Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kathaprasangam
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Kathaprasangam began as a medium to narrate stories of oppression, untouchability, and human resilience.
- Today, it finds a place of relevance and renewal in the digital age, captivating audiences, both young and old.
Kathaprasangam
- Kathaprasangam is a stage art form of Kerala, which was popular in the mid-twentieth century.
- Kathaprasangam owes its inception to Kumaranasan (1873-1924), a Malayalam poet who aimed to educate and inspire underprivileged sections of society.
- He sought to propagate the principles of Sree Narayana Guru and his poems.
- It started a century ago, touching on themes of oppression, untouchability, and human triumphs.
- It uses a blend of prose and song, accompanied by a harmonium and tabla, to retell stories.
- Young performers compete in this art form, earning marks that influence their promotions.
- It is celebrated for its ability to communicate with urgency and directness, addressing societal issues.
Relevance in Modern Context
- Kathaprasangam, born out of the fight against casteism and superstitions, holds even more significance today as religious identities are asserted with violence, posing a threat to societal harmony.
- While newer forms of entertainment have gained popularity, they still attract young audiences eager to learn and share stories using new media platforms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Salt and its Heath Hazards
Mains level: Rising burden of NCDs in India
Central Idea
- Salt is an essential component of our diet, adding flavor to our food and serving vital bodily functions.
- However, excessive salt intake can lead to health issues, including high blood pressure.
Salt Intake in India
- In India, a recent national survey revealed that men consume 8.9 grams, while women intake 7.1 grams of salt daily (Prashant Mathur et al., Scientific Reports, 2023).
- While the World Health Organization recommends a daily salt intake of 5 grams, the global average is much higher at 10.8 grams.
Salt and Health Implications
- Diverse Health Effects: Extensive research in animals and human surveys consistently link high salt consumption to kidney, brain, vascular, and immune system diseases. Conditions such as kidney stones and osteoporosis are associated with excessive sodium intake.
- Global Impact: Excessive salt intake contributes to approximately five million deaths worldwide annually, underscoring the global health impact of salt-related health issues.
The Yanomami Example
- The Yanomami people, living in the Amazon rainforest, follow a foraging lifestyle and consume a diet primarily composed of Cassava, plantains, fruit, fish, and occasionally tapir.
- Interestingly, they use peppers for flavor but do not use salt.
- Their daily salt intake is less than one gram, yet they maintain excellent health and fitness.
Salt and Obesity Connection
- Balancing Act: While our bodies require salt for essential functions, excessive salt consumption can lead to health problems, including obesity.
- Metabolic Impact: High salt intake impairs metabolism and increases the size of adipocytes, the cells that store fat, contributing to obesity.
- Dietary Preferences: There is a connection between a preference for high-fat and salty foods. Experiments with mice showed that those exposed to high-fat diets during gestation preferred salty water.
Reducing Salt Intake and Blood Pressure
- Population Studies: Reducing salt intake by five to eight grams daily can lead to a 4 mmHg drop in systolic blood pressure and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, as demonstrated in population studies.
- Clinical Trials: Antihypertensive drugs, which lower blood pressure, show similar results, with an average reduction of 5 mmHg.
- Salt Alternatives: Replacing normal salt with a mixture of 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.3 mmHg in a Chinese population study.
- Caution for Elderly: Reducing salt intake may pose risks for elderly adults, particularly if they are taking blood pressure medication, as it could lead to hypotension and falls.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: QR Code
Mains level: Food safety governance in India
Central Idea
- The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has recommended the incorporation of QR codes on food products, a significant step toward ensuring food safety and accessibility, especially for visually impaired individuals.
- This move holds paramount importance in a country with one of the world’s largest markets for packaged foods and a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), largely driven by the consumption of pre-packaged foods.
QR Code move by FSSAI
- Comprehensive Data: QR codes will contain extensive product information, including ingredients, nutritional facts, allergens, manufacturing date, best before/expiry/use-by date, allergen warnings, and customer contact information.
- Compliance: This initiative aligns with the FSSAI’s Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Display) Regulations, 2020, and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, emphasizing accessibility for individuals with disabilities.
QR Code Origins
- Invention: QR codes, two-dimensional matrix barcodes, was invented in 1994 by the Japanese company Denso Wave for labelling automobile parts.
- Enhancing Brand Image: For food manufacturers, QR codes offer advantages such as improving brand image, fostering customer loyalty, and enhancing operational efficiency.
Significance of the Initiative
- India’s Market Dynamics: India’s burgeoning market for packaged foods, coupled with a surge in NCDs, underscores the need for informed consumer choices.
- Consumer Rights: The initiative empowers consumers to make informed decisions and verify if the product aligns with its advertised attributes.
- Front-of-Pack Labelling: The FSSAI is urged to combine QR codes for visually impaired individuals with front-of-pack labelling (FOPL) warning labels, ensuring a comprehensive approach.
Global Trends in QR Usage
- Top Users: Countries like the U.S., India, France, and the U.K. are among the leading users of QR codes.
- Market Growth: The global packaged food market, estimated at $303.26 billion in 2019, continues to expand, with QR codes playing a pivotal role in providing consumers with essential product information.
- Consumer Preference: Consumers increasingly consider food packaging as important as the product itself, with QR codes serving as a technology that enhances information accessibility and influences buying behaviour.
Conclusion
- The introduction of QR codes on food products by the FSSAI is a crucial step toward enhancing food safety and ensuring consumers have access to comprehensive product information.
- In an era of rising health concerns and growing markets for packaged foods, this initiative empowers consumers to make informed choices and underscores the importance of clear food labelling.
- QR codes are emerging as a global trend, simplifying information access and improving consumer experiences.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cloud Seeding
Mains level: Drought mitigation in India
Central Idea
- Solapur, a city with limited rainfall due to its location on the leeward side of the Western Ghats, witnessed an 18% relative enhancement in rainfall through a cloud seeding experiment.
What is Cloud Seeding?
|
Explanation |
| Definition |
Weather modification technique to enhance precipitation. |
| Objective |
Increase rainfall or snowfall in areas facing water scarcity or drought. |
| Seeding Agents |
Silver iodide, calcium chloride, potassium iodide, sodium chloride, etc. |
| Suitable Clouds |
Typically convective clouds with moisture and vertical motion. |
| Methods of Dispersion |
Aircraft, rockets, ground-based generators, drones. |
| Environmental Impact |
Generally considered safe with minimal environmental impact. |
| Effectiveness |
Variable; depends on weather conditions and cloud characteristics. |
About CAIPEEX Experiment
- The initiative, known as the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX phase-4), sought to investigate the effectiveness of hygroscopic seeding in deep convective clouds.
- Over two hours after cloud seeding, an additional 8.67mm of rainfall was recorded, resulting in 867 million litres of augmented water availability.
Importance of the Experiment
- Growing NCD Burden: As India grapples with a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), exacerbated by the consumption of pre-packaged foods, informed consumer choices and food safety become paramount.
- Cloud Seeding Efficacy: The experiment underscores cloud seeding as an effective strategy for enhancing rainfall, particularly in regions with suitable conditions.
