International Health Regulations (IHR) include a new alert system for different risk assessments of outbreaks, replacing the current single-level emergency declaration.
A new “early action alert” stage will be introduced, along with a potential “pandemic emergency” category for the most severe health threats.
Obligations for countries: Strengthened obligations for countries to inform the WHO about public health events, changing the language from “may” to “should”.
How do the countries view this pact?
Developed Countries
Wealthy countries are often cautious about sharing resources such as drugs and vaccines.
There is significant political pressure, especially from right-wing groups, fearing that the treaty could infringe on national sovereignty.
These countries are concerned about the financial implications, debating whether to set up a new fund or use existing resources like the World Bank’s $1 billion pandemic fund.
Underdeveloped Countries
Poorer countries emphasize the need for equitable access to treatments and vaccines, reflecting experiences of “vaccine apartheid” during the COVID-19 pandemic.
They advocate for stronger commitments from wealthier nations to support global health infrastructure and emergency response capabilities.
Future Scope of the New IHR Rules and the Pandemic Accord (Treaty):
More robust framework: The IHR updates and the pandemic treaty has designed to complement each other, creating a more robust framework for global health emergencies.
Promotes cooperation: The new rules aim to ensure faster, more transparent information sharing, and better co-operation during health crises.
Next steps for treaty negotiations: Next week’s World Health Assembly will focus on planning the next steps for the Treaty Negotiations, with a full agreement unlikely to be reached immediately.
Defenses against future pandemics: The successful implementation of both the IHR updates and the pandemic treaty could significantly strengthen the world’s defenses against future pandemics, addressing gaps exposed by COVID-19.
Conclusion: While there is a shared understanding of the treaty’s importance, countries’ views are shaped by their National interests, Financial concerns, and Political pressures, leading to complex and protracted negotiations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Europe’s AI convention;
Mains level: What is Europe’s AI convention?
Why in the News?
Global AI governance is becoming increasingly intricate, with countries employing diverse approaches. This shows that the Global treaties may face significant challenges despite widespread support.
About the Council of Europe (COE)
The COE is an intergovernmental organization established in 1949. It currently has 46 member states, including the Holy See, Japan, and the U.S., alongside EU countries.
Aim: To uphold human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.
What is Europe’s AI convention?
Europe’s AI convention, officially known as the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, represents a significant milestone in AI governance.
Adopted by the Council of Europe (COE) on May 17, this convention addresses the pressing need for comprehensive regulation of AI, particularly concerning its impact on human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
The scope of the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law encompasses:
It ensures that activities throughout the lifecycle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems align fully with Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law.
Consistent with the EU AI Act and the OECD’s definition, an AI system is defined as a machine-based system that generates outputs based on input to influence physical or virtual environments.
Coverage:
Application by Parties: The convention applies to activities involving AI systems conducted by both public authorities and private actors acting on their behalf.
Addressing Risks: Parties are required to address risks and impacts from AI systems activities by private actors that are not covered under (a) in a manner consistent with the convention’s objectives.
Difference Between a Framework Convention and a Protocol
Framework Convention: A legally binding treaty specifying broad commitments and objectives.Allows parties discretion in achieving objectives, adapting to their capacities and priorities.Example: Convention on Biological Diversity.
Protocol: Specific agreements are negotiated under a framework convention. Sets specific targets or detailed measures to achieve the broader objectives of the framework convention.Example: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Addressing National Security in the AI Convention
Exemptions for National Security: Articles 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 provide broad exemptions for national security interests, research, development, testing, and national defense, excluding military AI applications from the convention’s scope.
Balancing Flexibility and Regulation: Article 3(b) allows parties some flexibility in applying the convention to the private sector, preventing total exemption but accommodating national security needs.
General Obligations: Articles 4 and 5 ensure the protection of human rights, democratic integrity, and the rule of law, requiring parties to address disinformation and deep fakes as part of their national security measures.
Scope for Further Action: Article 22 allows parties to exceed specified commitments, enabling additional measures to address national security concerns related to AI.
Conclusion: The AI convention is essential because it reinforces existing human and fundamental rights within the context of AI applications, rather than creating new rights. It emphasizes the need for governments to uphold these rights and implement effective remedies and procedural safeguards.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss.(UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cost Inflation Index (CII); Long Term Capital Gains
Why in the News?
The Income Tax Department has notified the cost inflation index (CII) for the current fiscal to calculate long-term capital gains arising from the sale of immovable property, securities and jewellery.
