Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea cultivation in India
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Echoes of the Past: India’s tea industry is facing challenges similar to the “dark phase” of 2002-07, as noted by the Tea Association of India (TAI).
- Key Concerns: Stagnant prices, oversupply, demand-supply gap, and a trend towards cheaper teas are major issues impacting the industry.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
- Previous Crisis: The industry suffered a significant slump during 2002-07 due to regulatory challenges, falling demand, competition from cheaper international teas, and export quality concerns.
- Current Scenario: Despite India’s economic strides, the tea industry struggles with stagnant prices and increasing input costs, leading to estate closures and reliance on subsidies.
Demand-Supply Imbalance and Quality Concerns
- Oversupply Issues: The meeting highlighted the critical problem of oversupply leading to an imbalance between availability and consumption.
- Quality Decline: To make tea more affordable, there has been a decline in quality, resulting in a “race to the bottom.”
Proposed Measures and Tea Board of India’s Role
- Repositioning Tea: TAI suggests repositioning tea to enhance its perception and consumption patterns.
- Regulatory Steps: Measures include regulating tea waste sold domestically, restricting import of low-quality teas, and promoting tea’s health benefits.
- Potential Impact: Regulating waste could reduce supply by 15-20 million kg, and limiting imports could remove an additional 30 million kg of low-quality teas.
Tea Industry Statistics and Trends
- Production and Export: India’s tea production increased by 39% from 2008 to 2022, with a slight projected increase in 2023. However, exports till October 2023 decreased by 2% compared to 2022.
- Import Increase: Tea imports rose from 27 million kg in 2021 to 30 million kg in 2022.
Overview of the Indian Tea Industry
- Global Standing: India is the second-largest tea producer and the fourth-largest exporter globally, with a significant domestic consumption market.
- Employment and Regulation: The industry directly employs 1.16 million workers, with the Tea Board of India regulating cultivation.
- Main Growing Regions: The Northeast, including Assam, and north Bengal are major tea-growing areas, with significant cultivation in the Nilgiris in south India.
Challenges and Issues
- Global Competition and Quality Decline: Competition from countries like Kenya and the demand for organic tea have affected India’s market position.
- Worker Conditions and Small Tea Growers: Poor worker conditions and challenges faced by small tea growers, including pricing and recognition issues, are significant concerns.
- External Factors: Global events like the Russia-Ukraine war have further compounded problems for the industry.
Tea Board of India Initiatives
- Establishment: The Tea Board was set up under the Tea Act 1953 and functions as a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce. Headquarters are located in Kolkata, the Board is reconstituted every three years.
- Promotional Efforts: The Board undertakes various initiatives to promote packaged Indian tea and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Promotional Activities: The Board supports packaged Indian tea promotion and subsidizes participation in international fairs.
- Tea Development and Promotion Scheme: This scheme aims to enhance productivity, quality, worker welfare, and market promotion.
- Support for Small Growers: The Board has formed SHGs, FPOs, and FPCs to assist small tea growers.
Way Forward
- One District One Product (ODOP) Program: This program can help promote Indian tea.
- Improving ‘AROMA’: ‘AROMA’ stands for Assistance to small growers, Re-energizing infrastructure, Organic and GI tea promotion, Modernization of supply chains, and Adaptability to climate change.
- Supporting Small Farmers: Enhancing production, quality, and sustainability while focusing on high-value markets is crucial for the industry’s growth.
Try this PYQ from 2022
Consider the following States:
- Andhra Pradesh
- Kerala
- Himachal Pradesh
- Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
(a) Only one State
(b) Only two States
(c) Only three States
(d) All four States
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 92 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
Mains level: need for a more robust and enforceable framework within the Model Code of Conduct
Central Idea:
The Election Commission of India issued guidelines advising political parties on using disability-sensitive language and practices. These guidelines cover inclusive communication, accessible information, and integrating people with disabilities (PwDs) within party structures. The aim is to counter derogatory remarks and stereotypes against PwDs in politics. However, concerns about the effectiveness of these guidelines arise, demanding further refinement and their inclusion in the Model Code of Conduct.
Key Highlights:
- The guidelines address disability-inclusive communication, information accessibility, and inclusion within political party frameworks.
- Recent derogatory remarks by political leaders underscore the necessity for these guidelines.
- Derogatory language contributes to attitudinal barriers under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
- The guidelines are advisory, lacking uniformity and needing a more definitive mandate.
- Absence of these guidelines in the Model Code of Conduct reduces their enforceability.
- Ambiguities in language usage and terminology require clarification to avoid misinterpretation.
- Political inclusion of PwDs is not addressed in the draft National Policy for PwD.
- Lack of data on legislators with disabilities and the absence of a disability column in election forms hinder political inclusion.
Key Terms:
- Disability-sensitive language
- Inclusive communication
- Attitudinal barriers
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
- Model Code of Conduct
- Derogatory remarks
- National Policy for Persons with Disabilities
- Political inclusion
Key Phrases:
- “Advisory guidelines”
- “Attitudinal barrier”
- “Model Code of Conduct”
- “Political inclusion”
- “Derogatory remarks”
- “Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016”
- “National Policy for Persons with Disabilities”
Key Quotes:
- “These guidelines are only an ‘advisory,’ though the phraseology of a few guidelines is in mandatory language.”
- “Instances have underlined the need for these guidelines, such as derogatory remarks by political leaders.”
- “Political inclusion is an ignored aspect within the Indian realm of disability.”
Key Statements:
- “A uniform mandate under all three heads is needed for effective implementation.”
- “Guidelines must be included within the Model Code of Conduct to enhance their enforceability.”
- “The lack of data has contributed significantly to the political exclusion of PwDs.”
Key Examples and References:
- A Raja’s derogatory comparison of Sanatan Dharma to people with leprosy and HIV in September 2023.
- Lack of a disability column in nomination forms and affidavits filed by contestants during elections.
Key Facts:
- The guidelines cover disability-inclusive communication, information accessibility, and inclusion within party frameworks.
- Section 92 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, is mentioned as a punitive measure for breaching guidelines related to disability-inclusive communication.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the advisory guidelines, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. It emphasizes the need for a more robust and enforceable framework within the Model Code of Conduct and addresses ambiguities in language usage.
Way Forward:
- Refine and make the guidelines mandatory under all three categories.
- Incorporate guidelines into the Model Code of Conduct for enhanced enforceability.
- Provide a detailed list of disability-sensitive words and phraseology.
- Include a chapter on political inclusion in the National Policy for Persons with Disabilities.
- Introduce a disability column in election nomination forms to collect data on legislators with disabilities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: Historical evolution of the purdah system in various parts of the world, including India
Central Idea:
The article focus into the ongoing discourse around the hijab/veil, examining recent political events in India and the global conversation on the subject. It raises questions about the right of Muslim women to choose their attire, the role of the state in regulating religious clothing, and the intersection of Islamic principles with government policies. The central argument posits that criticisms of the hijab often lack genuine concern for gender equality, being influenced by historical Western colonial biases, and mirroring the majoritarian agenda of Hindutva.