- Cost-Benefit Analysis: The research evaluates the cost-effectiveness of cloud seeding, estimating the cost of producing water through cloud seeding at 18 paise per litre.
Key Findings and Methodology
- Randomized Seeding Experiment: The study selected 276 convective clouds, with 150 subjected to seeding and 122 serving as the control group.
- Criteria for Seeding: Clouds with characteristics such as significant liquid water content, vertical motion indicative of cloud growth, and depth exceeding one kilometre were targeted.
- Seeding Agent: Calcium chloride flares were employed for cloud seeding, ensuring optimal dispersion and entry into growing clouds.
- Rainfall Enhancement: Seeded clouds produced more rainfall than unseeded ones, resulting in an 18% relative enhancement.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Water Management: While cloud seeding alone cannot alleviate droughts, it can contribute to an 18% increase in rainfall and partially address water requirements.
- Cost Reduction: Utilizing indigenous seeding aircraft could reduce costs by over 50%, making cloud seeding more accessible.
- High-Resolution Numerical Model: The study has developed a numerical model to help stakeholders identify target locations, suitable clouds for seeding, and effective strategies for enhancing rainfall.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In April 2022, the Indian Parliament passed the Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act (CrPI).
- It enabled law enforcement agencies to collect and analyze physical and biological samples, including retina and iris scans of arrested individuals.
Why in the news now?
- While the rules governing the Act were notified in September 2022, full implementation is pending as the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the nodal agency, is still formulating guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
- This legislation replaces the antiquated Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, which primarily focused on collecting fingerprints, footprints, and photographs of certain convicted and non-convicted individuals.
CrPI Act: Purpose of the Legislation
- Modernization: The CrPI Act modernizes the process of capturing and recording biometric data and other measurements, supplanting outdated methods.
- Data Utilization: The Act facilitates the use of advanced techniques for capturing and recording body measurements, providing law enforcement with more comprehensive data.
Role of the NCRB
- Central Repository: The NCRB is tasked with storing, processing, sharing, disseminating, and destroying measurement records.
- Common Database: Impressions collected at any police station will be stored in a central database accessible to authorized police and prison officials nationwide.
- Technical Specifications: The NCRB will define equipment specifications for measurement collection, methods for handling and storing data compatible with the NCRB database, and the IT systems to be employed for measurements.
- Authorized Personnel: The Act extends measurement collection authority to police and prison officials, individuals skilled in measurement collection, registered medical practitioners, and authorized personnel.
- Data Retention: Records are to be retained for 75 years.
Implementation Status
- Fingerprinting: Police have been trained to record fingerprints through the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS), which assigns a unique National Fingerprint Number (NFN) to suspects.
- Challenges: The provision for iris scanners, DNA collection, and facial recognition systems has not been fully realized. NAFIS workstations are operational in many states, but challenges persist.
Challenges and Concerns
- Privacy Concerns: During debates in Parliament, opposition members raised concerns about the violation of fundamental rights, including the right to privacy.
- Data Protection: Questions have arisen about the safeguarding of DNA samples and facial recognition data.
- Lack of Awareness: Many officers are unaware of the rules specifying that measurements of individuals detained or arrested under certain sections of the law should not be recorded.
- Data Destruction: Individuals are responsible for requesting the destruction and disposal of their records from the central database if they have been falsely implicated or acquitted, which poses challenges.
- Right to Be Forgotten: Advocacy groups have emphasized the need to consider the “Right to Be Forgotten” in data retention policies.
- Training and Scope: Proper training and clear guidelines for DNA sample handling and storage are needed, and the scope of DNA collection in various types of crimes remains unclear.
- Connectivity Issues: Smaller states face connectivity challenges, hindering the fulfilment of secured Internet lease line requirements for data protection.
Conclusion
- The CrPI Act represents a significant step toward modernizing law enforcement data collection techniques.
- However, concerns related to privacy, data protection, and training, along with connectivity issues, underscore the need for comprehensive guidelines and safeguards to balance the imperatives of law enforcement with individual rights and data security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SIM Swap Scam
Mains level: Phishing and other financial crimes
Central Idea
- In recent years, the SIM swap scam has emerged as a significant threat to individuals’ financial security.
- This fraudulent scheme exploits the link between physical SIM cards and banking applications, allowing scammers to gain access to victim’s bank accounts and personal information.
SIM Swap Scam: An Overview
- Exploiting Technological Advances: The SIM swap scam capitalizes on the integration of banking applications with phone numbers, enabling the generation of OTPs (One-Time Passwords) and the receipt of critical bank-related messages.
- Acquiring Personal Data: Scammers begin by collecting victims’ personal details, including phone numbers, bank account information, and addresses, often through phishing or vishing (voice phishing) techniques. Phishing involves sending malware-laden links through emails or messages to steal personal data.
- Forging Victim Identity: Armed with the stolen data, fraudsters visit a mobile operator’s retail outlet, impersonating the victim with forged ID proof. They falsely report the theft of the victim’s SIM card and/or mobile phone. As a result, they obtain a duplicate SIM card. Notably, fraudsters can secure a duplicate SIM even if the original is still functional. All activation messages and information are directed to the scammer rather than the victim.
Why do victims receive Missed Calls?
- Strategic Communication: In contrast to typical scams that involve tricking individuals into divulging OTPs and private data during phone calls, the SIM swap scam operates differently.
- Distraction Tactic: Fraudsters initiate missed calls to their targets, prompting victims to check their phones and potentially ignore network connectivity issues.
- SIM Exchange Execution: Perpetrators use these missed calls as a diversion while they execute the SIM swap. Once the SIM is swapped, fraudsters gain control over all calls and messages through the victim’s SIM, allowing them to initiate transactions unnoticed.
How do scammers withdraw money?
- Phishing Information: After acquiring personal data through phishing attacks, scammers use this information to access bank portals and generate OTPs required for fund withdrawal.
- OTP Access: Having control over the victim’s SIM card, fraudsters receive all OTPs, enabling them to authenticate transactions and steal money.
- Data Sources: Accused individuals purchase data from hackers involved in data breaches or from online portals. Data breaches often involve private companies losing vast amounts of customer data.
- Example: In April, Rentomojo, an electronics and furniture rental company, reported a data breach, acknowledging unauthorized access to customer data due to a cloud misconfiguration.
Arrests and Challenges
- Absence of Arrests: Delhi Police has not made any arrests related to the SIM swap scam. The accused effectively evaded capture by discarding duplicate SIMs and operating from multiple locations.
- Cryptocurrency Conversion: Stolen funds are often converted into cryptocurrency, making tracking Bitcoin or other cryptocurrency transactions impossible due to encryption.
Protecting Yourself from SIM Swap Fraud
- Stay Vigilant: Be cautious of vishing or phishing attacks and avoid clicking on suspicious links or sharing sensitive information.
- Don’t Ignore Missed Calls: Don’t ignore missed calls or switch off your phone, especially if you receive multiple missed calls. Contact your mobile operator immediately if such activity occurs.
- Regularly Update Passwords: Change bank account passwords regularly for added security.
- Set Up Alerts: Register for regular SMS and email alerts for banking transactions to stay informed.
