Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UAPA Bail Provisions
Mains level: Bail as a diffuser in UAPA Provisions
Introduction
- The Supreme Court’s recent decision to deny bail to an accused in an alleged “Khalistan module,” highlights the stringent bail provisions under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA).
- Unlike ordinary criminal law, the UAPA imposes higher hurdles for granting bail, reflecting the gravity of offenses related to terrorism and unlawful activities.
About Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
|
Description |
| Purpose |
To provide for the prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations, dealing with terrorist activities, and activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. |
| Applicability |
- Indian and foreign nationals and applies throughout India.
- Citizens of India outside India, persons in the service of the Government, and persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.
|
| Origin |
- Enacted in 1967 based on the recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism.
- Followed the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, which empowered Parliament to impose reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peaceably, and right to form associations or unions.
|
| Key Provisions |
- Declaration as unlawful (Section 3): Central government has absolute power to declare any association unlawful.
- Chargesheet (Section 45): Investigating agency must file a chargesheet within 180 days after arrests, extendable further after court intimation.
- Punishment (Section 16, 18): Includes death penalty and life imprisonment.
|
| 2004 Amendment |
- Added “Terrorist Act”: To the list of offenses enabling the ban of organizations involved in terrorist activities.
- Expanded the definition of “unlawful” activities: To include terrorist acts, in addition to actions related to secession and cession of territory.
|
| 2019 Amendment |
- Central Government to designate individuals as terrorists based on specific grounds.
- National Investigation Agency (NIA) DG, authority to approve seizure or attachment of property during NIA investigations.
- NIA officers of the rank of Inspector or above to investigate terrorism cases, expanding the scope from officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police.
|
Bail Provisions in UAPA: Section 43D (5)
- Key Provision: Section 43D (5) of the UAPA stipulates that accused individuals charged under specific chapters of the Act shall not be granted bail unless certain conditions are met.
- Bail Criteria: The law places the burden on the accused to demonstrate to the court that the accusations against them are not prima facie true, shifting the onus from the prosecution to the defense.
Impact of Judicial Precedents
- Watali Judgment (2019): The Supreme Court’s ruling in Zahoor Ahmed Shah Watali v NIA established a precedent wherein bail decisions under the UAPA are based solely on accepting the prosecution’s case at face value.
- Limitations on Defense: Legal scholars argue that the Watali judgment restricts the defense’s ability to challenge the prosecution’s case effectively, undermining the principle of a fair trial.
Post-Watali Developments
- Court Discretion: Despite the stringent bail provisions, courts have granted bail in certain cases, emphasizing the need for specific, individual charges supported by credible evidence.
- Differing Judicial Interpretations: Subsequent judgments, such as in Union of India vs KA Najeeb (February 2021) and Vernon Gonsalves v State of Maharashtra (July 2023), have provided nuances to the bail criteria, recognizing the importance of balancing liberty with the right to a speedy trial.
Challenges and Future Implications
- Legal Ambiguity: Divergent interpretations by different benches highlight the need for clarity in UAPA bail provisions, with the potential for larger benches to resolve conflicting precedents.
- Case Analysis: The recent denial of bail to a Khalistani protagonist underscores the predominance of the Watali ruling in UAPA bail decisions, despite potential inconsistencies with other judgments.
Conclusion
- Balancing Rights: The debate over UAPA bail provisions reflects the delicate balance between safeguarding national security and protecting individual liberties.
- Legal Evolution: The evolution of judicial interpretations will shape the future landscape of UAPA bail jurisprudence, influencing the rights of accused individuals in cases involving national security concerns.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayushman Bharat Scheme, ASHA and Anganwadi Workers
Mains level: ASHA and Anganwadi Workers
Introduction
- Following the Centre’s decision to extend health coverage under the Ayushman Bharat Scheme to Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Anganwadi workers and helpers, the Health Ministry has initiated the process of enrollment.
- The Health Ministry has received Aadhaar details of 23 lakh Anganwadi workers and helpers and over three lakh ASHA workers from various states.
About Ayushman Bharat Scheme
|
Details |
| Launch |
2018, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) |
| Aim |
Achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by providing promotive, preventive, curative, palliative, and rehabilitative care. |
| Funding |
Centrally Sponsored Scheme (expenditure shared between Central and State governments) |
| Coverage |
Targets over 10 crore families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) based on SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census) |
| Implementing Agency |
National Health Authority (NHA) |
| Components |
- Health and Wellness Centres (HWC) providing primary care services.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) offering health cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year.
|
| Coverage Details |
- Covers secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
- Includes pre-hospitalization and post-hospitalization expenses.
- No restrictions on family size, age, or gender.
|
| Portability of Benefits |
Benefits are portable across the country, allowing cashless treatment at any empanelled public or private hospital in India. |
| Digital Overture |
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): Launched in 2021 to provide Unique Digital Health IDs (UHID) for all Indian citizens, facilitating electronic access to health records. |
Significance of ASHA Program
- Workforce: As of December 31, 2023, there were over 13 lakh Anganwadi workers and over 10 lakh Anganwadi helpers in the country, along with 9.83 lakh ASHAs in position.
- Program Scale: India’s ASHA program is recognized as the world’s largest community volunteer program, operating across 35 states and union territories.
- Role of ASHAs: The ASHA program serves as a vital component of community healthcare, facilitating access to care and playing a crucial role in the prevention and management of COVID-19.
- Contribution Acknowledged: ASHAs have been recognized for their substantial contribution to improving access to care for communities and are integral to various community platforms under the National Health Mission.
Ayushman Bharat Scheme Impact
- Beneficiary Coverage: Currently, 55 crore individuals corresponding to 12 crore families are covered under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, with some states/UTs expanding the beneficiary base at their own cost.
- Enrollment and Hospital Admissions: The government has issued approximately 28.45 crore Ayushman cards, authorizing over 6.11 crore hospital admissions amounting to ₹78,188 crores.
- Hospital Empanelment: A total of 26,901 hospitals, including 11,813 private hospitals, have been empanelled under AB-PMJAY to provide healthcare services to scheme beneficiaries.
- Gender Equity: The scheme ensures gender equity in access to healthcare services, with women accounting for approximately 49% of Ayushman cards created and 48% of total authorized hospital admissions.
Back2Basics:
[1] Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA)
|
Details |
| Launch Year |
2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission.
Later extended to urban areas with the National Urban Health Mission in 2013. |
| Program Scope |
Largest community health worker program globally, serving as health care facilitators, service providers, and health awareness generators. |
| Number of ASHAs |
Over 10.52 Lakh ASHAs across all states/UTs (except Goa) as of June 2022. |
| Role |
Provide maternal and child health services, family planning, and services under National Disease Control Programme. |
| Service Population |
Serve populations of approximately 1,000 in rural areas and 2,000 in urban areas, with local adjustments based on workload. |
| Selection Criteria |
- Primarily women residents of the village, preferably aged 25 to 45.