Key Highlights:
- Karnataka Chief Minister’s stance on the hijab issue is presented as a case of vote bank politics by the Congress, reinforcing BJP’s accusations.
- The global debate involves Western leaders advocating for bans, while Muslim women protest against enforced veiling in countries like Iran.
- The article questions the Western perception of Islam’s treatment of women, attributing bias to a colonial mindset.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing individual freedom of choice with state regulations on religious attire.
- Navigating the intersection between Islamic provisions and state policies.
- Addressing the influence of Western colonial perceptions on the discourse around Muslim women’s rights.
Key Terms:
- Hijab/Veil: Islamic head covering worn by some Muslim women.
- Hindutva: Ideology advocating the cultural and political dominance of Hindus in India.
- Vote Bank Politics: Political strategy to gain support from specific religious or ethnic groups.
- Colonial Mindset: Biased perspectives influenced by historical colonial experiences.
Key Phrases:
- “Vote bank politics” – Refers to the alleged manipulation of Muslim sentiments for political gain.
- “Western colonial project” – Describes historical biases influencing perceptions of Islam.
- “Gender freedom” – The concept of freedom regarding gender roles and choices.
Key Quotes:
- “For Europe, Islam was a lasting trauma.” – Edward Said, highlighting the historical impact of colonialism on Western perceptions of Islam.
- “There is no inherent value placed on man and woman…no pre-ordained system of hierarchy.” – Amina Wudud, on interpreting Islamic provisions for gender equality.
Key Statements:
- The Congress government’s indecision on the hijab issue is portrayed as an example of vote bank politics.
- The author suggests a parallel between the Hindutva majoritarian agenda and Western colonial objectives in their disregard for equal rights.
Key Examples and References:
- French President Nicolas Sarkozy’s push for a total ban on the Islamic veil in 2010.
- British Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s controversial remarks on Muslim women wearing burqas in 2019.
- Examples of successful Muslim women in India, such as Parveen Babi and Zeenat Aman, who did not conform to hijab norms.
Key Facts and Data:
- Historical evolution of the purdah system in various parts of the world, including India.
- Instances of Western leaders advocating for bans on the Islamic veil.
Critical Analysis:
- The author critiques the perceived bias in Western views on Islam, attributing it to a colonial mindset.
- The alignment of Hindutva’s majoritarian ideology and Western colonial objectives is questioned.
- The article challenges the sincerity of concerns about gender equality by highlighting selective concerns based on political agendas.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for a nuanced understanding of cultural practices and religious choices.
- Encourage open dialogue between religious communities and policymakers to address concerns.
- Emphasize the importance of respecting individual choices while ensuring a balance with societal norms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
Mains level: Role of Vikalp Sangam in proposing alternative solutions
Central Idea:
The article discusses the pressing issues faced by India, including unemployment, social unrest, ecological degradation, and threats to democratic rights. It emphasizes the need for alternative approaches and policies to address these challenges and highlights a People’s Manifesto released by Vikalp Sangam, a platform representing various movements and organizations working towards positive change.
Key Highlights:
- The article outlines the multifaceted crises in India, such as unemployment, ecological collapse, and erosion of democratic rights.
- It introduces Vikalp Sangam, a national platform fostering alternative initiatives for a just, equitable, and sustainable India.
- The People’s Manifesto aims at the 2024 general election and advocates policy shifts in areas like the economy, decentralization, accountability, and social inclusion.
- Practical examples on the Vikalp Sangam website illustrate successful community-driven solutions to challenges like unemployment and rural development.
- The manifesto calls for economic reforms, curbing the black economy, and wealth redistribution through measures like basic income and pension for all workers.
- It addresses concerns about the increasing authoritarianism, calls for decentralization, and the need to protect institutions like the Election Commission and media from political interference.
Key Challenges:
- Resistance to policy changes from established political and economic interests.
- The need for widespread awareness and acceptance of alternative approaches.
- The challenge of implementing grassroots initiatives on a larger scale.
- Overcoming political polarization and ensuring bipartisan support for key manifesto points.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Vikalp Sangam
- People’s Manifesto
- Alternative pathways
- National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
- Decentralization
- Black economy
- Basic income
- Environmental impact assessment
- Forest Rights Act
- Climate crisis
Key Quotes/Statements:
- “Hope lies in the many initiatives to resist the forces of destruction and to construct alternative pathways.”
- “The People’s Manifesto for a Just, Equitable and Sustainable India.”
- “In about a decade, Vikalp Sangam has convened over 30 physical assemblies, published 1,500 stories of positive change…”
- “The manifesto demands curbs on the enormous black economy, reduction in the ratio of highest and lowest salaries, greater wealth and inheritance taxation of the rich…”
- “The manifesto urges a national land and water policy that protects important ecological functions…”
Key Examples and References:
- Unemployment protests, Joshimath sinking, dam burst in Sikkim, and conflicts in Manipur.
- Vikalp Sangam’s website with stories of rural revival and positive change.
- Adivasi village, Mendha Lekha in Maharashtra, and Dalit women farmers in Telangana as examples of successful local initiatives.
- Residents’ associations in Bhuj town implementing local decision-making.
Key Facts/Data:
- 85 people’s movements and civil society organizations released the People’s Manifesto.
- Vikalp Sangam has convened over 30 physical assemblies and published 1,500 stories of positive change.
- The manifesto recommends reserving 6% of GDP for education and 3% for health.
- The Vikalp Sangam process compiled hundreds of practical examples of alternative approaches.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively outlines the challenges faced by India and the role of Vikalp Sangam in proposing alternative solutions.
- The manifesto covers a broad spectrum of issues, but the challenge lies in its implementation and acceptance by political authorities.
- The emphasis on community-led solutions and decentralized decision-making aligns with sustainable development principles.
- The article lacks a detailed analysis of potential opposition or criticism to the proposed manifesto.
Way Forward:
- Raise awareness and garner public support for the People’s Manifesto.
- Engage with policymakers and political leaders to incorporate key recommendations into their agendas.
- Strengthen grassroots movements and community-led initiatives.
- Foster collaborations between government, businesses, and civil society to address the highlighted issues.
- Continuously monitor and evaluate the progress of alternative approaches to ensure their effectiveness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 30
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Supreme Court’s seven-judge Bench has begun hearing the long-standing dispute over the minority status of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), a contention that spans nearly six decades.
AMU’s Establishment
- Origins: AMU traces its roots to the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MOA) College, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875 to address Muslims’ educational backwardness.
- University Status in 1920: The institution gained university status in 1920, transitioning from MOA College to AMU, with a focus on both Western education and Islamic theology.
Dispute over Minority Status
- Article 30(1) of the Constitution: It says that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
- Initial Legal Challenges: The Supreme Court’s 1967 ruling in S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India marked the beginning of the legal dispute, questioning the amendments to the AMU Act and the university’s administration.
