Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNRWA
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Britain, Italy, and Finland have recently halted funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) amid allegations of its staff’s involvement in the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel.
About UNRWA
- UNRWA was established to aid Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 war surrounding Israel’s creation.
- It provides education, health, and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon.
- It operates schools, health clinics, and infrastructure projects for millions of Palestinians across the Middle East.
Israel’s Criticisms
- Israel accuses UNRWA of tolerating or collaborating with Hamas and perpetuating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
- It alleges misuse of aid by militant groups and teaching anti-Israel sentiments in UNRWA schools.
UNRWA’s Response
- It denied allegations, takes swift action against accused employees, and asserts no links to militant groups.
- It sought to undertake an external review to address accusations and determine political motivations.
Impact of Funding Cuts
- The U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland suspend aid.
- These nations contribute nearly 60% of UNRWA’s budget in 2022, impacting day-to-day operations.
- Humanitarian crisis deepens in Gaza, with one in four facing starvation, and aid operations hampered by the ongoing conflict.
Conclusion
- The pause in funding for UNRWA raises concerns about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the potential long-term impact on the region’s stability.
- The accusations against UNRWA and the subsequent funding cuts underscore the complex challenges faced in delivering aid amid geopolitical tensions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Radioactive wastes mentioned
Mains level: Nuclear Pollution
Introduction
- A recent study conducted by researchers at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, analyzed 20 years of radiological data (2000-2020) from six nuclear power plants in India.
- The findings highlight the minimal impact of radioactive discharges from these plants on the environment.
- The study aims to reinforce India’s commitment to its nuclear power program, challenging unfounded beliefs and influencing public and policy perspectives.
Radiological Analysis and Plant Selection
- Twenty-Year Data: The analysis covered radiological data from 2000 to 2020 from seven nuclear power plants.
- Focus on Fission Products: The study focused on concentrations of fission products and neutron-activated nuclides within a 5 km radius of each nuclear plant, considering samples collected up to a maximum radius of 30 km.
Gaseous and Liquid Discharges
- Components of Gaseous Waste: The gaseous waste released into the atmosphere included fission product noble gases, Argon-41, radioiodine, and particulate radionuclides (cobalt-60, strontium-90, caesium-137, and tritium).
- Liquid Discharge Components: Liquid discharge consisted of fission product radionuclides (radioiodine, tritium, strontium-90, caesium-137) and activation products like cobalt-60.
- Strict Regulatory Compliance: The discharges underwent dilution and dispersion, adhering to strict radiological and environmental regulatory regimes.
Radiological Measurements and Concentrations
- Air Particulates: Average gross alpha activity in air particulates across all seven nuclear plants remained below 0.1 megabecquerel (mBq) per cubic meter.
- Specific Markers: Concentrations of iodine-131, caesium-137, and strontium-90 in air particulates were below 1 mBq per cubic meter for iodine-131, with caesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations three orders lower and below 10 microbecquerel per cubic meter.
Water Bodies and Sediments
- Rivers, Lakes, and Sea Water: Caesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations in rivers and lakes were below 5 mBq per liter, and sea water near the nuclear plants registered less than 50 megabecquerel per liter.
- Sediment Analysis: Sediment analysis revealed that caesium-137 concentration was highest at the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, while strontium-90 concentration peaked at the Narora Atomic Power Station.
Tritium Detection and Total Doses
- Tritium Presence: Tritium was detectable at all sites except the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station, where it was not detected during the study period.
- Total Doses: Though total doses remained below regulatory limits, Rajasthan, Madras, and Tarapur power plants showed relatively higher total doses. Efforts are being made to further limit doses at these sites to keep them as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Conclusion
- The BARC study’s comprehensive analysis concludes that the environmental impact of Indian nuclear power plants, based on 20 years of radiological data, has been minimal.
- The findings not only emphasize the safe operation of these plants but also contribute to dispelling unwarranted beliefs, supporting India’s commitment to advancing its nuclear power program.
- The study’s insights are poised to shape public and policy perspectives on nuclear energy in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anaemia Mukt Bharat
Mains level: complexities of malnutrition, providing a comprehensive view of the two-way relationship between nutrition and health.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess
Central Idea:
The article suggests that India’s upcoming National Security Strategy should incorporate a goal of having 10 universities in the top 100 global university rankings by India@100. It argues that the evolving nature of warfare, driven by advancements in technology and changing geopolitical dynamics, necessitates a strong connection between academic knowledge (Shaastra) and military capability (Shastra). The article emphasizes the importance of enhancing India’s educational institutions, particularly through strategic interventions, to bolster national security in an era where the line between civilian and military technology is blurring.
Key Highlights:
- Cathal Nolan’s thesis from “The Allure of Battle” is referenced, emphasizing the significance of endurance and technology over decisive battles in military history.
- The article highlights the changing global dynamics, particularly the US-China relationship and its impact on technology access and partnerships.
- The erosion of the distinction between civilian and military technology is discussed, with examples such as drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.
- The potential risks and responses of major players like China and the US are outlined, reflecting the evolving nature of global geopolitics.
Key Challenges:
- The article acknowledges criticisms of global university rankings, citing them as popularity contests, unreliable, incomplete, ideological, and unequal.
- The challenge of determining the relative importance of different disciplines, such as sciences versus humanities, is mentioned.
- The article underscores India’s current position in global university rankings (only 11 in the top 500) and the need for rapid improvement.
Key Terms:
- Shaastra: Academic knowledge.
- Shastra: Weapons or military capability.
- Foundational technologies: Technologies critical for national security.
- Friendshoring: The potential threat to partnerships with countries deemed friendly.
- Dual circulation: A policy shift by China to prioritize Chinese technologies over foreign ones.
- National Security Strategy: A document outlining a country’s approach to ensuring its security.
- Global university rankings: Lists evaluating universities based on various criteria.
Key Phrases:
- “Shaastra and Shastra are siblings”: Stresses the interconnectedness of academic knowledge and military capabilities.
- “Foundational technologies behind a high fence”: Refers to the US strategy of restricting access to critical technologies.
- “Friendshoring is threatened”: Indicates the potential impact on partnerships with friendly nations.
- “Dual circulation now means”: Describes China’s emphasis on using Chinese technologies.
- “Charge into the valley of death”: A reference to a Tennyson poem, highlighting the need for strategic thinking over blind bravery.
