Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electoral Trusts Scheme Electoral Bond Scheme
Mains level: Opacity and anonymity in corporate donations.
Key Highlights:
- Tradition of Secrecy: Indian political parties, historically resistant to public scrutiny, operate in a culture of secrecy regarding their funding sources and applications.
- Corporate Dependency: The exorbitant funds required for political processes and operations often come from Big Business entities, creating a financial reliance on these corporations.
- Quid Pro Quo: Political parties, in return for financial support from corporations, are often expected to reciprocate with political favors, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two.
- Voter Empowerment: Civil society campaigns, notably through Public Interest Litigation (PIL), seek to empower voters by improving access to background information on electoral candidates.
- Challenging Legislative Opacity: PIL serves as a tool to challenge legislative attempts to obscure the identities of corporate donors, promoting transparency in political funding.
- Democratic Right to Information: The campaign is grounded in the citizen’s democratic right to information, an integral aspect of the fundamental right to speech and expression under the Constitution.
- Countering Legislative Maneuvers: PIL acts as a countermeasure against legislative maneuvers designed to undermine transparency in political funding.
Challenges:
- Hiding Corporate Donors: Political establishments employ legislative tactics to conceal the identities of corporate donors, preventing public awareness of the financial backers of political parties.
- Electoral Trusts and Bond Schemes: The introduction of schemes like the Electoral Trusts Scheme (2013) and the Electoral Bond Scheme (EBS) creates barriers that obscure the direct link between political parties and their corporate donors.
- Transparency Concerns: Legislative changes raise concerns about jeopardizing transparency, incentivizing corrupt practices, and limiting the accountability of political parties.
- Nexus Between Politics and Business: The legislative landscape contributes to a growing perception of a nexus between political entities and big business, raising questions about ethical governance.
Key Phrases for value addition:
- Amendments Under Scrutiny: Recent amendments in the legal framework of corporate donations face scrutiny and constitutional challenges.
- ‘Right to Know’ Infringement: Allegations arise that these amendments infringe upon the citizen’s fundamental ‘Right to know’ under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
- Transparency Need: The importance of transparency in political funding is emphasized as a cornerstone of a healthy and accountable democratic process.
- Autonomy Compromise: Concerns are raised about the compromise of the country’s autonomy, with potential negative impacts on governance and democratic values.
Analysis
- Undermining Transparency: Legislative changes are criticized for undermining transparency, creating a more opaque environment in political funding.
- Electoral Bond Scheme Critique: The Electoral Bond Scheme (EBS) faces critique for introducing opacity in political funding, limiting citizens’ access to vital information concerning electoral financing.
- Opacity in Politics and Business: The intertwining opacity in political and business spheres is identified as a growing trend with potential repercussions for democratic processes.
- Influence of Special Interest Groups: Critics argue that legislative changes enable special interest groups, corporate lobbyists, and foreign entities to exert undue influence on the electoral process.
Key Data for mains value addition:
- Favored Donation Mode: Electoral bonds have become the favored mode of political donation due to their anonymity features.
- ₹13,791 Crore Sales: Until July 2023, electoral bonds amounting to ₹13,791 crore have been sold in 27 tranches.
- 55.9% Donation Share: Electoral bonds contribute significantly, accounting for 55.9% of political donations received by 31 parties.
- BJP’s Leading Redemption: The BJP leads in the redemption of electoral bonds, with 74.5% of the total until 2020-2021.
Key Facts:
- Opacity and Corruption Concerns: Critics express concerns about the opacity introduced by legislative changes, potentially incentivizing corrupt practices in political funding.
- Majority Cash Dealings: Despite the availability of formal options like electoral bonds, the majority of political dealings continue to be in cash.
- Electoral Bond Impact: Receipts from electoral bonds enable political parties to engage in formal economy transactions, covering infrastructure, equipment, and media publicity costs.
- Ongoing Legislative Scrutiny: Legislative changes continue to undergo scrutiny, impacting transparency and accountability in political funding.
Key Terms:
- Electoral Trusts Scheme
- Electoral Bond Scheme
- Right to Know
- Corporate Donations
- Transparency
- Corruption
- Political Funding
- Constitutional Challenges
Way Forward:
- Hopes for a Level Playing Field: Expectations are pinned on judicial intervention to ensure a more level playing field in future elections.
- Upholding Freedom of Speech: The judiciary is anticipated to play a crucial role in upholding the right to freedom of speech and expression, empowering voters with information.
- Addressing Transparency Concerns: Recognizing the critical need for transparency, steps are expected to be taken to address concerns related to opacity and anonymity in corporate donations.
- Judicial Scrutiny Importance: The importance of judicial scrutiny in ensuring the preservation of democratic values and principles is emphasized.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raychaudhuri Equation
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri, an Indian physicist, overcame obstacles and restrictions to make a profound contribution to the field of general relativity.
A.K. Raychaudhuri: Early Life
- Born in Barisal, now in Bangladesh, in 1923.
- Educated in Kolkata.
- Developed a deep interest in general relativity during his time at the Indian Association of Cultivation of Science (IACS).
Challenges Faced
- While passionate about general relativity, Raychaudhuri was instructed by the director of IACS, Meghnad Saha, to work on topics of the director’s choosing or leave.
- Raychaudhuri, with limited career options, complied with Saha’s directive but continued to explore the mysteries of gravity in his spare time.
Theoretical Breakthrough: The Raychaudhuri Equation
- Raychaudhuri focused on the problem of singularities in general relativity, specifically points where gravity could become infinitely strong.
- Developed a unique approach that bypassed complex mathematical challenges.
- Introduced the Raychaudhuri equation, a simple and elegant formula that showed the inevitable convergence of matter in curved spacetime.
- The equation hinted strongly at the existence of singularities, a critical aspect of general relativity.
Influence on Renowned Physicists
- Raychaudhuri’s equation played a pivotal role in the work of Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose.
- Hawking’s area theorem, demonstrating that the surface area of black holes never decreases, relied on the Raychaudhuri equation.
Recognition and Legacy
- Despite his groundbreaking work, Raychaudhuri received limited recognition in India.
- He faced obstacles in career advancement, including rejection by Calcutta University.
- Raychaudhuri eventually joined Presidency College, Kolkata, where he became a revered teacher, inspiring future generations of physicists.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) missionv
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, a collaborative effort between NASA and ISRO, is on track for its scheduled launch in the first quarter of 2024.
About the NISAR Mission
- Collaboration: NISAR is a Low Earth Orbit observatory developed jointly by NASA and ISRO, highlighting international collaboration in space exploration.
- Launch Vehicle: The mission is set to launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota onboard ISRO’s GSLV Mark-II launch vehicle.
- Data Utility: NISAR data will offer unprecedented detail and assist researchers in various ways, including monitoring volcanic activity, tracking groundwater use effects, measuring ice sheet melt rates, and observing changes in global vegetation distribution.
