Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mylara Cult
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The recent discovery of two sculptures in the Basrur region near Kundapura, Udupi (Karnataka), has brought to light the existence of the ancient Mylara cult in the coastal area.
What is the news?
- A remarkable sculpture, discovered in a well at Basrur, showcases a royal hero seated on a horse, wielding a sword and a bowl in his right and left hands, respectively.
- Notably, this sculpture lacks the depiction of Mylaladevi on the horse’s back.
About Mylara Cult
- Mylara, a revered folk deity, is believed to be a divine incarnation of Lord Shiva.
- Known by various names such as Mailara, Khandoba, Khanderao, and Khandnatha, this deity holds a diverse range of titles that highlight its multifaceted nature.
- Its origins can be traced back to the 12th century Shaivite tradition, associated with the revered Lingayat saint and philosopher Siddharama, aka. Siddharameshwara or Siddhalinga.
- The influence of the Mylara cult spans across the southern regions of India, encompassing Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Historical Significance
- Basrur was a thriving trading hub during the Medieval period, bustling with trading guilds like Uhayadesi and Nanadesi.
- These guilds actively participated in trade, making Basrur a pivotal center for various cults and cultural exchange.
- The Mylara cult, known for its prominence in the Deccan region, flourished in Basrur as well.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat NCAP
Mains level: Vehicle safety in India
Central Idea
- India is set to launch its own Bharat New Car Assessment Programme (NCAP) for four-wheelers starting from 1 October, with the aim of making cars safer and improving consumer awareness.
What is Bharat NCAP?
- Definition: BNCAP is a safety assessment program for passenger vehicles weighing less than 3.5 tonnes and capable of seating up to eight people.
- Global Alignment: It brings India in line with other regions around the world, including the US, Europe, Japan, Australia, and Latin America, which have their own NCAPs.
- Goal: The program aims to promote transparency, create consumer awareness, and assist buyers in making informed decisions based on safety credentials.
Implementation Details
- Applicability: It will apply to type-approved motor vehicles of category M1 with a gross vehicle weight less than 3.5 tonnes, manufactured or imported in India.
- Category M1: Category M1 motor vehicles are designed for the carriage of passengers, comprising eight seats, in addition to the driver’s seat.
- Voluntary Nature: Bharat NCAP will be voluntary for car manufacturers. Cars will only be tested upon the request of the makers.
Crash Testing Methodology
- Types of Tests: The testing will include 3 types of crash tests: frontal, side, and pole-side impact tests.
- Speed and Scoring: Frontal tests will be conducted at 64 kmph, while side and pole-side tests will be conducted at 50 kmph and 29 kmph, respectively. Scoring will be based on adult safety for front passengers and child safety at the rear.
- Star Ratings: A car must score at least 27 out of 32 points for adult safety to achieve a 5-star rating, while a minimum score of 41 out of 49 points will earn a 5-star rating for child safety. Additional points will be awarded for restraint systems like ISOFIX anchorages.
Significance of Bharat NCAP
- Consumer Awareness: BNCAP ratings will provide consumers with an indication of the level of protection offered to occupants, covering areas such as adult occupant protection, child occupant protection, and safety assist technologies.
- Promoting Safer Cars: It will serve as a consumer-centric platform, allowing customers to choose safer cars based on their Star Ratings, and encouraging manufacturers to produce safer vehicles.
- Enhanced Safety and Export Potential: Bharat NCAP aims to ensure structural and passenger safety in cars while increasing the exportworthiness of Indian automobiles.
- Aatmanirbhar Initiative: It aligns with the goal of making the Indian automobile industry self-reliant.
Importance of Crash-Testing Vehicles in India
- Road Crash Burden: Despite having only 1% of the world’s vehicles, India accounts for 11% of global road crash fatalities.
- Existing Testing Standards: While India’s Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR) mandate safety and performance assessments, including basic conformity crash tests, they do not provide crash test ratings. This has led to international automakers selling vehicles in India with lower safety ratings to reduce costs.
- Changing Purchase Criteria: Safety is increasingly becoming a significant factor influencing car purchases in India.
Expected Performance of Indian Cars
- Progress in Crash Testing: Global NCAP has been crash-testing Indian cars since 2014, with notable progress in recent years.
- Star Ratings Achieved: Out of the 62 crash tests conducted so far, older cars scored poorly, with 20 cars receiving 0 stars. However, eight cars, all less than three years old, achieved 5-star ratings for adult safety.
- Easier and Cost-Effective Testing: With testing centers in Pune, Manesar, and Indore now equipped to conduct these tests, it will become easier and more cost-effective for manufacturers to have their cars tested in India.
- Leveraging Star Ratings: The implementation of Bharat NCAP is expected to encourage more car manufacturers to seek star ratings for their vehicles, leveraging these ratings to enhance their market position.
Conclusion
- Enhancing Safety Standards: Bharat NCAP aims to encourage more automakers to voluntarily undergo safety assessments and build vehicles that meet global standards.
- Congruence with Global NCAP: The government aims to align Bharat NCAP with Global NCAP standards, resembling the global gold standard.
- Boosting Export Potential: The implementation of Bharat NCAP is expected to enhance the export-worthiness of Indian automobiles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: landslides
Mains level: landslides, factors, impact and mitigation and preparedness
What’s the news?
- The recent tragic occurrences of landslides in Himachal Pradesh have thrust the Himalayan ecosystem into the spotlight, underscoring its fragility and the imperative to address the vulnerabilities it faces.
Central idea
- As the world’s youngest and most rugged mountain range, the Himalayas are a testament to the delicate balance between natural processes, environmental changes, and human activities. To comprehend and address the challenges posed by geohazards and foster sustainable development, a holistic approach backed by advanced technology and collective efforts is essential.
What are landslides?
- Landslides are geological events characterized by the sudden movement of rock, soil, and debris down slopes. They can range from small soil shifts to large-scale, destructive movements triggered by factors such as geological conditions, climatic events like heavy rainfall, and human activities like construction and deforestation.
- Landslides take various forms, including rockfalls, mudslides, debris flows, and avalanches, and they can have significant impacts on landscapes, infrastructure, and communities.
Factors behind the vulnerability of the Himalayan region to landslides
- Tectonic Activity: The ongoing collision of tectonic plates beneath the Himalayas results in geological instability, causing fractures and creating weak zones prone to landslides.
- Surface Processes: Erosion, weathering, and precipitation, including rain and snow, weaken the terrain. These processes, coupled with tectonic forces, make the ecosystem inherently fragile.
- Climate-Induced Events: Climate change leads to extreme events like heavy rainfall and snowfall. Such events, along with freezing and thawing cycles, saturate the soil and elevate the risk of landslides.
- Anthropogenic Stresses: Human activities such as deforestation, construction, and mining disrupt the natural equilibrium of slopes. Removing vegetation reduces soil stability and increases its susceptibility to landslides.
- Hydro-meteorological Factors: Slope gradient, elevation, rock strength, and soil type influence landslide susceptibility. Intense rainfall or rapid snowmelt saturates the ground, triggering landslides on weakened slopes.
- Riverine Flow and Deforestation: River erosion and slope cutting expose slopes to increased instability. Deforestation removes vegetation that holds soil in place, escalating the landslide risk.
- Geological Stresses: The convergence of tectonic plates triggers earthquakes, releasing subterranean stresses. This can lead to rock movement along slopes, exacerbating landslide potential.
- Challenges in Prediction: Complex terrain and varied meteorological conditions in the Himalayas make developing effective landslide prediction systems challenging. Monitoring rainfall thresholds and geological indicators is critical for accurate warnings.
Impacts of landslides
- Loss of Life and Infrastructure: Landslides pose a significant risk to human lives, often resulting in casualties and injuries. Buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure can be severely damaged or destroyed, leading to disruptions in communities and hindrances to daily life.
- Displacement and Evacuation: Landslides can force people to evacuate their homes and communities, often on short notice. This displacement can lead to temporary or long-term homelessness, with people seeking refuge in shelters or with relatives.
- Economic Consequences: The aftermath of landslides can result in substantial economic losses. Rebuilding damaged infrastructure, homes, and businesses, as well as restoring disrupted services, can place a strain on local economies.
- Environmental Degradation: Landslides can alter landscapes and natural habitats, leading to erosion, sedimentation of water bodies, and changes in water flow patterns. This can negatively impact ecosystems, aquatic life, and overall environmental health.