Key Quotes:
- “Sweat saves blood, blood saves lives, but brains save both” – Field Marshal Rommel: Emphasizes the importance of strategic thinking in military endeavors.
Key Statements:
- “The distinction between civilian and military technology erodes with drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.”
- “China’s response by banning Tesla cars and Apple phones from army bases.”
- “Global rankings matter: 71% of universities have a ranking goal, and 68% use them as a tool for management.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to the historical role of American universities, particularly MIT, in military partnerships.
- China’s proactive approach to global university rankings, starting with Project 211 in 1995.
- Mention of the Defense Technology Council proposed in India to improve project management.
Key Facts and Data:
- India has 11 universities in the top 500 global university rankings.
- China has 71 universities in the top 500 QS rankings due to strategic initiatives from 1995 to 2022.
- American universities have historically played a crucial role in military advancements.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively links the evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess. It presents a critical analysis of the challenges posed by changing geopolitical dynamics and the potential impact on national security. The integration of historical references, global examples, and quotes adds depth to the argument.
Way Forward:
- Implement strategic interventions to enhance the top 20 government universities in India.
- Consolidate independent research labs into top institutions for better research outcomes.
- Concentrate government research funding to universities and incentivize corporate research collaboration.
- Introduce performance-based funding to encourage improvements in research metrics and rankings.
- Strengthen partnerships between universities and the proposed Defense Technology Council for effective project management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MGNREGS
Mains level: misrepresentation of research findings to support the mandatory implementation of ABPS in MGNREGS
Central Idea:
The Rural Development Ministry mandated Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), despite protests from workers and questionable government claims. The article highlights the complexities of ABPS, the lack of evidence supporting its benefits, and the misrepresentation of research findings that supposedly endorse ABPS. It argues for the continuation of account-based payments in MGNREGS.
Key Highlights:
- ABPS Complexity: ABPS in MGNREGS involves Aadhaar seeding, authentication, and linking to bank accounts, leading to potential glitches causing wage delays and denial of work.
- Government Claims: The government asserted that ABPS would eliminate duplicate job cards, reduce delays, and lower payment rejections, but these claims are questioned.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Officials reportedly deleted job cards under pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets, leading to spelling mismatches and exaggerated savings claims.
- LibTech Study: A public research group’s study, cited by the government, found no statistically significant difference in efficiency between ABPS and account-based payments.
- Misrepresentation: The Ministry misrepresented the LibTech study, incorrectly claiming that it endorsed ABPS despite no significant gains.
Key Challenges:
- Technological Glitches: Workers face issues due to errors in Aadhaar seeding, authentication, and bank account linking, causing financial losses and delays.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Job card deletions surged, raising concerns about the accuracy of the process and the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
- Misleading Claims: The government’s claims of efficiency gains with ABPS are contradicted by research, indicating a lack of transparency and credibility.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS): A payment system using Aadhaar authentication and linking for financial transactions.
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): A social security scheme providing rural employment.
- Aadhaar Seeding: Linking Aadhaar numbers with relevant databases, such as job cards and bank accounts.
- Job Card Deletions: Removal of MGNREGS job cards, allegedly driven by the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
Key Quotes:
- “Incorrectness in any of the above steps for ABPS means that the worker is denied work, does not receive wages, or is not paid in their preferred account.”
- “In the last two years alone, job cards of over 7 crore workers got deleted.”
- “LibTech’s study is based on a sample of 3.2 crore transactions. The difference was not statistically significant, providing evidence that ABPS is not quicker than account-based payments.”
Key Statements:
- The government’s claims of ABPS benefits lack credibility, with evidence pointing to errors in job card deletions and questionable efficiency gains.
- The misrepresentation of research findings by the Ministry undermines the justification for making ABPS mandatory.
Key Examples and References:
- Research papers in Economic and Political Weekly highlighting errors in job card deletions and the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
- The Ministry’s press release misrepresenting the LibTech study’s findings.
Key Facts and Data:
- A 247% increase in job card deletions in FY 2022–23, with over 7 crore workers affected.
- As of January 11, 2024, out of 25.6 crore registered workers, only 16.9 crore are eligible for ABPS.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the complexities and challenges associated with ABPS, questions the government’s claims, and exposes the misrepresentation of research findings to support the mandatory implementation of ABPS in MGNREGS.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for account-based payments in MGNREGS due to the difficulties and glitches associated with ABPS.
- Emphasize the need for transparency, credibility, and evidence-based decision-making in the implementation of payment systems.
- Call for a reevaluation of the decision to make ABPS mandatory, considering the workers’ concerns and the lack of proven benefits.
By addressing these issues, the government can ensure a more efficient and transparent payment system in MGNREGS.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Republic Day
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- On January 26, India celebrates Republic Day, marking the day when its Constitution came into effect in 1950.
- However, the roots of this celebration trace back to January 26, 1930, when India made the historic “Poorna Swaraj” declaration, signifying its quest for complete independence from British rule.
Context of the 1920s
- Non-Cooperation Movement: The 1920s witnessed the aftermath of the Non Cooperation Movement and the Chauri Chaura incident, which prompted Mahatma Gandhi to temporarily halt non-violent protests.
- Rise of Leaders: This period saw the emergence of notable leaders like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Vallabhai Patel, and C. Rajagopalachari, setting the stage for India’s future freedom struggle.
Simon Commission and Nehru Report
- Simon Commission: In 1927, British authorities appointed the Simon Commission to discuss political reforms in India, sparking nationwide protests with slogans like “Simon Go Back.”
- Nehru Report: In response, the Indian National Congress (INC) established its own commission under Motilal Nehru, advocating dominion status for India within the British Empire.
Internal Disagreements: Dominion or Republic?
- Dominion Status Debate: While the Nehru Report called for dominion status, leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru favored complete independence, fearing that dominion status would align India with colonial exploitation in the British Empire.
- Change in Gandhi’s Views: Initially supporting dominion status, Mahatma Gandhi’s stance evolved as he began advocating for complete independence.
Irwin Declaration and Backtracking
- Irwin Declaration: In 1929, Viceroy Irwin vaguely promised dominion status for India, which sparked hope among Indians but faced opposition in Britain.
- Backtracking: Under pressure from Britain, Irwin retracted his promise during a meeting with Indian leaders, leading to growing unity within the INC for complete independence.