- Report Fraud: In case of fraud, promptly contact your bank authorities to block your account and prevent further fraud.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lewis Model
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In 1954, the renowned Saint Lucian economist, Sir William Arthur Lewis, presented a groundbreaking theory that suggested developing countries with a surplus labor force could achieve significant industrialization.
- He envisioned a shift of labor from subsistence agriculture to the expanding manufacturing sector.
- However, the Indian experience over the years has shown that this model has not unfolded exactly as Lewis had anticipated.
What is the Lewis Model?
- Lewis’s Theory: Sir William Arthur Lewis’s influential essay, ‘Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor,’ proposed that countries with surplus labor could industrialize by paying wages just high enough to attract workers away from family farms.
- Key Assumptions: The model assumed that higher wages in the manufacturing sector would match the additional output produced, leading to the creation and expansion of industries without limits.
- Bottlenecks: The primary constraints to this labor transfer were the availability of capital and natural resources, which these countries often lacked relative to their population.
India’s Deviation from the Model
- Historical Perspective: In the early 1990s, agriculture employed about two-thirds of India’s workforce.
- Limited Impact of Manufacturing: While the share of agriculture in employment declined to 48.9% by 2011-12, manufacturing’s share only marginally increased from 10.4% to 12.6% during the same period.
- Recent Trends: The farm sector’s share increased temporarily due to the Covid-19 pandemic, reaching 46.5% in 2022-23.
- Manufacturing’s Decline: Conversely, manufacturing’s share dropped to 11.4% in 2022-23.
- Shift within Subsistence Sectors: Labor movement primarily occurs within subsistence sectors, such as low-paid services and construction, rather than towards manufacturing or high-productivity services.
State-Level Variations
- Gujarat’s Exception: Gujarat stands out with nearly 24% of its workforce employed in manufacturing, mirroring Lewis’s model.
- Industry and Agriculture: Gujarat’s workforce in agriculture remains relatively high compared to other states.
China’s Model vs. India’s Reality
- China’s Success: China leveraged surplus rural labor to become “the world’s factory” during the late 20th century.
- India’s Challenges: India still has surplus labor working in subsistence sectors, but the path to conventional employment opportunities is narrowing.
- Technological Disruption: Manufacturing is increasingly capital-intensive, incorporating labor-saving and labor-displacing technologies.
- New Economic Development Model: NITI Aayog is exploring alternative avenues for job creation, emphasizing activities related to agriculture, such as aggregation, processing, transportation, and bio-based industries.
- Bio-Based Opportunities: Crop residues, bio-fuels, bio-based products, and supply chain services offer potential employment options linked to agriculture.
Conclusion
- India’s journey towards economic transformation has deviated from the classic Lewis model.
- The changing nature of manufacturing and the need for a reimagined labour transition call for innovative approaches that recognize the country’s unique circumstances and opportunities in sectors beyond traditional agriculture.
- NITI Aayog’s exploration of alternative development models signifies a shift toward addressing contemporary challenges and fostering sustainable economic growth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNGA Resolutions
Mains level: India's stance on Palestinian War
Central Idea
- The recent United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) vote on a resolution calling for an immediate humanitarian truce in the Israel-Hamas conflict saw India abstaining from the vote.
What are UNGA Resolutions?
|
UNGA Resolutions and Voting |
| What is it? |
Cover diverse global issues, including disarmament, climate change, and humanitarian aid. |
| Types |
Include regular, consensus (adopted without a vote), and procedural resolutions. |
| Who can initiate? |
Originates from member states, UN committees, or regional groups after negotiations and debates. |
| Nature of Enforcement |
Non-binding but hold moral and political influence on member states and UN bodies. |
| Significance |
Shape international norms, public opinion, and state behavior despite lacking legal enforcement. |
| Features of UNGA Resolutions |
Discussed and adopted during annual sessions, with possible special sessions when required. |
| Equal Voting Rights |
Each member state has an equal vote, ensuring equality regardless of size or influence. |
| Majority Requirements |
Typically adopted with a two-thirds majority of present and voting member states (e.g., 128 votes if all 193 are present). |
| Varied Majority Types |
Some require a simple majority, while others, like UN Charter amendments, need a two-thirds majority of all member states. |
| Abstentions |
Member states can abstain, signifying neutrality without supporting or opposing. |
| Challenges and Divisions |
Resolutions may face opposition or receive no votes, leading to international discussions and divisions. |
Resolution over Israel-Hamas War
- The resolution, titled “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations,” was proposed by Jordan on behalf of the Arab League and co-sponsored by approximately 40 countries.
- It called for an immediate humanitarian truce, cessation of hostilities, and unhindered humanitarian access to Gaza.
- However, it did not specifically refer to the cowardly terror attacks by Hamas, which resulted in numerous Israeli casualties and hostages.
- Ultimately, the resolution passed with 120 votes in favor, 14 against (including US and UK), and 45 abstentions, with India among the abstaining nations.
India’s Abstinent
- India defended its abstention by citing the absence of “explicit condemnation” of the October 7 terror attacks in Israel in the resolution.
- Since India’s concerns regarding these omissions were not addressed in the final text of the resolution, abstaining was the chosen course of action.
- The government emphasized that there should be no ambiguity when it comes to condemning terrorism and that its position on this matter remains “steadfast and consistent.”
- Key elements of India’s statement include-
- Condemnation of violence, including the October 7 attacks by Hamas.
- Acknowledgement of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and support for international de-escalation efforts.
- Concern about the security situation and a call for all parties to exercise restraint.
- Reiteration of India’s support for a negotiated two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine issue.
- Encouragement for diplomacy and dialogue to create conditions for peace negotiations.
Why so furore over India’s action?
- India’s abstention differed from its previous vote in favour of a UNGA resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza in 2018 and other similar votes in the past.
- Opposition parties in India criticized the government for refusing to take a stronger stand on the humanitarian issue.
- They argued that India’s abstention stood alone among countries in the Global South, South Asia, and BRICS, all of which had voted in favour of the resolution.
Significance of India’s action
- Balanced Position: India’s abstention mirrors its approach to other global conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, where it seeks to maintain a diplomatic balance between opposing sides.
- Not Legally Binding: Unlike UN Security Council resolutions, UNGA resolutions are not legally binding, meaning that Israel and the US are not obligated to act on it.
- Weight and Moral Authority: Despite its non-binding nature, the resolution carries significant moral weight, with 120 votes in favour signifying support for international law and proportionate use of force.
- India’s Principled Stand: India reiterated its support for a negotiated two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine issue and called for diplomacy and dialogue to resolve the conflict.
Conclusion
- India’s abstention in the recent UN General Assembly vote reflects its balanced and nuanced approach to international conflicts.
- While it has drawn criticism from some quarters, it underscores India’s commitment to principles of diplomacy and its focus on a negotiated resolution to complex global issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LNG imports by India
Mains level: Read the attached story
India-Qatar Diplomatic Spat
- The recent death sentences handed down to eight former Indian Navy personnel by a Qatari court pose a significant challenge to the traditionally amicable ties between New Delhi and Doha.
- In international relations, trade dynamics often play a pivotal role, and in the case of India and Qatar, the balance of trade is heavily skewed in Qatar’s favor, primarily due to imports.