- Mission Duration: The $1.5-billion NISAR mission has a planned mission life of three years and will survey Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces every 12 days following a 90-day commissioning period.
Advanced SAR Technology
- Dual-Band SAR: NISAR carries L and S dual-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) using the Sweep SAR technique, providing both wide coverage and high-resolution data.
- Observatory Structure: The SAR payloads are mounted on the Integrated Radar Instrument Structure (IRIS) along with the spacecraft bus, forming an observatory.
- Contributions: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) provides the L-band SAR and several key components, while ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre contributes the spacecraft bus, S-band SAR electronics, launch vehicle, and mission operations.
Key milestones achieved
- Thermal Vacuum Testing: The thermal vacuum testing, a critical system-level test, was successfully completed in Bengaluru. This test ensures that the spacecraft can operate effectively under extreme temperature conditions.
- EMI and EMC Testing: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing have also been successfully accomplished.
- Upcoming Vibration Tests: The next phase involves conducting vibration tests to simulate the harsh launch environment. This test will subject the satellite to intense vibrations while mimicking the conditions of a rocket launch.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The age at which children should begin formal education has been a topic of debate and discussion, with variations in policies and practices among different states and countries.
- Understanding the rationale behind these age criteria is crucial for shaping educational policies that align with the needs and development of young learners.
NEP 2020 and Minimum Age for Class 1
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: NEP 2020 introduces a “5+3+3+4” structure for formal schooling, emphasizing early childhood education for ages 3 to 5 years.
- Minimum Age for Class 1: According to NEP 2020, a child should be 6 years old to enroll in Class 1, following three years of early childhood education.
Recent News and Policy Implementation
- Union Education Ministry’s Efforts: The Union Education Ministry has urged states to align their Class 1 admission age with NEP 2020’s recommendation.
- Kendriya Vidyalayas Case: Last year, Kendriya Vidyalayas increased the admission age to align with NEP 2020, leading to a legal challenge that was ultimately dismissed.
- Delhi Government’s Decision: This year, the Delhi government decided to maintain its existing guidelines, permitting Class 1 admission below the age of 6.
Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009
- RTE Act’s Age Provision: RTE Act guarantees education from ages 6 to 14, implying that elementary education (Class 1) should begin at age 6.
- Historical Perspective: The age of 6 was chosen based on global practices and historical references, including Mahatma Gandhi’s basic education principles.
Research on Entry Age for Formal Education
- David Whitebread’s Research: Studies comparing early literacy lessons starting at ages 5 and 7 in New Zealand showed no significant advantage for early introduction to formal learning.
- Reading Achievement Study: A study across 55 countries found no significant association between reading achievement and school entry age.
Global Practices in Starting Formal Education
- Standard Age of 6: Many East Asian and European countries start formal education at age 6, with younger children often attending preschool.
- Scandinavian Approach: Scandinavian countries typically begin formal education at age 7, supported by universal child care for younger children.
- US and UK Variation: The USA and UK stand out as countries where children generally start school at age 5, with varying childcare provisions.
Conclusion
- The debate over the appropriate age for starting formal education encompasses a range of factors, including developmental readiness, educational goals, and cultural norms.
- Understanding the diverse approaches and research findings can inform policymakers as they strive to create educational systems that best serve the needs of young learners.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PVTGs ,PM-PVTG Development Mission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Prime Minister launched Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission worth Rs 24,000 crore for the development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) during.
PM PVTGS Development Mission
- Objective: This Rs 24,000-crore initiative is dedicated to the holistic development of PVTGs.
- Focus Areas: It aims to provide essential amenities like road and telecom connectivity, electricity, housing, clean water, sanitation, improved education, healthcare, nutrition, and sustainable livelihoods.
- Multi-Ministerial Approach: Multiple ministries will collaborate to implement development projects, including Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana, and Jal Jeevan Mission.
Who are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?
- Unique Characteristics: PVTGs are a subset of tribal groups in India characterized by primitive traits, geographical isolation, low literacy, zero to negative population growth rate, and economic backwardness.
- Dependency on Hunting: These tribes often rely on hunting for sustenance and employ pre-agricultural technology.
- Historical Background: The distinction for Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) was introduced in 1973 by the Dhebar Commission.
- Expansion: In 1975, the Centre identified 52 tribal groups as PTGs, and this list expanded by 23 groups in 1993.
- Renaming as PVTGs: In 2006, these groups were renamed as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
Current status of PVTGs
- Population and Distribution: India is home to 2.8 million PVTG members, belonging to 75 tribes, residing in 22,544 villages across 220 districts in 18 states and Union Territories.
- Statewise Population: States with significant PVTG populations include Odisha (866,000), Madhya Pradesh (609,000), and Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana) (539,000).
- Largest PVTG: The largest PVTG is the Saura community in Odisha, numbering 535,000.
Try this PYQ:
Q.Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:
- PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
- A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
- There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
- Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.
Which of the statements given above are correct? (CSP 2019)
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 4
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A team from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is currently conducting a mutual evaluation in India.
- India’s mutual evaluation report is expected to be discussed during the FATF plenary meeting in June 2024.
About Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
- Foundation: FATF was founded in 1989 through the initiative of the G7 nations.
- Secretariat: The FATF Secretariat is headquartered at the OECD headquarters in Paris, France.
- Plenary Meetings: FATF conducts three Plenary meetings during each of its 12-month rotating presidencies.
- Membership: As of 2019, FATF consists of 37 member jurisdictions.
India’s Engagement with FATF
- Observer Status: India became an Observer at FATF in 2006, marking the beginning of its association with the organization.
- Full Membership: On June 25, 2010, India officially became the 34th country to attain full membership in FATF, signifying its active participation and commitment to the organization’s objectives.
Understanding the Mutual Evaluation Process
- Review Framework: The mutual evaluation process is an essential mechanism through which FATF assesses a country’s legal and institutional framework to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. It also evaluates the country’s implementation of measures to prevent these financial crimes.
- Compliance Assessment: During this process, FATF scrutinizes a country’s adherence to its 40 recommendations regarding anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing. It also evaluates the practical effectiveness of these measures.
- Outcome and Rating: The outcome of the mutual evaluation is documented in a report. This report highlights the country’s strengths, identifies weaknesses, and suggests areas for improvement. A rating is assigned based on the level of compliance and effectiveness.
FATF’s Evaluation of India
- Comprehensive Assessment: FATF’s evaluation of India encompasses various aspects, including the nation’s legal framework, regulatory system, law enforcement efforts, and international collaboration.
- Alignment with Global Standards: Central agencies in India have been actively working to ensure that the country’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing laws align with international standards and that their practical implementation is effective.
Significance of FATF Evaluation
- Report Impact: The evaluation results in a comprehensive report detailing India’s strengths, weaknesses, and areas requiring improvement. This report includes a rating based on compliance and effectiveness.
- Global Anti-Financial Crime Efforts: The mutual evaluation process is a crucial tool in the worldwide fight against money laundering and terrorist financing.