- Supreme Court’s 1967 Verdict: The court held that AMU was not established nor administered by the Muslim minority, emphasizing that it was created by a central act for government recognition of its degrees.
Nationwide Protests and Political Response
- 1981 Amendment Affirming Minority Status: Following protests by Muslims, the government amended the AMU Act in 1981, explicitly recognizing its minority status.
- Allahabad High Court’s 2005 Ruling: The High Court overturned AMU’s reservation policy and nullified the 1981 amendment, aligning with the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision.
Recent Developments and Government Stance
- Withdrawal of Appeal by NDA Government: In 2016, the NDA government withdrew its appeal in the Supreme Court, stating it could not endorse setting up a minority institution in a secular state.
- Referral to a Larger Bench: In 2019, a three-judge Bench led by then CJI Ranjan Gogoi referred the matter to a seven-judge Bench for a comprehensive review.
Current Proceedings in the Supreme Court
- Composition of the Bench: The case is being heard by a Bench comprising CJI DY Chandrachud and Others
- Focus of the Hearing: The Bench is set to deliberate on the complex historical, legal, and constitutional aspects surrounding AMU’s minority status.
Conclusion
- Significance of the Case: The Supreme Court’s current hearing is crucial in determining the future of AMU’s minority character, a matter deeply intertwined with India’s educational and secular fabric.
- Implications for Minority Rights: The outcome will have significant implications for minority rights in India, particularly concerning the establishment and administration of educational institutions under Article 30(1) of the Constitution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Club
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India is planning to establish its own Protection and Indemnity (P&I) entity, named the India Club, to insure ships operating along Indian coasts and waterways.
- Presently, the Indian shipping industry relies on global firms for insurance coverage.
Understanding P&I Entities
- Function and Structure: A P&I club is a mutual insurance association offering risk pooling, information, and representation for its members, including ship owners, operators, and other maritime stakeholders.
- Coverage Scope: These clubs provide coverage for third-party risks like cargo damage, war, and environmental hazards, which traditional insurers often avoid.
Global P&I Club Landscape
- International Group of P&I Clubs: Headquartered in London, this group comprises 13 clubs covering about 90% of the world’s ocean-going vessels.
- Global Cooperation: These clubs operate on a cooperative model, pooling funds for large claims and determining liability through complex agreements.
Rationale behind making India Club
- Reducing Vulnerability: A local P&I entity can mitigate risks related to international sanctions and pressures, as seen in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- Focus on Domestic Shipping: Initially, the India Club will primarily insure ships involved in domestic movements.
Operational Model of India Club
- Government-Led Initiative: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways is spearheading the formation of this coalition of domestic fleet owners.
- Scope of Coverage: The India Club will cater to vessels on coastal routes and inland waterways within India.
- Involvement of Traditional Insurers: Traditional insurance and reinsurance companies may participate in underwriting claims and offering services.
Challenges Facing
- Limited Beneficiaries: The initiative might primarily benefit state-owned and smaller shipping lines, as many Indian-owned ships operate under foreign flags to evade stringent regulations.
- Acceptance Issues: The India Club’s coverage might not be recognized by global traders.
- High Coverage Requirements: Offering extensive coverage, especially for large crude carriers, could pose financial challenges.
Conclusion
- Strategic Move: Establishing the India Club is a strategic step towards enhancing India’s maritime insurance capabilities and reducing dependence on international entities.
- Balancing Challenges and Opportunities: While the initiative presents opportunities for greater autonomy in maritime insurance, it also faces challenges in global acceptance and financial viability.
- Potential for Growth: If successfully implemented, the India Club could significantly bolster India’s maritime sector, offering tailored insurance solutions for domestic shipping needs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Krishna-Godavari Basin
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) commenced its ‘first oil production’ from the deep-water block in the Krishna Godavari (KG) basin off the Bay of Bengal on the Kakinada coast.
First Crude Oil Production: Significance
- Location: The oil extraction is taking place 30 kilometres off the coast of Kakinada, in the Krishna Godavari basin.
- Initial Production Phase: Currently, four out of 26 wells are operational.
- Production Forecast: By May or June, the production is expected to reach 45,000 barrels per day, accounting for 7% of India’s total crude oil production.
- Gas Production Outlook: Alongside oil, the project also anticipates contributing significantly to India’s gas output.
About Krishna-Godavari Basin and its Natural Resources
|
Details |
| Location |
Eastern coast of India |
| Geological Setting |
Rift basin formed during the Mesozoic era |
| Sedimentary Fill |
Primarily composed of sedimentary rocks |
| Tectonic Evolution |
Went through phases of rifting, subsidence, and sedimentation |
| Stratigraphy |
Includes Krishna Formation, Godavari Formation, Cauvery Formation, and more |
| Source Rocks |
Organic-rich shales and mudstones |
| Reservoir Rocks |
Typically sandstones and limestone formations |
| Trap Structures |
Anticlines, fault traps, stratigraphic pinch-outs, and more |
| Major Discoveries |
KG-D6 Block (Dhirubhai-1 and Dhirubhai-3 fields) |
| Exploration and Production |
Companies like Reliance Industries, ONGC, GAIL, and others are active |
| Land Size |
Approximately 15,000 square kilometers |
| Geomorphological Units |
Upland plains, coastal plains, recent flood plains, and delta plains |
| Notable Gas Discovery |
ONGC made the first gas finding in 1983 in the D-6 block, noted for India’s largest natural gas reserves |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sisal Leaves
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Scientists at Stanford University have developed a method to produce highly absorbent material from sisal leaves for use in menstrual hygiene products.
Using Sisal for Sanitary Napkins
- Historical Use of Sisal: Originating from ancient Aztec and Mayan civilizations, sisal leaves have been used for various purposes, including making paper, twine, cloth, carpets, and mezcal.
- Superior Absorption: The material created from sisal leaves has a higher absorption capacity than commercial menstrual pads.
- Environmentally Sustainable Method: The production process is free from polluting or toxic chemicals and can be conducted locally on a small scale.
Global Menstrual Hygiene Challenges
- Rising Use of Hygienic Methods: Despite an increase in the use of sanitary napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups in India, access to menstrual hygiene products remains limited globally.
- Environmental Concerns: The widespread use of sanitary napkins poses environmental challenges due to the non-biodegradable waste they generate.
Sisal as an Eco-Friendly Alternative
- Comparison with Other Plant Fibers: Unlike banana plants, sisal is drought-resistant, making it a more sustainable option for producing absorbent material in arid regions.
- Innovative Delignification Process: The team uses peroxyformic acid for delignification, a more environmentally friendly method than traditional processes.
Life-Cycle Analysis and Environmental Footprint
- Cradle-to-Gate Carbon Footprint Analysis: The environmental footprint of the sisal-based process is comparable to commercial processes for timber and cotton.