- Literacy preferred and relaxed standards for tribal, hilly, or desert areas.
|
| Employment Classification |
Considered honorary/volunteer positions rather than government workers. |
[2] Anganwadi Programme
|
Details |
| Initiation |
- Started by the Government of India in 1975
- Part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
|
| Objective |
To combat child hunger and malnutrition |
| Implementation |
Centrally sponsored scheme implemented by States/UTs |
| Services Provided |
- Supplementary nutrition
- Pre-school non-formal education
- Immunization
- Health check-up
- Nutrition and health education
- Referral services
|
| Beneficiaries |
Identified based on Aadhaar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DPDP Bill, 2023
Mains level: Children's Online Safety
Introduction
- Recent Congressional hearings, including Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s public apology, shed light on the alarming rise of online child exploitation, prompting global concerns over children’s safety on social media platforms.
- Tech giants face mounting pressure worldwide as parents and activists demand increased accountability and safer online environments for children, highlighting issues beyond privacy concerns to encompass broader security risks.
Risks to Children’s Online Safety
- UNICEF Report Findings: A UNICEF report titled ‘The Metaverse, Extended Reality and Children’ underscores significant risks associated with virtual environments, including exposure to explicit content, cyberbullying, and data privacy violations, which could have profound impacts on children’s well-being.
- Emerging Dangers: Virtual environments and games, while not fully immersive yet, present dangers such as exposure to inappropriate content and exploitation, raising questions about the ethical implications of children’s digital interactions.
Issues Faced by Children Online
- Exposure to Inappropriate Content: Children may inadvertently encounter violent, pornographic, or hate speech content while navigating the internet.
- Online Predators and Grooming: Children face the risk of encountering online predators who exploit social media and gaming platforms to form relationships and groom them for exploitation.
- Cyberbullying: Children can fall victim to cyberbullying, which entails using digital technology to harass, intimidate, or humiliate others.
- Privacy Concerns: Due to a lack of awareness about privacy settings, children may unintentionally disclose personal information online.
- Addictive Behavior: Excessive screen time and prolonged use of digital devices can foster addictive behaviors, impacting children’s mental and physical well-being, academic performance, and social interactions.
Challenges Posed by Generative AI
- Potential Benefits and Pitfalls: Generative AI offers opportunities for creativity and learning but also poses risks, including the spread of disinformation and harmful content that could influence children’s cognitive development adversely.
- Vulnerability to Misinformation: Children, with developing cognitive abilities, are particularly susceptible to misinformation propagated through AI-generated content, raising concerns about the impact on their perceptions and behaviors.
Measures in India: DPDP Bill, 2023
- Definition of Minors: The DPDP Bill defines individuals under the age of 18 as minors. This definition acknowledges that children are particularly vulnerable and deserve additional safeguards for their personal data.
- Data Processing Obligations: The bill places three specific conditions on data processing entities when handling children’s data:
- Obtaining verifiable parental consent: As mentioned above, entities must ensure they have proper consent from a parent or guardian before processing a child’s data.
- Not causing harm to children: Data processing activities should not harm or exploit children in any way.
- Not tracking or targeting ads at children: Entities are prohibited from tracking children’s online behavior for targeted advertising purposes.
- Exemptions: The bill allows the government to exempt certain entities from the requirement of parental consent and tracking and targeting ads for specific purposes. However, such exemptions must be for the best interests of a child.
Way Forward
- Corporate Responsibility: Tech companies must prioritize ‘safety by design,’ integrating measures to protect children’s well-being and privacy into their platforms, guided by principles outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
- Regulatory Intervention: Governments play a crucial role in periodically assessing and updating regulatory frameworks to address emerging challenges in child safety online, including combating harmful content and behavior.
- Community Engagement: Upholding existing rules and norms that protect children offline should extend to the digital realm, fostering a collective responsibility among stakeholders to create a safer online environment for children.
Conclusion
- Addressing the multifaceted risks to children’s safety online requires collaborative efforts from tech companies, governments, and communities, guided by a shared commitment to uphold children’s rights and well-being in the digital age.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brumation, Hibernation, Estivation (Inactivity in response to high temperatures)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Imagine seeing an alligator resting quietly underwater, with only its snout visible. Is it alive or dead? There’s another possibility: brumation.
What is Brumation?
- Definition: Brumation is a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, similar to hibernation in mammals. It occurs during colder months when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce.
- Purpose: Reptiles enter brumation to conserve energy and survive adverse environmental conditions.
- Habitat: They may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices, or other sheltered areas where temperatures are stable.
- Metabolic Slowdown: During brumation, their metabolism significantly slows, allowing them to go weeks or months without eating.
- Reduced Activity: Reptiles minimize their resource requirements and conserve energy during this period of reduced activity.
Observations
- Species Affected: Researchers have observed brumation in various reptilian species across habitats.
- Examples: Box turtles and painted turtles burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes seek refuge in underground dens or caves, while lizards hide under rocks or within vegetation.
Significance of Brumation
- Survival Strategy: Brumation is crucial for reptiles to survive cold climates and endure challenging environmental conditions.
- Re-emergence: It allows reptiles to conserve energy until they can re-emerge to feed and reproduce in more favorable conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: History of IMD
Mains level: Hyperlocal Extreme Weather: Prediction Challenges
Introduction
- Weather forecasting is vital for disaster management and decision-making in India, where extreme weather events like rain, cyclones, heatwaves, and droughts pose significant challenges.
- The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) specializes in predicting weather patterns using sophisticated observation, modelling, and interpretation techniques.
About the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)
|
Details |
| About |
- National Meteorological Service of India;
- Principal government agency for meteorology and allied subjects
|
| Ministry |
Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India |
| Objectives |
- Provide meteorological observations and forecasts
- Warn against severe weather phenomena
- Provide meteorological statistics
- Conduct and promote research in meteorology
|
| Evolution |
- Established in 1875 after devastating cyclones;
- Started with just one individual
|
| Advancements |
- Significant progress in understanding monsoons;
- Enhanced cyclone forecasting post-1999 Odisha super cyclone
|
| Diversified Roles |
- Expanded services beyond weather forecasting;
- Provides specialized services for various sectors
|
| Global Recognition |
- Recognized as Regional Climate Centre for South Asia;
- Contributes to UN’s ‘Early Warning for All’ programme
|
| Major Initiatives |
- National Monsoon Mission (NMM)
- Mausam App
- Doppler Weather Radars
|
Challenges in Weather Forecasting
- Variability in Tropical Regions: Tropical countries like India face inherently higher weather variability.
- Hurdles: Despite advancements, IMD forecasts still encounter inaccuracies, particularly during winter and summer monsoons.