- Financial Implications: The outcome can significantly affect a country’s access to international financial markets and its standing in the global community.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Adultery De-Criminalization
Central Idea
- The Parliamentary Committee on Home Affairs has proposed the reintroduction of adultery as a criminal offense in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, a law designed to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860.
- The committee’s recommendations have sparked a debate on the legal position of adultery and its implications on constitutional rights and gender equality.
Adultery De-Criminalization in India
- Adultery in IPC (1860): Until 2018, Section 497 of the IPC defined adultery as a criminal offense, penalizing only men for engaging in adulterous relationships.
- Supreme Court’s Verdict (Joseph Shine vs. Union of India, 2018): The Supreme Court unanimously struck down Section 497, citing discrimination and violations of fundamental rights.
Parliamentary Committee’s Recommendations
- Gender-Neutral Adultery: The Committee suggests reinstating adultery as a criminal offense but making it gender-neutral, applicable to both men and women.
- Safeguarding Marriage Sanctity: The Committee argues that safeguarding the sanctity of marriage is crucial and justifies criminalizing adultery.
Legal and Constitutional Implications
- Discrimination and Violation of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court’s verdict in Joseph Shine case highlighted the discriminatory nature of Section 497 and its violation of Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution.
- Autonomy of Women: The judgment emphasized women’s autonomy and dignity, asserting that husbands do not possess legal sovereignty over their wives.
- Privacy and Matrimonial Sphere: Adultery as a criminal offense intrudes into the privacy of the matrimonial sphere, which is better left as a ground for divorce.
- Relic of Victorian Morality: The Court deemed Section 497 as a relic of Victorian morality that treats women as chattels and property of their husbands.
Can the Supreme Court’s Decision Be Overturned?
- Parliament’s Authority: While Parliament cannot directly overturn a Supreme Court ruling, it can pass legislation that addresses the basis of the court’s judgment.
- Validating Legislation: Parliament can enact validating legislation that changes the circumstances under which the court’s judgment was rendered, effectively altering the legal landscape.
Conclusion
- The debate surrounding the reintroduction of adultery as a criminal offence is fraught with legal, constitutional, and societal implications.
- It calls for a nuanced examination of individual rights, gender equality, and the sanctity of marriage within the framework of Indian law and society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Centre-State Financial Relations
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In India, disputes between the Central and State governments regarding economic policies have a long history, but in recent years, they have escalated in both frequency and intensity, taking on the character of ‘persistent frictions’ within the federal system.
- These disputes have significant implications for India’s economy and its federal structure.
Current Context
- Impact of Economic Reforms: Economic reforms since 1991 have relaxed many controls on investments, granting some autonomy to States. However, States still rely on the Centre for revenue receipts.
- Shift from ‘Give and Take’ to Hardened Stance: Recent State resistance has transformed the cooperative Centre-State relationship into a more rigid and confrontational dynamic.
Emerging Conflict Areas
- Homogenization of Social Sector Policies: Conflicts arise over the homogenization of social sector policies, where States seek greater discretion, but central agencies push for uniformity.
- Functioning of Regulatory Institutions: Differences emerge regarding the functioning of regulatory institutions, leading to conflicts over jurisdiction.
- Powers of Central Agencies: Central agencies attempt to increase their influence, often imposing their preferences on States.
Economic Consequences of Interference
- Crowding Out State Investments: Centralization of planning and implementation limits States’ flexibility in infrastructure development. This has resulted in reduced State investments, particularly in projects like roads and bridges.
- Fiscal Competition: Frictions with the Centre have spurred fiscal competition between States and the Centre. States compete with each other and with the Centre, leading to complexities in welfare provisioning.
- Inefficiencies Due to Parallel Policies: Frictions have resulted in parallel policies, where either the Centre or States duplicate each other’s efforts. For example, some States have rolled back from the National Pension System (NPS) due to fiscal concerns.
Inevitable Interdependence
- Article 258A: The Centre relies on States for the implementation of many laws and policies, particularly in concurrent spheres.
- Preserving Interdependence: In a large, diverse, developing society like India, interdependence between the Centre and States is inevitable and needs to be maintained.
Conclusion
- The growing Centre-State disputes in India’s federal system have far-reaching economic implications.
- Balancing autonomy and cooperation between the Centre and States is essential for the nation’s economic growth and effective governance.
Back2Basics:
Centre-State Financial Relations
| Article 268 to 281 |
Distribution of taxes between the Central Government and States, specifying various taxes and their sharing. |
| Article 282 |
Allows the Central Government to provide grants-in-aid to States for specific purposes, including welfare programs. |
| Article 293 |
Regulates borrowing powers of States, requiring Presidential consent for external borrowing to ensure fiscal discipline. |
| Article 280 |
Establishes the Finance Commission, which recommends tax revenue and grants distribution between the Centre and States. |
| Goods and Services Tax (GST) |
Governed by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, and associated laws, transforming taxation in India. |
| Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act |
Guides fiscal discipline and management by setting fiscal targets for both Central and State Governments. |
| Inter-State Council |
Established under Article 263
Acts as a forum for dialogue between the Central Government and States on various issues. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Voice of Global South Summit
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Prime Minister will inaugurate the second Voice of Global South Summit. This will be the second Voice of Global South Summit in less than a year hosted by India.
What is the Voice of Global South Summit?
- The VoGS Summit is a Indian initiative that has been designed to provide a common platform for the countries of the Global South to share their perspectives and priorities on several major issues.
- It aims to find out solutions for common challenges faced by developing countries through talks.
- Inspired by PM’s vision, ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas Sabka Vishwas aur Sabka Prayas’, the summit follows India’s philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.
How did the summit start?
- The foundation of this unique initiative was laid considering the recent global developments that have severely impacted the developing world.
- These include events such as Covid pandemic, mounting debt, ongoing Ukraine conflict, and challenges of food, energy security and others.
- Often, the worries of developing countries do not gain adequate attention and space on the global stage.
- The relevant existing platforms have proven to be deficient in handling the challenges and concerns of the developing nations.
About Global South
- Global South refers to countries in Asia, Africa, and South America, while Global North includes countries like the US, Canada, Europe, Russia, Australia, and New Zealand.
- It’s a term used to categorize countries based on economic development and historical factors.
Features of Global South
- Mostly lower-income countries, often with colonial histories.
- Not strictly limited to the Southern Hemisphere; many are in the Northern Hemisphere.
- Used as a value-free alternative to “Third World.”
- Major countries like Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Mexico are part of the Global South.
Need for Classification
- Helps describe economic and geopolitical differences.
- Overcomes the limitations of East/West or First/Second/Third World classifications.
- Recognizes the shared history of colonization.
- Acknowledges the emergence of economically powerful South countries.
Indian Context
- India aims to represent the underrepresented Global South in international forums.
- Calls for reform in multilateral institutions like the UNSC, UN, and IMF.
- Emergent economies like India and China seek cooperation with other Global South countries.
- Challenges the dominance of the Global North in international affairs.