Declaration of Poorna Swaraj
- Lahore Session of INC: In December 1929, during the Lahore Session of the INC, the “Poorna Swaraj” resolution was passed, calling for complete independence from British rule.
- Official Promulgation: On January 26, 1930, this declaration of independence was officially announced, marking a pivotal moment in India’s freedom struggle.
- Nonviolent Protest: The resolution also affirmed the Gandhian principles of nonviolent protest, which became integral to the subsequent struggle for independence.
Republic Day in Post-Independence India
- Celebrating Independence: From 1930 until India’s independence in 1947, January 26 was celebrated as “Independence Day” or “Poorna Swaraj Day,” symbolizing India’s commitment to sovereignty.
- Constitution Adoption: When India adopted its Constitution, leaders chose January 26 for Republic Day, as it held historical significance and aligned with the ideals of complete independence as articulated in the “Poorna Swaraj” declaration.
- Symbolism: Today, Republic Day commemorates India’s journey to self-rule and reflects the principles enshrined in its Constitution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Padma Awards
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Former Vice-President M. Venkaiah Naidu, actors Chiranjeevi and Vyjayanthimala Bali, and Bharatanatyam dancer Padma Subrahmanyam will be conferred with Padma Vibhushan, the country’s second-highest civilian award, the Central government announced on the eve of Republic Day.
- Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh International, will be conferred with the award posthumously.
About Padma Award
- The Padma Awards are among India’s most prestigious civilian honors, announced annually on Republic Day’s eve, following the Bharat Ratna.
- These awards are designed to recognize outstanding achievements across various fields and disciplines, particularly those involving public service.
- The Government of India introduced the Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan in 1954.
- Initially, the Padma Vibhushan had three classes: Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg, and Tisra Varg, which were renamed in 1955 as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, respectively.
Award Categories
There are three categories of Padma Awards:
- Padma Vibhushan: This is awarded for ‘exceptional and distinguished service.’
- Padma Bhushan: This is for ‘distinguished service of a high order.’
- Padma Shri: This is given for ‘distinguished service.’
Eligibility Criteria
- The awards are open to all individuals regardless of race, occupation, position, or gender.
- Government employees, except doctors and scientists, are generally ineligible.
- The awards are usually not given posthumously, but exceptions can be made in extraordinary cases.
- A recipient can be considered for a higher category of Padma award only if at least five years have passed since their previous Padma honor. However, exceptions can be made for exceptionally deserving cases.
Nomination Process
- Nominations are reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee, formed annually by the Prime Minister.
- The Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary, includes the Home Secretary, Secretary to the President, and 4-6 distinguished members.
- The Committee’s recommendations are forwarded to the Prime Minister and the President for final approval.
Limitations
- The awards are not titles and cannot be used as prefixes or suffixes to the awardees’ names.
- The number of awards given annually (excluding posthumous awards and those to NRIs/foreigners/OCIs) is capped at 120.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Constitution and its drafting
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Constitution, renowned as the world’s lengthiest written Constitution, is not just a legal document but a treasure trove of artistic richness.
- It features intricate hand-painted images and elaborate borders across all its 22 parts, making it the most visually appealing Constitution globally.
Narrative Scheme of Paintings
- Historical Representation: The paintings within the Constitution depict various periods in Indian history, from the Indus Valley civilization to the freedom struggle. Additionally, scenes from the epic tales of Ramayana and Mahabharata are featured.
- Geographical Diversity: These illustrations also capture India’s diverse geography, from the desert with marching camels to the grandeur of the Himalayas.
The Appointment of Artists
- Selection of Nandalal Bose: Nandalal Bose, a renowned artist and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, was entrusted with the task of illustrating the Constitution in October 1949, just before the final session of the Constituent Assembly.
- Collaborative Effort: Bose collaborated with family members, students, and fellow artists, including Kripal Singh Shekhawat, A Perumal, and Direndrakrishna Deb Burman.
- Calligraphy: While the Constitution itself was handwritten by calligrapher Prem Behari Narain Raizada in a flowing italic style, the Hindi version’s calligraphy was masterfully crafted by Vasant Krishan Vaidya.
Notable Artistic Contributions
- Preamble and National Emblem: The Preamble page features intricate patterns sketched by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and bears his signature, while Dinanath Bhargava sketched the National Emblem, the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
- Payment for Artists: Records suggest that the artists who painted the historical scenes were paid Rs 25 for each page.
Ideation of Artwork
- No Direct Correlation: Nandalal Bose’s artwork in the Constitution does not have a direct correlation with the text, as he did not illustrate the content of the Constitution itself. Instead, he crafted a visual narrative of India’s history as he envisioned it.
- Changes and Adjustments: A preliminary plan was drawn up for the artwork, which underwent changes with additions and deletions. For instance, a scene featuring ‘portraits of Akbar and Shahjahan with Mughal architecture’ was replaced with an image of Akbar.
Borrowing from History and Religion
- Diverse Representations: The artwork includes depictions of the Bull Seal from the Indus Valley region, scenes from the lives of hermits and ascetics, Buddha in meditation, Mahavir, sculptures from Mahabalipuram, and the descent of the Ganga to Earth.
- Incorporating Epics: Scenes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana are featured in the artwork, symbolizing India’s rich mythological heritage.
- Homage to Tagore: Three landscapes within the Constitution pay tribute to Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and his composition of the National Anthem, celebrating India’s diverse geographical landscapes.
Celebrating Monarchs and Freedom Fighters
- Emperor Ashoka: Part VII features Emperor Ashoka seated on an elephant, propagating Buddhism.
- King Vikramaditya and Tipu Sultan: Part IX showcases a scene from King Vikramaditya’s court, while Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi shares the page with Tipu Sultan in Part XVI.
- Gandhi and Freedom Fighters: Mahatma Gandhi appears twice, leading the Dandi March and visiting Noakhali in Bangladesh. Subhas Chandra Bose is depicted saluting the flag with members of the Azad Hind Fauj.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sapinda Marriages
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Delhi High Court recently dismissed a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), which prohibits sapinda marriages among Hindus unless custom permits.
- The court’s decision affirms the legal restrictions on such marriages and emphasizes the importance of regulating marital choices.
For Aspirants with Sociology Optional, this article is of immense importance under: “Systems of Kinship- Family, household, marriage” in both Paper I and Paper II.
Understanding Sapinda Marriages
- Definition: Sapinda marriages involve individuals closely related within specified degrees, as per Section 3(f)(ii) of the HMA.