- Insufficient Ground Stations: The limited number of ground stations hinders accurate monitoring, with only around 800 automatic weather stations (AWS) and 37 doppler weather radars (DWR) against the required thousands.
Transition to Modern Technologies
- Prediction Software: Current forecasting software relies on global forecasting and weather research models, which are not the most modern.
- Emerging Technologies: Start-ups are adopting artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) for predictions, necessitating an integrated data system to fill existing gaps.
Initiatives for Improvement
- WINDS Program: The Weather Information Network and Data System (WINDS) aim to install over 200,000 ground stations (AWS and ARG) to enhance weather data utilization and promote wider applications in agriculture and other sectors.
- Air Quality Monitoring: Make in India initiatives facilitate the production of low-cost, reliable sensor-based air quality monitoring systems, aiding in quick installations, particularly in urban areas.
Addressing Air Pollution Challenges
- Fog and Air Pollution: Dense fog exacerbates air pollution issues, trapping pollutants and posing health risks. Initiatives to manufacture affordable air quality sensors and establish nationwide networks are underway.
- Role of AI/ML: Integrated AI/ML-based models leveraging data from new sensors can improve fog prediction and aid in timely decision-making regarding transportation and health impacts.
Towards a Comprehensive Infrastructure
- Advancements: India is on track to establish a robust air quality and weather information network.
- Integration and Collaboration: Seamless data sharing and system integration among stakeholders are crucial for achieving this national infrastructure.
- Potential Impact: A unified information gateway will play a vital role in addressing climate and environmental challenges.
Conclusion
- India’s strides in weather forecasting and air quality monitoring underscore its commitment to enhancing disaster preparedness and environmental sustainability.
- With concerted efforts and technological advancements, India is poised to establish a world-class infrastructure crucial for tackling climate-related issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru, India, recently conducted the inaugural test flight of a solar-powered High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) vehicle, marking a significant stride in indigenous HAPS technology.
- India now joins a select group of nations, including China, South Korea, and the UK, pioneering the development of HAPS for diverse applications.
Test Flight Details of India’s HAPS
- Prototype Description: NAL’s test featured a small-scale HAPS weighing 23 kilograms, boasting a wingspan of 12 meters.
- Location: Engineers conducted the successful trial at the Challakere testing facilities in Karnataka state, soaring to an altitude of approximately 3 kilometers and sustaining flight for 8.5 hours.
- Progress: Despite its scaled-down size, the prototype’s performance exceeded expectations, paving the way for future full-scale models.
HAPS Technology Overview
- Definition: HAPS represents a class of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that operate autonomously in the stratosphere.
- Features: These aircraft incorporate solar cells and batteries, enabling extended flights resembling satellite persistence without the need for costly rocket launches.
Capabilities and Applications
- Altitude and Endurance: HAPS can autonomously operate at altitudes of 18-20 kilometers for months or even years, offering persistent aerial monitoring and surveillance capabilities.
- Strategic Uses: These platforms hold potential for applications such as border surveillance, disaster response, and communication network restoration.
Future Development Goals
- Milestone Objectives: NAL aims to achieve continuous flight for 24 hours in upcoming trials, further validating the aircraft’s energy storage and solar recharging capabilities.
- Operational Deployment: India anticipates deploying refined HAPS technology for practical defense by 2027 purposes, particularly in border monitoring.
Benefits and Challenges
- Cost benefits: HAPS operate closer to Earth than satellites and do not require expensive rocket launches for deployment.
- Flight Duration: Advanced HAPS can remain airborne for months or years with solar cell-powered battery recharging.
- Advantages: HAPS offer advantages over traditional satellites, including lower deployment costs, modular payloads, and increased flexibility in targeting and redirection.
- Obstacles: Challenges include navigating minimal stratospheric flight regulations and addressing unpredictable weather conditions at high altitudes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darwin Day, Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- February 12 is celebrated globally as Darwin Day to honor the birth of naturalist Charles Darwin and his contributions to evolutionary theory.
- Darwin’s seminal work, ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,’ published in 1859, revolutionized our understanding of evolution.
Who was Charles Darwin (1809–1882)?
|
Description |
| Early Life |
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England |
| Education |
Studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh but later shifted focus to natural history at the University of Cambridge |
| Famous Work |
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection |
| Scientific Contributions |
- Theory of evolution by natural selection
- Extensive studies on the Galápagos Islands
- Contributions to the fields of geology, botany, and zoology, research on barnacles
|
| Research Expeditions |
Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836), a significant expedition during which Darwin collected specimens and made observations that influenced his theories |
| Death |
April 19, 1882, at Down House, Downe, Kent, England |
| Legacy |
Considered one of the most influential figures in scientific history, his work laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology |
Evolutionary Insights
- Contributions of Darwin and Wallace: Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, sparking a paradigm shift in biology.
- Scientific Advancements: Darwin Day serves as an occasion to highlight recent scientific advancements in evolutionary biology and promote public engagement with science.
- Impact on Modern Biology: Darwin’s ideas continue to shape modern biology, providing a framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.
Key Propositions by Darwin
[A] Understanding Genetic Variations
- Role in Adaptation: Genetic diversity within populations facilitates adaptation to changing environments, as observed in the process of natural selection.
- Example: Genetic variants conferring heat tolerance in a population become advantageous in warmer climates, leading to their increased prevalence through natural selection.
- Mechanisms of Variation: Mutation, recombination, and gene flow contribute to the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity within populations.
[B] Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection: Darwin and Wallace’s theory of natural selection explains how advantageous traits become more common in populations over successive generations.
- Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, known as genetic drift, can lead to significant changes in small populations.
- Gene Flow: Migration and gene flow between populations can introduce new genetic variations and prevent genetic divergence.
Universal Principles of Evolution
- Biodiversity and Evolution: Evolutionary processes have shaped the rich biodiversity observed on Earth, spanning billions of years.
- Conservation Implications: Understanding evolution informs conservation efforts aimed at preserving species and ecosystems.
- Ecological Interactions: Evolutionary dynamics influence ecological interactions, including predator-prey relationships, competition, and mutualism.
Human Evolution and Genetic Diversity
- Human Origins: Humans share a common ancestry with other great apes and have undergone genetic divergence over millennia.
- Genetic Variation: Every individual carries unique genetic variations, contributing to the diversity within human populations.
- Cultural Evolution: Human societies have evolved culturally and genetically, contributing to the global pool of knowledge and skills.
Promoting Equality and Diversity
- Inclusive Society: Recognizing genetic diversity underscores the importance of equality and inclusion across all aspects of society.
- Cultural Diversity: Embracing cultural diversity enriches human experience and promotes mutual understanding and cooperation.
- Addressing Biases: Understanding the genetic basis of traits can help address biases and stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, and identity.