- Infrastructure Disruption: Roads, railways, and other transportation networks can be blocked or damaged by landslides, causing disruptions to travel and hindering the movement of goods and services.
- Water Quality Issues: The movement of debris and soil during landslides can introduce pollutants into water bodies, potentially affecting water quality and posing risks to human health.
- Long-Term Effects: Landslides can have lasting impacts on the affected areas. Changes in topography, water drainage patterns, and vegetation can persist for years, influencing local ecosystems and land use.
- Psychological and social impact: Beyond physical damage, landslides can have psychological effects on survivors, leading to trauma and anxiety. Communities may experience social challenges as they cope with the aftermath and work toward recovery.
The Imperative for a Unified Council of Himalayan States
- Diverse Geological and Climatic Factors: The Himalayan region spans diverse geological and climatic conditions, making it imperative to have a collaborative body that comprehensively understands and addresses the varied challenges each state faces.
- Interconnected Vulnerabilities: Landslides, flash floods, and other hazards often transcend state borders, affecting multiple regions simultaneously. A unified council can facilitate cross-border coordination in disaster management and response.
- Knowledge and Resource Sharing: Different states possess valuable insights and expertise in handling regional challenges. A unified council can facilitate the sharing of best practices, data, and resources, promoting more effective decision-making.
- Common Socioeconomic Issues: Many Himalayan states share socioeconomic concerns related to sustainable development, tourism, and livelihoods. A unified council can collectively address these issues, leveraging combined expertise for better outcomes.
- Environmental Protection: The fragile Himalayan ecosystem requires joint efforts to combat environmental degradation, deforestation, and unsustainable practices. A unified council can formulate and enforce policies for ecosystem conservation.
- Mitigation Strategies: Developing and implementing landslide mitigation and preparedness strategies demands a coordinated approach. A unified council can pool resources, knowledge, and technology to create effective solutions.
- Integrated Early Warning Systems: Establishing AI/ML-driven Early Warning Systems for landslides and other disasters requires data integration and real-time monitoring. A unified council can streamline these efforts for the entire region.
- Disaster Resilience: In the face of climate-induced events, disaster resilience is paramount. A unified council can ensure uniform standards for infrastructure development, emergency response, and community awareness.
Conclusion
- The recent landslides in Himachal Pradesh have thrust the Himalayan ecosystem into the limelight, underscoring its vulnerability and the pressing need for enhanced resilience. As we progress, the Himalayas stand as both a challenge and an opportunity, with their natural riches and scenic allure offering a canvas for harmonizing growth and preservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Multidimensional Poverty Report
Mains level: Poverty status, report, findings, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- The recent release of the NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional Poverty Report for the period 2019-21 marks a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of poverty alleviation.
Central idea
- The NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional Poverty Report’s unveiling of a noteworthy decline in the poverty headcount, from 24.85 percent in 2015-16 to 14.96 percent in 2019–2021, presents a promising trajectory of progress. These revelations, rooted in data sourced from standardized National Health Status Reports, underscore the government’s commitment to transparency and evidence-based policymaking.
Complexity of poverty management
- Challenging Task: Poverty management is more complex now compared to the era of global expansion (1980 to 2007).
- Economic Factors: Economies like India, characterized by large populations and lower middle-level per capita incomes, face difficulties in allocating resources to further reduce poverty ratios.
- Technological Advancements: Technological progress, automation, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and bionics add complexity to poverty management.
- Job Creation Risk: Technological advances can freeze the addition of productive global jobs, which in turn jeopardizes household incomes.
- Population Increase: India’s anticipated population rise of about 250 million by 2050 introduces additional complexity.
- Youth Demographic: While a youthful population could be beneficial, ensuring appropriate employment for this growing workforce remains uncertain.
- Future of Work: The impact of technological advances such as automation, AI, and bionics on job creation and household income stability is unclear.
- Need for Innovation: Overcoming the complexity of poverty management requires innovative strategies and adaptable approaches.
Significance of the Report
- In-Depth Analysis: The NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional Poverty Report provides a detailed analysis of poverty at the state level, offering insights into the status of poverty in different regions.
- Flexible Tool for Poverty Identification: The report introduces a flexible tool with 12 indicators to identify the poor and assess the intensity of deprivation. This approach offers a nuanced understanding of poverty beyond income-based measurements.
- Inclusivity: The methodology prioritizes inclusivity over rigid statistical precision. This acknowledges the practical necessity of balancing misidentification while ensuring poverty reduction.
- Contextual Barriers to Poverty Reduction: The Alkire-Foster methodology recognizes that barriers to ending poverty can vary across jurisdictions, enabling contextual priorities to be factored into poverty reduction efforts.
- The Changing Nature of Poverty: The report acknowledges that poverty’s face evolves over time and across states. This underscores the importance of flexible monitoring systems to map, assess, and address poverty.
- Policy Implications: The report’s findings have significant policy implications as they highlight disparities in education, health, and quality of life among the poor. This can guide targeted interventions and policy decisions.
- Methodological Comparison: The report introduces a methodological approach distinct from traditional methods, which can lead to more accurate and comprehensive poverty assessments.
Effectiveness of the Poverty Reduction Strategy
- Education and Health Impact: The poor constitute a significant portion of those requiring higher levels of assistance in education and health. They make up 62% of households not meeting schooling norms and 43% not receiving minimum health support.
- Quality of Life Disparities: The poor are particularly disadvantaged in terms of quality of life. Around 56% of poor households lack access to electricity, raising concerns about the effectiveness of ground-level electrification efforts. Additionally, 47% of poor households don’t possess assets like a telephone or TV.
- MDPI as a Tracking Tool: The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MDPI) serves as a valuable tool to assess the results of government programs aimed at poverty reduction. It offers a comprehensive framework to monitor and evaluate poverty initiatives.
Way forward
- Contextual Grassroot Initiatives: Given the complexity of poverty management, it’s a necessity to promote and implement context-specific initiatives at the grassroot level. These initiatives should address the unique challenges and needs of different regions.
- Adapt to Changing Dynamics: With the potential freezing of job creation due to technological advances, there’s a need to formulate strategies that adapt to the changing nature of work. This includes preparing the workforce for emerging job sectors and bolstering social safety nets.
- Employment Generation: Considering the projected population increase, efforts to generate meaningful employment opportunities must be a priority. Ensuring employment for the growing workforce is crucial for poverty reduction.
- Innovative Monitoring Systems: The changing face of poverty demands flexible monitoring systems that can accurately map, assess, and respond to evolving poverty patterns across states and over time.
- Inclusive Approaches: The inclusive nature of poverty reduction efforts, as demonstrated by the methodology in the report, should be maintained. Balancing misidentification while ensuring inclusivity is essential.
- Quality Education and Healthcare: Effective interventions should be designed to address gaps in education and healthcare for the poor. These areas play a significant role in breaking the cycle of poverty.
- Digital Inclusion: Disparities in access to electricity and digital connectivity need to be addressed. Expanding access to these services can improve the quality of life and open economic opportunities.
- Dignified Assistance: While providing merit goods for free is important, policymakers must ensure that such assistance doesn’t undermine the dignity of the poor. Balancing charity with preserving self-respect is crucial.
Conclusion
- The NITI Aayog’s report signifies a significant step toward comprehending and addressing multidimensional poverty in India. As India’s per capita incomes rise, the country must internalize the lesson that poverty’s face evolves asymmetrically across states. This realization underscores the need for adaptable monitoring and targeted strategies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CSR and ESG frameworks and other such initiatives
Mains level: CSR and ESG corporate governance and responsibility
What’s the news?
- The growing importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Environmental-Social-Governance (ESG) frameworks in the business world.
Central Idea
- In recent years, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from a mere obligation into a potent tool for companies to contribute to society and the environment. Concurrently, the ESG disclosures gained prominence as a means to showcase energy conservation efforts and align with global commitments to combat climate change.
What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?
- CSR refers to the practice of companies and businesses taking on initiatives and actions that contribute positively to society, the environment, and various social causes beyond their core profit-making activities.
- CSR has become a legal requirement for certain companies under the Companies Act of 2013 in India.
What is Environmental-Social-Governance (ESG)?
- The ESG framework assesses a company’s performance and impact in three key areas: environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and corporate governance.
- ESG goes beyond traditional financial metrics to measure a company’s efforts and policies related to issues such as energy conservation, carbon footprint reduction, diversity and inclusion, employee well-being, community engagement, ethical business practices, and more.