The CII is used by a taxpayer to compute gains arising out of the sale of capital assets after adjusting for inflation.
CII Values:
For FY 2024-25, the CII is set at 363.
Previous years’ CII values were 348 for FY 2023-24 and 331 for FY 2022-23.
What isCost Inflation Index (CII)?
CII is a measure used by the Income Tax Department of India to account for inflation when calculating the capital gains on the sale of long-term capital assets.
It helps to adjust the purchase price of assets to reflect the effect of inflation.
CII adjusts the cost of acquisition of assets to the price level inflation at the time of sale.
This ensures that taxpayers pay taxeson the real gains rather than on the inflationary component of the price rise.
It is defined under Section 48 of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
The index is revised annually to keep up with inflation, with the base year being periodically reset (currently the base year is 2001-02 in India).
Application of CII
CII is used to compute the indexed cost of acquisition of a capital asset that has been held for more than36 months (considered as long-term capital assets).
Different holding periods apply for certain types of assets like immovable property and listed securities.
Tax Calculation:
The formula used is:
This formula helps determine the adjusted cost basis from which any sale proceeds are subtracted to calculate capital gains.
Back2Basics: Long Term Capital Gains
In India, long-term capital gains (LTCG) refer to the profit earned from the sale of a capital asset held for a specific period, qualifying it as “long-term” based on the duration of holding.
The tax implications and treatment of these gains are distinct from those of short-term capital gains.
Definition of Long-Term Capital Assets
Equity or Preference Shares, Listed Securities, Units of UTI, etc.: These are considered long-term if held for more than 12 months before sale.
Immovable Property (e.g., Land, Building): Considered long-term if held for more than 24 months.
Other Assets (e.g., Jewellery, Debt-oriented Mutual Funds, etc.): These need to be held for more than 36 months to be considered long-term.
Taxation of Long-Term Capital Gains
Equity Investments:
LTCG from the sale of listed shares or equity-oriented mutual funds over ₹1 lakh is taxed at 10% without the benefit of indexation, provided the securities transaction tax (STT) was paid at the time of sale.
Non-Equity Investments:
LTCG from assets like debt mutual funds, real estate, gold, etc., is taxed at 20% with the benefit of indexation.
Indexation Benefit:
For non-equity assets, the Cost Inflation Index (CII) is used to adjust the purchase price of the asset to reflect inflation. This reduces the taxable gain by increasing the acquisition cost.
Calculation of Long-Term Capital Gains
The general formula for calculating LTCG is:
Where:
Full Value of Consideration is the sale price of the asset.
Indexed Cost of Acquisition is the purchase price adjusted by the CII.
Indexed Cost of Improvement refers to the cost of any improvements made to the asset, adjusted by the CII.
Cost of Transfer includes expenses directly related to the sale or transfer of the asset.
Exemptions and Deductions
Section 54: Exemption on LTCG from the sale of a residential property if the proceeds are reinvested in another residential property in India.
Section 54EC: Exemption by investing LTCG in bonds issued by NHAI or REC within 6 months of the asset sale, subject to a cap of ₹50 lakhs.
PYQ:
[2015] Which reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
(b) The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
(c) Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
(d) Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fatty Acids and their health implications
Why in the News?
Fish oil supplements, highly regarded for their high omega-3 fatty acid content, have long been associated with heart health benefits.
A recent study has caused controversy by raising the possibility that these supplements may be as harmful as previously thought.
What are Fatty Acids?
Fatty acids are crucial lipids (fats and oils) essential for various biological functions (Fatty Acid + Glycerol = Fats). They are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, either saturated or unsaturated.
Basic Structure: Consists of a hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group (-COOH). The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chain can vary.
Roles in the Body: Serve as energy sources, components of cell membranes, and precursors for bioactive lipids.
Types of Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are classified based on the presence and number of double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain:
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
Structure: Contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; the hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Formation: Produced by the industrial process of hydrogenation of unsaturated fats, or naturally in the guts of some animals.
Properties: Similar to saturated fats, solid at room temperature.
Health Impact: Associated with negative cardiovascular effects.
Sources: Margarine, partially hydrogenated oils, and some baked goods.
What are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3s) are polyunsaturated fats that perform important functions in the human body.
There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids:
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). EPA is a “marine omega-3” because it’s found in fish.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). DHA is also a marine omega-3 found in fish.
ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). ALA is the form of omega-3 found in plants.