- Water Consumption: Water usage in sisal cultivation is significantly lower than in cotton industries, enhancing its sustainability.
Local Manufacturing and Quality Control
- Pilot Production in Nepal: The team is testing the scalability of their method for mass-producing sanitary napkins in Nepal.
- Global Student Engagement Program: High school students worldwide are encouraged to test local plants using this process and contribute to a public database.
Challenges and Future Directions
- Quality Standards Compliance: Ensuring that plant fiber-based menstrual hygiene products meet existing quality standards is crucial.
- Distributed Manufacturing Approach: This model focuses on smaller-scale production catering to local populations, reducing carbon emissions from transportation.
- Research Consortium and Collaboration: The team aims to build a research consortium for open-source collaboration in addressing menstrual health and period poverty.
Conclusion
- Innovative Solution to Period Poverty: The use of sisal in menstrual hygiene products represents a significant advancement in addressing period poverty and environmental sustainability.
- Collaborative Efforts for Global Impact: The initiative’s success hinges on global collaboration, quality control, and adapting the technology to diverse environmental conditions.
- Potential for Widespread Adoption: If successful, this innovation could transform menstrual hygiene practices, making them more sustainable and accessible worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kateel Yakshagana Mela
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Karnataka High Court has allowed the century-old Kateel Durgaparameshwari Prasadita Yakshagana Mandali to resume all-night shows, adhering to noise pollution norms.
About Kateel Yakshagana Mela
- It refers to a traditional form of theater performance known as Yakshagana, which is predominantly found in the state of Karnataka, India.
- Specifically, “Kateel” refers to the town of Kateel in Karnataka, which is known for its own unique troupes or ‘Melas’ performing this art form.
- It includes stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
- They are usually performed on open-air stages at night and can last up to several hours.
Back2Basics: Yakshagana
|
Details |
| Origin and Meaning |
Originates from Karnataka, India. The word “Yakshagana” literally means the song (gana) of the yaksha (nature spirits). |
| Performance Style |
A blend of dance, music, dialogue, elaborate costumes, makeup, and stage techniques. |
| Music |
Accompanied by traditional music, predominantly with the ‘chande’ and ‘maddale’ drums. |
| Narrative Source |
Based on epic and puranic stories, often depicting scenes from Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Bhagavata. |
| Types |
Badagu Thittu: Predominant in the northern parts of Karnataka, characterized by vigorous dance movements and elaborate costumes.
Tenku Thittu: Found in the southern parts, known for its relatively more subdued dance and dialogue delivery. |
| Costumes and Makeup |
Elaborate and colorful, with significant emphasis on facial expressions. Characters are often adorned with headgear. |
| Modern Adaptations |
Contemporary themes are being incorporated, and performances are adapted for global audiences. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Tiger
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Launch and Growth: Project Tiger, launched in 1973, has evolved from a forest bureaucracy-administered initiative to a statutory category in 2006, becoming a global success story in conservation.
- Expansion of Tiger Reserves: From nine reserves in 1973, India now boasts 54 reserves across 18 states, covering 2.38% of the country’s land area.
Tiger Population and Conservation Efforts
- Census Methods and Population Growth: The transition from the pug-mark method to camera-trap techniques has shown a significant increase in tiger numbers, with India now home to three-quarters of the world’s tiger population.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act (WLPA) 1972: This Act introduced National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, changing the rights of forest dwellers and centralizing control with the State government.
Project Tiger’s Transformation and Critical Tiger Habitats (CTH)
- From Centrally Sponsored Scheme to CTH: Project Tiger’s shift to a focus on CTHs aimed to prioritize tiger-centric conservation, introducing Buffer Areas around CTHs.
- 2006 Amendment and NTCA Formation: The amendment to WLPA in 2006 led to the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and a tiger conservation plan, though CTHs remained inviolate.
Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 and Its Implications
- Recognition of Forest Dwellers’ Rights: The FRA recognized the rights of forest dwellers, including in Tiger Reserves, and established Gram Sabhas as authorities for forest management.
- Introduction of Critical Wildlife Habitat (CWH): The FRA introduced CWH, ensuring that notified areas couldn’t be diverted for non-forestry purposes.
Challenges in CTH Delineation and Legal Compliance
- Hasty CTH Notifications: In 2007, a rushed process led to the notification of 26 Tiger Reserves without full compliance with legal provisions.
- Lack of Buffer Areas: Initially, most CTHs lacked Buffer Areas, a situation rectified only after Supreme Court intervention in 2012.
Relocation and Rehabilitation Issues
- Legal Framework for Relocation: WLPA and LARR Act 2013 outline the process for voluntary relocation, with specific compensation and rehabilitation requirements.
- Implementation Gaps: Actual relocation practices often fall short of legal requirements, leading to minimal consent and inadequate compensation.
Conflict between Tiger Conservation and Forest Dwellers’ Rights
- Resistance to Forest Rights Recognition: Tiger Reserves often witness resistance to recognizing forest dwellers’ rights, leading to conflicts.
- NTCA’s Role and Legal Challenges: NTCA’s actions, including temporary bans and wildlife clearance requirements, have sometimes conflicted with the legal rights of forest dwellers.
Conclusion
- Balancing Biodiversity and Human Interests: India’s journey with Project Tiger highlights the need to balance tiger conservation with the rights and livelihoods of forest dwellers.
- Future Prospects: As tiger populations and reserves grow, India faces the challenge of managing increasing human-wildlife conflicts while ensuring sustainable conservation practices.
- Legal and Policy Evolution: The evolution of laws and policies around tiger conservation reflects a dynamic process of adapting to ecological, social, and legal complexities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Ambitious Goals: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce particulate matter concentrations by 40% by 2026 in 131 Indian cities.
- Mixed Results: An analysis by Respirer Living Sciences and Climate Trends reveals varied progress among cities, with only a few meeting targeted declines in PM 2.5 levels.
About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
|
Details |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019. |
| Objective |
To create a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound target for reducing air pollution. |
| Targets |
Aims to reduce the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles by at least 20% in five years, using 2017 as the base year. |
| Coverage |
Focuses on 132 non-attainment cities identified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). |
| Non-attainment Cities |
Cities that have consistently fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. |
| NAAQS Pollutants |
Includes PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic, and Nickel. |
| Current Standards |
Annual average prescribed limits are 40 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 60 µg/m3 for PM10. |
| Revised Targets (2022) |
Updated target of a 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration by 2026. |
| Improvement Assessment |
Requires a 15% or more reduction in annual average PM10 concentration and at least 200 clean air quality days starting from 2020-21. |
Particulate Matter Reduction: Varied City Performances
- Inconsistent Declines: Among 49 cities with consistent data over five years, 27 showed a decline in PM 2.5, but only four met or exceeded targets.
- Notable Increases in Pollution: Cities like Delhi, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Ujjain, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam, and Pune have seen marginal declines or increases in PM 2.5 levels.