The significance of ESG
- Addressing Climate Change: ESG provides a structured approach for businesses to tackle environmental issues, particularly climate change. It helps companies mitigate risks, enhance sustainability, and contribute to global climate goals.
- Social Responsibility: ESG encompasses social aspects such as diversity, employee well-being, and community engagement. Prioritizing these areas fosters ethical practices and positive relationships with stakeholders.
- Strong Governance: The “G” in ESG underscores effective corporate governance, which promotes transparency, accountability, and ethical business conduct. This builds investor trust and long-term sustainability.
- Financial Performance: Companies emphasizing inclusion and diversity tend to achieve financial goals more consistently. Additionally, ESG integration enhances resilience during crises and supports innovation.
- Meeting Stakeholder Expectations: ESG aligns with consumer and investor preferences for environmentally and socially conscious practices. Companies embracing ESG attract responsible consumers and investors.
- Regulatory Compliance: ESG disclosure requirements are evolving, reflecting their increasing importance. Adhering to ESG standards positions companies to comply with changing regulations.
- Long-Term Value: ESG contributes to long-term value creation by managing risks, fostering stakeholder relationships, and positioning companies for sustainable growth.
The confluence of ESG and CSR and their advantages
- Enhanced Sustainability: By aligning sustainable business goals with the established CSR framework, companies can expedite the transition to environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices. This alignment ensures that sustainability becomes a central tenet of the company’s operations.
- Multi-Stakeholder Approach: Implementing both ESG and CSR requires the collaboration and shared vision of internal and external stakeholders. This approach fosters better communication, cooperation, and effective execution of CSR initiatives, which benefits the company’s overall impact.
- Boosted Brand Recognition: The combination of ESG and CSR efforts enhances a company’s brand image, portraying it as environmentally conscious, socially responsible, and committed to ethical practices. This positive perception resonates with customers and stakeholders alike.
- Risk Mitigation: Effective CSR practices coupled with ESG considerations help companies manage risks associated with environmental and social factors. This proactive approach minimizes potential negative impacts on the business’s reputation and bottom line.
- Supply Chain Optimization: The confluence of ESG and CSR prompts companies to rethink and optimize their supply chains, from procurement to production. This transformation encourages environmentally friendly practices and reduces the overall environmental footprint.
Case Studies: Embodied Synergy
- Global giants such as Google and the luxury brand Chanel exemplify the positive outcomes of blending CSR and ESG principles.
- Google’s substantial investment in an energy-efficient supply chain significantly boosted its brand while catalyzing its green transition.
- Similarly, Chanel’s partial stake acquisition in a natural fiber manufacturer demonstrates a commitment to sustainable supply chain practices.
- These examples illustrate the potential of combining CSR and ESG for transformative impact.
What are the concerns raised?
- Transition Costs: The transition from traditional to sustainable business practices can be accompanied by high costs. Integrating ESG principles and expanding CSR initiatives might require substantial investments in infrastructure, technology, and employee training, which could strain financial resources.
- Risks and Uncertainties: Certain environmental or social initiatives might not yield immediate returns or could face opposition from stakeholders.
- Smaller Businesses: The smaller businesses might find it challenging to prioritize ESG given their limited resources. Balancing ESG considerations alongside day-to-day operations could be more difficult for smaller enterprises compared to larger corporations.
- Legitimacy of Self-Regulation: CSR is legally mandated in India but is self-regulated and voluntary in some regions, like the EU, UK, and US. Some experts raise concerns about the legitimacy of private self-regulation compared to regulation imposed by legislative bodies.
Way forward
- Advocating Regulatory Mandates for ESG: Push for regulatory mandates for ESG similar to CSR to ensure a structured approach. Collaborate to define legal integration, especially for smaller businesses.
- Incentivizing ESG Investments: Reforms in economic policies and taxation can offer incentives like tax concessions, spurring ESG investments for sustainable practices.
- Comprehensive Policy Frameworks: Implement organization-wide policy frameworks, embedding sustainability into all decisions, ensuring accountability, and facilitating regulatory compliance.
- Holistic Integration: Infuse CSR across supply chains, led by transparent, larger corporations setting standards for others.
- Digital connectivity and financial inclusion: with a projected 40 percent of the population transitioning to urban life by 2030, the aspirations of rural regions are harmonizing with urban benchmarks. However, the translation of intentions into action necessitates addressing crucial imperatives such as digital connectivity and financial inclusion.
- Unified Approach: Blending CSR and ESG aligns business goals with sustainability, benefiting consumers, investors, employees, and society overall.
Conclusion
- The amalgamation of CSR and ESG provides a dynamic route towards sustainable growth. This synergy encapsulates responsible corporate citizenship and offers a transformative pathway to address challenges collectively. By harmonizing these two pillars, businesses contribute to a future where progress is intertwined with responsibility, promising a thriving world for all.
Also read:
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yasuni National Park
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Ecuadorians made a historic decision by rejecting oil drilling by a referendum in Yasuni National Park, a biodiverse Amazonian region.
About Yasuni National Park
- Yasuni National Park, declared a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1989, spans 1 million hectares and harbors exceptional biodiversity.
- It is part of the Amazon rainforest, which itself is a global hotspot for species diversity.
- It is situated in the northeastern part of Ecuador, within the Napo and Pastaza provinces.
- It covers an area of approximately 9,820 square km (3,791 square miles).
- The park is considered one of the most biologically diverse areas on Earth.
Unique features
- Biodiversity: It is estimated that Yasuni contains around 670 species of birds, over 150 species of amphibians, and numerous large mammals like jaguars, pumas, and tapirs.
- Indigenous Communities: Yasuni is home to several indigenous communities, including the Waorani and Kichwa peoples, who have lived in the area for generations and have a deep connection to the land.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: North Sea
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Recent endorsement by U.K. Prime Minister of plans for fresh fossil fuel drilling off Britain’s coast has sparked a debate among environmental experts.
- Amidst global concerns about climate change, the decision raises questions about the country’s commitment to sustainability and its impact on climate goals.
Evolution of North Sea Drilling
- Origins and Legislation: The North Sea drilling history dates back to the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, which set the stage for exploration in the region.
- Continental Shelf Act: The U.K. Parliament’s enactment of the Continental Shelf Act in 1964 established the country’s jurisdiction over oil and gas resources beneath its seabed.
Milestones and Concerns in Drilling
- Early Exploration and Challenges: British Petroleum (BP) was granted the first exploration license in 1964, leading to natural gas discovery the following year.
- Forties Field Discovery: BP’s breakthrough commercial oil discovery in the Forties Field in 1970 marked a significant milestone.
- Expanding Operations and Safety Revamp: The following years witnessed increased exploration activities and installation of oil platforms. The Piper Alpha disaster in 1988 prompted crucial safety reforms.
Rationale and Concerns
- Government’s Position: In an official statement, the government justified the move as a strategy to enhance Britain’s energy independence.
- Environmental Alarm: However, environmental experts express apprehension, especially given the global push towards averting irreversible climate change.
North Sea Transition Authority and Offshore Licensing
- NTSA’s Role: The North Sea Transition Authority (NTSA) is responsible for regulating the oil, gas, and carbon storage sectors.
- Offshore Licensing Round: The NTSA is currently conducting the 33rd offshore oil and gas licensing round, aiming to award more than 100 licenses.
- Timing and Awards: The first licenses are expected to be granted in the autumn, furthering the expansion of drilling operations.
Shaping Geopolitical Energy Dependence
- Energy Security Concerns: The Prime Minister emphasized the necessity of domestic oil and gas sources, even as the country aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
- Strategic Implications: The decision is portrayed as an effort to reduce reliance on oil and gas imports, which could originate from potentially unfavourable sources.
Ecological Concerns and Climate Impact
- Adverse Environmental Effects: Offshore drilling poses risks to workers, marine ecosystems, and climate health. It contributes to ocean warming, rising sea levels, and threatens marine biodiversity.
- Carbon Pollution Impact: Carbon pollution settling into oceans contributes to acidification, endangering coral reefs and shellfish.
Evaluating UK’s Climate Commitments
- Climate Change Committee Report: The Climate Change Committee (CCC) pointed out deficiencies in the U.K.’s preparations for climate change under the National Adaptation Programme.
- Adaptation Implementation: The CCC’s assessment highlighted a lack of substantial implementation of adaptation measures to address climate risks.