LNG Dependency and Diplomacy
- Trade Imbalance: Qatar enjoys significant leverage in the bilateral relationship because the trade balance is weighted heavily in its favor, with imports from Qatar far exceeding India’s exports.
- LNG Dominance: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is at the heart of this trade relationship, accounting for nearly 50% of India’s imports by value from Qatar.
- Energy Security: India’s import dependency on natural gas is around 50%, and with a national drive to increase natural gas consumption, LNG imports are expected to grow, even with potential increases in domestic production.
Need for India’s Energy Transition
- Cleaner Alternative: Natural gas is viewed as a cleaner and more affordable alternative to conventional petroleum fuels, aligning with India’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
- Energy Security: Given India’s high import dependency on crude oil, natural gas is seen as a critical component of energy security.
- Ambitious Targets: India aims to raise the share of natural gas in its primary energy mix to 15% by 2030, a goal likely to drive increased LNG imports in the years ahead.
Sensitivity of the Present Situation
- Diplomatic Challenge: The case of the retired Navy personnel presents a sensitive challenge for Indian diplomacy, given India’s energy security concerns and ambitions.
- Trade Dependency: India’s energy security relies on Qatar, making diplomatic relations delicate.
Trade Figures
- Imports from Qatar: In FY2022-23, India’s total imports from Qatar were valued at $16.81 billion, with LNG accounting for $8.32 billion or 49.5%.
- Exports to Qatar: In contrast, India’s exports to Qatar in the same period amounted to only $1.97 billion.
- LNG Dependency: Of the 19.85 million tonnes of LNG imported by India in FY23, 10.74 million tonnes (54%) came from Qatar.
Global LNG Dynamics
- Seller’s Market: The global LNG market has become a seller’s market following geopolitical disruptions, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Term Contracts vs. Spot Purchases: Term contracts offer more stability compared to spot purchases, particularly during supply gluts or shortages.
- Qatar’s Position: Qatar, as the world’s largest LNG exporter, has gained significant leverage and stability in the LNG market.
- Long-Term Contracts: LNG importers worldwide, including India, are seeking long-term contracts with major suppliers like Qatar to secure stable supplies.
Future Prospects for India
- Long-Term Contracts: India is actively negotiating for long-term LNG contracts, and Petronet’s existing contract with Qatar is set to expire in 2028.
- Buyer’s Market: Industry experts predict that the global LNG market may become a buyer’s market in the coming years due to new LNG export projects. Qatar remains a key player in this scenario.
Conclusion
- Balancing India’s energy security needs with diplomatic challenges in the backdrop of trade dependency on Qatar, especially in LNG, is a complex task.
- India’s pursuit of long-term LNG contracts reflects its determination to secure stable energy supplies while navigating international relations sensitively.
- The evolving global LNG market dynamics will continue to influence India’s energy choices and diplomatic strategies.
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Central idea
The article discusses the recent approval of Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi and Kharif seasons in 2022-23 by the union cabinet. It explains the NBS regime, its objectives, and challenges, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to address economic, environmental, and distribution issues.
Understanding Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Regime:
- Subsidized Fertilizers: Farmers get fertilizers at lower rates based on nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, and Sulphur.
- Additional Subsidy: Fertilizers with extra nutrients like molybdenum and zinc receive added subsidies
Key Features of Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS):
- Targeted Subsidy: Fertilizers are subsidized based on the nutrients they contain, such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potash (K), and Sulphur (S).
- Additional Subsidy for Fortified Fertilizers: Fertilizers containing secondary and micronutrients, like molybdenum (Mo) and zinc, receive extra subsidies.
- Annual Determination of Rates: The government announces subsidy rates for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers annually, considering factors like international and domestic prices, exchange rates, and inventory levels.
- Promotion of Balanced Fertilization: NBS aims to achieve an optimal balance (N:P:K = 4:2:1) in fertilization, improving soil health and crop yields.
- Implementation Authority: Administered by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers since April 2010.
Rationale for Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS):
- Efficient Resource Allocation: NBS ensures subsidies are directed to farmers based on nutrient requirements, promoting judicious use of fertilizers.
- Optimal NPK Fertilization: By encouraging a balanced nutrient ratio (N:P:K = 4:2:1), NBS aims to enhance soil health, leading to increased crop yields and farmer income.
- Sustainable Agricultural Practices: The policy supports environmentally sustainable practices by preventing imbalanced fertilizer usage, reducing soil degradation, and minimizing nutrient runoff.
- Food Security: Subsidized P&K fertilizers availability during Kharif season supports agricultural productivity, contributing to food security in India.
- Long-Term Soil Health: NBS promotes a long-term approach to soil management, addressing nutrient deficiencies and ensuring the fertility of agricultural land.
Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Rates Approval:
- Rabi Season 2022-23: Subsidy rates given for essential nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, and Sulphur.
- Kharif Season 2023: Approval for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) Fertilizers.
Objective of NBS Policy:
- Balanced Fertilization: Aims for an optimal balance (N:P:K=4:2:1) to enhance soil health and crop yield.
- Increased Income: Boosts farmers’ income through improved productivity.
- Reducing Subsidy Burden: Expects rational fertilizer use to ease the subsidy burden on the government.
Significance of NBS Subsidy:
- Agricultural Support: Ensures affordable availability of DAP and other P&K fertilizers during Kharif for better agricultural productivity.
- Resource Allocation: Crucial for efficient allocation, directing subsidies where needed for sustainable agriculture.
Challenges with NBS Policy:
- Economic and Environmental Costs: High subsidy burden strains the economy, leading to imbalanced fertilizer use and environmental issues.
- Black Marketing and Diversion: Subsidized urea faces illegal sale and smuggling to non-agricultural users.
- Leakage and Misuse: Inefficient distribution can lead to fertilizer misuse or non-delivery to intended farmers.
- Regional Disparities: Uniform policy may not cater to diverse regional needs, impacting nutrient application and productivity.
Way Forward for NBS Policy:
- Uniform Policy: A necessary step for essential nutrients (N, P, K) with considerations for regional variations.
- Cash Subsidy Alternative: Long-term shift to a per-acre cash subsidy for flexible fertilizer purchase.
- Balancing Act: Striking a balance between price control, affordability, and sustainable nutrient management for NBS success.
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Central idea
Qatar’s unprecedented death sentences for eight retired Indian naval personnel on espionage charges pose a formidable diplomatic challenge for the government. Minister Jaishankar’s cautious response and public expectations add layers to this sensitive situation.
What Happened?
- Recently, Qatar handed death sentences to eight retired Indian naval personnel, a shocking move.
- Unlike previous cases involving murder or narcotics, these charges relate to espionage.
Minister Jaishankar’s Response and Diplomatic Sensitivity
- Assurances to Parliament: Minister Jaishankar assured Parliament that the matter is a priority, urging patience due to its sensitivity. The focus is on keeping the welfare of the eight individuals at the forefront.
- Media Statements and Caution: Media statements exercise caution due to the confidential nature of the case. Not commenting further is a diplomatic approach, respecting the sensitivity of ongoing proceedings.
Current Challenges:
- Diplomatic Problem: The government faces a tough situation with Qatar giving death sentences to eight retired Indian naval people.