When we get ALA from food, the human body can turn some of the ALA into EPA and subsequently to DHA. However, this process provides just a small amount of EPA and DHA. So, dietary sources of EPA and DHA (like fish) are essential.
Functions of Omega-s fatty acids:
They help to provide structure and supporting interactions between cells.
Omega-3s are concentrated in high levels in cells in human eyes and brain.
They provide the human body with energy (calories) and support the health of many body systems. These include the human cardiovascular system and endocrine system.
Significance of Omega-3 fatty acids:
Omega-3 fatty acids have many potential benefits for human cardiovascular health.
One key benefit is that they help lower human triglyceride levels.
Too many triglycerides in human blood (hypertriglyceridemia) raise human risk of atherosclerosis, and through this, can increase human risk of heart disease and stroke. So, it’s important to keep triglyceride levels under control.
Omega-3s may help us by raising human HDL (good) cholesterol and lowering human blood pressure.
Some studies show omega-3s may lower human risk for Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hence lowering the sudden death caused by an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), and blood clots.
Beyond heart health, omega-3s may help lower the human risk of developing some forms of cancer, including breast cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), research continues to investigate these and other possible benefits.
PYQ:
[2011] A company marketing food products advertises that its items do not contain trans-fats. What does this campaign signify to the customers?
The food products are not made out of hydrogenated oils.
The food products are not made out of animal fats/ oils.
The oils used are not likely to damage the cardiovascular health of the consumers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The temple’s pavilion or the Saalu Mantap of the historic Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, Karnataka collapsed following Torrential rains.
About Virupaksha Temple
Traced back to the 7th century AD.
Built by early rulers of the Chalukya dynasty.
The temple was significantly expanded by Lakkan Dandesha, a chieftain under the rule of Deva Raya II (Prauda Deva Raya) of the Vijayanagara Empire.
However, the most significant expansions and contributions were made during the reign of King Krishnadevaraya in the early 16th century.
The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, known locally as Virupaksha or Pampa Pathi, and is associated with the local deity Pampadevi.
Hampi, including the Virupaksha Temple, was declared aUNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 due to its rich architectural heritage and historical significance.
Main Gopuram: The eastern entrance of the temple features a monumental nine-story gopuram (tower) that is approximately 50 meters high. This tower is intricately decorated with sculptures depicting Hindu myths and deities.
Smaller Gopurams: Other entrances of the temple are also marked by smaller but similarly elaborate gopurams.
Mandapas (Pavilions):
Ranga Mandapa: Added in 1510 by King Krishnadevaraya, this is one of the most elaborately carved areas. The Ranga Mandapa is used for temple ceremonies and performances, featuring pillars with intricate carvings of mythical creatures and deities.
Open Pillar Hall: A large hall with rows of intricately carved pillars that depict various mythological scenes and form an important part of the temple structure.
Kalyana Mandapa: This area is used for celebrating the annual marriage festival of the deities, reflecting both architectural grandeur and cultural significance.
Sanctum Sanctorum (Garbhagriha):
Main Shrine: The innermost sanctum houses the sacred Linga of Lord Virupaksha (Shiva). This area is considered the most sacred and is elaborately decorated.
Lesser Sanctums: Surrounding the main sanctum, there are smaller shrines dedicated to other deities, which are typical in South Indian temple complexes.
Pillars and Sculptures:
Carved Pillars: The temple’s pillars are renowned for their detailed carvings, which depict scenes from Hindu mythology, including episodes from the epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
Artistic Themes: The sculptures include a mix of divine figures, mythological animals, and scenes from daily life, showcasing the craftsmanship and artistic sensibilities of the era.
Water Structures:
Sacred Tank: A sacred water tank within the complex is used for religious rituals and ceremonies.
About Vijayanagara Empire
It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, who were brothers and possibly former officers in the Hoysala Empire.
Dynastic Rule: Governed by four main dynasties: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, and Aravidu.
Capital: The capital was Hampi, in the modern state of Karnataka, India, recognized today as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Geographical Span: At its peak, the empire covered not only Karnataka but also extended into parts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
Krishnadevaraya: Considered the greatest ruler of the empire, known for his administrative genius and patronage of arts and literature.
Decline: The Empire suffered a major military defeat against a coalition of Deccan Sultanates in the Battle of Talikota (1565), which led to a significant decline in power.