- Inconsistent with Paris Agreement: The Climate Action Tracker assesses the U.K.’s climate action as not fully aligned with the Paris Agreement.
- Long-Term Targets: The U.K.’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and long-term targets do not reflect a fair share of global efforts to mitigate climate change.
- Incompatibility with Limits: Licensing new oil and gas extraction plans contradicts the 1.5°C temperature rise limit set by the Paris Agreement.
Conclusion
- The UK’s endorsement of offshore drilling reflects a complex balancing act between energy security, economic considerations, and environmental stewardship.
- As the world grapples with the imperative of combating climate change, the decisions made today hold the potential to shape the course of a sustainable future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PLI Scheme
Mains level: Smartphone manufacturing ecosystem in India
Central Idea
- A recent dispute between former RBI governor Raghuram Rajan and Minister of State for Electronics Rajeev Chandrasekhar has brought to light differing opinions on the effectiveness of a Central government initiative aimed at bolstering electronics manufacturing in India.
- The disagreement centers around whether the scheme truly promotes self-sufficiency and robust manufacturing or merely generates low-level assembly jobs dependent on imports.
Critical Overview of the PLI Scheme
- Government Intentions: Around five years ago, India embarked on a mission to invigorate domestic manufacturing as a cornerstone of economic growth.
- Dual Strategy: The government employed a dual strategy of raising import duties (the ‘stick’) and providing incentives (the ‘carrot’) to stimulate manufacturing. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme emerged as a key component, offering financial support to companies engaged in production within India.
Triumphs and Concerns
- Focus on Smartphone Manufacturing: Among various sectors, smartphone manufacturing stood out as the frontrunner in embracing the PLI scheme.
- Impact of PLI on Smartphone Exports and Imports: The program yielded impressive results, witnessed by a surge in mobile phone exports from $300 million in FY2018 to a remarkable $11 billion in FY23. Furthermore, imports of mobile phones saw a decrease from $3.6 billion in FY2018 to $1.6 billion in FY23.
Delving into Critiques
- Rising Component Imports: A central point of contention involves the surge in imports of mobile phone components like display screens, batteries, cameras, and printed circuit boards between FY21 and FY23.
- Redefining Manufacturing: The critique challenges the conventional notion of localized manufacturing, asserting that manufacturers primarily assemble imported components.
Counterarguments
- Diverse Component Uses: The response counters the claim by asserting that imported components, such as screens and batteries, could serve multiple industries beyond mobile phones.
- Partial PLI Implementation: The response clarifies that only approximately 22% of mobile production in India is supported by the PLI scheme.
- Import Dependency Clarification: It is emphasized that not all imports are utilized for mobile phone production.
Central Disagreement
- Critical Viewpoint: One perspective underscores that even if a percentage of imports are used for production, India’s net exports remain in the red.
- Crux of Disagreement: The heart of the disagreement centres on whether the PLI program can generate sustainable job growth and elevate India’s manufacturing prowess to encompass value-added production.
Conclusion
- The spirited exchange encapsulates the intricacies of India’s electronics manufacturing scheme.
- While both sides present compelling viewpoints, a fundamental question persists: Can the PLI program truly foster enduring job opportunities and propel India towards becoming a hub of value-enriched manufacturing?
- As India charts its economic course, striking the right balance between incentivizing domestic production and investing in comprehensive socio-economic advancement remains a formidable challenge.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gene-Edited Mustard, Crispr, Cas9
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Among India’s domestically grown oilseeds, rapeseed-mustard stands out.
- However, its pungent oil and unpalatable meal have posed challenges for both consumers and livestock.
- Scientists have undertaken breeding efforts to create Canola-quality (white) mustard with reduced pungency and improved meal quality.
About Rapeseed-Mustard
- Rapeseed-Mustard: India’s significant oilseed is rapeseed-mustard, contributing significantly to vegetable oil production and meal availability.
- Pungency: Mustard seeds contain glucosinolates, compounds that give the oil and meal their pungent flavor and odor.
Quest for Canola-Quality Mustard
- Canola-Quality Pursuit: Scientists aimed to breed mustard lines with low glucosinolate content similar to Canola.
- Reducing Pungency: Efforts to create low-pungency oil and meal have faced challenges due to the necessity of glucosinolates in plant defense.
- Vulnerability to Pests and Diseases: Canola-quality mustard lines have not been cultivated extensively due to their susceptibility to pests and diseases.
Role of Gene Editing
- Innovative Research: Gene editing emerges as a solution to balance glucosinolate levels for improved quality and plant defence.
- CRISPR/Cas9 Approach: Researchers used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool to target and modify 10 out of 12 GTR genes in Indian mustard.
- Achieving Desired Changes: Editing GTR genes led to lower glucosinolate content in seeds while preserving higher levels in leaves and pod walls.
Benefits of GE Mustard
- Easy Synthesis: Glucosinolates are synthesized in mustard leaves and pod walls before translocation to seeds.
- Dual Benefit of Glucosinolates: The study revealed that edited mustard lines with low-seed glucosinolates exhibited improved defence against pests and diseases.
Distinction between GE and GM
- GE Mustard: The new mustard lines are genome-edited (GE), not genetically modified (GM).
- Transgene-Free Solution: Unlike GM crops with foreign genes, GE lines have no foreign DNA and no residual gene-editing tools.
Regulatory Considerations and Future Prospects
- Regulation Changes: India’s regulatory environment is shifting, exempting GE plants free of exogenous introduced DNA from stringent approval requirements.
- Potential Field Trials: Scientists are preparing for open field trials of GE mustard, with expectations to conduct them in the upcoming planting season.
- Importance of Self-Reliance: With massive edible oil imports, domestic oilseed production through breeding advancements like GE mustard becomes vital for self-reliance.
Economic Implications and Self-Sufficiency
- Importance of Oilseeds: India’s substantial edible oil imports highlight the need for boosting domestic oilseed production.
- Mustard’s Role: Mustard’s high oil content and protein-rich meal position it as a significant oilseed crop.
- Potential Benefits: Both GE mustard and GM hybrid mustard have the potential to reduce dependence on imported vegetable oils.
Conclusion
- The journey of rapeseed mustard from its pungent state to a potentially improved, self-sufficient crop demonstrates the power of innovative breeding techniques.
- The breakthrough in gene editing opens doors to balancing quality and plant defence.
Back2Basics: CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Tool
- CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary technology allowing precise genetic modifications by altering DNA sequences.
- It’s a cutting-edge tool in genetic manipulation, generating excitement in the scientific community.
How does it work?
- CRISPR-Cas9 employs two crucial components for DNA change:
-
- Cas9 enzyme: Functions as molecular scissors, cutting DNA strands at a specific location.
- Guide RNA (gRNA): Composed of a short, pre-designed RNA sequence within a longer scaffold. The scaffold guides Cas9 to the right genomic spot.
- Guide RNA complements a target DNA sequence. It binds only to the specific DNA region, avoiding unintended interactions.
- Cas9 follows guide RNA to the DNA sequence, creating a cut across both strands.
- Cell recognizes the DNA damage and initiates repair.
- Scientists harness repair processes to modify genes in a cell’s genome.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PFA, Forever Chemicals
Mains level: Residual chemicals and the pollution caused
A recent study published in Environment Science and Technology has found that rainwater from many places across the globe is contaminated with “per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,” (PFAs) also called “forever chemicals”.
What are PFAs?
- PFAs are man-made chemicals used to make non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, cosmetics, fire-fighting forms and many other products that resist grease, water and oil.
- They refer to a group of over 3,000 widely used human-made chemicals linked to cancer and other health risks.
- They have tendency to stick around in the atmosphere, rainwater and soil for long periods of time.
- PFAs can migrate to the soil, water and air during their production and use.
- Since most PFAs do not break down, they remain in the environment for long periods of time.
- Some of these PFAs can build up in people and animals if they are repeatedly exposed to the chemicals.
What harm do PFAs cause?
- A variety of health risks are attributed to PFA exposure, including decreased fertility, developmental effects in children, interference with body hormones, increased cholesterol levels and increased risk of some cancers.
- Recent research has also revealed that long-term low-level exposure to certain PFAs can make it difficult for humans to build antibodies after being vaccinated against various diseases.
How can these chemicals be removed from rainwater?
- There is no known method that can extract and remove PFAs from the atmosphere itself.