Challenges and Conservation
- Habitat Degradation: Human activities pose threats to biodiversity, necessitating conservation efforts to preserve genetic diversity.
- Climate Change: Rapid environmental changes, such as climate change, can impact the adaptive potential of species, highlighting the importance of evolutionary resilience.
- Community Engagement: Collaborative conservation efforts involving local communities and stakeholders are essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
Conclusion
- Continued Learning: Advancements in evolutionary biology deepen our understanding of life’s complexities and guide efforts towards a sustainable future.
- Celebrating Diversity: Embracing genetic, cultural, and ecological diversity enriches human experience and promotes harmony in a rapidly changing world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: detrimental effects of the booming coaching industry on students
Central Idea:
The article discusses the detrimental effects of the booming coaching industry on students’ mental health, educational values, and overall well-being. It emphasizes the need for a shift in focus towards holistic education and the nurturing of students’ inner needs.
Key Highlights:
- Concerns regarding the negative impact of the coaching industry on students’ welfare, leading to suicides and academic disengagement.
- Rise of coaching centres catering to various competitive exams, resulting in students abandoning traditional schooling.
- Lack of policy support for students beyond school, allowing coaching centres to become dominant in shaping students’ education.
- The importance of addressing mental health, learning, and understanding in education, as highlighted in the National Education Policy.
- Critique of the coaching culture for neglecting essential aspects such as sleep, social interaction, and identity development.
- Emphasis on the role of education in understanding and catering to the diverse needs and aspirations of students.
- Advocacy for a shared vision where student well-being is prioritized over mere academic achievement.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing the pressure for academic success with the need for holistic development.
- Overcoming the entrenched influence of coaching centres on students and parents.
- Realigning educational priorities to focus on mental health and emotional well-being.
- Addressing societal expectations that contribute to stress and false expectations among students.
- Encouraging collaboration between schools, parents, and policymakers to foster a supportive educational environment.
Main Terms:
- Coaching industry
- Competitive exams (e.g., NEET, JEE, CUET)
- Mental health
- Holistic education
- National Education Policy
- Identity development
- Academic pressure
- Emotional stability
- Well-being
- Co-agency
Important Phrases:
- “Children are not machines”
- “The role of education”
- “True education is value imparting”
- “Learning is a process”
- “Obsession with coaching”
- “Holistic development”
Quotes:
- “Children are walking away from classroom teaching into coaching centres, often with parental support.”
- “The obsession with coaching will never be able to validate and strengthen new ideas, approaches, and research, required for human flourishing.”
- “Students go to school to become purposeful, reflective, and responsible.”
Useful Statements:
- “If coaching centres are going to be the foundation of these years, then the youth of today will become directionless.”
- “Children suffer from anxiety and are unable to cope.”
- “As a country, we need a shared vision, where well-being is the goal of education and co-agency is a guiding light.”
Examples and References:
- Rise of coaching centres like Kota, which have become parallel systems to traditional schooling.
- Concerns about students opting for dummy schools to focus solely on coaching, neglecting the value of classroom education.
Facts and Data:
- The coaching industry generates Rs 6,000 crore annually and is growing at a rate of 7-10% per year.
- Instances of student suicides linked to academic pressure and coaching culture.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively critiques the dominance of the coaching industry and highlights the need for a more holistic approach to education. It exposes the negative consequences of prioritizing academic achievement over students’ mental health and overall well-being. However, it could provide more concrete suggestions for addressing these issues and overcoming the challenges posed by the coaching culture.
Way Forward:
- Implement guidelines and regulations for coaching centres to ensure student welfare.
- Strengthen support systems for students beyond academics, focusing on mental health and emotional development.
- Promote collaboration between schools, parents, and policymakers to create a nurturing educational environment.
- Encourage a shift in societal attitudes towards education, valuing holistic development over narrow academic success.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: implementation of a Uniform Civil Code in Uttarakhand
Central Idea:
The enactment of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand marks a significant milestone in India, yet it has sparked controversy due to provisions requiring the registration of live-in relationships. This move, while aiming to address concerns over crimes against live-in couples, has raised questions about privacy, personal liberty, and the sanctity of informal relationships.
Key Highlights:
- Uttarakhand becomes the first state to implement a Uniform Civil Code under Article 44 of the Constitution.
- The UCC applies uniformly across religions, excluding tribal populations.
- Controversial provisions mandate the registration of live-in relationships, blurring the line between informal unions and formal marriages.
- Critics argue that such provisions infringe upon personal freedom and privacy rights.
- The law requires partners to register their relationship with the registrar and imposes penalties for non-compliance.
- The Code extends maintenance rights to women deserted by their live-in partners, similar to married women.
- Children born in live-in relationships are recognized as legitimate under the proposed law.
- The UCC applies to Uttarakhand residents both within the state and elsewhere in India.
Key Challenges:
- Lack of sufficient discussion and debate in the state legislature and among communities.
- Potential infringement on individual privacy and personal liberty.
- Criminalization of non-registration and stringent penalties may discourage young couples from opting for live-in relationships.
- Misuse of provisions by the registrar and societal interference.
- Potential infantilization of adult women and erosion of the purpose of informal unions.
Main Terms:
- Uniform Civil Code (UCC): A set of laws aimed at standardizing personal laws across different religious communities in India.
- Live-in Relationship: Cohabitation between partners without formal marriage.
- Registration: Formal documentation of a live-in relationship with the registrar.
- Maintenance: Financial support provided by one partner to another after separation or desertion.
- Legitimate Child: A child born to parents in a legally recognized relationship.
- Summary Inquiry: An expedited investigation conducted by the registrar to validate live-in relationships.
Important Phrases:
- “Relationship in the nature of marriage”: Describes the criteria for a live-in relationship under the UCC.
- “Deserted by her live-in partner”: Refers to the condition for claiming maintenance under the proposed law.
- “Summary inquiry”: Procedure conducted by the registrar to validate live-in relationships.
Quotes:
- “Concerns over heinous crimes among live-in couples” – State official citing the rationale behind registration provisions.
- “Protection of youngsters is also important” – Official highlighting the intention to safeguard individuals, particularly women.
- “When women in relationships ‘in the nature of marriage’ complain of domestic violence, they are entitled to claim maintenance” – Highlighting existing legal provisions for protection.
Anecdotes:
- Reports of incidents influencing public opinion during expert committee consultations.
- Concerns raised by parents and elders during public consultations regarding the need for legal protection.
Useful Statements:
- The registration requirement may erode the autonomy of individuals in choosing their relationship structures.
- Existing legal frameworks, such as the Domestic Violence Act, already provide protection for individuals in live-in relationships.
- The provision for summary inquiries by registrars raises concerns about potential misuse and infringement on privacy rights.