- Prohibition: The HMA prohibits sapinda marriages within a certain range of lineal ascent, ensuring that marriages do not occur between individuals with a common lineal ascendant within the defined limits.
Legal Framework
- Void Marriages: Sapinda marriages that violate Section 5(v) and lack an established custom permitting them are declared void, meaning they are considered invalid from the outset.
- Customary Exception: The sole exception to this prohibition arises when both parties’ customs permit sapinda marriages, as defined in Section 3(a) of the HMA.
- Custom Criteria: To qualify as a custom, it must be continuously observed, uniform, reasonable, and not opposed to public policy, gaining legitimacy among Hindus in a particular area or community.
Grounds for Challenging the Law
- Constitutional Challenge: The petitioner contended that Section 5(v) violated the right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution by requiring proof of custom for sapinda marriages.
- Lack of Proof: The woman argued that sapinda marriages exist even without documented custom, and the consent of both families validated the marriage.
High Court’s Decision
- No Established Custom: The Delhi HC found no stringent proof of an established custom supporting sapinda marriages, which is crucial under the law.
- Regulation of Marriages: The court upheld the idea that the choice of a marriage partner can be subject to regulation.
- No Violation of Equality: The petitioner failed to provide compelling legal grounds to challenge the prohibition against sapinda marriages on grounds of violating the right to equality.
International Perspectives
- European Laws: In several European countries, laws related to incestuous relationships are less stringent compared to India, allowing marriages between consenting adults.
- Examples: France, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy have different laws regarding incestuous relationships and marriages.
- US Laws: In the United States, incestuous marriages are banned in all 50 states, but some states allow incestuous relationships between consenting adults.
Conclusion
- The Delhi HC decision reaffirms the legal framework regulating sapinda marriages in India and emphasizes the importance of established customs in permitting such unions.
- It also highlights the differing legal approaches to incestuous relationships and marriages in various countries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gyanvapi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Gyanvapi Structure sin Varanasi has been the center of a longstanding controversy regarding its historical origin and the existence of a Hindu temple preceding its construction.
- The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has recently concluded that a Hindu temple indeed existed at the site before the mosque’s construction, relying on scientific studies, textual evidence, and historical accounts.
Gyanvapi: Historical Background
- Temple’s Existence: The ASI’s findings suggest that a substantial Hindu temple once stood adjacent to the Kashi Vishwanath temple, which is believed to have been demolished during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
- Persian Chronicles: The primary source for this claim is Saqi Mustaid Khan’s Maasir-i-Alamgiri, a Persian chronicle written shortly after Aurangzeb died in 1707. It mentions Aurangzeb’s orders to destroy temples and schools of the “infidels.”
- Aurangzeb’s Policy: Historians interpret this as part of Aurangzeb’s broader policy against Hinduism, marked by the destruction of temples and discriminatory measures, such as customs duties.
Historical Interpretations
- Selective Targeting: Some historians argue that the 1669 decree was not a blanket order to destroy all temples but targeted institutions where certain teachings took place, especially in Benares (now Varanasi).
- Conflict with Shivaji: It is suggested that Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of the Kashi temple as retribution following Chhatrapati Shivaji’s escape from Mughal custody.
- Religious Cloth: The Gyanvapi Mosque incorporates a part of the ruined temple’s wall, possibly serving as a religious statement of the consequences of opposing Mughal authority.
Expert Opinions and Legal Implications
- ASI Report: The ASI’s extensive report provides expert evidence but can be contested in court during the ongoing legal battle.
- Witnesses and Cross-Examination: The civil suit involves witnesses from various fields, including historians, archaeologists, and religious experts, who will be cross-examined.
- Court Determination: The courts will decide whether the ASI report can be conclusively relied upon and assess the significance of the existence of a Hindu temple in determining the mosque’s religious character.
Legal and Constitutional Aspects
- Maintainability Issue: The preliminary issue of whether the suit can be filed depends on the fate of the Places of Worship Act, 1991, which aims to maintain the religious character of places of worship as of August 15, 1947.
- Relevance of ASI Report: The relevance of the ASI report could change significantly if the 1991 law is altered or struck down. Currently, the law is considered a fundamental feature of the Constitution, safeguarding secularism.
- Secularism and Non-Retrogression: The Places of Worship Act is seen as essential in upholding the principles of secularism and non-retrogression, core elements of India’s Constitution.
Conclusion
- The controversy surrounding the Gyanvapi Mosque underscores the complexities of historical interpretation and legal implications.
- The ASI’s findings, while significant, are part of an ongoing legal process, and the final determination will have far-reaching consequences on the historical narrative and religious character of the site.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Ratna award
Mains level: Karpoori Thakur, a backward-caste leader
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: unresolved GST issues
Mains level: insights into the economic performance of the government
Central Idea:
The discussion between D.K. Srivastava and G. Vijay analyzes the economic performance of the BJP-led government in its second term, focusing on policy prescriptions, the impact of major reforms such as GST and corporate income tax changes, and the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The conversation delves into the challenges faced by the GST Council, the government’s emphasis on infrastructure development, and the performance of the agricultural sector over the past five years.
Key Highlights:
- The Indian economy faced challenges in 2019 due to GST implementation issues and corporate income tax reforms, leading to a weak fiscal situation.
- The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharp contraction, followed by a rapid recovery with GDP growth rates exceeding expectations.
- Recovery was K-shaped, impacting contact-intensive sectors and large service sectors, resulting in a focus on infrastructure expansion for long-term growth.
- The digitization of the economy through the UPI platform was highlighted as a positive outcome, especially for small-scale industries in the informal sector.
- The GST story was deemed incomplete, with concerns about revenue autonomy for State governments and challenges in GST reform.
- The government’s capital expenditure increase in the last budget aimed at income generation and employment growth, but concerns were raised about the quality of employment generated.
- The agricultural sector performed well in terms of growth, except for the current year, but challenges such as supply chain shocks and inflation in key food items were discussed.
Key Challenges:
- Unresolved issues in GST reform, including revenue neutrality and loss of revenue autonomy for State governments.
- Quality of employment generated by capital-intensive infrastructure projects and the persistently high unemployment rate.
- Inconsistent policies in the agricultural sector, with challenges like bans on exports and uncertainties affecting production decisions.