Criticism of Classification
- Some find the term too broad and vague.
- Questions about whether elites of the Global South aim to challenge global capitalist structures.
- Concerns about the neglect of Africa in the rise of Asia.
Significance of Global South
- India aims to unite Global South nations to address common concerns.
- Potential for technical and idea exchanges and cooperation in various areas.
- Highlighting shared concerns like energy security and sustainable development.
Challenges for Consolidation
- Debate over climate reparations and exclusion of India and China.
- Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on Least Developed Countries.
- China’s increasing influence in the Global South through initiatives like the Belt and Road.
Way Forward
- India needs active engagement in regional politics within the Global South.
- Recognize differentiation within the Global South in terms of wealth, needs, and capabilities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Introduction of Basmati rice cultivation in Dehradun by Dost Mohammad Khan.
Mains level: cultural tourism
Central idea
Dehradun’s historical ties with Afghanistan, spanning from Ahmad Shah Durrani to Yakub Khan, shape the city’s cultural landscape. The legacy includes agricultural influences, introduction of music like the rubab, and specific locations favored by Afghan royals. Safeguarding this historical tapestry is essential for cultural preservation and promoting tourism.
Key Highlights:
- Founder of Afghanistan: Ahmad Shah Durrani’s role in unifying Afghan tribes, shaping modern Afghanistan.
- Anglo-Afghan War: Events leading to the war and its impact on the region’s political landscape.
- Legacy of Dost Mohammad Khan: His settlement in Dehradun and influence on local culture.
- Basmati Rice Cultivation: Introduction of Basmati rice cultivation in Dehradun by Dost Mohammad Khan.
- Cultural Impact: How Afghan royals influenced local practices, including hunting and food habits.
- Cultural Patrons: Contribution to music, introduction of the rubab instrument, and planting fruit trees.
Challenges:
- Political Turmoil: Challenges faced by rulers like Shah Shuja in maintaining stability.
- British Influence: Impact of British involvement and the power struggles during different dynasties.
- Impact on Stability: How political unrest affected the region’s stability and governance.
- Yakub Khan’s Abdication: Circumstances leading to Yakub Khan’s abdication and exile in British India.
- Adjustment Challenges: The challenges faced by exiled rulers in adapting to a new cultural and political environment.
- Shift in Power Dynamics: Impact of rebellion and power shifts on the political landscape.
Key Phrases:
- Great Game:
- Geopolitical Rivalry: Explanation of the geopolitical rivalry between British and Russian Empires.
- Buffer State Significance: Afghanistan’s role as a crucial buffer state during the Great Game.
- Anglo-Afghan War Context: How the war unfolded amid the larger geopolitical scenario.
- Treaty of Gandamak:
- Limited Autonomy: Understanding the terms of the treaty and its implications for Afghanistan.
- Internal Unrest: Discussion on how the treaty caused internal unrest in Afghanistan.
- Abdication of Yakub Khan: Consequences leading to Yakub Khan’s abdication.
Key data for mains answer enrichment
- Historical Roots: Dehradun’s connection with Afghanistan dates back to Ahmad Shah Durrani’s rule in 1747, shaping the city’s history and cultural influences.
- Anglo-Afghan War Impact: The Anglo-Afghan War (1838-1842) led to Dost Mohammad Khan’s exile to Dehradun, where he settled and influenced the local culture.
- Yakub Khan’s Legacy: Yakub Khan, a descendent of Dost Mohammad Khan, acquired Kabul House in Dehradun and contributed to the region’s cultural and horticultural landscape.
- Cultural Contributions: Afghan royals introduced the rubab instrument, planted fruit trees, and patronized music, leaving a lasting impact on Dehradun’s cultural heritage.
Analysis:
- Cultural Imprint: Examining the lasting cultural impact of Afghan royals on Dehradun.
- Local Practices: Influence on local practices, including music, agriculture, and hunting.
- Preservation Efforts: Highlighting the importance of preserving this cultural heritage.
- Shaping Historical Narrative: Understanding how political shifts and conflicts shaped the region’s historical narrative.
- Long-term Impact: Examining the long-term consequences of the Anglo-Afghan War on political dynamics.
- Local Identity: Discussing how historical events contribute to shaping the local identity.
Key Data:
- Construction Year of Radha Bhawan:
- 1871: Establishing Radha Bhawan’s historical significance and contribution to the region.
- Architectural Heritage: The role of Radha Bhawan as one of the earliest and expansive estates.
- Yakub Khan’s Death Year:
- 1924: Understanding the timeline of events related to Yakub Khan’s death and its impact.
Way Forward:
- Community Involvement: Involving the local community in preserving and celebrating cultural contributions.
- Heritage Awareness: Promoting awareness about the historical ties and cultural heritage in educational programs.
- Tourism Promotion: Leveraging historical awareness for cultural tourism and local pride.
- Educational Initiatives: Incorporating historical narratives into educational curricula to foster a sense of identity.
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Central idea
Claudia Goldin’s Nobel Prize win highlights the belated acknowledgment of gender dynamics in labor markets, prompting a reevaluation of entrenched biases in economics. Feminist economists stress the imperative to dismantle androcentric biases, advocating for a more inclusive economic theory that reflects diverse experiences.
Key Terms for quality answers:
- Androcentric biases
- Economic man
- Gender inequalities
- Unpaid work
- Masculinity in economics
- Empirical findings
- Feminist economists
- Social mechanisms
Key Phrases for improving mains score:
- Androcentric Biases: Are gender-based prejudices or preferences that favor male perspectives, often manifested in economic theories that reflect traditional gender roles and reinforce a male-centric viewpoint.
- Economic Man: Is a theoretical construct representing a rational, self-interested individual in economic models. It simplifies human behavior for analytical purposes but is critiqued for its failure to capture the complexities of real-life decision-making.
- Humanizing Economics: Involves infusing empathy, emotions, and a more realistic understanding of human behavior into economic analyses, recognizing that individuals are not solely motivated by rational self-interest.
Key Highlights:
- Claudia Goldin wins Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for gender dynamics research in labor markets.
- Recognition prompts reflection on the delayed acknowledgment of gender-focused economic research.
- Economics traditionally male-dominated, leading to the marginalization of gender inequality issues.
Challenges:
- Under-representation of women in economics.
- Androcentric biases in economic theories, perpetuating gender hierarchies.
- Economic models ignoring gendered experiences and unpaid work, especially by women.
- Limited understanding of non-market spaces like households, hindering accurate economic analysis.
- Economic man assumptions perpetuate gender stereotypes and fail to question existing hierarchies.
- Masculinity in economics detaches the discipline from gendered experiences, particularly of women.
Analysis:
- Feminist economists call for an economic theory free of androcentric biases to address gender inequalities.
- Economic models fail to account for the contributions of women as unpaid workers, impacting the accuracy of empirical findings.
- Biases in economic theory can affect statistical methods and interpretation of empirical results.
- Economic rationality may overlook social mechanisms, leading to misinterpretation of empirical findings.