Examples and References:
- Instances of crimes against live-in couples cited as driving factors behind registration provisions.
- Comparisons drawn between the UCC’s treatment of live-in relationships and existing marriage laws.
Facts and Data:
- Uttarakhand is the first state to enact a Uniform Civil Code.
- Penalties for non-registration and desertion in live-in relationships include fines and imprisonment.
- The UCC extends maintenance rights to women in live-in relationships.
Critical Analysis:
- The UCC’s registration requirements may contradict the essence of informal unions and infringe upon personal liberties.
- Concerns over misuse of provisions by authorities and societal interference raise questions about the law’s effectiveness and fairness.
- The proposed UCC may fail to address the root causes of crimes against live-in couples and could deter individuals from opting for such relationships.
Way Forward:
- Engage in comprehensive discussions and debates to address concerns and refine provisions of the UCC.
- Ensure that laws prioritize individual freedoms while providing necessary protections.
- Consider alternative approaches to addressing crimes against live-in couples, focusing on prevention and support mechanisms rather than punitive measures.
In conclusion, while the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code in Uttarakhand signifies progress towards legal standardization, provisions regarding the registration of live-in relationships raise complex issues regarding privacy, personal liberty, and the sanctity of informal unions. It is imperative to address these concerns through informed dialogue and thoughtful policymaking to strike a balance between protection and individual autonomy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: comprehensive overview of the evolving India-UAE relationship
Central Idea:
The article highlights the deepening and multifaceted relationship between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), focusing on various aspects such as economic ties, strategic partnerships, cultural exchanges, and shared interests in global affairs.
Key Highlights:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to the UAE signifies the strengthening of bilateral relations, marked by frequent high-level engagements.
- The inauguration of the BAPS temple in Abu Dhabi underscores the growing acceptance and promotion of cultural diversity in the UAE.
- Economic cooperation between India and the UAE has surged, with bilateral trade reaching $85 billion and significant investments in various sectors.
- The UAE is a key partner for India in areas such as energy security, defense cooperation, and people-to-people ties.
- Both countries have demonstrated exceptional gestures of friendship and cooperation, despite regional complexities and geopolitical challenges.
- Strategic collaborations extend beyond bilateral relations to include participation in international forums and infrastructure projects.
![Burning Issue] India-UAE Relations - Civilsdaily](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/bilateral.png)
Key Challenges:
- Despite strong ties, there may be occasional divergences in interests and priorities between India and the UAE.
- Regional conflicts and geopolitical tensions could pose challenges to the stability of the bilateral relationship.
- Maintaining momentum in economic cooperation and addressing barriers to trade and investment require continued efforts.
- Balancing relations with other regional actors, especially in the context of the Middle East, remains a delicate task for both countries.
Main Terms:
- Bilateral Relations: Mutual interactions and agreements between two countries.
- Economic Partnership: Collaborative efforts to enhance trade, investment, and economic cooperation.
- Strategic Cooperation: Joint efforts to address common security challenges and pursue shared interests.
- Cultural Exchange: Promotion of cultural understanding and appreciation through mutual exchanges.
- Energy Security: Ensuring stable and reliable access to energy resources.
- Global Leadership: A position of influence and responsibility in shaping international affairs.
Important Phrases:
- “Strategic partnership agreements”
- “Global leadership role”
- “Economic engagement”
- “Cultural diplomacy”
- “Mutual respect”
- “Strategic cooperation”
- “International forums”
- “Geopolitical challenges”
Quotes:
- “India-UAE relationship is one of the most prominent bilateral relationships for New Delhi.”
- “The UAE is India’s trusted partner in energy security.”
- “Both countries recognise that this privileged strategic partnership is only set to grow stronger in the years ahead.”
Anecdotes:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s reception at the World Government Summit in Dubai as the ‘Guest of Honour’.
- Conferment of the UAE’s top civilian honour, the Order of Zayed, upon Prime Minister Modi during his visit to the UAE.
- India’s participation in the Abu Dhabi Festival as the ‘Guest of Honour’ in 2018.
Useful Statements:
- “The visit underscores the deepening ties and mutual cooperation between India and the UAE.”
- “Both countries have demonstrated exceptional gestures of friendship and cooperation.”
- “The bilateral relationship faces challenges but remains resilient.”
Examples and References:
- India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
- Participation in international forums like the G-20 summit
- Establishment of IIT Delhi Abu Dhabi campus and UAE consulate in Hyderabad
Facts and Data:
- Bilateral trade between India and the UAE reached $85 billion in 2022-23.
- India’s export destination: UAE is the second-largest.
- UAE is India’s third-largest trading partner.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving India-UAE relationship, highlighting its strategic, economic, and cultural dimensions. It underscores the significance of the partnership amidst regional complexities and global challenges. However, it also acknowledges potential areas of divergence and the need for sustained efforts to overcome them.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening economic cooperation through trade facilitation and investment promotion.
- Enhancing strategic collaboration in areas of mutual interest, including defense and energy security.
- Deepening cultural ties through continued exchanges and collaborative initiatives.
- Addressing regional challenges through constructive dialogue and diplomacy.
- Leveraging the privileged partnership to contribute positively to global issues and regional stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Ratna
Mains level: Key achievements of the Dignitaries
Introduction
- The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
- This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.
About the Bharat Ratna Laureates
[1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
- Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
- Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
|
| Career Highlights |
- Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
- Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
- Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
- Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
|
| Green Revolution Contributions |
- Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
- Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
|
| Challenges and Advocacy |
Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns. |
| Legacy and Recognition |
- Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
- Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
- Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.
|
[2] PV Narasimha Rao
|
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
- Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
|
| Education |
- Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
- Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
|
| Political Career |
- Started in the Indian National Congress.
- Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
- Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
|
| Economic Reforms (1991) |
- Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
- Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
|
| Foreign Policy |
- Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
- Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
|
| South Asian Diplomacy |
- Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
- Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
|
| Political Legacy |
- Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
- Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
- Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.
|
[3] Choudhary Charan Singh
| Aspect |
Details |
| Early Life |
- Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
- Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
|
| Political Career |
- Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
- Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
- Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
- Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
- Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
- Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
|
| Legacy |
- Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
- Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
- His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
- Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.
|
Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna
|
Details |
| Nature |
- Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
|
| History and Evolution |
- Instituted in 1954.
- Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
- Criteria expanded in December 2011.
|
| First Recipients |
C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954. |
| Key Aspects |
- Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
- Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
- Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
- Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
- Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
- No monetary grant accompanies the award.
|
| Article Reference |
- Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
- Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Laws allowing Polygamy in India
Mains level: Societal implications of Polygamy
Introduction
Polygamy in India
- In India, polygamy is allowed for Muslims under the Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Shariat) of 1937, as construed by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
- Polygamy is recognized as a religious practice within the Muslim community, and Muslims have the legal right to enter into polygamous marriages.