- There are many effective, albeit expensive, methods to remove them from rainwater that has been collected through various rainwater harvesting methods.
- One way to do this would be to use a filtration system with activated carbon.
- The activated carbon will need to be removed and replaced regularly.
- Also, the old contaminated material must be destroyed.
Remedial measures
- A cheaper method is under trial.
- The researchers first placed a PFA compound in a solvent called DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide).
- They then mixed it with sodium hydroxide (lye) in water.
- They found that when this mixture was heated up to boiling temperature, the PFA compound began to degrade.
- However, this method doesn’t work for all PFAs and only works for certain PFA subsets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heatwaves
Mains level: Heatwaves carry a dual impact: physical discomfort and psychological distress, coping strategies
What’s the news?
- As heatwaves grow fiercer and more frequent, their influence on mental health becomes undeniable, prompting experts to explore the intricate connections.
Central idea
- In recent times, the intensifying and prolonged heatwaves have gone beyond scorching temperatures and have started to scorch minds as well. The impact of soaring temperatures on mental health has gained newfound recognition, necessitating a deeper examination of the interplay between climate change and our psychological well-being.
What are Heat Waves?
- Heatwaves generally occur in India between March and June.
- IMD declares a heatwave event when the maximum daytime temperature for a location in the plains crosses 40 degrees Celsius.
- Over the hills, the threshold temperature is 30 degrees Celsius.
What is meant by Climate Distress?
- Climate Distress is a term coined to describe a range of emotions triggered by the environmental changes brought about by climate change.
- It encompasses feelings such as anxiety, terror, sadness, shame, and guilt, all of which stem from the recognition of the broader consequences of climate change
Frequency of Heatwaves in India
- Increase in frequency and intensity: India has been witnessing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves in recent years.
- For instance: In April and May 2022, around 350 million Indians were exposed to strong heat stress. On average, six heat wave events occur every year in the northern parts of the country.
- Rise in summer temperatures as well as winter temperatures: Summer temperatures have risen by an average of 0.5–0.9 °C across districts in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan between 1990 and 2019. In addition, around 54% of India’s districts have seen a similar rise in winter temperatures.
- Temperature rise projection: It is expected that between 2021 and 2050, the maximum temperature will rise by 2–3.5 °C in 100 districts and by 1.5–2°C in around 455 districts. Winter temperatures will also rise between 1°C and 1.5°C in around 485 districts.
Heatwaves: The Looming Threat
- Studies have uncovered alarming correlations between elevated temperatures and a rise in suicides, violent crimes, aggression, hospitalizations for mental disorders, and even mortality.
- Patients with conditions like schizophrenia, dementia, psychosis, and substance use disorders are particularly vulnerable.
- For every 1-degree Celsius increase, the risk of death among patients with such disorders rises by nearly 5%.
- A seminal study analyzed data from over 2 million individuals with private insurance, revealing a spike in emergency department visits for mental health issues during the hottest days of summer.
The Physical-Mental Connection
- Heat’s influence isn’t confined to discomfort; it sets off a cascade of physiological changes that translate into emotional and mental shifts.
- Increased heart rates due to heat can lead to heightened anxiety.
- The neurotransmitter serotonin, linked to mood regulation, anxiety, and depression, also affects temperature perception.
- Certain drugs can amplify heat’s impact on body temperature regulation, such as common medications for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder.
Heatwaves: The Potent Agents of Psychological Distress
- Rise in Suicides and Violent Crimes: Research has uncovered a striking connection between heatwaves and a surge in suicides, violent crimes, and aggression. Studies have reported a 0.7% increase in suicides linked to rising temperatures. Additionally, a 4% to 6% increase in interpersonal violence, including homicides, has been observed during heatwaves.
- Aggravation of Mental Illnesses: Conditions like anxiety, schizophrenia, and depression are exacerbated by heatwaves. Irritability, anger, and anxiety intensify, making symptom management challenging.
- Sleep Impact: Heatwaves disrupt sleep patterns, impacting mental health. Disturbed sleep leads to mood disorders, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.
- Vulnerable Groups: Older adults, adolescents, and those with preexisting mental issues are especially vulnerable. Physiological vulnerabilities worsen their mental distress during heatwaves.
- Physiological Stress Response: Heatwaves trigger increased heart rates, heightening anxiety levels. The physiological stress response amplifies emotional arousal.
- Medication Interaction: Mental health medications interacting with heat worsen physical and mental effects, exacerbating psychological distress.
- Routine Disruption and Isolation: Heatwaves disrupt routines and limit social interactions, fostering loneliness and frustration, amplifying psychological distress.
- Climate Change Impact: Heatwaves are part of climate change’s wider impact, contributing to environmental uncertainty. This awareness triggers anxiety, fear, and helplessness.
Coping Strategies
- Recognizing the Reality: Understanding that the threats posed by heatwaves and climate change are real is the first step. Acknowledging the potential impact on mental health helps individuals prepare and seek appropriate support.
- Traditional Coping Strategies: While traditional coping strategies like cognitive behavioral therapy and medications are valuable, the unique nature of climate distress requires acknowledging that the threat is tangible and not just a matter of perception.
- Advocating for Change: Channeling distress into advocacy can be empowering. Participating in climate initiatives and advocating for policies addressing the root causes of climate change can provide a sense of purpose.
- Fostering Resilience: Building resilience through mindfulness techniques and stress reduction practices can help individuals manage the anxiety and fear associated with climate distress.
Conclusion
- Heatwaves carry a dual impact: physical discomfort and psychological distress. Recognizing and addressing the mental health implications of climate change is an urgent endeavor. As our understanding evolves, it becomes imperative to support individuals and communities in navigating the profound mental effects of escalating temperatures.
Also read:
Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BRICS and other multilateral forums
Mains level: India’s multipolarity rhetoric and challenges
What’s the news?
- India’s pivotal role in the upcoming BRICS summit in South Africa from August 22 to 24 underscores its evolving diplomatic challenges and potential impact on global geopolitics.
Central idea
- The global geopolitical stage is once again witnessing the active participation of India. With the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) summit around the corner, India finds itself at a crucial juncture of international diplomacy. This summit not only tests the waters of Indian diplomacy but also holds clues to the trajectory of global geopolitics.
All you need to know about BRICS
- BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
- Jim O’Neill, a British economist, coined the term ‘BRIC’ to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. He made a case for BRIC on the basis of econometric analyses projecting that the four economies would individually and collectively occupy far greater economic space and become among the world’s largest economies.
- The importance of BRICS is self-evident: it represents 42% of the world’s population, 30% of the land area, 24% of global GDP, and 16% of international trade.
- The five BRICS countries are also members of the G-20.
Agenda of the BRICS
The regular annual summit and deliberation of BRICS has considerably widened over the years to encompass topical global issues such as:
- International terrorism
- Climate change
- Food and energy security
- International economic and financial situation
- Reform of the Bretton Woods Institutions
- Trade protectionism and the WTO
Significance of BRICS for India
- Economic Cooperation: BRICS countries together account for a substantial portion of the world’s population and GDP. For India, being part of this grouping allows for enhanced economic cooperation, trade, investment, and collaboration in various sectors, contributing to economic growth and development.
- Global Influence and Voice: BRICS provides India with a platform to engage on the global stage and express its views on important international issues. As a member of BRICS, India’s voice is amplified in discussions related to global economic governance, trade, climate change, and more.
- Geo-political: BRICS offers India the opportunity to diversify its economic and diplomatic engagements beyond traditional partners. It helps India strengthen ties with fellow emerging economies, reducing dependency on a few major economies.
- Strategic : The BRICS Summit provides India with a forum for engaging in strategic dialogues with like-minded countries on various geopolitical and security matters. This is particularly important given India’s strategic interests in its neighborhood and beyond.
- Trade and Investment Opportunities: BRICS countries offer substantial trade and investment opportunities for India. The collective market potential of these nations can help Indian businesses expand their global footprint and increase exports.
- Development Cooperation: BRICS member countries often cooperate in areas of mutual interest, such as development financing, infrastructure projects, and technology sharing. This cooperation can benefit India’s efforts to address its development challenges.
- Technology and Innovation Sharing: BRICS cooperation can facilitate the sharing of technology, innovation, and best practices among member countries, aiding India’s efforts to modernize its industries and infrastructure.
- Joint Efforts on Global Challenges: BRICS members often work together to address global challenges, such as climate change, sustainable development, and poverty alleviation. Collaborative efforts can amplify India’s contributions to these issues.