Key Terms:
- GST (Goods and Services Tax)
- UPI (Unified Payments Interface)
Key Phrases:
- “K-shaped recovery”
- “Last mile delivery”
- “Jobless growth”
- “Centre-State relations”
- “Capital stimulus”
- “Job creation elasticities”
- “Unprotected informal sector employment”
Key Quotes:
- “Between 2014 and 19, we provided a rejuvenated Centre-State dynamic, cooperative federalism, GST Council, and a strident commitment to fiscal discipline.”
- “The government stood out as a performing government, a government whose signature was in the last mile delivery.”
Key Statements:
- Recovery from the economic challenges post-2019 was marked by robust GDP growth, particularly in FY22 and FY23.
- The GST Council faced criticism for incomplete reform, loss of revenue autonomy for State governments, and politicization of resource distribution.
Key Examples and References:
- Demonetization in 2016 and its long-term impact on economic contraction.
- The increase in capital expenditure in the last budget and its purported aim of income generation and employment growth.
Critical Analysis:
The discussion highlights the positive aspects of economic recovery, infrastructure development, and agriculture sector growth. However, challenges such as the quality of employment, unresolved GST issues, and inconsistent policies in agriculture are critically analyzed. The impact of global challenges, supply-side issues, and the need for a balanced approach between capital stimulus and consumption stimulation are emphasized.
Way Forward:
- Address GST reform issues to ensure revenue autonomy for State governments.
- Evaluate the employment impact of infrastructure projects and focus on generating quality employment.
- Maintain a balance between capital stimulus and consumption stimulation to address external sector challenges.
- Implement consistent and supportive policies in the agricultural sector to address supply chain shocks and inflation.
- Continue efforts to digitize the economy for inclusive growth and last-mile delivery.
This comprehensive analysis provides insights into the economic performance of the BJP-led government, covering various dimensions and offering suggestions for future considerations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: the current political agenda's impact on India's cultural diversity and constitutional values
Central Idea:
The article emphasizes the threat to India’s secular fabric and cultural diversity posed by the current political agenda, particularly the push towards a theocratic state under the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It underscores the importance of reasserting the constitutional principles of a pluralistic and tolerant India, in contrast to the growing dominance of a unidimensional cultural and religious identity.
Key Highlights:
- The “Objective resolution” of the Indian Constitution adopted in 1947 forms the basis of the Preamble, but recent state-sponsored events challenge the constitutional commitment to secularism.
- The BJP’s agenda is criticized for promoting a theocratic state and diminishing India’s rich cultural diversity by imposing a singular identity.
- The article laments the erosion of the concept of “unity in diversity,” replacing it with a vision of one nation, one market, one language, and one official religion.
- The Constitution’s recognition of and respect for diversities and differences, both politically and culturally, is highlighted as the foundation of India’s progress.
Key Challenges:
- The political effort to centralize and homogenize cultural and religious practices, particularly in favor of Hindutva, poses a challenge to India’s historical pluralism.
- The erosion of tolerance and the imposition of a singular identity may lead to suspicion and animosity among different religious and cultural groups.
- The celebration of a ‘Hindu Rashtra’ contradicts the constitutional principles of a secular state, potentially endangering India’s hard-fought independence.
Key Terms:
- Hindutva: The political ideology that seeks to establish the hegemony of Hindus and the Hindu way of life.
- Theocratic: Relating to a system of government in which religious leaders control the state.
- Pluralism: The coexistence of diverse cultural, religious, or ethnic groups within a society.
- Constitution: The fundamental legal document outlining the structure and principles of a government.
Key Phrases:
- “Flattening of multidimensions”: Describes the attempt to impose a unidimensional cultural and religious identity, eroding India’s diverse cultural landscape.
- “Unity in diversity”: Formerly celebrated, this concept is criticized for being replaced by a vision of singular identity.
- “One nation, one market, one colour, one language, one election”: Illustrates the push towards homogenization in various aspects of Indian society.
Key Quotes:
- “Will Indians place the country above their creed or will they place creed above country?”
- “Our independence will be put in jeopardy a second time and probably be lost forever.”
- “When power outstrips ability, we will fall on evil days.”
Key Statements:
- The Indian Constitution recognizes and incorporates space for diversities and differences in both politics and culture.
- The celebration of a ‘Hindu Rashtra’ is in direct contradiction to the Indian Constitution.
- The Constitution is seen as a guarantee of the right to live with liberty, equality, and justice.
Key Examples and References:
- The consecration of the temple in Ayodhya and the state-sponsored events on January 22, 2024, are cited as instances where the secular principles of the Constitution were violated.
- Mention of diverse celebrations of Dusshera, representing different cultural practices across India.
Key Facts and Data:
- The Indian Constitution was adopted 75 years ago, emphasizing tolerance and solidarity as foundational principles.
- The celebration of the 75th year of the Republic coincides with concerns about the erosion of secular principles.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the current political agenda’s impact on India’s cultural diversity and constitutional values. It highlights the dangers of sidelining pluralism and secularism in favor of a singular identity, emphasizing the need for citizens to assert the constitutional republic over a ‘Hindu Rashtra.’
Way Forward:
- The article calls for a reassertion of the constitutional principles of a pluralistic and tolerant India.
- Citizens are urged to make choices that align with the values of the Constitution, ensuring a diverse and inclusive nation.
- A collective duty is emphasized in retaining the values that have shaped India’s social democracy for 75 years.
In summary, the article advocates for a return to the constitutional principles that have guided India for 75 years, safeguarding the nation’s pluralism and diversity against the current trend towards a unidimensional cultural and religious identity
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New Leprosy Treatment Regimen
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Central government of India has given its approval for a new treatment regimen aimed at hastening the eradication of leprosy in the country.
- The move, based on the latest global scientific research and endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), seeks to transition from a two-drug regimen to a three-drug regimen for Pauci-Bacillary (PB) leprosy cases.
New Leprosy Treatment Regimen
- Objective: The primary goal is to halt the transmission of leprosy at the sub-national level by 2027, aligning with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, three years ahead of schedule.
- Transition from Two to Three Drugs: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has approved a shift from the existing two-drug regimen for six months to a three-drug regimen for Pauci-Bacillary (PB) cases.
- Scientific Basis: This decision is grounded in the latest globally accepted scientific research studies and evidence-based practices.
- WHO Endorsement: The World Health Organization (WHO) has committed to supply the revised drug regimen starting April 1, 2025, signifying international recognition and support for this approach.