Uttarakhand Law: Monogamy Extension to Muslim Community
- Extension of Monogamy Rule: The UCC extends the rule of monogamy to the Muslim community.
- Marriage Conditions: It mandates that neither party entering into marriage should have a living spouse at the time of marriage.
- Alignment with Existing Laws: This aligns with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, signifying a departure from previous allowances under Muslim personal law.
Limitations in Data Assessment
- Reliance on Census and NFHS: Government data primarily relies on the decadal census and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), each with its constraints.
- Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women. According to the 2011 census, there are 28.65 crore married men in India, compared to 29.3 crore married women, suggesting a potential prevalence of polygamy or migration.
- NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope. The NFHS-5 data revealed polygamy rates highest among:
- Christians (2.1%)
- Muslims (1.9%) and
- Hindus (1.3%)
- IIPS Study: According to a June 2022 study by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), polygynous marriages decreased from 1.9% in 2005-06 to 1.4% in 2019-21 among the whole population. Buddhists, who reported a 3.8% incidence of polygyny in 2005-06, saw a sharp decline to 1.3% in 2019-21.
Insights from Census and NFHS Data
- Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women.
- NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope.
Laws in India banning Polygamy
- Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: This act applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs and declares polygamous marriages as void. Section 11 of the act specifically states that a marriage is void if either party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage.
- Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act allows individuals from different religions or those who do not wish to follow their respective religious laws to marry. Like the Hindu Marriage Act, it also prohibits polygamy under Section 4(1)(i).
- Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 494 and 495 of the IPC deal with the offence of bigamy. Section 494 states that marrying again during the lifetime of one’s spouse is illegal and punishable, while Section 495 prescribes punishment for concealing a former marriage.
Judicial Precedents against Polygamy
- Parayankandiyal v. K. Devi & Others (1996): The Supreme Court concluded that monogamous relationships were the standard and ideology of Hindu society, which condemned polygamy. The court emphasized that polygamy was not allowed to become a part of Hindu culture due to the influence of religion.
- State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy Marriage) Act, 1946 was not discriminatory. The Supreme Court later affirmed this decision, asserting that state legislatures have the authority to enact measures for public welfare and reforms, even if they conflict with Hindu religious practices.
- Javed & Others v. State of Haryana & Others (2003): The Supreme Court clarified that under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, freedom of religion is subject to social harmony, dignity, and wellness. While Muslim law allows for polygamous marriages, it is not compulsory, and the court emphasized that religious practices must align with constitutional principles.
Why it should be banned?
- Gender Inequality: It perpetuates unequal treatment of women, often treating them as property and denying them autonomy.
- Exploitation: Polygamous marriages can involve coercion and exploitation, especially of vulnerable individuals.
- Financial Burden: Supporting multiple spouses and children can lead to economic instability and poverty.
- Emotional Impact: Polygamous relationships can cause jealousy, conflict, and emotional distress among spouses and children.
- Social Cohesion: Polygamy can disrupt social harmony, fostering competition and resentment within communities.
- Legal Challenges: Polygamous marriages pose legal complexities related to inheritance, custody, and other matters.
- Health Risks: There are increased risks of domestic violence, sexually transmitted infections, and inadequate healthcare in polygamous households.
Conclusion
- Progressive Legislative Move: Passage of the UCC Bill in Uttarakhand signifies a progressive move towards legal uniformity in personal laws.
- Data Collection Challenges: Assessment of polygamy prevalence underscores the need for comprehensive and accurate data collection methodologies.
- Policy Implications: Addressing these challenges will be pivotal in formulating effective policies and fostering social cohesion in civil law.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 21
(c) Article 25
(d) Article 29
Post your answers here.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amendments to the Preamble
Mains level: Debate over Secularism as a constitutional principle
Introduction
- A public interest litigation filed by former Rajya Sabha MP Dr. Subramanian Swamy seeks to delete the words “Socialist” & “Secular” from the Preamble to the Constitution of India.
- The case questions the validity of the insertion of these words via the 42nd Constitution Amendment of 1976 during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s tenure.
- It argues that the amendment was beyond the amending power of the Parliament under Article 368.
Why discuss Preamble?
- Original Draft: The Preamble was adopted on November 26, 1949, by the Constituent Assembly of India, setting out the Constitution’s guiding purpose and principles.
- 1976 Amendment: The 42nd Constitution Amendment introduced the words “Socialist” and “Secular” to the Preamble, altering its initial declaration.
- Legal Implications: The insertion faces scrutiny over its legality and alignment with the Constitution’s foundational principles.
Amending the Preamble
- Judicial Inquiry: During the hearing, Justice Datta remarked on the amendability of the Preamble. He pondered if the Preamble could have been amended earlier (by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976) to include the words Socialist and Secular while retaining the date of adoption (November 29, 1949).
- Discussion on Academic Grounds: The judge prompted counsels to consider, academically, the feasibility of amending the Preamble while preserving its original adoption date.
- Historical Context: Justice Datta noted that the Preamble, unique with its specified adoption date, underwent changes, but the inclusion of “Socialist” and “Secular” was a notable amendment.
- Legal Challenge: The petition challenges the constitutionality of the insertion, arguing that it contradicts the Constitution’s original intent and undermines the citizens’ right to choose their political ideologies.
- Kesavananda Bharti Precedent: The inquiry draws upon the landmark Kesavananda Bharti case (1973) where the Supreme Court held that the Preamble was an integral part of the Constitution and subject to amendment, provided it didn’t violate the Constitution’s basic structure.
Addition of “Socialist” and “Secular”
- The 42nd Amendment: During the Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1976, the terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
- Indira Gandhi’s Agenda: Indira Gandhi’s government aimed to emphasize a socialist and pro-poor image, aligning with slogans such as “garibi hatao” (Eradicate poverty). The addition of “socialist” highlighted socialism as a fundamental goal of the Indian state.
- Distinctive Indian Socialism: The Indian version of socialism did not endorse complete nationalization but emphasized selective nationalization of essential sectors.
Understanding “Secular”
- Religious Diversity: India is home to diverse religious beliefs and practices. The term “secular” was added to the Preamble to promote unity and fraternity among people of various faiths.
- State Neutrality: Secularism in the Indian context implies that the state maintains neutrality and impartiality towards all religions. It does not favor any particular religion as a “state religion.”
- Secularism as Law: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution secure the secular nature of the Indian state.
- Inherent in the Constitution: The philosophy of secularism was inherent in the Constitution even before the 42nd Amendment.
Debates Surrounding “Socialist” and “Secular”
- Consensus on Secularism: The concept of secularism was already part of the Constitution’s philosophy. The insertion of the word “secular” in the Preamble simply made explicit what was implicit in various provisions.
- Constituent Assembly Discussions: The Constituent Assembly debated including these words in the Preamble but decided against it.