Achievements of BRICS
- Establishment of the New Development Bank (NDB): BRICS countries established the New Development Bank in 2014 to fund infrastructure and sustainable development projects in member countries and other emerging economies.
- Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): The CRA was established to provide member countries with financial support in times of crisis. It acts as a mechanism to address short-term liquidity pressures and enhance financial stability among BRICS nations.
- Economic Cooperation and Trade: BRICS countries have increased economic cooperation and trade among themselves.The BRICS Trade Fair promotes business-to-business interactions, showcasing products and services from member countries and facilitating trade deals.
- Joint Efforts on Global Challenges: BRICS members have collaborated on addressing global challenges such as climate change, sustainable development, and poverty alleviation. BRICS members issued a joint declaration at the 2018 summit in South Africa, emphasizing their commitment to the Paris Agreement and sustainable development.
- Academic and Cultural Exchanges: BRICS countries have promoted academic and cultural exchanges, fostering mutual understanding and collaboration among scholars, students, and cultural groups from member states.The BRICS Network University fosters collaboration among universities in member countries, promoting academic research and exchange programs.
- Strengthened Global South Voice: BRICS has become a platform for emerging economies to assert their interests and perspectives on global issues. It has strengthened the representation of the Global South in international discussions.
- Infrastructure Investment: The BRICS NDB has funded various infrastructure projects in member countries, contributing to development and job creation while addressing critical infrastructure gaps.The NDB approved a $1 billion loan to South Africa for renewable energy projects, supporting the country’s transition to cleaner energy sources.
The 15th BRICS Summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 22-24 August 2023.
The important highlights of the Summit are as follows:
- Theme: “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development and Inclusive Multilateralism”.
- Gifts from India: The PM of India gifted Bidri Surahi, Nagaland Shawl, and Gond Paintings to BRICS leaders.
- BRICS-Africa Outreach and BRICS Plus Dialogue: India participated in the BRICS-Africa Outreach and BRICS Plus Dialogue:
- Participation: The meeting included leaders from BRICS countries along with guest countries from Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- Invitation for International Initiatives: India extended invitations for countries to join international initiatives like the International Solar Alliance, One Sun One World One Grid, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, One Earth One Health, Big Cat Alliance, and Global Centre for Traditional Medicine.
Joint Statement: Leaders express support for India’s G20 Presidency.
- Support for G20 Presidencies: Backed Brazil and South Africa’s G20 Presidencies in 2024 and 2025, focusing on global South representation.
- Opposition to Unilateral Measures: Condemned unilateral coercive actions, advocated inclusive multilateralism, and upheld international law.
- Global Governance Enhancement: Aimed to improve global governance through agility, efficiency, representation, and democratic accountability.
- Human Rights Cooperation: Committed to cooperating on human rights under equality and mutual respect principles within BRICS and international platforms.
- Agriculture and Food Security: Strived for fair agricultural trade, ending hunger, sustainable agriculture, and resilient practices.
- UN Reform: Supported comprehensive UN reform, including the Security Council, for enhanced democracy, effectiveness, and developing country representation.
- Peaceful Conflict Resolution: Committed to peaceful dispute resolution through dialogue and inclusiveness while recognising women’s participation in peace processes.
More than 40 countries have expressed interest in joining BRICS, and 22 have formally asked to be admitted. Therefore, leaders of the BRICS in the 15th Summit have agreed on mechanisms for considering new members.
- First phase of expansion: The countries including Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE have received invitations to join BRICS. This new membership is set to take effect from January 1, 2024.
Reasons for the BRICS expansion:
- China’s strategic move for global influence.
- FOMO: Fear of missing out on a visible club.
- Limited options in other groups.
- Anti-western sentiment and Global South unity
Challenges faced by BRICS
- Divergent National Interests: BRICS members have diverse economic and political priorities, which can sometimes lead to conflicting interests. Example: China’s emphasis on export-led growth might conflict with India’s efforts to reduce its trade deficit with China, creating economic tensions within the group.
- Economic Inequalities: Challenge: Economic disparities among BRICS countries can hinder equitable distribution of benefits from cooperation. Example: South Africa, with a smaller economy compared to China and India, might find it challenging to compete for investment and trade opportunities within the group.
- Geopolitical Competition: Geopolitical rivalries and regional conflicts among BRICS members can strain cooperation. Example: China’s territorial disputes in the South China Sea have led to tensions with other BRICS countries like India, which has concerns over freedom of navigation.
- Differing Political Systems: BRICS countries have different political systems and levels of political freedom, impacting their approaches to governance and international relations. Example: Russia’s political landscape differs significantly from the democratic systems in Brazil, India, and South Africa, potentially affecting consensus on certain issues.
- Infrastructure and Connectivity Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure and connectivity gaps within BRICS countries can hinder trade and collaboration. Example: Insufficient transport and logistics infrastructure in some member countries can hinder smooth movement of goods and services.
- Institutional Limitations: The institutional structure of BRICS, including the New Development Bank, might face limitations in terms of resources, decision-making processes, and lending capacity. The NDB might struggle to finance large-scale projects without relying on external resources beyond the BRICS nations.
- Economic Volatility: Economic fluctuations and market vulnerabilities can impact the stability of BRICS economies. Example: The global economic recession triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic affected BRICS nations differently, leading to varying levels of economic contraction and recovery.
- Regional and Bilateral Disputes: Regional and bilateral disputes among BRICS members can strain the group’s unity and shared objectives. Example: The Doklam standoff between India and China in 2017 created tensions and highlighted potential areas of conflict within BRICS.
- Leadership Rotation and Priorities: Each BRICS member country holds the rotating presidency for a year, which can impact the continuity of the group’s priorities. Example: Each new presidency might emphasize different areas of cooperation based on its national interests and foreign policy goals.
Reforms needed in BRICS
- Inclusion of Civil Society and Private Sector: Involve civil society organizations and the private sector in discussions and initiatives to broaden perspectives and encourage innovation.
- Promotion of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Align BRICS activities more explicitly with the United Nations’ SDGs to foster sustainable and inclusive development across member countries.Launch joint projects on renewable energy deployment across member countries, addressing SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy).
- Humanitarian and Disaster Response Collaboration: Establish a BRICS Disaster Response Task Force to coordinate resources and expertise during natural disasters.
- Expanding Membership or Partnerships: Consider the possibility of expanding the membership or establishing strategic partnerships with other emerging economies that share similar interests and values.
- Promotion of Digital Connectivity: Foster digital connectivity and technological collaboration among BRICS members to capitalize on the benefits of the digital economy.
- Regular Assessment of Goals and Progress: Periodically evaluate the achievements, challenges, and relevance of BRICS objectives to ensure they remain aligned with member countries’ evolving interests.
- Climate Change and Environmental Cooperation: Establish a BRICS Environmental Fund to finance joint environmental protection and conservation projects.
Way Forward for India
- BRICS’ Role: BRICS can serve as an alternative platform to address global governance deficiencies, despite its imperfections. It could initiate discussions on more inclusive global governance.
- Navigating Complexity: India’s geopolitical choices are complex due to its affiliations in various forums. India’s participation in non-Western platforms reflects a response to historical inequities.
- Balancing Geopolitical Shifts: As competing blocs emerge, India must balance affiliations between a China-centric and a West-centric world order. Striking this balance is crucial to India’s global positioning.
- Managing China’s Rise: India needs to consider whether its actions inadvertently support China’s ascent. While India must moderate China’s influence, it should avoid alienating other global South nations.
- Safeguarding National Interests: India’s active participation in global forums must align with promoting equitable global governance while ensuring its national interests are safeguarded.
Conclusion
- Amid global uncertainties, India’s role in the BRICS summit gains prominence. Balancing between non-Western forums and Western ties, India aims for equitable global governance while managing China’s ascendancy. These decisions could mold India’s path and impact the evolving international landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ajnala Massacre
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A recent collaborative effort of professional geneticists has resulted in a scientific confirmation of the Ajnala massacre – an event lost to history for 165 years.
- This project, marked by emotional intensity and rigorous analysis, brought long-lost victims to light through molecular and isotope data.
Ajnala Massacre
- Buried Tragedy: 282 soldiers of the 26th Native Bengal Infantry Regiment met a brutal fate during the 1857 uprising, drowned in a well by the British East India Company.