PYQ:
[2019] Building ‘Kalyana Mandapas’ was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of-
Chalukya
Chandela
Rashtrakuta
Vijayanagara
[2016] Krishnadeva Raya, the king of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was a also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Periyar River and important places in its catchment
Why in the News?
A mass fish kill struck the Periyar River, the ‘Lifeline of Kerala’.
The incident, believed to be caused by industrial pollution from the Edayar Industrial Area, has caused immense loss to fish farmers and disrupted the local ecosystem.
About Periyar River
Details
Length
Approximately 244 kilometers (151 miles)
Source of the river
Originates in the Sivagiri hills of Sundaramala, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu
Mouth of the River
Empties into the Arabian Sea at Aluva, near Kochi, Kerala
Flow Through
Flows through Idukki, Ernakulam, and Thrissur districts in Kerala
Major Tributaries
Muthirapuzha, Cheruthoni, Edamalayar
Key Hydroelectric Projects
Idukki Dam (one of Asia’s highest arch dams), other significant dams include Mullaperiyar Dam
Ecological Conservation
Supports diverse ecosystems, passes through Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary (notable for elephants and tigers)
Cultural Significance
The ancient port of Muziris, is believed to have been located near the mouth of the Periyar.
Environmental Challenges
Faces pollution from industrial discharge and urban waste; water management disputes, especially related to the Mullaperiyar Dam’s safety and water sharing between Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Threats to Periyar River
The lower reaches of the Periyar are heavily polluted. Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river.
Greenpeace India describes the lower Periyar as “a cesspool of toxins, which have alarming levels of deadly poisons like DDT, endosulfan, hexa and trivalent chromium, lead, cyanide, BHC”.
Illegal sand mining from the Periyar is another major environmental issue.
PYQ:
[2011] With reference to the Indus river system, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which joins the Indus direct. Among the following, which one is such river that joins the Indus direct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plurilateral Agreement/Pact and WTO
Mains level: India's Strong Stand against the IFD at WTO MC13;
Why in the News?
An official stated on Tuesday that India opposes a China-led proposal on investment facilitation at the WTO, arguing that it is a ‘non-trade’ issue beyond the global trade body’s mandate.
About Plurilateral Agreement/Pact:
A plurilateral agreement is a trade agreement between more than two countries, but not necessarily encompass all members of a larger organization such as the World Trade Organization (WTO).
These agreements are binding only on the signatories and not on the entire membership of the organization under annexure-4 of the WTO.
They allow for deeper integration among interested parties without requiring full consensus, which can be difficult to achieve in larger multilateral frameworks.
What is the China-led Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement (IFD)?
The IIFD Agreement is a proposed pact by China, with support from other countries, to streamline and facilitate foreign investment.
The main objectives of the IFD Agreement include:
Enhancing transparency of investment measures.
Streamlining and speeding up investment-related authorization procedures.
Promoting international cooperation, information sharing, and exchange of best practices.
Encouraging sustainable investment practices.
The proponents of the IFD argue that it would bring benefits to all WTO members, especially developing and least-developed countries, by creating a more predictable and transparent investment climate.
India’s Strong Stand against the IFD at WTO MC13
India has taken a firm stance against the inclusion of the IFD Agreement in the WTO framework for several reasons:
Investment is Not a Trade Issue: India argues that investment does not fall within the traditional purview of the WTO, which primarily focuses on trade issues. It points out that past Ministerial decisions have explicitly kept investment outside the WTO’s scope.
Sovereignty Concerns: A significant concern for India is the potential impact on its policy space. The IFD Agreement includes provisions that would require the government to consult with investors on policy matters, which India fears could undermine its ability to make sovereign decisions.
Lack of Consensus: India, along with South Africa, has highlighted the absence of a unanimous consensus among WTO members regarding the inclusion of the IFD as a plurilateral agreement. They argue that without exclusive consensus, it should not be brought onto the formal agenda.
Policy Autonomy: India is wary that the IFD Agreement’s requirements could constrain its autonomy in regulating investments to align with national development priorities and strategies.
Procedural Concerns: India contends that the issue should not have been part of the MC13 agenda and instead, should be discussed at the General Council, given the divisive nature of the proposal among WTO members.
Conclusion: India’s opposition to the IFD Agreement at the WTO stems from a combination of concerns about preserving national sovereignty, adhering to established WTO boundaries regarding trade versus investment issues, and ensuring that any significant changes in the WTO framework are backed by broad-based consensus.
Mains PYQ:
Q The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. (UPSC IAS/2016)