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argued that issues related to the state’s policy, organization, and economic aspects should be determined by the people, not dictated by the Constitution itself.
- Ongoing Debates: Over the years, there have been petitions and discussions regarding the removal of “socialist” and “secular” from the Preamble. Some argue that these terms were added arbitrarily during the Emergency.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s inquiry into the amendment of the Preamble reflects a critical examination of constitutional principles.
- The case raises fundamental questions about the scope of parliamentary amending power and the preservation of constitutional integrity.
- The outcome of this legal challenge will have significant implications for the interpretation of the Constitution’s core values and the balance of power between Parliament and the judiciary.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The 7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) is being held in Perth, Australia.
About Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)
- IOC started in 2016, serving as the premier consultative forum for countries in the Indian Ocean region on regional affairs.
- The first edition of the Conference was held in Singapore in 2016.
- It is organised by India Foundation in partnership with other organizations in the region.
- It aims to bring together critical states and maritime partners to discuss regional cooperation under the concept of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).
What is SAGAR?
- SAGAR stands for ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ and was initiated by PM Narendra Modi in 2015 at Mauritius.
- It aims to leverage the blue economy and maintain strategic partnerships with littoral states in Asia and Africa.
- It seeks to provide leadership in capacity building and capability enhancement programs transparently, aligning with other maritime initiatives like Act East Policy, Project Mausam, and Blue Economy.
Key Statements by Dignitaries this Year
- Challenges to International Rule of Law: EAM S. Jaishankar highlighted challenges to international rule of law from the Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific, implicitly targeting China’s actions.
- Call for Conflict Reduction: Australian Foreign Minister emphasized the necessity of reducing conflict in the region amid growing tensions.
- Veiled References to China’s Actions: Jaishankar made indirect references to China’s troop buildup at the Line of Actual Control and actions in the South China Sea, stressing the importance of adhering to internationally negotiated regimes.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DigiReady Certification
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Quality Council of India (QCI) and Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) announced the launch of the DigiReady Certification (DRC) portal.
What is DigiReady Certification?
- Objective: QCI, in collaboration with ONDC, aims to assess and certify the digital readiness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Self-Assessment Tool: MSMEs can utilize this online self-assessment tool to evaluate their preparedness to onboard as sellers on the ONDC platform, enhancing their digital capabilities and business potential.
- Streamlined Seller Journey: The portal is designed to facilitate a smooth seller journey, ensuring seamless integration into existing digitized workflows for MSMEs and small retailers.
- Certification Process: Evaluates various aspects of digital readiness, including documentation for online operations, proficiency in technology usage, integration with existing workflows, and efficient order and catalogue management.
- Significance: Provides additional business prospects for sellers, enabling them to become integral participants in the digital ecosystem.
Back2Basics: Quality Council of India (QCI):
- Establishment: Founded in 1997 jointly by the Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT), the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, and the Indian industry.
- Legal Status: Registered as a non-profit organization under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.
- Operational Structure: Managed through constituent Boards, primarily the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) and the National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL).
- Composition:
-
- Governed by a Council comprising 38 members with equal representations from government, industry, and consumers.
- The Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister based on industry recommendations to the government.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Merchant Sales
Mains level: India's ambitious renewable energy targets and the challenges associated with intermittency and peak demand
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
Mains level: India's historical maritime prowess and its subsequent decline
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Central Idea:
The article highlights the historical significance of India’s maritime prowess in the first millennium and its subsequent decline, emphasizing the crucial role of naval power in economic prosperity. It underscores the shift of global power dynamics towards the Indo-Pacific region and the vital importance of the Indian Ocean to India’s trade and security interests. It calls for renewed attention towards leveraging India’s maritime potential and fostering cooperation among Indian Ocean nations to address common challenges.
Key Highlights:
- India’s dominance in the first millennium attributed to maritime strength and extensive trade networks.
- Decline in naval power coincided with economic decline during colonial rule.
- Lack of focus on maritime affairs persists post-independence, hindering India’s maritime capabilities.
- Indo-Pacific region emerges as the new global power center.
- Indian Ocean identified as vital to India’s trade and energy security.
- Indian government takes proactive steps to enhance cooperation and address common challenges in the Indian Ocean region.
Key Challenges:
- Historical neglect of maritime affairs leading to underdevelopment of naval capabilities.
- Competition from other major maritime powers like the United States and China.
- Non-traditional challenges such as climate change and natural disasters impacting maritime security and trade.
Main Terms:
- Maritime prowess
- Indo-Pacific
- Indian Ocean
- Naval power
- Trade routes
- Maritime security
Important Phrases:
- “He who rules on the sea will shortly rule on the land also”
- “Lords of the Sea”
- “Peninsular character”
- “British Lake”
Quotes:
- “He who rules on the sea will shortly rule on the land also.”
- “So far as India is concerned, it should be remembered that the peninsular character of the country and the essential dependence of its trade on maritime traffic give the sea a preponderant influence on its destiny.” – K M Panikkar
Anecdotes:
- Indian rulers’ dominance over the oceans in the first millennium facilitated extensive trade networks and economic prosperity.
- The Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British conquest of the seas in the second millennium challenged India’s maritime dominance.
Useful Statements:
- The Indian Ocean is not just a maritime geography but a civilization, carrying India’s cultural and civilizational influence.
- Eighty per cent of India’s external trade and 90 per cent of its energy trade occur through Indian Ocean routes.
Examples and References:
- Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
- Fa-Hien’s account of maritime trade in ancient India.
- Establishment of the Royal Indian Navy during British rule.
- K M Panikkar’s warnings about India’s maritime importance.
- The 7th Indian Ocean Conference in Perth, Australia.
Facts and Data:
- India’s share of the world’s GDP was almost 33 per cent in the first millennium.
- The Indian Ocean covers over 74 million square kilometers.
- The Indian Navy has less than 200 combat vessels compared to 400 for the United States and 500 for China.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively highlights India’s historical maritime prowess and its subsequent decline, emphasizing the importance of reinvigorating India’s naval capabilities in the modern context. It critiques the historical neglect of maritime affairs by Indian leadership and calls for greater attention towards leveraging India’s geostrategic position in the Indo-Pacific region.
Way Forward:
- Prioritize investments in maritime infrastructure and naval capabilities.
- Strengthen cooperation with Indian Ocean nations to address common challenges.
- Increase diplomatic engagement in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Enhance awareness and appreciation of India’s maritime heritage and geopolitical significance among policymakers and the public.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mandal Commission report
Mains level: comprehensive analysis of the forces that have shaped India's trajectory since the early 1990s
Central Idea:
The article discusses the three pivotal forces that shaped contemporary India – Mandal, Mandir, and Market, which were unleashed between August 1990 and August 1991. It highlights the significance of these forces in defining India’s trajectory and how they continue to influence the country’s politics, economy, and society today. Furthermore, it focuses on the forgotten legacy of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, who played a crucial role in implementing economic reforms and reshaping India’s foreign policy during his tenure from 1991 to 1996. The article underscores the importance of trusting society over the state, the necessity of liberalization for welfare schemes, and the harmony embedded in Indian civilization, as exemplified by Narasimha Rao’s approach.