- Discovery of Location: Cooper’s book provided clues that helped locate the 1857 Kallianwala Martyrs’ Well beneath the Gurdwara Singh Sabha in Ajnala.
- Chance Encounter: In 2003, historian Surinder Kochhar found a reference to ‘Ajnala’ in a discarded book titled “Crisis in Punjab” by Frederick Henry Cooper.
- Massacre Rediscovered: Kochhar’s research led to the revelation of the Ajnala Massacre, a grim incident hidden for over 157 years.
Excavation and Revelation
- Unveiling the Remains: The well was excavated in 2014, exposing the skeletal remains of the soldiers.
- Gruesome Discovery: During the 1857 Sepoy mutiny, many Indian soldiers revolted against the British. Around 500 revolted at Mian Mir Cantonment in Lahore.
- Evading execution: They swam across the Ravi River to reach the town of Ajnala, now in Amritsar district. Of them, 218 were killed by British soldiers at Dadian Sofian village near Ajnala.
- Dumped into a well: The remaining 282 were stuffed in a small room, where many died of asphyxiation. The rest were shot dead and their bodies were thrown into a well, which was later named “Kalianwala Khu” and “Shaheedan da Khu”.
Verification and Acknowledgment
- Scientific Verification: DNA-based evidence confirmed that the remains belonged to soldiers of the 26th Native Bengal Infantry regiment.
- Historical Importance: The Ajnala Massacre adds to the narrative of the 1857 Indian uprising against the British East India Company’s oppression.
Conclusion
- The Ajnala Massacre underscores the often-overlooked brutalities of the 1857 Indian uprising.
- The lack of acknowledgement and memorials can be attributed to the government’s hesitance to address uncomfortable aspects of history.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GIDH
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a significant stride towards global healthcare innovation, the World Health Organization (WHO) and India’s G20 presidency have jointly unveiled the ‘Global Initiative on Digital Health’ (GIDH).
- The announcement was made at the Health Minister’s Meeting during the G20 Summit, hosted by the Indian Government.
What is GIDH?
- WHO and G20 Partnership: The WHO and India’s G20 presidency collaboratively introduced the ‘Global Initiative on Digital Health’ (GIDH).
- Strategy Implementation: GIDH functions as a WHO-managed platform, supporting the implementation of the ‘Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025.’
- Transformation Acceleration: The WHO, as the strategy’s Secretariat, facilitates the global convergence of standards, best practices, and resources for expediting digital health system transformation.
Objectives of the GIDH Initiative
- Measurable Outcomes: GIDH aspires to unite nations and partners, aiming to achieve tangible results through concerted efforts.
- Prioritizing Investment Plans: The initiative seeks to establish focused investment plans for the transformation of digital health, driven by clear priorities.
- Enhancing Resource Transparency: GIDH works towards greater transparency in reporting digital health resources, ensuring effective resource allocation.
- Facilitating Global Collaboration: The initiative fosters the exchange of knowledge and collaboration among regions and countries to expedite progress.
- Comprehensive Governance: GIDH supports holistic government approaches to digital health governance within countries.
- Boosting Support: The initiative aims to enhance both technical and financial support for the implementation of the ‘Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025’ and its forthcoming phase.
India’s Role and Vision
- Digital Health Innovation: India’s G-20 Health Minister emphasized India’s role in digital health innovation at the G-20 Health Ministers’ Meeting.
- National Digital Health Architecture: India’s efforts for a comprehensive digital health ecosystem, exemplified by the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), were highlighted.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Piripkura Tribe
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Deep within the Amazon rainforest, the story of Tamandua Piripkura unfolds, embodying the struggle of Indigenous people.
- This man is one of the last three survivors of the Piripkura people.
Who are the Piripkura?
- The Piripkura tribe is a small and isolated indigenous group in Brazil.
- They are known for their extreme isolation and limited contact with the outside world.
- They have intentionally avoided contact with mainstream society and have maintained their traditional way of life for generations.
- The Piripkura territory is located in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Their land lies within the Amazon rainforest, an area that is rich in biodiversity and crucial for the ecological balance of the region.
Their dwindling population
- The Piripkura tribe is estimated to consist of only 3 individuals.
- Exact population figures are difficult to determine due to their isolation and the challenges associated with conducting a comprehensive census.
- They face numerous challenges to their survival, including threats from illegal logging, mining, and land encroachment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thoppikkallu
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recent archaeological excavations in Tirunaya near Nagaparamba (Kerala) have brought to light a collection of hemispherical laterite stones known as hat stones or Thoppikkallu in Malayalam.
Nagaparamba Megalithic Treasure
- Thoppikkallu: Hat stones, referred to as Thoppikkallu in Malayalam, served as lids for burial urns during the megalithic era, offering a unique glimpse into burial practices.
- Cultural Insights: The discoveries may provide valuable insights into the life and culture of the ancient inhabitants of the area, dating back more than 2,000 years.
Unraveling the Mystery of Megaliths
- Megalithic Structures: Megaliths were constructed as either burial sites or commemorative memorials, creating a distinctive landscape of archaeological significance.
- Burial Remains: Examples of burial megaliths include dolmenoid cists, cairn circles, and capstones, each with its unique design and purpose.
- Non-Sepulchral Megaliths: Non-burial megaliths, such as menhirs, hold a different purpose and significance.
- Historical Context: The majority of Indian megaliths are attributed to the Iron Age, spanning from 1500 BC to 500 BC.
- Regional Concentration: These intriguing structures are concentrated in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 370, K.N. Rajagopal v. M Karunanidhi Verdict (1971)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A landmark Supreme Court judgment from over four decades ago has become an obstacle to the Centre’s assertion that the “breakdown of constitutional machinery” in J&K.
- Over this, the centre had justified the events leading to the abrogation of Article 370 on 5 August 2019.
- This judgment poses a significant challenge to the narrative surrounding the abrogation.
Rajagopal versus M Karunanidhi Verdict (1971)
- Governor’s Role: The judgment underscores that the Governor, though appointed by the President, does not lead to a breakdown of constitutional machinery when a legislative Assembly is dissolved.
- Historical Precedent: The Constitution Bench judgment in K.N. Rajagopal versus M Karunanidhi, authored by Chief Justice S.M. Sikri in 1971, supports this view.
Essence of the Judgment
- Central Tenet: The judgment clarifies that when a Governor dissolves a State’s legislative Assembly and assumes its powers, the premise of “failure of constitutional machinery” under Article 356 becomes untenable.
- Absurdity of Claim: It is pointed out that it’s illogical for the President to assert a “breakdown of constitutional machinery” when the Governor, whom the President appointed, already holds control.
Application to J&K’s Scenario
- J&K’s Timeline: In Jammu and Kashmir, the Governor dissolved the State legislative assembly on November 21, 2018.
- President’s Rule: A proclamation of President’s rule was issued on December 19, 2018, followed by Parliament’s approval on January 3, 2019. Extension of President’s rule occurred on July 3, 2019.
- Abrogation of A370: The Centre, on August 5, 2019, introduced the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, changing the provisions of Article 370.
- Legislating the abrogation: The next day, Parliament abrogated Article 370, reorganizing the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Legal issues with Article 370 Abrogation
- Challenging Constitutionality: Litigants argues that beneath the perceived constitutionality, there lies evident illegality. Once the State Assembly was dissolved, there was no breakdown of machinery.
- Governor’s Powers: The Governor’s assumption of powers contradicts such a breakdown, making the President’s proclamation under Article 356 jurisdictionally flawed.
- Constitutional Entity: Referring to the S.R. Bommai case, it is highlighted that a State as a “constitutional entity” should outlast Article 356’s intervention.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: History of Kashmir's accession
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The intricate tale of Kashmir’s “special status” has been a source of enduring conflict and turmoil within India and its neighbouring Pakistan.
- Unravelling the events that led to rolling in of the UN in the Kashmir dispute, requires delving into verified historical facts.
Kashmir: Birth of a Princely State
- Origins: The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir emerged in 1846 when the British sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh, the Dogra jagirdar of Jammu, after the first Anglo-Sikh War.
- Hari Singh’s Heritage: Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler during India’s independence, was Gulab Singh’s descendant and envisioned an independent and neutral Kashmir.
Dilemma of Accession
- Independence Aspiration: Hari Singh aspired for Kashmir’s independence post-British rule, with a vision of a “Switzerland of the East.”