Success Stories and Regional Disparities
- Significant Reductions: Cities like Varanasi, Agra, and Jodhpur reported substantial declines in PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels.
- Uttar Pradesh’s Progress: Except for Jodhpur, cities achieving the 2026 reduction targets are predominantly from Uttar Pradesh.
- Indo-Gangetic Plain’s Pollution: The IGP remains a hotspot for high PM 2.5 levels, with 18 of the top 20 polluted cities located in this region.
Factors Influencing Pollution Levels
- Annual Variations: Pollution levels can vary significantly within a year, with northern and eastern Indian cities peaking during winter.
- Air Quality Monitoring Infrastructure: The number and distribution of continuous ambient air quality monitors significantly impact the accuracy of pollution data.
- Geographical and Meteorological Influences: The study acknowledges the need for further research to understand the impact of emissions, geography, and weather on pollution levels.
NCAP’s Progress and Future Outlook
- Noteworthy Efforts: The NCAP has made progress in reducing pollution in some cities, but the overall effectiveness remains unclear.
- Enhanced Monitoring: The addition of new air quality monitoring stations is expected to provide a clearer picture of pollution levels and aid in mitigation efforts.
Conclusion
- Persistent Pollution Challenges: Despite some successes, many urban areas continue to struggle with rising pollution levels.
- Commitment to Environmental Goals: The NCAP’s revised target reflects India’s commitment to ambitious environmental objectives.
- Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Effective air quality management requires a combination of robust monitoring, targeted policy interventions, and public awareness to achieve sustainable improvements in air quality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandubi Festival
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The 14th Chandubi Festival was recently held near the Chandubi Lake in Assam’s Kamrup district from January 1 to January 5.
About Chandubi Festival
- The Chandubi Festival happens every year for five days, starting on New Year’s Day, by the Chandubi Lake in Assam.
- Chandubi Lake was formed by a earthquake in 1897.
- The name “Chandubi” comes from “Chand” meaning “five” and “Dubi” meaning “sinking” in the Khasi language.
- At the festival, one can enjoy local culture, try ethnic food, see handcrafted clothes, and go boating.
- The festival’s main goal is to encourage eco-tourism and protect the lake, which has been losing water.
- Preserving the lake and helping the tribes like Rabhas, Garos, Gorkhas, and tea tribes are reasons for holding the festival.
Course of events
- During the festival, many attractive ethnic sports competitions were organized by the festival celebration committee which includes the Baghbol competition, Chagalchari competition, Khutikhel, Lewatana etc.
- Performances of different tribe’s folk dances are held including Garo, Boro, Hajpong, Bihu, Rabha and many others.
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Central Idea:
The article focus into Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s film, “12th Fail,” capturing the struggles of real-life IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma in the competitive UPSC examinations. It highlights the unexpected yet impactful body language of the lead actor, Vikrant Massey, and underscores the film’s exploration of conformity and authenticity in the civil services interview process.
Key Highlights:
- Portrayal of Manoj Kumar Sharma’s internal journey in the UPSC examinations.
- Emphasis on Vikrant Massey’s skill in conveying character emotions through body language.
- Crucial moments, including the character’s nervousness and a supportive letter from his girlfriend.
- Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s focus on the significance of staying honest and true to oneself in achieving success.
Key Challenges:
- Illustration of challenges faced by candidates in the competitive UPSC examination process.
- Pressure to conform to societal expectations during interviews.
- Realities of a low success rate and the potential absence of a happy ending for many candidates.
Key Terms:
- UPSC: Union Public Service Commission, responsible for civil service examinations in India.
- IPS: Indian Police Service.
- Body language: Non-verbal communication through gestures, postures, and facial expressions.
Key Phrases:
- “Internal journey”: Emphasizes the character’s emotional and psychological struggles.
- “Unfairness of the system”: Highlights challenges of conforming in the competitive examination process.
- “Without oxygen”: Metaphorically describes the character’s journey to success without significant support.
Key Quotes:
- “He has to win by not being himself, by not revealing too much of himself.”
- “When someone sees you for who you are, they also see you for who you want to be.”
- “The crucial thing about this film is to show that you can make it big while staying honest.”
Anecdotes:
- Manoj Kumar Sharma’s nervousness and struggle with formal attire on the day of the final interview.
- The pivotal moment when he reads a supportive letter from his girlfriend, providing strength to be true to himself.
Key Statements:
- “The real job, as is for most great acting, is internal.”
- “In a just society, the competitive UPSC process would be seen as cruel.”
Key Examples and References:
- Vikrant Massey’s portrayal of Manoj Kumar Sharma’s transformation through body language.
- Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s emphasis on honesty and integrity in the pursuit of success.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines societal pressures and challenges in the pursuit of government civil service jobs, advocating for authenticity in success.
Way Forward:
Encourages a shift in societal perspectives, promoting a more just and empathetic approach to the challenges faced by candidates in competitive exams, without sacrificing one’s true self.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramacharitmanas
Mains level: need to revisit the Ramacharitmanas in its entirety to comprehend Lord Rama in all dimensions
Central Idea:
The article explores the evolving perceptions of Lord Rama in Hindu society, with a focus on the transformation of the invocation “Jai Shri Ram” and the upcoming consecration of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple. It emphasizes the need to revisit the Ramacharitmanas in its entirety to comprehend Lord Rama in all dimensions, especially his compassionate and childlike aspects.
Key Highlights:
- Lord Rama, as depicted by Tulsidas in the Ramacharitmanas, is seen as divine and the upholder of maryada, connoting righteous conduct.
- The aggressive tone of the current popular invocation, “Jai Shri Ram,” emerged in 1990 during the Rath Yatra led by Lal Krishna Advani for the construction of the Ram temple.
- The construction of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple is widely welcomed, symbolizing a correction of historical wrongs and a call for Hindu assertiveness.
Key Challenges:
- The shift in the invocation from traditional greetings like “Ram Ram” to the more militant “Jai Shri Ram” reflects a change in social thinking, raising concerns about sharpness in Hindu thought.
- The article notes that the infant form of Lord Rama is rarely invoked, highlighting a departure from Tulsidas’s portrayal in the Ramacharitmanas.
Key Terms:
- Maryada: Connotes righteous conduct, context-specific.
- Rath Yatra: A procession advocating the construction of the Ram temple.
- Ramlalla Virajman: The deity representing Lord Rama in the Ayodhya case.
- Samadhi: A memorial, in this context, referring to Gandhi’s resting place at Rajghat.
Key Phrases:
- “Jai Shri Ram”: Evolved from the Rath Yatra in 1990, emphasizing a militant tone for the Ram Janmabhoomi temple.
- “He Ram”: Uttered by Gandhi at the time of his assassination, reflecting a deep connection to Lord Rama.
Key Quotes:
- “It is evocative that his samadhi at Rajghat carries these words.” – Referring to the words “He Ram” on Gandhi’s memorial.