Key Highlights:
- Mandal, Mandir, and Market as defining forces in contemporary India.
- Significance of the Ram temple movement and the Mandal Commission report.
- P.V. Narasimha Rao’s pivotal role in liberalizing India’s economy and reorienting its foreign policy.
- Lessons from Narasimha Rao’s leadership: trusting society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony in Indian civilization.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing economic liberalization with social welfare and inclusive growth.
- Addressing religious and social tensions in a diverse society.
- Overcoming political opposition and vested interests to implement reforms.
Main Terms:
- Mandal: Refers to the implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs.
- Mandir: Symbolizes the movement for the construction of a Ram temple in Ayodhya.
- Market: Represents the liberalization of India’s economy, opening it up to globalization and private sector participation.
- Bharat Ratna: India’s highest civilian honor.
- Liberalization: The process of reducing government restrictions and regulations in the economy.
- Globalization: Integration of economies and societies through international trade, investment, and technology.
Important Phrases:
- “Mandal, Mandir, and Market continue to define India.”
- “Narasimha Rao actively plotted to open India’s economy to the world.”
- “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
- “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”
- “Harnessing the harmony embedded in Indian civilization.”
Quotes:
- “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
- “My model is not Margaret Thatcher but Willy Brandt.”
- “Why are there only Western examples being given where violence — on some pretext or the other — is the basic propensity.”
Anecdotes:
- L.K. Advani’s rath yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya symbolized BJP’s alignment with the Ram temple movement.
- Narasimha Rao’s astute political maneuvering to implement economic reforms despite opposition from within his own party.
Useful Statements:
- “Narasimha Rao’s reforms were not confined to economics alone.”
- “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
- “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”
Examples and References:
- Implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs following the Mandal Commission report.
- L.K. Advani’s rath yatra as a symbol of BJP’s support for the Ram temple movement.
- Narasimha Rao’s economic reforms leading to increased tax revenue, enabling government spending on welfare schemes.
Facts and Data:
- P.V. Narasimha Rao served as Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996.
- The Ram temple movement gained momentum in the early 1980s.
- Economic liberalization measures were initiated in mid-1991.
Critical Analysis:
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the forces that have shaped India’s trajectory since the early 1990s, focusing on both political and economic dimensions. It highlights the role of leaders like Narasimha Rao in driving significant reforms despite facing numerous challenges. However, it also acknowledges the shortcomings and failures of political leadership, particularly in handling religious and social tensions. The emphasis on trust in society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony reflects a nuanced understanding of India’s complex socio-political landscape.
Way Forward:
- Emphasize continued trust in society over excessive state intervention.
- Prioritize economic liberalization to enable inclusive growth and welfare schemes.
- Promote harmony and understanding among diverse religious and cultural communities.
- Encourage political leadership to learn from past successes and failures to navigate future challenges effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-MKSSY details
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Union Cabinet has approved the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY), a sub scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, for the micro and small enterprises operating in the fisheries sector.
About Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana
|
Details |
| Total Investment |
Rs. 6,000 crores |
| Duration |
4 years (FY 2023-24 to FY 2026-27) |
| Funding Model |
50% public finance (Rs. 3,000 crore, including World Bank and AFD financing) + 50% from beneficiaries/private sector (Rs. 3,000 crore) |
| Implementation Scope |
All States and Union Territories in India |
| Target Beneficiaries |
- Fishers, aquaculture farmers, fish workers, vendors
- Micro and small enterprises, SHGs, FFPOs, startups in fisheries and aquaculture
|
| Employment Generation |
- 1.7 lakh new jobs
- Special emphasis on employing 75,000 women
|
| Major Components |
- Formalization of fisheries sector
- Adoption of aquaculture insurance
- Support for microenterprises
- Adoption and expansion of safety and quality assurance systems
|
| Digital Platform |
National Fisheries Digital Platform for 40 lakh small and micro-enterprises |
| Insurance Incentive |
One-time incentive for purchasing aquaculture insurance, covering at least 1 lakh hectare of aquaculture farms |
| Performance Grants |
- Microenterprise grants up to 25% of total investment or Rs.35 lakhs (whichever is lower) for general category
- Up to 35% or Rs.45 lakhs for SC, ST, and women-owned enterprises
- Village Level Organizations and Federations grants up to 35% of total investment or Rs.200 lakhs
|
| Project Management |
Establishment of Project Management Units (PMUs) |
| Background Achievements |
- Fish production increased by 79.66 lakh tonnes
- Shrimp production from 3.22 lakh tonnes to 11.84 lakh tonnes
- Shrimp exports from Rs.19,368 crore to Rs.43,135 crore
- Employment and livelihood opportunities for about 63 lakh fishers and fish farmers
|
| Challenges Addressed |
- Formalization of the informal sector
- Crop risk mitigation
- Access to institutional credit
- Safety & quality of fish sold by micro & small enterprises
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) and Other Zoonotic Diseases
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Recent fatalities due to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), known as monkey fever, in Karnataka have sparked concerns about the spread of this viral infection.
What is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)?
- Origins and Identification: KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the Flaviviridae virus family. It was first identified in 1957 in Karnataka’s Kyasanur Forest.
- Incidence and Mortality: Between 400-500 human cases are reported annually, with an estimated case-fatality rate ranging from 3% to 5%.
Transmission and Spread
- Tick-Borne Transmission: Humans can contract KFD through tick bites or contact with infected animals, particularly sick or deceased monkeys.
- Limited Animal Role: While large animals like goats, cows, and sheep can become infected, they play a minor role in disease transmission. There’s no evidence of transmission through unpasteurized milk.
Signs and Symptoms
- Early Symptoms: The disease typically manifests with chills, fever, and headache after an incubation period of 3-8 days.
- Progression: Severe muscle pain, vomiting, gastrointestinal issues, and bleeding tendencies may develop within 3-4 days. Some patients experience neurological symptoms in the third week, including severe headaches and vision problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnostic Methods: Early diagnosis involves molecular detection through PCR or virus isolation from blood. Serologic testing using ELISA is conducted later.
- Treatment Approach: While no specific treatment exists, early hospitalization and supportive therapy, such as hydration maintenance, are crucial.
Prevention Strategies
- Vaccination: A vaccine for KFD is available and administered in endemic regions of India to prevent the disease.
- Preventive Measures: Insect repellents and protective clothing are recommended in tick-infested areas to minimize the risk of infection.
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