- Public Worries: People, along with opposition parties, are worried about the safety of those convicted, putting pressure on the government to bring them back home.
- Sensitive Matter: The case involves spying charges against a group of retired defense officers, making it a delicate issue in the diplomatic world.
- Limited Information: Because the case details are confidential, the government can’t share much, leading to people guessing and worrying more.
Way Forward:
- Talking with Qatar: India should keep discussing with Qatar, telling them to be fair and just while following their laws.
- Helping with Consular Stuff: Making sure the convicted individuals can meet with Indian officials regularly and watching over their court case is really important.
- Telling People What’s Up: The government needs to tell people what it can, being honest but also keeping some things private.
- Getting Support: Asking other countries for support and help can make Qatar rethink its decision.
- Using Legal Moves: Trying legal ways, like making appeals and talking with Qatar, is crucial to get the naval people released.
- Calming People Down: Making sure veterans and the public know what’s happening and addressing their worries is super important.
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Central idea
The article highlights Arun Maira’s insights on the gender disparity in economic narratives, emphasizing the undervaluation of women’s contributions, the evolving challenges in global employment patterns, and the need for a more inclusive and care-focused approach to economic development, particularly in the context of India and the G-20’s call for a holistic vision beyond GDP
Challenges in How We See Money and Work:
- Not Enough Women Recognized: The Nobel Prize in Economics mostly goes to men, leaving out women’s important contributions. Only three women have won it so far.
- Forgetting the Value of Care: The work women do at home, taking care of family and community, isn’t seen as important for the economy. This is a big problem.
- Jobs Changing Globally: The way people work is changing worldwide. More jobs are now short-term or in the gig economy. This is a big challenge for India, which has a lot of young people.
- Not Paying Enough for Important Jobs: Jobs like taking care of families or working in health and education are crucial, but the people doing these jobs, mostly women, are not paid well.
India’s Economic Situation:
- Problems for Young People: In India, even though the economy is growing fast, it’s hard for young people to find good jobs with good pay and security.
- Need More Focus on Care: India ranks 132nd in human development, and we need to spend more on services that take care of people. But sadly, jobs like taking care of families or working in health and education are not paid much.
- G-20’s Call for a Different Way: Our Prime Minister has asked the G-20 for a new approach, one that looks beyond just making money. He says it’s time to think of the world as one family.
Checking How Well We’re Doing:
- Progress Slow for Big Global Goals: The G-20 says we’re not doing great halfway to our big global goals. Only 12% of the things we wanted to achieve are on track.
- Time for a Big Change: Arun Maira says we need to change how we solve problems. The usual way is not working, so we need to try something new.
Seeing Economics in a New Way:
- Thinking About Everyone: Maira says we need to change how we see our economy. It’s not just about making things and competing. It’s about taking care of people.
- Looking at What Women Do: Women, according to Maira, do a lot of important work that isn’t always noticed. Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom showed that when women are in charge, communities work well together.
What Needs to Change:
- Giving Women More Power: Maira says we need to let women shape how things work, not just follow what men have set up.
- Letting Local Communities Decide: Instead of having big experts decide everything, Maira says we should let local communities come up with their solutions. What works in one place might not work in another.
| Unique phrases from article for upsc mains exam value addition
“Tragedy of the Commons Revisited:”
Referring to Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom’s insights, this phrase underscores the importance of cooperative governance, particularly led by women, in managing local resources sustainably.
“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: One Family, One Earth, One Future:”
This phrase encapsulates the Indian Prime Minister’s call at the G-20, emphasizing a vision that transcends traditional economic metrics and advocates for a global community approach.
“Paradigm Change in Economics:”
Arun Maira advocates for a fundamental shift in economic thinking, moving away from traditional models dominated by men and towards a more inclusive, caring, and community-driven perspective.
“The Feminine Lens on Economics:”
This phrase highlights the article’s exploration of a feminine perspective in economics, drawing attention to the undervalued contributions of women and the need for a broader understanding of economic dynamics. |
Conclusion:
Changing how we think about our economy is not easy, but it’s important. Maira tells us that we should listen to regular people, especially women, and let them help make things better. This way, we can build a future where everyone is taken care of, and our world becomes one big family.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gestational Surrogacy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court of India has safeguarded a woman’s right to parenthood, particularly in cases of medical conditions, by suspending the enforcement of a law that jeopardized her aspiration to become a mother through surrogacy.
- This significant ruling provides protection and empowerment for women facing unique medical challenges on their journey to parenthood.
Case Details
- Medical Condition: The woman suffers from the rare Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. Medical records confirm her condition, which includes “absent ovaries and absent uterus,” rendering her unable to produce her own eggs.
- Hope through Gestational Surrogacy: She and her husband embarked on the path of gestational surrogacy using a donor’s eggs (a process where one person, who did not provide the egg used in conception, carries a fetus through pregnancy and gives birth to a baby for another person or couple.).
Threatening Amendment
- No donor gamete use: A government notification dated March 14 of the current year introduced an amendment to the law, prohibiting the use of donor gametes in surrogacy. It mandated that “intending couples” must employ their own gametes for the surrogacy process.
- A Violation of Parenthood Rights: This amendment was challenged in the Supreme Court, alleging a violation of a woman’s fundamental right to parenthood. The court found that the amendment contradicted the core provisions of the Surrogacy Act, both in form and substance.
Gametes Regulation and ART Act, 2021
- Gametes are reproductive cells. In animals, the male gametes are sperms and female gamete is the ovum or egg cells.
- On March 14, 2023, the Health Ministry published Rules that said:
- A couple undergoing surrogacy must have both gametes from the intending couple and donor gametes are not allowed;
- Single women (widow/divorcee) undergoing surrogacy must use self-eggs and donor sperms to avail surrogacy procedure.
- Section 2(h) of the Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Act, 2021 defines a “gamete donor” as a person who provides sperm or oocyte with the objective of enabling an infertile couple or woman to have a child.
|
Court’s Ruling: Allows Donor’s Gametes
- Prima Facie Contradiction: The SC Bench issued a decisive order, stating that the amendment obstructed the intending couple from achieving parenthood through surrogacy and was prima facie contrary to the Surrogacy Act’s intentions.
- Petitioner’s Argument: Senior advocate Sanjay Jain, representing the petitioner, argued that the amendment invalidated the possibility of gestational surrogacy, which the Surrogacy Act, 2021, recognized as a valid option for couples facing medical conditions.
- Rule 14(a) Clarification: Jain referred to Rule 14(a) of the Surrogacy Rules, emphasizing that it explicitly listed medical or congenital conditions, such as the absence of a uterus, as valid reasons for gestational surrogacy. The rule affirmed that the choice was solely the woman’s.
- Retrospective Implementation: The petitioner contended that the amendment could not be applied retrospectively to her case.
Court’s Ruling and Interpretation
- Woman-Centric Perspective: The court concurred with Mr. Jain’s argument that gestational surrogacy was “woman-centric.” It recognized that the decision to opt for surrogacy was driven by the woman’s inability to become a mother due to her medical or congenital condition.
- Validation of Rule 14(a): The court asserted that the amendment could not contradict Rule 14(a), which explicitly acknowledged medical conditions, including the absence of a uterus, as valid reasons necessitating gestational surrogacy.