Way Forward:
- Educational Initiatives: Propose educational programs to sensitize economists to gender biases and promote inclusivity.
- Policy Changes: Advocate for policy changes within academic institutions to encourage diverse perspectives in economic research.
- Recognizing Diverse Contributions: Encourage acknowledgment of the work of economists from diverse backgrounds.
- Inclusive Policies: Advocate for policies that actively promote diversity and inclusivity within economics departments.
- Training Economists: Suggest incorporating training on mixed methods in economics education.
- Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Promote collaboration with sociologists, anthropologists, and other disciplines to enrich economic research
Conclusion:
Claudia Goldin’s Nobel Prize win serves as a catalyst for a much-needed evolution in economic thinking. By addressing historical biases, overcoming gender-based challenges, and embracing a more inclusive and nuanced approach, the discipline can truly reflect the complexities of reality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kazi Nazrul Islam
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A movie-maker has issued an apology for the unintended distress caused by its rendition of the iconic song “Karar Oi Louho Kopat” penned by Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in 1922.
Who was Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899-1976)?
- Kazi Nazrul Islam was born on May 24, 1899, in Churulia, a village in the Burdwan district of West Bengal, India.
- He was a famous poet, writer, and musician from Bengal.
- He is well-known for his songs, which are called “Nazrulgeeti.”
- These songs are very popular and loved by in West Bengal, Bangladesh, almost as much as Rabindrasangeet of Rabindranath Tagore.
- Nazrul is often called the “Vidrohi Kavi (Rebel Poet)” because he wrote more than 4,000 songs, and many of them were about protesting and fighting against unfair rules and powerful rulers.
- These songs inspired the freedom fighters of Bengal who were fighting against the British colonial rule.
- He is celebrated as the national poet of Bangladesh and is also revered in West Bengal, India.
Understanding “Karar Oi Louho Kopat”
- Nazrul was an ardent supporter of India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. He used his poetry and writings to inspire and mobilize people against British oppression.
- Published in 1922 in “Banglar Katha” and later included in Nazrul’s “Bhangar Gaan,” the song was penned as a call to break down the iron gates of prison, symbolizing resistance against British oppression.
- He wrote the song of revolution after the British threw Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (1870-1925) in prison in 1922.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electric Batteries
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Electric batteries have become an integral part of modern life, enabling the widespread use of motorization and wireless technology.
- These devices store and release electrical energy, acquired by converting other forms of energy, primarily through chemical reactions.
Historical Roots of Electric Batteries
- Galvani’s Experiment: In 1780, Luigi Galvani conducted an experiment involving two metal plates and a frog’s leg, marking an early exploration of electricity’s effects on biological systems.
- Volta’s Voltaic Pile: Alessandro Volta’s voltaic pile in 1800 consisted of alternating copper and zinc plates separated by electrolyte-soaked paper. It produced a steady current but lacked a comprehensive explanation.
- John Daniel’s Innovation: British chemist John Daniel improved on Volta’s design with a more efficient cell that generated electric current for extended periods.
- Faraday’s Insights: In the early 19th century, Michael Faraday elucidated the principles of electrochemical cells, including naming components like anode, cathode, and electrolyte.
Understanding Electric Batteries
- Voltaic Cells: Electric batteries, also known as voltaic or galvanic cells, utilize redox reactions to produce an electric current. They consist of two half-cells, each with a metal electrode immersed in an electrolyte of the same metal.
- Electron Transfer: In one half-cell, metal ions dissolve into the electrolyte, releasing electrons. In the other half-cell, the reverse occurs, as metal ions deposit onto the electrode and require electrons.
- External Circuit: A wire connects the two electrodes, allowing electron flow from the anode to the cathode. A salt bridge connects the two electrolytes, enabling ion exchange.
- Components: Key components include the cathode (positive electrode), anode (negative electrode), and the electrolyte. The source voltage and terminal voltage are important concepts.
- Source Voltage: It represents the energy imparted to electrons and is equal to the terminal voltage in ideal conditions.
- Issues: Corrosion is a common issue in electrochemical cells, caused by factors like moisture and galvanic corrosion.
Types of Batteries
- Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Li-ion batteries are rechargeable and have revolutionized technology. They consist of a cathode, anode, and an electrolyte. During discharge, lithium ions move between electrodes, facilitating energy storage.
- Electric Vehicle (EV) Batteries: EV batteries, such as those used in Tesla’s Model S, are composed of numerous Li-ion cells and are critical for powering electric vehicles.
- Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining interest, especially in the context of green energy. They use hydrogen as a fuel source and produce electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen, emitting water as a byproduct.
Future Prospects and Significance
- Ongoing Research: Li-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells continue to be areas of extensive research, with diverse configurations and advantages.
- Hydrogen Economy: Hydrogen fuel cells are expected to play a pivotal role in the emerging hydrogen economy, and countries like India are investing in green hydrogen production.
Conclusion
- Electric batteries, rooted in the principles of electrochemistry, have undergone significant evolution, transforming the way we live and utilize energy.
- Their development and improvement remain central to advancing convenience and sustainability in industrialized societies, shaping the future of technology and transportation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Historical Perspectives on Work
Mains level: Impact of AI on Labour and Work
Central Idea
- Elon Musk’s recent remarks at the Bletchley Park summit on Artificial Intelligence (AI) have stirred discussions about the potential of AI to replace all forms of human labor.
- While such a future may seem theoretical, it raises critical questions about the nature of work, economic paradigms, and societal well-being.
AI’s impact and Labour and Work
- Elon Musk’s Vision: Musk envisions a future where AI replaces all forms of human labor, leaving individuals to seek work solely for personal fulfillment.
- Reality of AI: AI, while capable of substituting certain jobs, also generates new employment opportunities, such as AI programmers and researchers.
- AI’s Self-Awareness: A truly workless future implies AI becoming self-aware, capable of designing, operating, and maintaining itself, a scenario that remains theoretically possible but practically improbable.
Historical Perspectives on Work
- John Maynard Keynes: Keynes believed that reducing working hours would enhance welfare, as work often represented drudgery. He foresaw technological advancements reducing work hours and increasing well-being.
- Karl Marx: Marx viewed work as integral to human identity, providing meaning through material interaction with nature. Capitalism’s exploitation of labor alienates individuals from their work.
- AI’s Impact on Work: Musk’s vision aligns with Keynes’ thinking, suggesting that AI’s advancements could eliminate work, a positive outcome in this context.
Role of Capitalism in a Workless World
- Capitalism and Income: Under capitalism, individuals rely on income from work to access essential resources. Lack of work equals deprivation.
- Access to Resources: Musk’s vision allows for voluntary work but doesn’t address how individuals without work can access basic needs within the capitalist framework.
Imagining a Workless Economy
- Alternative Economic System: A workless world necessitates an economic system with different rules governing production and distribution, possibly involving a universal basic income.
- Institutional Questions: This alternative world raises questions about determining income levels, resource distribution, and balancing future growth with current consumption.