- “Recognising the entire creation as full of Siya and Rama, I make obeisance to them with joined palms.” – Tulsidas’s perspective on Lord Rama and Sita.
Key Examples and References:
- Lal Krishna Advani’s Rath Yatra in 1990.
- D.V. Paluskar’s rendering of the bhajan “Thumak chalat Ramachandra.”
- Gandhi’s utterance of “He Ram” at the time of his assassination.
Key Facts and Data:
- Lord Rama is widely perceived in his warrior mode, especially during the celebration of Dussehra.
- The consecration of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple is scheduled for January 22, 2024.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the changing invocation from traditional greetings to the militant “Jai Shri Ram,” expressing concerns about the sharpness in Hindu thinking. It reflects on the evolution of societal perceptions of Lord Rama, emphasizing the need to embrace the diverse dimensions portrayed in the Ramacharitmanas.
Way Forward:
- Encourage a broader understanding of Lord Rama by revisiting the Ramacharitmanas in its entirety.
- Emphasize the compassionate and childlike aspects of Lord Rama, especially in the context of the upcoming temple consecration.
- Reflect on Gandhi’s Rama bhakti as a guiding principle, promoting tolerance and compassion in the celebration of religious milestones.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission
Mains level: lack of transparency and unchecked discretion in the remission process
Central Idea:
The article discusses a recent Supreme Court decision regarding the remission of 11 convicts in the Bilkis Bano case. It highlights the court’s condemnation of illegalities and collusion between the petitioners and the Gujarat government. While celebrating the decision as a triumph for justice, the author also raises concerns about the lack of transparency and unchecked discretion in the remission process.
Key Highlights:
- The Supreme Court cancels remission orders for 11 convicts due to fraud and collusion with the Gujarat government.
- The decision is praised for upholding the rule of law and addressing the exceptional injustice faced by Bilkis Bano.
- The article acknowledges the inspiring resilience of Bilkis Bano and applauds women’s rights lawyers for their commitment.
Key Challenges:
- Lack of transparency in the formation and decision-making process of remission committees.
- Unchecked discretion and potential for arbitrary exercise of power in remission decisions.
- Concerns about non-application of mind and identical orders in the remission process, as seen in the Bilkis Bano case.
Key Terms:
- Remission: Reduction of sentence through earned days based on rehabilitation activities.
- Per incuriam: Declared as illegal due to a mistake or oversight.
- Retributive punishment: Focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation.
- Judicial review: Examination of a decision for legality and fairness.
- Usurpation of power: Unauthorized assumption of authority.
Key Phrases:
- “Injustice of exceptionalism”: Describes the grant of remission in the Bilkis Bano case as a unique and unjust situation.
- “Resilience that prevailed”: Commends Bilkis Bano’s enduring strength in the face of injustice.
- “Soothing balm”: Refers to the comfort provided by the Supreme Court’s firm decision.
- “Unchecked discretion”: Highlights the potential for arbitrary decision-making in remission cases.
Key Quotes:
- “Rule of law and equality before the law would be empty words if their violation is not a matter of judicial scrutiny.”
- “Remission is rooted in the logic that prisons are meant to be rehabilitative spaces.”
- “Justice Nagarathna’s words come as solace in light of the disturbing memory of the celebrations that followed the release of the 11 convicts.”
Key Examples and References:
- Bilkis Bano case: Illustrates the background of the Supreme Court decision and the injustices faced by the victim.
- Union of India vs V. Sriharan (2015): Reference to a Constitution Bench decision on the appropriate government for remission.
- Epuru Sudhakar vs State of Andhra Pradesh (2006): Supreme Court ruling on the judicial review of remission orders.
Key Facts and Data:
- Life convicts must serve a minimum of 14 years before applying for remission.
- Remission policies in some states deny opportunities based on crime categories.
- The Gujarat government’s remission orders for the 11 convicts were identical.
Critical Analysis:
The article raises concerns about the arbitrary exercise of power in remission decisions, citing the lack of transparency and identical orders in the Bilkis Bano case. It prompts a reflection on whether certain offenders should be ineligible for remission or if a focus on fair compliance with conditions is more appropriate.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for increased transparency in the formation and functioning of remission committees.
- Emphasize the importance of considering individual circumstances and compliance with remission conditions.
- Encourage a reevaluation of remission policies to avoid blanket denials based on crime categories.
- Address the issue of unchecked discretion to ensure a fair and rehabilitative approach in the remission process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission of Sentences
Mains level: Bilkis Bano Verdict
Introduction
- Supreme Court’s Ruling: The Supreme Court struck down the remission granted to 11 men convicted in the 2002 Bilkis Bano Gangrape Case.
- Gujarat Government’s Action Deemed Illegal: The court declared the Gujarat government’s decision to release the convicts as illegal, citing jurisdictional issues.
Remission of Sentences: Constitutional Analysis
|
Details |
| What is Remission? |
Complete ending of a sentence at a reduced point;
Nature of the sentence remains unchanged, but the duration is reduced;
Conditional release; breach of conditions leads to cancellation. |
| Constitutional Provisions |
Article 72: President’s pardoning powers
Article 161: Governor’s pardoning powers
President’s pardoning power >>> Governor’s |
| Statutory Power of Remission |
Provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
Sections 432 and 433 allow suspension, remission, or commutation of sentences |
| Background of Remission System |
Defined under the Prison Act, 1894;
Observed in Kehar Singh vs. Union of India (1989) and
State of Haryana vs. Mahender Singh (2007) cases |
| Latest MHA Guidelines |
Special Remission Guidelines to commemorate 75th year of Independence as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations. |
| Eligibility for Special Remission |
Women and transgender convicts aged 50+
Male convicts aged 60+, having completed 50% of their sentence
Physically challenged convicts with 70% + disability, having completed 50% of their sentence
Terminally ill convicts who have completed 66% of their sentence
Poor prisoners detained due to non-payment of fines
Young offenders aged 18-21 with no other criminal involvement, having completed 50% of their sentence |
| Exclusions from the Scheme |
Convicts with death sentences or life imprisonment;
Convicts involved in terrorist activities or convicted under specific acts like TADA, POTA, UAPA, etc.
Convicts of offences like dowry death, counterfeiting, rape, human trafficking, POCSO Act violations, etc. |
Core Issue before the Court
- Question of Authority: The central issue was whether the Gujarat government had the authority to issue remission orders for the convicts.
- Jurisdictional Clarification: The crime occurred in Gujarat, but the trial was held in Mumbai. The Supreme Court clarified that the appropriate government for remission decisions is where the sentencing occurred, not where the crime was committed.
Understanding Remission of Sentences
- Constitutional and Legal Provisions: Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution and Section 432 of the CrPC empower the President, Governors, and state governments to remit sentences.
- Restrictions Under Section 433A of the CrPC: This section imposes limitations on remission for life imprisonment cases, requiring a minimum of 14 years of imprisonment.