- Genetic Relation Interpretation: Addressing the government’s contention that the surrogate child must be “genetically related” to the couple, the court clarified that this related to the husband when Rule 14(a) applied.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s decision in favour of ‘Mrs. ABC’ not only upholds her right to parenthood but also reinforces the significance of gestational surrogacy as a woman-centric solution for individuals facing challenging medical conditions on their path to becoming parents.
- This ruling sets a precedent for protecting the parenthood rights of women across India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Credit Information Companies (CICs), Credit Score
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- When you apply for a loan, your credit score becomes a crucial factor. It’s determined by your debt and your history of repayments.
- In a significant move, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued directives to credit information companies (CICs) regarding the transparency of accessing your Credit Information Report (CIR).
RBI’s Directive on CIR Access
- Notification to Customers: CICs are now mandated to notify customers via SMS or email when banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) access their Credit Information Report (CIR).
- Alerts on Default Information: Credit institutions, including banks and NBFCs, must also send SMS or email alerts to customers when they submit information to CICs regarding defaults or Days Past Due (DPD) on existing credit.
- Implementation Timeline: These new rules are set to take effect within six months.
Understanding Credit Information Companies (CICs)
- CIC Function: CICs maintain and analyze credit information of individuals and businesses, which is provided by banks and NBFCs.
- Credit Scores and Ranks: Based on this data, CICs calculate credit scores for individuals and credit ranks for companies to assess their creditworthiness and credit history.
- Impact on Loan Approval: A high credit score often leads to more favorable loan terms, while a low score, possibly due to previous loan defaults, can hinder loan or credit card approval.
Accessing Your Credit Score
- Payment Requirement: Typically, individuals can obtain their credit scores from CICs for a fee.
- RBI’s Directive: The RBI has now directed CICs to provide a “Free Full Credit Report (FFCR),” which includes the credit score, once every calendar year to individuals whose credit history is available with the CIC.
- Convenient Access: The link to access the FFCR must be prominently displayed on the CIC’s website for easy access.
Data Accuracy Concerns
- Correction of Data: If a customer believes that their credit information is incorrect, they can request a correction.
- Reason for Rejection: Banks and NBFCs are required to inform customers about the reasons for rejecting their data correction requests, facilitating a better understanding of the issues in the CIR.
CIC Accountability and Transparency
- Review of ‘Search & Match’ Logic: CICs must conduct a periodic review, at least semi-annually, of their ‘search & match’ logic algorithm used to generate borrowers’ CIRs.
- Root Cause Analysis: A “root cause analysis” of complaints should identify issues in the algorithm.
- Board Approval: Results and changes resulting from the analysis should be presented to the CIC’s Board of Directors for review.
- Timely Data Ingestion: CICs must ingest credit information data from banks and NBFCs within seven calendar days of receipt.
- Disclosure of Complaints: CICs are required to disclose details of complaints registered against them and credit institutions on their websites.
Conclusion
- RBI’s recent directives aim to enhance transparency, accountability, and consumer empowerment in the credit information ecosystem.
- Customers will receive alerts regarding access to their credit information, and CICs are encouraged to ensure data accuracy and promptly address customer concerns.
- These changes will likely improve the credit assessment process and provide individuals with better control over their financial data.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dark patterns advertising
Mains level: Consumerism Issues
Central Idea
- Due to complaints of deceptive practices by airlines and online travel agents, the Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation has urged IndiGo to fix its website, which a government official termed a Dark Pattern “cybercrime.”
“Dark Patterns” in Airline Practices
- Deceptive Techniques: Airlines and online portals have been accused of employing “dark patterns” in their user interfaces, which manipulate consumers into purchasing products they did not intend to buy.
- Consumer Affairs Secretary’s Stance: The Consumer Affairs Secretary, Rohit Kumar Singh, defines “dark patterns” as tactics nudging consumers into unintended purchases, constituting unfair trading practices and possibly cybercrimes.
- Pervasive Issue: Approximately 10,000 complaints related to these practices have been lodged with the Ministry via the National Consumers Helpline over the past eight to nine months.
Manipulating Seat Selection
- IndiGo’s Practice: IndiGo Airlines, for instance, employs a tactic known as “false urgency,” creating a sense of urgency by implying that consumers must pay an extra fee (₹99 to ₹1,500) for seat selection during booking, portraying all free seats as unavailable.
- Transparency Issue: Passengers are not adequately informed that they will be auto-assigned free seats if they choose not to pay the extra fee.
- Obfuscation: The “skip” option, although present, is inconspicuously located, demonstrating “interface interference.”
Additional Unfair Practices
- SpiceJet’s Pressure for Insurance: SpiceJet’s website pressures passengers to purchase travel insurance by using alarming phrases like “I will risk my trip” if they opt out, playing on passengers’ fears.
- “Basket Sneaking” by MakeMyTrip: MakeMyTrip adds a convenience fee when customers reach the payment gateway after booking, a practice known as “basket sneaking.”
Draft Guidelines and Regulatory Perspective
- Ministry of Consumer Affairs Guidelines: These dark patterns have been defined in the draft guidelines released by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs in September.
- DGCA’s Stance: The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) permits “unbundling” airfares but emphasizes that these services must be offered on an “opt-in” basis, with clear descriptions without ambiguity.
- Parliamentary Committee Report: A parliamentary committee report urges transparency in seat-wise airfares, fair pricing mechanisms to ensure reasonable profit margins, and effective grievance redressal mechanisms.
Conclusion
- The crackdown on deceptive airline practices by the Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation signifies a push for transparency and fairness in the airline industry.
- The rise of “dark patterns” and other misleading tactics in online booking processes has raised concerns about consumer exploitation and cybercrimes.
- As the government takes action to address these issues, passengers may expect a more equitable and transparent air travel experience in the future.
Tap to read more about:
India’s Draft Guidelines on Dark Patterns
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Caste Surveys
Mains level: Read the attached story
Debate: Caste-Based Surveys
- The recent nationwide discussions on caste-based surveys and reservations have ignited debates regarding reservation limits.
- While many call for a similar census across India, Tamil Nadu’s history offers insights into the complexities of caste-based reservations.
- Despite previous efforts, the implementation of OBC (Other Backward Class) reservations remains a challenge in the state.
Genesis of Ramachandran Commission
- Background: The First BC panel (1969-70), led by A.N. Sattanathan, suggested raising BC reservations, but the idea of a creamy layer hasn’t gained political backing.
- Current Backdrop: In 1980, following electoral setbacks, the government in Tamil Nadu, led by M.G. Ramachandran, increased BC (Backward Class) reservations from 31% to 50%, totalling 68% with SC & ST reservations (later 69% with ST exclusive reservation).
- Legal Challenge: The move faced legal challenges, prompting the state government to form a commission to review BC enumeration and classification.
- Commission Formation: The Second BC Commission, chaired by J.A. Ambasankar, was established in late 1982 and submitted its report in February 1985.
Key Highlights of the Commission’s Work
- Socio-Educational-cum-Economic Survey: The Commission conducted a comprehensive door-to-door enumeration of BCs in two stages during 1983-84. Unlike the previous panel, which relied on the 1921 Census, this survey was based on contemporary data.