Key Implementation Steps
- Three-Drug Regimen: The WHO-recommended treatment regimen includes dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine, collectively referred to as MDT. MDT is highly effective in killing the pathogen and curing the patient.
- Advance Requisitions: All States and Union Territories are instructed to submit their requisitions for anti-leprosy drugs a full year in advance to ensure a smooth transition.
- Unified Implementation Date: The revised classification of leprosy and the treatment regimen for both Pauci-Bacillary (PB) and multi-bacillary (MB) cases in India will come into effect simultaneously on April 1, 2025.
Understanding Leprosy
- Leprosy Overview: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium leprae bacteria, primarily affecting the skin and peripheral nerves.
- Transmission: It spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth during close contact with untreated cases.
- Curability: Leprosy is curable with multi-drug therapy (MDT).
Distinction between PB and MB Cases
- PB Cases: These individuals have fewer visible bacteria and show no signs of advanced disease in biopsies.
- MB Cases: They have visible bacteria and may exhibit more advanced disease in biopsies.
Significance of the New Regimen
- Eradication Target: The adoption of this new treatment regimen is expected to accelerate India’s progress towards leprosy eradication by 2027, reinforcing the country’s commitment to combat this disease.
- Previous Funding: The WHO has been providing free MDT, initially funded by the Nippon Foundation and later through an agreement with Novartis. This regimen is known as ‘Uniform MDT,’ simplifying administration and manufacturing processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Sarvashakti
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian Army has initiated Operation Sarvashakti in the Rajouri-Poonch sector of Jammu and Kashmir to combat rising terrorist threats targeting security forces.
- This article explores Operation Sarpvinash, a similar military operation conducted in the same region over two decades ago, shedding light on its objectives, significance, and historical context.
Operation Sarvashakti: The Need for Action
- Escalating Threats: Recent years have witnessed three major terrorist attacks in the area, resulting in the loss of 20 soldiers.
- Foreign Terrorist Presence: The region is known for hosting foreign terrorists, making it a significant security concern.
- Enhancing Troop Presence: Operation Sarvashakti involves deploying additional troops to increase the density, thereby improving the chances of encounters with terrorists.
Reflecting on Operation Sarpvinash
- Counter-Insurgency in 2003: Operation Sarpvinash was conducted by Indian forces in response to the growing insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.
- Extensive Troop Deployment: Over about three months, around 10,000 troops from the 15 Corps and 16 Corps participated in the operation.
- Aerial Support: Mi-17 helicopters facilitated troop transport to Hilkaka, a village seized by terrorists, while Lancer attack helicopters neutralized concrete bunkers built by infiltrators.
- Decisive Outcomes: The operation led to the elimination of nearly 100 terrorists, significant arms and ammunition seizures, including explosives, and the dismantling of 40-50 terrorist hideouts.
Origins of Operation Sarpvinash
- Post-Kargil War Scenario: With the Kargil war of 1999 fresh in memory and the aftermath of the December 2001 Parliament attack, Operation Parakram involved a substantial military mobilization along the Pakistan border.
- Preparation in 2003: Operation Sarpvinash preparations began after intelligence reports indicated the presence of over 300 foreign terrorists who had infiltrated the Line of Control (LoC) and established secure camps in Surankote and Hilkaka.
- Terrorist Control: These terrorists, affiliated with various Pakistan-based outfits, had created a demilitarized zone and asserted dominance, including the establishment of multiple hideouts and bunkers.
Strategic Significance
- Crucial Location: The areas south of Mendhar leading to the Pir Panjal range through Hilkaka offer the shortest infiltration route from across the LoC into the Kashmir valley.
- Infiltration Potential: Controlling this region provides a potential conduit for personnel during a Pakistani military operation and facilitates terrorist infiltration.
- Natural Cover: Dense forests and steep mountain slopes offer natural concealment, allowing terrorists to evade Indian forces during searches and engage them strategically.
Post-Sarpvinash Scenario
- Period of Peace: Following Operation Sarpvinash, the region experienced relative peace until 2017-18, despite ongoing terrorist incidents in the Kashmir valley.
- Recent Escalations: However, since 2021, this area has witnessed a resurgence of high-intensity attacks on security forces.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's knowledge economy
Introduction
- The recent government guidelines on regulating the coaching industry have stirred debate and raised questions about the state of education in India.
- This article delves into the reasons behind the need for these guidelines and the potential impact on various stakeholders.
Coaching Chaos: What’s the Issue?
- Early Enrolment Scrapped: The government’s guidelines stipulate that students below 16 years of age should not be enrolled in coaching centers, restricting enrolment to post-secondary school (standard 10) examination.
- A Shift in Education: This rule has caused concern as coaching centers have evolved into an alternative education pathway. Students as young as 10-12 years old are prepared for highly competitive exams, such as engineering, medical, and civil service, with low success rates.
- Proliferation of Coaching Centers: Coaching centers are especially popular in states like Bihar, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh.
The Need for Regulation: Why?
- Rising Student Suicides: The alarming increase in student suicides, with 26 reported cases in Kota alone in 2023, underscores the immense pressure on schoolchildren.
- Government’s Concerns: The Department of Higher Education, under the Ministry of Education, expressed the need for regulations in light of issues like student suicides, fire incidents, inadequate facilities, and teaching methodologies.
- Emergence of ‘Dummy Schools’: The rise of ‘dummy schools’ linked to coaching centers, where physical attendance is not mandatory, has raised concerns. Parents often uproot their families and take loans to relocate to coaching hubs in pursuit of quality education.
Wider Implications: Who Else Will Be Affected?
- Ecosystem Impact: Coaching hubs like Kota have an entire ecosystem supporting institutes, students, and families, including middlemen, hostels, and hotels. All of these entities stand to lose out.
- Real Estate Implications: Families relocating to coaching hubs contribute to local real estate income. Regulation may impact this aspect.
- Impact on ‘Dummy Schools’: Dummy schools will face closure due to the new regulations.
Perspectives from the Coaching Centers
- Coaching Federation of India’s Response: The Coaching Federation of India (CFI), representing over 25,000 coaching institutes, may legally contest the minimum age requirement, seeking a reduction from 16 years to 12 years.
- Competitive Stress Concerns: Large coaching institutes express concerns that the regulations may intensify competitive stress among students, offering them less time for preparation.