- Challenges of Change: Implementing such a system may be met with resistance within the existing capitalist society marked by rising inequality and a billionaire class.
Conclusion
- While the prospect of a world without work as envisioned by Elon Musk may seem speculative, it underscores the need to understand the potential disruptions caused by technological innovations.
- The impact of AI on work cannot be fully comprehended without considering the economic institutions that shape our society.
- Addressing these challenges requires a thoughtful examination of our current economic system and its adaptability to a rapidly changing technological landscape.
Try this PYQ:
Karl Marx explained the process of class struggle with the help of which one of the following theories?
(a) Empirical liberalism
(b) Existentialism
(c) Darwin’s theory of evolution
(d) Dialectical materialism
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cyprus Confidential
Mains level: Tax avoidance vs. evasion
Central Idea
- The Cyprus Confidential investigation unveils a web of offshore entities controlled from India, shedding light on financial transactions orchestrated by individuals in India.
Cyprus Confidential and Its Scope
- Global Offshore Probe: Cyprus Confidential explores 3.6 million documents, unveiling companies established in Cyprus by global elites.
- International Collaboration: Over 270 journalists from 60 media outlets across 55 countries and territories participate in this investigation.
- Data Sources: The investigation draws on documents from six offshore service providers in Cyprus, revealing not only Indian investors but also entities formed by prominent business conglomerates to leverage Cyprus’ favorable tax environment.
The Indian Perspective:
Setting Up Offshore Entities in Cyprus
- Indian entities: The investigation aims to lift the secrecy surrounding offshore entities, exposing how they are controlled from India, with financial instructions originating from individuals within the country.
- Legality: Establishing offshore companies in Cyprus is not illegal. India has Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) with various countries, including Cyprus, offering advantageous tax rates.
- Tax Residency Certificates: Companies utilize tax residency certificates in these countries to legally benefit from reduced tax rates. These jurisdictions are characterized by loose regulatory oversight and stringent secrecy laws.
India’s Tax Treaty with Cyprus
- Pre-2013: Before 2013, India and Cyprus had a tax treaty exempting investors from capital gains tax, attracting substantial investments. Cyprus also had a low withholding tax rate of 4.5%.
- 2013 Onward: India categorized Cyprus as a Notified Jurisdictional Area (NJA) in 2013, leading to higher withholding tax rates and transfer pricing regulations for transactions involving NJA entities.
- Revised DTAA in 2016: A revised DTAA was signed in 2016, rescinding Cyprus from NJA with retrospective effect from November 1, 2013. This treaty introduced source-based taxation of capital gains and a grandfathering clause.
Tax Benefits in Cyprus
- Tax Rates: Offshore companies and branches managed from Cyprus are taxed at 4.25%, while those managed from abroad and offshore partnerships enjoy complete tax exemption.
- Dividends and Capital Gains: No withholding tax on dividends, and no capital gains tax on the sale or transfer of shares in offshore entities.
- Estate Duty Exemption: No estate duty on the inheritance of shares in offshore companies.
- Import Duty Exemption: No import duty on the purchase of vehicles, office, or household equipment for foreign employees.
- Beneficial Owner Anonymity: Ensures anonymity of the beneficial owners of offshore entities.
India-Cyprus DTAA and Its Significance
- Tax Planning: The DTAA enables Cyprus, with its favorable tax regime, to be a jurisdiction for tax planning. Foreign investors often set up investment firms in Cyprus to invest in India and benefit from the DTAA.
- Alternative to Mauritius: Cyprus is now an alternative to Mauritius for establishing offshore entities for Indian investments, as dividends paid from India are subject to withholding tax but not to taxation in Cyprus.
Offshore Trusts in Cyprus
- Cyprus International Trust Law: Offshore trusts under this law are exempt from estate duty and income tax, provided the trustee is Cypriot. Confidentiality is guaranteed.
- Tax Avoidance: Offshore trusts allow businesspersons to avoid taxes they would have paid if income from overseas operations had been remitted to their country of residence.
- Limitations of Indian DTAA: A DTAA does not prevent the Indian Income Tax department from denying treaty benefits if a company is found to have been inserted as a shareowner in India solely to avoid tax. In such cases, the entire transaction may be questioned.
Conclusion
- The India-Cyprus offshore connection is a complex landscape with legal tax planning, secrecy, and regulatory challenges.
- The Cyprus Confidential investigation has brought these nuances to light, prompting scrutiny and raising questions about the intricacies of offshore financial activities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders’ Week is currently underway in San Francisco, bringing together leaders from the Asia-Pacific region to discuss pressing economic and trade issues.
- Although India is not an APEC member, is participating at the forum.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): An Overview
- Founding: APEC, established in 1989, is a regional economic forum aimed at promoting regional economic integration and greater prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. It consists of 21 member economies, termed “economies” due to their focus on trade and economic matters.
- Member Economies: APEC’s member economies include Australia, Brunei, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong (as part of China), the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Peru, and Chile, strategically located around the Pacific Ocean.
APEC’s Role over the Years
- Champion of Free Trade: APEC has consistently advocated for free trade, reduction of trade tariffs, and economic liberalization.
- Seoul Declaration: The 1991 Seoul Declaration marked the establishment of a liberalized free trade area around the Pacific Rim as APEC’s primary objective.
- Economic Impact: APEC initiatives have contributed significantly to the development of a growing middle class in the Asia-Pacific region. APEC economies, comprising 2.9 billion citizens, account for approximately 60 percent of global GDP and 48 percent of global trade as of 2018.
India’s Interest in APEC
- Historical Interest: India expressed interest in joining APEC in 1991, coinciding with the initiation of economic reforms for liberalization and globalization.
- Rationale: India’s interest in APEC is based on its geographical location, the potential size of its economy, and its trade interactions with the Asia-Pacific.
- Challenges: APEC has maintained an informal moratorium on expanding membership, despite India’s interest. The US-India Joint Strategic Vision for the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region in 2015 welcomed India’s interest in joining APEC but no formal progress has been made.
Highlights of APEC Summit 2023
- Biden-Xi Meeting: The meeting between US President Biden and China’s President Xi Jinping is a significant highlight. While it may not result in immediate changes in US-China relations, it reflects ongoing high-level engagements.
- Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): The summit will focus on progress related to the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), initiated after the US withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Fourteen members, including Fiji and India, are part of the IPEF, with the rest being APEC members.
Conclusion
- The APEC Summit 2023 brings together leaders from the Asia-Pacific region to address economic and trade issues, with the Biden-Xi meeting and discussions on the IPEF among the key highlights.
- Despite India’s historical interest in APEC, membership expansion remains a challenge, underscoring the importance of regional economic forums in shaping global economic policies and partnerships.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Etna
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Volcanic eruptions often make headlines only when iconic volcanoes like Etna, Kilauea, or Eyjafjallajokull erupt.
- However, throughout any given year, our planet witnessed numerous volcanic eruptions, with as many as 50 to 80 occurring worldwide.