- Caste Classification: The Commission identified 298 BC communities within main groups such as BCs, Most BCs, Denotified Communities (DNCs), SCs, STs, and others. BCs constituted 67.15% of the state’s population.
- Educational Survey: A sample survey of students in schools and colleges was conducted, along with an assessment of BC representation in public services.
Key Recommendations
- Reservation Quantum Debate: Disagreements arose between Chairman Ambasankar and other members regarding the reservation percentage. While Ambasankar proposed reducing it to 32% to stay within the 50% limit, dissenting members argued for at least 50% due to the BC population’s size.
- Reservation Coverage: Differences also emerged regarding the coverage of reservations. Ambasankar suggested separate lists of BCs for Article 15(4) and Article 16(4), while members favored a single list.
Government Response and Legal Safeguards
- No Change in Reservation Quantum: The government retained the 50% BC reservation and did not accept Ambasankar’s recommendation to reduce it.
- Ninth Schedule: To safeguard the 69% quota, Tamil Nadu enacted a law and placed it under the Ninth Schedule following the Supreme Court’s Mandal Commission case judgment in 1992.
- Subsequent Changes: Over the years, separate quotas for Muslims and Christians were introduced within the BC reservation, but some were later withdrawn or challenged.
- SC Verdict: In 2021, the Supreme Court struck down a law providing 10.5% reservation for Vanniyars within the MBC quota, citing non-contemporaneous data from the Ambasankar panel.
Conclusion
- Tamil Nadu’s experience with caste-based reservations underscores the intricate challenges involved. While the state has maintained a high reservation percentage, debates over quantum and coverage persist.
- The recent legal developments highlight the importance of contemporary data in determining and sustaining reservations, making it a complex and evolving issue.
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Central idea
Cotton farmers in North India are grappling with severe pink bollworm attacks, leading to a shift to alternative crops like paddy and horticulture due to consistent losses. The article highlights the declining cotton cultivation area and production in Punjab and Haryana, with farmers opting for crops with lower risks and costs.
Mains Relevance for UPSC:
- Illustrates the challenges faced by farmers and the agricultural sector.
- Discusses the need for government intervention in sustainable agriculture.
- Highlights the importance of technological advancements in addressing agricultural issues.
Key points discussed in this article
- Pink Bollworm Crisis: Unprecedented pink bollworm attacks devastate cotton crops in the northern cotton zone, leading to significant losses for farmers.
- Shift to Alternative Crops: Faced with continuous losses, farmers are abandoning cotton cultivation, opting for alternative crops like paddy and horticulture with lower risks and costs.
- Environmental Concerns: The shift to water-intensive crops raises environmental concerns, particularly in regions like Punjab and Haryana, highlighting the need for sustainable farming practices.
- Demand for Technological Solutions: Farmers demand improved seeds resistant to pink bollworm attacks, emphasizing the necessity for technological advancements in agriculture.
Concerns and Demands:
- Environmental Repercussions: Shifting to water-intensive crops like paddy poses environmental challenges, requiring a balance between short-term gains and long-term sustainability.
- Farmer Demands: Farmers are demanding improved seeds that are resistant to pink bollworm attacks, emphasizing the need for technological solutions.
- Lack of Initiatives: The absence of specific initiatives raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of agriculture in the region.
Critical Analysis of article for good marks in UPSC mains:
- Economic Considerations: While cotton has a higher MSP, the shift to paddy is driven by lower investment costs, reflecting the economic considerations influencing farmers’ choices.
- Environmental Trade-offs: The article implies a trade-off between immediate economic gains and the potential ecological consequences of shifting to water-intensive crops.
- Shifting Landscape: The agricultural landscape is undergoing a transformation, presenting both challenges and opportunities for the farming community.
Key Challenges:
- Pest-Induced Losses: Despite regular pink bollworm attacks, the severity this year is unprecedented, leading to substantial crop losses.
- Environmental Shift: Farmers are opting for water-intensive crops like paddy, raising concerns about increased groundwater exploitation and potential environmental repercussions.
- Regional Constraints: In regions like Rajasthan, where soil and water conditions are unsuitable for paddy, farmers feel compelled to stick with cotton farming despite challenges.
Way Forward:
- Sustainable Farming Practices: Encourage farmers to adopt sustainable practices that address environmental concerns associated with water-intensive crops.
- Government Intervention: The government should play a proactive role in providing advanced and resistant seed varieties to mitigate pest-related challenges.
- Awareness Programs: Conduct awareness programs to educate farmers about the benefits and challenges of diversifying into suitable alternative crops.
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Central idea
The article highlights India’s pivotal role in the G20 Summit, emphasizing its ability to broker consensus between the Global North and South for climate protection. Focused on the Arctic, it underscores the urgent need to address the region’s environmental challenges and advocates for India’s active involvement in reforming Arctic governance for long-term climate preservation.
Arctic issue
India’s Pivotal Role in the G20 Summit:
- Diplomatic Achievement: Hosting the G20 Summit showcases India’s diplomatic prowess, extracting consensus in a multipolar world.
- Counterbalance to Expansionism: India’s role is pivotal in balancing and deterring Chinese expansionism, positioning it as a mediator between the Global North and South.
- Climate Mediator: The nation’s diplomatic efforts extend to climate protection, reflecting its commitment to addressing global challenges.
Addressing Climate Protection:
- Arctic Focus: The article emphasizes India’s crucial link to climate protection, with a specific focus on the rapidly warming Arctic.
- Ecosystem Safeguarding: By brokering consensus at the G20 Summit, India plays a key role in safeguarding ecosystems, especially those vulnerable to climate change.
- Global Impact: India’s involvement highlights its commitment to protecting the environment and contributing to global climate efforts.
Urgent Need to Reform Arctic Governance:
- Challenges Posed by Russia: Russia’s commercial interests in the Arctic pose challenges to environmental preservation, necessitating urgent governance reforms.
- Suspension of the Arctic Council: The article underscores the impact of the Arctic Council’s suspension and highlights India’s potential role in its reinstatement.
- Proactive Indian Involvement: India’s active participation in the Arctic Council is seen as crucial for voicing concerns and advocating reforms.
Environmental Challenges and Potential of India:
- Bridging Historical Divides: India’s potential lies in its ability to bridge historical divides, fostering aligned positions among nations.
- Global South Leadership: India’s active involvement in the Arctic Council positions it as a leader in the Global South, advocating for environmental causes.
- Diplomatic Momentum: Leveraging diplomatic momentum, India can address challenges posed by geopolitical tensions and commercial interests.
Highly important key points from this article
- Arctic warming is four times faster than the global average, resulting in unprecedented sea ice loss and permafrost thawing.
- Continued Arctic change may release carbon, rivaling US cumulative emissions.
- Melting Arctic correlates with extreme rainfall in the Indian monsoon, affecting agriculture crucial to the Global South.
- The Arctic Council governing global commons is suspended due to geopolitical tensions.
- India, part of the Global South, holds observer status in the Arctic Council.
| Arctic Council from a prelims perspective:
Formation and Members: The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum established in 1996. It consists of eight Arctic States: the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland.