- Regulatory Effectiveness: There is apprehension that the regulations may not effectively oversee smaller private coaching centers, making it challenging to monitor mom-and-pop establishments.
Education’s Dependent Dynamic
- Coaching Dependency: The guidelines shed light on the prevailing reliance on coaching institutes. They supplement students’ regular schooling and often require additional hours of study outside the classroom.
- Misleading Promises: The guidelines also highlight how institutes sometimes make misleading promises or guarantee high scores, emphasizing that ranks and marks have eclipsed holistic student development.
Conclusion
- The government’s new guidelines have ignited a critical discussion about the coaching industry and its role in the Indian education landscape.
- The regulations aim to address pressing concerns while acknowledging the evolving dynamics of education in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NATO
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Sweden’s quest to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has achieved a significant breakthrough with Turkey’s parliament endorsing its membership.
- This crucial development underscores the evolving dynamics in global politics and Sweden’s response to regional security challenges.
About NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
| Formation |
Established on April 4, 1949 |
| Members |
Consists of 30 member countries |
| Headquarters |
Located in Brussels, Belgium |
| Mission |
Safeguard freedom and security through political and military cooperation |
| Key feature: Article 5 |
Mutual defense provision, attack on one is an attack on all |
| Operations |
Involved in peacekeeping and crisis management operations worldwide |
| NATO-Russia Relations |
Complex relationship with Russia, involving cooperation and tensions |
| Evolving Security Challenges |
Adapts to address evolving security challenges like terrorism, cyber threats, and hybrid warfare |
Sweden’s Neutrality and Shift in Stance
- A Two-Century Neutrality: Sweden has maintained a neutral position for over two centuries, staying out of conflicts, including both World Wars and the Cold War.
- EU and NATO Collaboration: Despite joining the European Union and cooperating with NATO, Sweden had not previously indicated an intent to join the military alliance.
- Changing Landscape: Sweden’s neutrality had to be reconsidered in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, prompting public opinion in favor of NATO membership.
Turkey’s Opposition and Resolution
- Two Years of Opposition: Turkey and Hungary had opposed Sweden’s NATO membership for nearly two years.
- Turkish Concerns: Turkey raised concerns about Sweden’s perceived leniency toward groups classified as terrorists, including the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).
- Freedom of Speech Controversy: Quran-burning protests in Sweden, protected under freedom of speech laws, further strained relations with Turkey.
- Recent Reforms: Sweden made several efforts to address Turkey’s concerns, tightening anti-terrorism laws, cracking down on PKK activities, and easing restrictions on arms sales to Turkey.
- Positive Developments: Sweden also pledged support for Turkey’s European Union membership bid.
Hungary’s Influence and Response
- Following Turkey’s Lead: Hungary, under Prime Minister Viktor Orban, had been seen as aligning with Turkey in opposing Sweden’s NATO bid.
- Grievances with Sweden: Hungary expressed dissatisfaction with Sweden’s criticisms of the rule of law and democratic state under Orban.
- Russia-Friendly Stance: Orban maintained a more Russia-friendly stance compared to other NATO nations.
- Invitation for Cooperation: Following Turkey’s approval, Orban invited Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson to Budapest to discuss future security and defense cooperation as allies and partners.
Sweden’s Contribution to NATO
- Baltic Sea Territory: Sweden’s NATO membership will extend the alliance’s presence along almost the entire Baltic Sea coastline, except for the part under Russian control.
- Strategic Bases: This expansion provides NATO with strategic bases in proximity to Russia, streamlines supply lines, and facilitates the defense of assets in the Baltic Sea.
- Modern Military: Despite its relatively small military size, Sweden possesses modern and experienced armed forces with advanced aircraft and submarine capabilities.
- Global Missions: Sweden’s military has participated in previous NATO missions, adding to the alliance’s operational capabilities.
Conclusion
- Sweden’s NATO membership approval signifies a significant shift in its longstanding neutrality, driven by changing geopolitical dynamics and regional security concerns.
- As Sweden joins the alliance, it brings strategic advantages to NATO’s posture in the Baltic Sea region and enhances the collective defense capabilities of the alliance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: K-Shaped Recovery
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Economic Research Department of the State Bank of India (SBI) recently released a study titled “Debunking K-shaped recovery,” addressing the ongoing debate about the post-pandemic recovery in India and its alleged K-shaped nature.
- This debate has significant implications for the country’s widening inequality.
What is K-Shaped Recovery?
- A K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes.
- This is in contrast to an even, uniform recovery across sectors, industries, or groups of people.
- A K-shaped recovery leads to changes in the structure of the economy or the broader society as economic outcomes and relations are fundamentally changed before and after the recession.
- This type of recovery is called K-shaped because the path of different parts of the economy when charted together may diverge, resembling the two arms of the Roman letter “K.”
SBI Challenging Conventional Wisdom
- Controversial Message: The report’s key message suggests a potential “conspiracy” against India’s growth, raising eyebrows about the credibility and intent of the economic evaluation.
- Message Summary: It questions the validity of the K-shaped recovery concept, calling it “flawed” and driven by certain vested interests who are uncomfortable with India’s ascendancy on the global stage.
Re-evaluating Economic Well-Being
- Parameters under Scrutiny: The report challenges traditional parameters used to assess economic well-being.
- New Considerations: It highlights patterns in income, savings, consumption, expenditure, and policy measures designed to empower the masses through technology-driven solutions, questioning the reliance on outdated indicators like 2-wheeler sales or land holdings.
Shaping a Narrative
- Polarized Environment: In a time of heightened polarization and India’s emergence as a major economy, the report’s language, including phrases like “fanning interests” and “renaissance of the new global south,” appears to align with current political narratives.
- Narrative Shift: The report introduces a new narrative, emphasizing the reduction of inequality in India.
Claims on Inequality
- Inequality Reduction: The report asserts that income inequality has decreased, citing the Gini coefficient of taxable income, which fell from 0.472 to 0.402 between FY14 and FY22.
- Limited Sample: However, the research relies on “taxable income” from a small fraction (around 5%) of the population, primarily those paying income tax, making it less representative of the informal workforce and the broader economy.
- Food Orders as Proxy: The study also uses Zomato food orders, primarily from semi-urban areas, to challenge claims of economic distress.
Representativeness Concerns
- Focus on Formal Sector: The SBI research primarily centers on the formal sector, which represents a privileged minority within the Indian economy.