Grounds for Remission
- Sentence Review Board’s Role: States have a Sentence Review Board to exercise powers under Section 432 of the CrPC.
- Supreme Court Guidelines: The court mandates due process in remission decisions, considering factors like the crime’s seriousness, co-accused status, and jail conduct.
- Criteria Established in ‘Laxman Naskar v. Union of India’ (2000): The Supreme Court outlined five specific grounds for considering remission:
(a) Whether the offence is an individual act of crime that does not affect society.
(b) The likelihood of the crime being repeated in the future.
(c) Whether the convict has lost the potentiality to commit a crime.
(d) The purpose served by keeping the convict in prison.
(e) Socio-economic conditions of the convict’s family.
The Bilkis Bano Case Specifics
- Convict’s Appeal for Remission: A convict appealed to the Supreme Court for premature release under Gujarat’s 1992 remission policy.
- Supreme Court’s Initial Directive: The court initially directed the Gujarat government to consider Shah’s application as per the 1992 policy.
Gujarat’s Remission Policy and Its Implications
- 1992 Policy vs. 2014 Policy: The 1992 policy, under which remission was sought, was invalidated by the Supreme Court in 2012.
- Gujarat Government’s Argument: The state argued that the 1992 policy was applicable as the conviction occurred in 2008, before the 2014 policy with stricter guidelines was formulated.
Aftermath of the Remission Grant
- Public Outrage: The release of the convicts sparked widespread outrage and was perceived as a miscarriage of justice.
- Bilkis Bano’s Appeal: Bilkis Bano challenged the remission in the Supreme Court, highlighting the heinous nature of the crime and its impact on society.
Conclusion
- Restoration of Legal Integrity: The Supreme Court’s decision to overturn the remission restores faith in the legal system’s commitment to justice.
- Reaffirmation of Jurisdictional Authority: The ruling clarifies the jurisdictional authority in remission cases, reinforcing the importance of due process and legal consistency.
- Broader Implications: This judgment sets a precedent for future remission cases, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the crime’s nature and societal impact in such decisions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Tourism potential of Lakshadweep
Introduction
- PM’s recent trip to Lakshadweep has brought the islands into the national conversation.
About Lakshadweep
|
Details |
| Location |
In the Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India. |
| Geographical Formation |
Formed by coral activities and have a coral atoll structure. |
| Formation as UT |
Formed as a Union Territory of India in 1956. |
| Total Islands |
Comprises 36 islands, including atolls, coral reefs, and submerged banks. |
| Inhibition |
10 of the 36 islands are inhabited. |
| Capital |
Kavaratti is the capital of the Union Territory. |
| Area |
Total area of 32 sq km. |
Cultural Uniqueness of Lakshadweep
- Diverse Influences: The islands exhibit a unique blend of cultural influences from Malayalis, Arabs, Tamils, and Kannadigas.
- Distinct Islamic Practice: The form of Islam practiced here is distinct from the rest of India, reflecting the islands’ diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage.
Historical Roots: A Pre-Islamic Hindu Society
- Early Settlers: Scholar Andrew W Forbes suggests that the first settlers were likely Malabari sailors, possibly castaways.
- Hindu Influence: Evidence points to a pre-Islamic Hindu society, with remnants like buried idols and traditional songs hinting at past Hindu practices.
Conversion to Islam: A Gradual Transition
- Arab Influence: Regular contact with Arab merchants and sailors led to the gradual conversion of islanders to Islam, distinct from the Islamic practices in mainland India.
- Peaceful Introduction of Islam: Historian Mahmood Kooria notes that Islam’s introduction in the region, including Lakshadweep, was marked by minimal political conflict, primarily through commercial interactions.
Cultural Development: Insulation from Mainland Influences
- Control by the Arakkal Kingdom: In the 16th century, the islands fell under the Arakkal kingdom of Kannur, Kerala’s only Muslim dynasty.
- European Interactions: Despite conflicts with European powers, the islands maintained a degree of protection and isolation.
- British Era: The British rule further insulated Lakshadweep, allowing its culture to evolve distinctly from mainland India.
- Linguistic Diversity: The islands’ isolation is reflected in their linguistic diversity, with Malayalam, Jazari, and Mahl being the main languages.
Matrilineal Society: A Unique Aspect of Lakshadweep’s Islam
- Matriliny in Islamic Society: Lakshadweep’s Islamic society is characterized by matriliny, tracing descent and property through the mother’s line.
- Anthropological Perspectives: Anthropologist Leela Dube highlights the compatibility of matriliny with Islam in Lakshadweep, contrary to conventional Islamic practices.
- Kerala’s Influence: Historian Manu Pillai links the matrilineal tradition to Kerala’s cultural patterns, where Nairs and Namboodiris practised matriliny.
- Broader Indian Ocean Context: Kooria points out that matriliny is common among Muslims in the Indian Ocean region, suggesting a broader cultural context.
Religious and Sociological Interpretations
- Islamic Justification for Matriliny: Islanders believe their matrilineal practice aligns with Islam, citing Prophet Muhammad’s life with his first wife, Khadija.
- Sociological Viewpoint: Dr. N P Hafiz Mohamad emphasizes that the islanders see matriliny as integral to their Islamic practice.
Conclusion
- Preservation of Unique Traditions: Lakshadweep’s relative isolation has helped preserve its unique cultural and religious practices.
- Integration of Diverse Influences: The islands represent a remarkable integration of various cultural and religious influences, forming a distinct identity within the Indian subcontinent.
- Significance in Broader Indian Ocean Culture: Lakshadweep’s cultural practices, particularly its matrilineal society, highlight the interconnectedness and diversity of cultures across the Indian Ocean region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Afforestation in India
Introduction
- National and International Commitments: Tree planting by state forest departments is propelled by India’s National Forest Policy, global restoration commitments, and central government initiatives like the Green India Mission.
- Forest Cover Targets: The emphasis on forest cover in financial allocations by the Finance Commission further motivates states to increase forested areas.
Geographical and Ecological Context
- Tropical Dry Forest Biome: Over three-fifths of India, spanning from the Shivaliks in the north to the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu, falls under this biome.
- Sparse Tree Cover and Drought-Prone Areas: This region, characterized by sparse tree cover and less than 1,000 mm of annual rainfall, is susceptible to drought.
- Dependence of Rural Population: These landscapes are crucial for cattle grazing and support endangered fauna like wolves, striped hyenas, and blackbucks.
Recent Trends in Forest Cover Expansion
- Significant Increase in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Between 2006 and 2015, these states collectively added significant forest cover, further augmented by Telangana through schemes like Haritha Haram.
- Satellite Imagery and Dense Plantations: To be detected by satellite, dense plantations of fast-growing species like teak, eucalyptus, and bamboo are favored over natural sparse canopy.