About Mount Etna
- Mount Etna, located in Italy, holds the title of Europe’s most active volcano and ranks among the world’s largest.
- Its recorded volcanic activity dates back to 1500 B.C., with over 200 eruptions documented since then.
- Etna’s recent eruptions have disrupted air travel, leading to flight cancellations at the nearby Catania airport.
- Additionally, the accumulation of volcanic ash on roads prompted authorities to temporarily ban the use of cars and motorbikes due to safety concerns.
Volcanic Eruptions this Year
Many of the world’s most active volcanoes are concentrated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, encompassing regions like New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the western coast of the Americas. This volatile area also experiences about 90% of all earthquakes globally.
- Kilauea, Hawaii: The Kilauea volcano in Hawaii captivated the world with a nearly nonstop eruption that began in 1983 and continued for an astonishing 35 years until 2018. Remarkably, it rekindled in 2021, with the eruption still ongoing.
- Dukono, Indonesia: Erupting since August 1933, Dukono volcano in Indonesia stands as a testament to long-term volcanic activity, defying the passage of time.
- Santa Maria, Guatemala: The eruption of Santa Maria in Guatemala commenced in June 1922 and persists to this day, underscoring the enduring nature of certain volcanic phenomena.
- Yasur, Vanuatu: Yasur in Vanuatu first erupted around 1270 and has maintained its volcanic activity, continuing as of June 9, 2023.
Understanding Volcanoes
- Volcanoes are geological features characterized by openings or vents through which lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto the Earth’s surface.
- They result from both their own eruptions and the broader processes of tectonic plate movement.
- Volcanic eruptions are essentially the result of magma, or molten rock, beneath the Earth’s surface rising, bubbling, and ultimately overflowing, much like boiling milk spilling out of a pot on a stove.
- The magma seeks pathways to vents within the volcano, where it erupts and is expelled across the land and into the atmosphere, a phenomenon referred to as lava.
Types of Volcanoes
|
Appearance |
Formation |
Eruption Style |
Notable Examples |
| Cinder Cones |
Small, steep, conical |
Formed from basaltic magma with high gas content |
Often explosive eruptions with cinders/scoria |
Paricutin (Mexico), Sunset Crater (USA) |
| Composite/Stratovolcanoes |
Tall and symmetrical |
Result from alternating layers of lava, ash, etc. |
Both explosive and effusive eruptions |
Mount St. Helens (USA), Mount Fuji (Japan) |
| Shield Volcanoes |
Broad and gently sloping |
Primarily formed from basaltic magma |
Primarily non-explosive with extensive lava flows |
Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea (Hawaii) |
| Lava Domes |
Rounded dome-like shape |
Formed from slow extrusion of viscous magma |
Typically non-explosive but can be dangerous |
Novarupta Dome (Alaska), Mount St. Helens’ Lava Dome (USA) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: criminal justice system
Central idea
The article highlights gender-based challenges in India’s criminal justice system, citing delays and discrimination against women complainants. Despite increased representation and specialized stations, the study in Haryana indicates persistent issues. The central idea emphasizes the need for reforms, gender sensitivity, and equal treatment within the justice system.
Key Highlights:
- Justice System Accessibility: Citizens face challenges accessing the criminal justice system in India due to police station unapproachability, court delays, and outdated forensic equipment.
- Gender Disparities: The study reveals “multi-dimensional discrimination” against women in the justice system, with differential treatment at all stages and levels.
- All-Women Police Stations: Despite efforts, the study, focused on Haryana, suggests that women face delays, dismissals, and lower conviction rates in cases where they are complainants.
- Limited Representation: While more women are joining the justice system, the study emphasizes the need for increased sensitivity and recruitment drives for female officers.
Challenges:
- Police Station Atmosphere: Unfriendly police stations, especially for women, contribute to delays and hinder justice delivery.
- Legal System Inefficiencies: Overworked prosecutors, court delays, and overcrowded prisons impact the overall efficiency of the justice system.
- Gender Bias: Discrimination against women at various stages, including delayed investigations and dismissals, poses a significant challenge.
- Recruitment Delays: Achieving the 33% reservation target for women in police stations may take another decade, delaying the improvement of gender sensitivity.
Key Phrases:
- Multi-dimensional Discrimination: The study identifies pervasive gender-based discrimination throughout the justice system.
- All-Women Police Stations: Initially created to address women’s concerns, the study questions the effectiveness of this approach.
- Delayed Investigations: Cases with women complainants experience longer waiting times and fewer registrations.
- Lower Conviction Rates: Women complainants have a lower chance of seeing the accused being sent to prison.
Analysis:
- Insufficient Gender Sensitivity: Despite efforts to increase women’s representation, the study suggests that sensitivity and fair treatment are lacking in investigations and trials.
- Systemic Inequalities: The research highlights systemic issues leading to dismissals, delays, and lower conviction rates for cases with women complainants.
- Need for Effective Monitoring: Effective monitoring systems are essential to ensure equal treatment for all genders throughout the justice process.
- Research Limitations: While the study raises crucial issues, the lack of validation from police or judicial officers in Haryana raises questions about the data’s accuracy.
Key Data for answer enrichment:
- Representation: Women constitute only around 12% of the police force, emphasizing the need for increased recruitment.
- Conviction Rate: India struggles with less than a 60% conviction rate, reflecting inefficiencies in the justice system.
- Reservation Target: Achieving the 33% reservation target for women in police stations may take another decade.
- Haryana Sample: The study focuses on Haryana, providing insights into the state-specific challenges faced by women in the justice system.
Way Forward:
- Increased Recruitment: Urgent recruitment drives are needed to enhance gender diversity in police stations and improve sensitivity.
- Efficient Justice System: Addressing inefficiencies, overhauling procedures, and providing adequate resources are essential for an accessible and fair justice system.
- Effective Monitoring: Implementing robust monitoring systems ensures consistent and unbiased treatment for all genders.
- Research Validation: Future research should involve direct interactions with police and judicial officers for accurate data validation and a comprehensive understanding of the issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Public Infrastructure
Mains level: digital public goods in shaping international development frameworks
Central idea
India’s digital journey, marked by Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), exemplifies a commitment to inclusivity. The article underscores global collaboration, with MOSIP impacting millions, and highlights Norway’s role, advocating for the 50-in-5 campaign. It emphasizes the balance between openness and security in navigating the digital domain.
Key Highlights:
- DPI Transforming India: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) has transformed India, providing digital identities and access to services for its vast population.
- Global Recognition and Frameworks: India’s G-20 presidency gained global recognition for DPI, setting frameworks for digital public goods and highlighting its development benefits.
- Digital Inclusion Success Stories: MOSIP, developed in Bengaluru, serves as a global blueprint, benefiting over 97 million citizens in diverse countries, showcasing achievements in digital inclusion.
- Comprehensive Development Framework: DPI is a comprehensive framework aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing development, inclusion, innovation, trust, and global competition.