- Inequality Debate: This focus mirrors the crux of the inequality debate, where those excluded from economic growth continue to lag behind, while those already well-off experience significant growth.
A Different Perspective
- Contrasting Reports: In 2022, another report, “The State of Inequality in India,” commissioned by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, highlighted rising inequality in the country.
- Unimaginable Disparities: It noted that an individual earning a monthly wage of Rs 25,000 was among the top 10% of earners, underscoring the stark income disparities.
Conclusion
- While the SBI research provides a unique perspective on India’s economic recovery and inequality, its focus on a limited sample from the formal sector raises concerns about its representativeness.
- The broader discourse on inequality remains critical, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse economic landscape in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BSF's Jurisdiction
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In October 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs made a significant move by extending the jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF) in certain states, leading to a legal dispute between the central government and the affected states.
- This article examines the recent developments and the key issues surrounding the expansion of BSF’s jurisdiction.
Expansion of BSF Jurisdiction
- Border Security Force (BSF): The BSF is India’s border guarding organization, tasked with securing the borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh. It operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Notification: The Ministry of Home Affairs issued a notification in October 2021, expanding the BSF’s jurisdiction in specific states.
- Changes in Jurisdiction:
-
- In Punjab, West Bengal, and Assam, the BSF’s jurisdiction was extended from 15 km to 50 km inland from the border.
- In Gujarat, the jurisdiction was reduced from 80 km to 50 km.
- Rajasthan’s jurisdiction remained unchanged at 50 km.
Legal Frameworks
- Border Security Force Act: The Ministry of Home Affairs invoked the Border Security Force Act of 1968 to delineate the BSF’s jurisdiction.
- Powers Exercised: The BSF’s jurisdiction extension applies only to specific powers granted under the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, and Passport Act, 1967.
Rationale behind BSF’s Jurisdiction Expansion
- Historical Context: The BSF was established in 1965 to secure India’s borders. At that time, border regions were sparsely populated, and police stations were scarce.
- Trans-Border Crimes: To combat trans-border crimes effectively, the BSF was empowered to arrest and search individuals within its jurisdiction.
- Manpower Constraints: Despite the establishment of police stations near the border, staffing remained inadequate.
Issues Surrounding Border Regions
-
- Encroachment
- Illegal incursion
- Drug and cattle smuggling
- Complementary Role: Expanding BSF’s jurisdiction was intended to complement the efforts of local police, enhancing cooperative measures rather than displacing state police authority.
Criticisms and Legal Challenges
- Federalism Concerns: States argued that the extension of BSF’s jurisdiction encroached upon their powers related to police and public order, asserting their rights under the Constitution.
- Lack of Consultation: The states also contended that the central government issued the notification without consulting the affected states.
- Original Suit: The state of Punjab filed an ‘original suit’ against the central government in the Supreme Court under Article 131 of the Constitution, which grants the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between the central government and states.
- Approach: Punjab argued that the expansion compromised its legislative authority on policing matters and public order, emphasizing that a significant portion of its cities and towns would now fall within the 50-kilometre jurisdiction.
Ongoing Legal Battle
- Exclusive Challenge: While West Bengal initially expressed opposition to the notification, currently, only Punjab’s challenge is tagged with the Supreme Court.
- Key Considerations: The Supreme Court will assess the validity of the notification, examining whether it was arbitrary or backed by legitimate reasons. It will also weigh the impact on states’ powers under the Constitution and determine if uniformity is required in setting local limits for BSF’s jurisdiction.
Conclusion
- The legal battle between the central government and the states over the expansion of BSF’s jurisdiction highlights the complex interplay between federalism, national security, and law enforcement.
- The Supreme Court’s decision will have far-reaching implications for the distribution of powers between the center and the states in matters related to border security and policing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jal Jeevan Mission
Mains level: commendable progress in addressing rural water needs
Central Idea: The Jal Jeevan Mission, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2019, has made significant strides in providing tap water to rural households in India, with a focus on addressing diverse regional challenges. The mission aims to ensure clean water access to every rural household, promoting health, hygiene, and overall well-being. The approach is characterized by a commitment to inclusivity, community involvement, and sustainable development.
Key Highlights:
- Tap water provided to 73% of rural households, benefiting over 14 crore households.
- Diverse strategies employed, including insulated pipes, multi-village schemes, and community water purification plants.
- Notable improvements observed in areas such as reduced migration, minimized human-animal conflicts, and revived celebratory events.
- Impact extends beyond clean water provision to encompass safety, health, and environmental benefits.
- Studies indicate potential reduction in infant deaths, prevention of diarrhoeal deaths, and significant economic savings.
Key Challenges:
- Infrastructural challenges due to diverse terrains and geographical variations.
- Customizing solutions for different regional needs.
- Ensuring sustainability and community involvement in the long term.
Key Terms:
- Jal Jeevan Mission: Government initiative aimed at providing tap water to rural households.
- Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas aur Sabka Prayas: Guiding principle emphasizing inclusive development.
- Nal Jal Mitra: Initiative empowering villagers with skills for maintaining water supply systems.
Key Phrases:
- “No one is left behind”: Core theme emphasizing inclusivity.
- “Elixir of life”: Reference to the importance of water for well-being.
Key Quotes:
- “The growth story of the Jal Jeevan Mission is not confined to data; changes can be seen on the ground.”
- “True development is not just about infrastructure; it is about bringing in a sense of community.”
Key Statements:
- The mission focuses on long-term, regular access to quality water for every rural household.
- Community involvement, especially of women and youth, is integral to the mission’s success.
Key Examples and References:
- Kyarkuli Bhatta in Uttarakhand, Kusumdih in Jharkhand, and Chandpur in Maharashtra cited as examples of positive changes due to the mission.
- Studies by Dr. Michael Kremer and the World Health Organization provide evidence of the mission’s positive impact.
Critical Analysis:
The Jal Jeevan Mission has made commendable progress in addressing rural water needs. The tailored approach to diverse challenges, inclusion of communities, and the focus on holistic development contribute to its success. Continuous monitoring, transparency, and data-driven decision-making are strengths. Challenges lie in sustaining community involvement and ensuring long-term infrastructure stability.
Way Forward:
- Continue prioritizing community involvement and inclusivity.
- Strengthen monitoring mechanisms for long-term sustainability.
- Emphasize skill development for rural communities to ensure self-reliance in maintaining water supply systems.
- Explore innovative solutions for regions with unique challenges.
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