Observer Status: The Council allows for the participation of non-Arctic states, intergovernmental and interparliamentary organizations as observers. India has observer status in the Arctic Council, indicating its interest in Arctic affairs.
Focus Areas: The primary focus of the Arctic Council is on issues related to environmental protection, sustainable development, and scientific cooperation in the Arctic region. |
Way Forward and Global Leadership:
- Utilizing Diplomatic Momentum: The way forward involves using India’s diplomatic momentum to lead discussions on climate governance.
- Advocating Reforms: As India proposes a virtual G20 Summit, active advocacy for reforms in Arctic governance is crucial.
- Commitment to Leadership: India’s commitment to global leadership in climate protection aligns with its aspirations and responsibility for sustainable environmental stewardship.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the article highlights India’s dual role as a diplomatic consensus-builder and a champion for environmental causes. By navigating conflicts, proposing reforms, and actively participating in global initiatives, India can lead the charge in addressing urgent climate challenges, especially those posed by the warming Arctic. This approach aligns with India’s aspirations for global leadership and sustainable environmental stewardship.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Baba Farid
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Amidst the timeless and contentious history of Jerusalem, India’s enduring presence is manifested through the Indian Hospice—a two-story stone building nestled within the city’s ancient walls.
- The hospice, established in the 12th century, stands as a testament to the 800-year-old connection between India and Jerusalem.
Baba Farid’s Hospice
- Baba Farid’s Spiritual Sojourn: Legend has it that Baba Farid, a revered Sufi saint from Punjab, embarked on a 40-day meditation at this site. His spiritual journey left an indelible mark, inspiring Indian Muslims travelling to Mecca to visit Jerusalem for prayer.
- Transformation into a Shrine: Over time, the place evolved into a sacred shrine and a hospice, welcoming Indian travellers and pilgrims.
Who was Baba Farid?
- Early life: Baba Farid, born in 1173 CE near Shakarganj, near Multan (Pakistan), belonged to a family that had migrated from Kabul to Punjab.
- Sufi Connection: He followed the Chishti Order and was among the first Sufi saints to compose verses in Punjabi.
- Influence on Sikhism: Many of his verses are enshrined in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs.
Evolution of the Indian Hospice
- Baba Farid’s Lodging: Baba Farid found a humble abode within one of Jerusalem’s gates, known as Bab-az-Zahra among Muslims and Herod’s Gate among Christians. This lodging was situated within a khanqah—a structure for Sufi orders, functioning as both seminaries and hospices.
- A Continuously Cherished Connection: Despite changing rulers, including Christian crusaders, Mamluks, and Ottomans, the lodge maintained its association with India.
Hospice through the Ages
- Prominence during Ottoman Rule: The lodge remained prominent during Ottoman rule, predominantly under the leadership of sheikhs from South Asia.
- Shift during Ottoman Dissolution: As the Ottoman Empire began to dissolve in 1919, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin Al-Husayni, took charge, initiating extensive renovations. He sought support from Muslim patrons worldwide, including Indian princely states.
- Renovation by Khwaja Nazir Hasan Ansari: In 1921, Khwaja Nazir Hasan Ansari from Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, undertook the renovation of the lodge. It became a sanctuary for travellers and pilgrims from British India, even offering refuge to soldiers during World War II in 1939.
Indian Hospice’s Association with Independent India
- Post-Independence Recognition: After India gained independence, Nazir Ansari sought official recognition from the Indian embassy in Egypt, solidifying the lodge’s Indian identity.
- Resilience through Challenges: The hospice faced challenges, including rocket strikes in 1952 and the Six-Day War in 1967.
- Diverse Functions: Over time, the Indian Hospice expanded to host the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) and the Jerusalem Health Centre.
Diplomatic and Cultural Significance
- Meeting Place for Dignitaries: In 2000, the hospice hosted a meeting between former Indian Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh and Palestinian leader Faisal Husseini.
- Integral Diplomatic Destination: Every Indian diplomat or visiting dignitary includes a visit to the hospice.
- Sheikh Mohammad Munir Ansari: Sheikh Mohammad Munir Ansari, born in Jerusalem in 1928, administers the hospice and received the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman (Overseas Indian Award) from the Government of India in 2011.
Glimpse of India in Jerusalem
- Ownership and Accessibility: The property is under the ownership of Waqf Board of India, accessible solely to individuals of Indian citizenship or heritage.
- Facilities: The hospice offers guest rooms, a mosque, a library, a dining hall, and a kitchen, encouraging guests to manage their cooking and laundry.
- Ansari Family’s Dedication: The Ansari family diligently maintains the hospice, extending hospitality and preserving a piece of India in the heart of Jerusalem.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-Qatar Relations
Central Idea
- The recent verdict of the death penalty for eight Indian Navy officials in Qatar has sent shockwaves through diplomatic circles.
- The Indian MEA expressed deep shock and initiated a quest for legal remedies.
What is the case about?
- Arrest Details: The Indian Embassy learned about their arrests in mid-September the previous year.
- Consular Access: The first consular access was granted on October 3, more than a month after their detention.
- Solitary Confinement: While the specific charges were never disclosed publicly, the detainees’ confinement in solitary cells hinted at possible security-related offences.
India-Qatar Relations
- Historical Relations: India and Qatar have maintained friendly relations for decades. PM Manmohan Singh’s visit to Qatar in 2008 marked a significant turning point, followed by reciprocal visits from the Emir of Qatar and PM Narendra Modi.
- Economic Ties: The bilateral trade between India and Qatar, valued at $15 billion, primarily involves LNG and LPG exports from Qatar to India.
- Defence Cooperation: Defence cooperation is a key component of India-Qatar ties, with the India-Qatar Defence Cooperation Agreement serving as a pivotal milestone.
Challenges in the Relationship
- Religious Controversy: In June 2022, a controversy involving derogatory remarks about the Prophet on a TV show led to tension between India and Qatar. Qatar demanded a public apology, which India addressed by swiftly sacking the individual responsible.
- Recent shift-overs: The imprisonment of the eight ex-Navy personnel constitutes the second significant challenge. It took India by surprise in a country where a large Indian expatriate community resides, making India-Qatar relations a sensitive issue.
Why does Qatar matter to India?
- Expatriate Community: Indians constitute the largest expatriate community in Qatar, with approximately 800,000 individuals working and living there.
- Remittances: The flow of remittances from Qatar and the safety of Indian citizens make Qatar vital for India’s interests.
- Energy Security: Qatar is the largest supplier of LNG to India, making it critical for India’s energy security.
- GCC Membership: Qatar’s membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is strategically significant for India, especially concerning issues like Kashmir.
- UNSC Support: India’s bid for a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council requires support from countries like Qatar.
- Business Presence: Several Indian companies, including Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Wipro, MahindraTech, and Larsen & Toubro Limited, operate in Qatar.
- Stability in the Gulf: The stability of the Gulf region is of paramount importance to India’s energy and maritime security.
Conclusion
- The detention and sentencing of eight Indian nationals in Qatar have posed a complex diplomatic challenge for India.
- Against the backdrop of India-Qatar relations, this incident underscores the importance of navigating cultural sensitivities and geopolitical dynamics to secure the release of these individuals.
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