Challenges:
- South-South Cooperation Dynamics: The article explores the dynamics of South-South cooperation, especially in the context of MOSIP, showcasing organic global organization.
- Financial Considerations and Privacy: Financial challenges in developing digital protocols and concerns about data privacy are highlighted as critical challenges for the future.
- Safeguarding Digital Sovereignty: Governments and businesses must navigate challenges, ensuring digital sovereignty without compromising an open, free, and secure Internet.
- Balancing Openness and Security: Balancing openness and security is crucial, emphasizing the importance of DPGA’s compass in certifying and pooling digital public goods.
Key Phrases:
- “Leaving no one behind” – Emphasizes the commitment to inclusivity and the challenge in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- “Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)” – Highlights the transformative role of DPI in providing digital identities and access to services.
- “South-South cooperation” – Signifies the collaborative efforts among countries in the global South, exemplified by MOSIP’s impact.
- “Global development architecture” – Describes the role of digital public goods in shaping international development frameworks.
Analysis:
- Global Recognition of DPI: The article analyzes India’s G-20 presidency and its impact on recognizing DPI as part of the international development architecture.
- Challenges in Digital Domain: The challenges of financial considerations, data privacy, and safeguarding digital sovereignty are critically examined.
- Norway’s Digital Contributions: The analysis delves into Norway’s contributions to the digital domain, showcasing its commitment to the 50-in-5 campaign.
- Balancing Openness and Security: The article emphasizes the need to balance openness and security, considering the complexities of the digital domain.
Key Data:
- MOSIP’s Global Reach: Over 97 million people in various countries, including Morocco, Togo, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines, have received IDs through MOSIP.
- Norwegian Digital Goods: Examples include weather services (Yr), health information systems (DHIS2), and contributions targeting SDG2 on ending food hunger.
- 50-in-5 Campaign: Norway pledges to make at least one national digital good available globally in the next five years as part of the 50-in-5 campaign.
- Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA): The article highlights the DPGA’s role as a registry of certified digital public goods, shaping the global digital landscape.
Key Facts:
- Digital Inclusion in India: DPI has played a pivotal role in providing digital identities to almost all of India’s 1.4 billion citizens.
- G-20 Framework for DPI: India’s achievement in getting all G-20 countries to agree to the G-20 Framework for Systems of Digital Public Infrastructure is emphasized.
- Norway’s Role in DPGA: Norway is a co-founder and member of the DPGA, contributing to the certification and pooling of digital public goods.
- Digital Goods Addressing Global Challenges: Digital goods like VIPS and DHIS2 contribute to addressing global challenges such as food insecurity and health management.
Key Terms for enriching answer quality:
- Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
- South-South Cooperation
- MOSIP (Modular Open Source Identity Platform)
- G-20 Framework for Systems of Digital Public Infrastructure
- 50-in-5 Campaign
- Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA)
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Way Forward:
- Collaborative Frameworks with India: Encouraging closer collaboration with India within DPGA frameworks is seen as a positive step for advancing global digital initiatives.
- Learning from India’s Digital Journey: Leveraging lessons from India’s digital journey is crucial for inclusive global development, offering insights into effective transformation strategies.
- Balancing Sovereignty and Collaboration: Collaborating with India within the DPGA framework requires a delicate balance, ensuring digital sovereignty while fostering successful global digital initiatives.
- Certification and Pooling for Global Good: Certification and pooling of digital public goods under DPGA’s global leadership provide a compass for future collaborations, emphasizing global cooperation for mutual benefit.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: social justice agenda
Central idea
Bihar’s caste census is a significant step, yet modernizing caste politics faces hurdles with global economic changes, an authoritative government, and assertive Hindutva ideology. To lead in this complexity, Bihar can pioneer a nuanced, coalition-based approach, reshaping caste politics for the 21st century.
Key Highlights:
- Historic Steps: Bihar takes significant strides in social justice by conducting a caste census and revealing socio-economic data associated with different castes.
- Leadership Challenge: The RJD-JD(U) coalition faces a critical juncture in utilizing caste survey data for an effective social justice agenda, beyond mere reservation expansions.
- Global Economic Situation: Neoliberal policies demand innovative approaches for mass employment (decent work).
- Authoritarian Regime: India experiences an authoritarian shift impacting constitutional norms and federal structures.
- Upper-Caste Hegemony: A visible rise of aggressive north-Indian Hindu upper-caste dominance through Hindutva ideology.
- Internal Differentiations: Complex internal variations within major caste groups challenge traditional one-dimensional caste politics.
Key Data for enhancing answer quality:
- “Formal Sector Jobs”: Despite market-friendly policies, the formal sector of the Indian economy offers less than 8% of all jobs.
- “Reservation Expansion”: Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar’s announcement of expanding reservations to 65%.
- “Resistance Against Hindutva”: Bihar’s historical role in resisting Hindutva politics, along with other states like Karnataka, Kerala, and Rajasthan.
- “Erosion of Indian Federalism”: The resistance against the erosion of Indian federalism, with Bihar contributing to the assertion of State rights.
Key Terms for value addition:
- Caste Census,
- Neoliberal Policies,
- Authoritarian Regime,
- Hindutva Ideology,
- Internal Caste Differentiations,
- Portrait vs. Proxy Model,
- Evolution of Caste Politics,
- State Rights Assertion,
Challenges:
- Neoliberal Constraints: Limited formal sector jobs despite market-friendly policies pose a challenge for reducing caste inequalities.
- Authoritarian Shift: Constitutional norms, checks and balances eroded by an authoritarian regime, altering the Indian state’s shape.
- Hindutva Ideology: Overt and aggressive upper-caste dominance through Hindutva challenges secularism, creating a one-dimensional Hindu identity.
- Internal Caste Differentiations: Diverse class interests within castes require a coalitional approach, potentially leading to unpredictable consequences.
Analysis:
- Changing Caste Politics: The article highlights the need for evolving caste politics beyond automatic association with social justice, considering the complexities of the present context.
- Role of Lower Castes: Lower caste politics can counter Hindutva, even when focused on community interests, offering resistance to the dominance of upper-caste neo-elites.
- State Rights Assertion: Bihar’s resistance against Hindutva and the act of conducting a caste census assert State rights, contributing to the fight against the erosion of Indian federalism.
- Portrait vs. Proxy Model: The caste survey raises questions about representation—whether elected representatives should resemble the population (portrait model) or act on their behalf (proxy model).
The Way Forward:
- Innovative Social Justice: Bihar has the opportunity to pioneer a new form of caste politics, adapting to the present context, breaking from past habits while upholding the core of the social justice agenda.
- Political Representation: The article questions the idea that sharing the same identity is sufficient for representation, emphasizing the need for effective action on behalf of the represented.
- Balancing Identities: Despite the census favoring larger numbers, Bihar can demonstrate that shared identity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for political representation.
- Championing Federalism: Bihar, along with other states, can lead the resistance against the erosion of Indian federalism, emphasizing the importance of locally-relevant policies.
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