Consideration for Tree Plantation
- Site Selection: Choose appropriate locations such as public parks, schools, and degraded lands for tree plantation. Focus on areas with adequate sunlight, proper drainage, and enough space for the tree to grow.
- Native Tree Species: Opt for planting native tree species as they are well-adapted to the local climate and support the region’s biodiversity. Some popular choices in India include neem, banyan, peepal, mango, and teak.
- Planting Season: The ideal time for tree plantation in most parts of India is during the monsoon season (June to September). This period provides sufficient rainfall, which helps with the establishment and growth of newly planted trees.
Challenges and Impacts of Current Tree Planting Practices
- Questionable Forest Cover Targets: The 33% forest cover target lacks a scientific basis, as does the 26 million hectares target under the 2011 Bonn Challenge.
- Negative Ecological Consequences: Excessive tree planting can lead to the loss of biodiverse grasslands and scrub ecosystems, impacting pastoral communities and water availability in river basins.
Recommendations for Policy Revision
- Recognition of Varied Ecosystems: The 15th Finance Commission’s acknowledgement of diverse forest canopy densities is a positive step, but it overlooks the importance of grasslands and open scrub ecosystems.
- Alternative Restoration Approaches: Restoring degraded lands to their original grassland or scrub states with native trees is more beneficial than creating monoculture plantations.
- Revising National Forest Policy Targets: It’s crucial to update the target forest cover to promote the conservation of grasslands and open ecosystems in their natural state.
- Beyond Satellite Imagery for Monitoring: Restoration programs should not solely rely on satellite imagery, as tree cover alone is not a comprehensive indicator of ecosystem health.
Conclusion
- Need for Holistic Approaches: A top-down policy approach focused on tree planting can lead to long-term ecological imbalances and wasteful expenditures.
- Balancing Ecological and Economic Goals: Revising tree plantation strategies and forest policies is essential to achieve ecological balance and protect diverse ecosystems, while also meeting economic objectives.
- Incentivizing Conservation of Diverse Landscapes: Policies should incentivize the preservation of varied landscapes, including grasslands and scrublands, recognizing their ecological and economic value.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Superconductivity, LK-99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
What is Superconductivity?
- Zero Resistance: Superconductivity occurs when a material offers almost zero resistance to the flow of electric current, enabling energy-efficient electrical appliances and lossless power transmission.
- Magnetic Behavior: Superconductors also display fascinating behavior under magnetic fields, enabling technologies like MRI machines and superfast Maglev trains.
Exploring the Material LK-99
- Apatite Structure: The Korean group utilized copper-substituted lead apatite, a phosphate mineral with unique tetrahedral motifs, to create LK-99.
- Superconducting Behavior: LK-99 displayed essential superconducting properties, with almost zero resistance to current flow and sudden emergence of resistance above a critical current threshold.
- Magnetic Resilience: LK-99 retained superconductivity even under the presence of a magnetic field until reaching a critical threshold.
Meissner Effect: Key Indicator of Superconductivity
- Definition: The Meissner effect is a phenomenon where materials expel magnetic fields from their interior upon becoming superconductors.
- Observation in Study: The researchers observed this effect in copper-substituted lead apatite, suggesting potential superconductivity.
Quest for Room-Temperature Superconductors
- Significance: Discovering a material that is superconducting at room temperature and pressure (RTP) has immense scientific and commercial value.
- Applications: RTP superconductors could revolutionize power transmission, medical diagnostics, computing, and more, due to their ability to conduct electricity without loss.
Hype and Controversies in Superconductivity Research
- Past Controversies: The field has seen several disputes, including claims by Ranga Dias and a South Korean research group, which were later contested.
- Impact of Hype: The lucrative potential of RTP superconductors has sometimes led to premature claims and controversies in the scientific community.
New Study: Methodology and Findings
- Approach: The team synthesized LK-99 samples using advanced techniques and tested for signs of superconductivity beyond specific claims made by previous studies.
- Direct Current Measurements: They conducted hysteresis experiments, applying and removing a magnetic field to observe the material’s response at various temperatures.
Understanding Hysteresis in Superconductors
- Meissner Effect and DC Current: The Meissner effect is observable with direct current, as alternating current would disrupt the phenomenon.
- Type I and II Superconductors: The study helps distinguish between these types based on how they respond to increasing magnetic field strength.
Challenges and Limitations of the Study
- Small Superconducting Portions: The material’s superconducting sections were small, leading to a low critical magnetic field strength.
- Interference Issues: The presence of cuprous sulphide interfered with molecular structure analysis using X-rays.
Way Forward: Verifying RTP Superconductivity
- Potential for RTP Superconductivity: While the study suggests near-RTP superconductivity in LK-99, definitive observation is yet to be made.
- Need for Further Research: Identifying the material responsible for superconductivity and refining synthesis techniques are crucial next steps.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CLPS Space Initiative
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A private US company launched a spacecraft carrying NASA instruments, aiming to be the first US spacecraft to land on the Moon in over 50 years.
- This mission is a key component of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services, integrating private sector capabilities into the Artemis Program.
About Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) Initiative
- NASA’s collaboration with the private sector under the CLPS initiative involves at least 14 companies contracted to deliver payloads to the Moon.
- This partnership aims to develop a market and technology ecosystem in the private space industry for lunar exploration.
- The mission features the Peregrine lander and the Vulcan rocket, both developed by private US space companies.
Objectives and Payloads
- NASA’s Five Payloads: The Peregrine lander carries five NASA payloads designed for various exploratory tasks, including water detection.
- Laser Retroreflector Array: One payload, designed for precision distance measurements, will be permanently deployed on the Moon’s surface.
- Duration of Activity: Other payloads are expected to remain active for ten days post-landing.
Historical Context: Return to the Moon
- Last US Moon Landing: The last US spacecraft landed on the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972.
- Renewed Lunar Interest: The US reignited its lunar exploration efforts in the 1990s and formally committed to return in 2018.
- Artemis Program Goals: NASA’s Artemis Program aims to establish a permanent base on the Moon, facilitating longer human and robotic stays for extensive exploration and scientific research.
Back2Basics: NASA’s Artemis Mission
|
Details |
| Background |
Named after Apollo’s twin sister in Greek mythology, Artemis, who is also the goddess of the Moon. |
| Objective |
To enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars, with increasingly complex missions. |
| Key Milestones |
Landing humans on the Moon by 2024.
Landing the first woman and first person of color on the Moon.
Establishing an Artemis Base Camp on the lunar surface and a Gateway (lunar outpost) in lunar orbit. |
| International Collaboration |
Canadian Space Agency, European Space Agency, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| Artemis I Mission |
First integrated flight test of NASA’s Deep Space Exploration Systems
Uncrewed mission using the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket
Launch from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in 2022
Goals include safe crew module entry, descent, splashdown, and recovery |
| Future Missions |
Artemis II will have a crew onboard to test Orion’s systems
Plans to use lunar orbit experience for future Mars missions |
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