- Viceroy’s Visit: Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten suggested Hari Singh’s accession to either India or Pakistan, but the state wanted to remain independent.
- Gurdaspur’s Significance: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission’s decision on Gurdaspur was pivotal. The district’s inclusion in India secured a practical route for Kashmir’s potential accession.
The Turning Point
- Infiltration and Conflict: Infiltrators crossed over from Pakistan in October 1947, advancing swiftly. The identity of the infiltrators and their motivation remains disputed between India and Pakistan.
- Pakistani Motivation: Pakistan claims the raiders acted independently, avenging atrocities against Muslims in India, while India asserts their involvement was orchestrated.
- Jinnah’s Knowledge: Opinions diverge on whether Jinnah was informed about the infiltrators’ plan, with conflicting accounts of his awareness.
Imperative of Accession
- Hari Singh’s Request: Hari Singh requested military aid from India in response to the infiltrations, leading to India’s intervention.
- Instrument of Accession: VP Menon brought the Instrument of Accession from Hari Singh, formalizing the state’s accession to India.
Plebiscite and the UN Involvement
- Mountbatten’s Stance: Mountbatten’s recommendation to involve the UN stemmed from his pessimism about bilateral negotiations between India and Pakistan.
- UN Involvement: India took the Kashmir issue to the UN in 1948, seeking intervention to resolve the conflict. The framing of the issue as the “India-Pakistan question” was seen as a symbolic defeat for India.
- Stance of World Powers: US and UK’s inclination toward Pakistan, in part due to geopolitical considerations, influenced the UN’s approach to the issue.
Why did India go to the UN?
- International Attention: India sought global attention and legitimacy by involving the UN in the Kashmir conflict.
- Bilateral Stalemate: Unsuccessful bilateral negotiations pushed India to explore UN mediation.
- Mountbatten’s Advice: Lord Mountbatten’s pessimism about the India-Pakistan agreement led to UN recommendation.
- Symbolic Significance: Framing the issue at the UN highlighted its international nature.
- Legitimacy and Process: UN involvement provided a structured platform for presenting arguments.
- Conflict Avoidance: UN mediation aimed to prevent further conflict escalation in the region.
Post-UN Scenario
- Plebiscite Debate: India and Pakistan both agreed on the need for a plebiscite, but differing circumstances delayed its execution.
- India’s Hardened Stand: As Pakistan aligned with the US, Nehru’s stance against a plebiscite intensified, fearing bias due to Sheikh Abdullah’s inclination towards India.
- Integration with India: Jammu and Kashmir participated in India’s democratic processes, and Article 370, granting the region “special status,” was incorporated into the Indian Constitution.
Conclusion
- The complex history of Kashmir’s “special status” remains a subject of fervent debate, with deeply entrenched narratives on both sides.
- It is within this intricate framework that the ongoing discussions and negotiations surrounding Kashmir’s future continue to unfold.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Huricances, Tropical Cyclones
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Hurricane Hilary’s unexpected trajectory towards Southern California and Mexico has caught meteorologists and residents off guard.
- The only recorded instance of a tropical storm with hurricane-force winds hitting Southern California dates back to 1858, impacting San Diego.
What is a Hurricane?
- A hurricane, also known as a tropical cyclone or typhoon in different regions, is a powerful and intense tropical storm characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and low atmospheric pressure.
- Here are the key features and characteristics of a hurricane:
- Formation: Hurricanes typically form over warm ocean waters, where the sea surface temperature is at least 26.5 degrees Celsius (about 80 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher. Warm ocean water provides the energy needed to fuel the storm’s growth.
- Energy Source: Hurricanes derive their energy from the heat released when moist air rises and condenses into clouds and rain. This process, known as latent heat release, powers the storm and leads to the development of strong winds.
- Eye: At the center of a hurricane is a relatively calm and clear area known as the “eye.” The eye is surrounded by a circular band of intense thunderstorms called the “eyewall,” where the strongest winds and heaviest rainfall occur.
- Wind Speeds: Hurricanes are characterized by extremely strong winds that can reach speeds of over 74 miles per hour (119 kilometres per hour) for a storm to be classified as a hurricane. Major hurricanes can have wind speeds exceeding 111 miles per hour (179 kilometers per hour).
- Categories: Hurricanes are categorized based on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, which ranges from Category 1 (weakest) to Category 5 (strongest). Category 1 hurricanes have sustained winds of 74-95 mph, while Category 5 hurricanes have winds greater than 157 mph.
About Hurricane Hilary
- Unlike hurricane-prone states on the Gulf of Mexico, California and Mexico’s west coast lack experience in dealing with such events.
- Hurricane Hilary’s expected landfall in the Baja peninsula of Mexico poses risks of landslides, flooding, and extensive damage due to the region’s geographical features and population density.
Factors behind its intensification
- Ocean Temperature Factor: Hurricanes require ocean waters above 26 degrees Celsius to form. The west coast’s colder waters are less conducive to hurricane formation.
- Vertical Wind Shear: Strong upper-level winds can disrupt hurricanes’ structure and prevent their formation. West coast’s stronger wind shear reduces the likelihood of hurricanes.
- Trade Wind Influence: Trade winds, which steer hurricanes, play a pivotal role in directing them toward the east coast while diverting them away from the west coast.
- Westward Trajectory: Hurricanes originating in the eastern Pacific tend to move west-northwest, taking them away from the west coast and out to sea.
Climate Change induced factors
- Climate Change Impact: Climate change leads to more frequent and intense hurricanes. Rising ocean temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions contribute to increased hurricane intensity.
- Ocean Heat Absorption: Oceans have absorbed 90% of excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions, leading to higher sea surface temperatures and stronger hurricanes.
- Marine Heat Waves: Elevated sea surface temperatures result in marine heat waves, intensifying storm systems and amplifying their impact on land.
- El Nino’s Role: El Niño, an abnormal warming of equatorial Pacific Ocean waters, can weaken wind shear in the eastern Pacific, creating conditions conducive to hurricane formation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Gender stereotypical vocabs in Indian Legal System
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court of India has taken a significant step to challenge outdated ideas, especially those affecting women, by releasing a special guide.
- This guide introduces new words for lawyers and judges to use in court, aiming to fight harmful beliefs.
Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes
- The handbook provides a list of biased words and suggests better alternatives for legal documents.
- Its main aim is to provide legal experts with the means to “identify, understand, and challenge stereotypes about women.”
- It includes a list of terms that promote gender bias and offers alternative, fairer terms to be used in legal documents.
Objective and Scope of the Handbook
- Challenging Old Beliefs: The Supreme Court’s initiative aims to discard old-fashioned and harmful stereotypes, particularly those related to women, through the ‘Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes.’
- CJI’s Vision: The handbook is introduced by Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, who explains its purpose: to help legal professionals recognize and counter gender-based stereotypes.
- Language Transformation: The handbook includes a glossary of terms that contribute to gender bias and suggests better alternatives to be used in legal writings.
Why such a move?
[A] Language inflicting Stereotypes
- The handbook points out terms in legal language that promote gender bias and provides suggestions for change.
- Examples of Change: Instead of using “adulteress,” the handbook recommends using “Woman who has engaged in sexual relations outside of marriage” to avoid disrespectful language.
- Removing Biases: The handbook encourages using simple terms like “woman” and “wife” instead of prefixes like “chaste” or “obedient.”
- Using Neutral Language: Instead of negatively using “effeminate,” the handbook suggests using neutral terms like “confident” or “responsible.”
[B] Avoiding labelling
- Empowering Language: The handbook suggests using “survivor” or “victim” to describe individuals affected by sexual violence.
- Respecting Preferences: The choice between “survivor” and “victim” should be based on the individual’s preference.
[C] Conscious Reporting of Cases
- Separating Attire and Consent: The handbook emphasizes that a person’s clothing should never excuse unwanted touching; consent remains essential.
- Breaking Stereotypes: The handbook rejects the idea that delayed reporting of sexual assault means it didn’t happen.
- Encouraging Reporting: The handbook acknowledges the bravery required to report sexual offenses due to societal pressures.
Negative Effects of Gender Stereotypes
- Widespread Impact: Gender stereotypes lead to exclusion and prejudice in workplaces, schools, and public places.
- Education Example: The handbook illustrates how stereotypes affect students from marginalized communities, adding stress during exams.
- Government Data: Minister Subhas Sarkar’s data on dropout rates among marginalized students is shared as an example.
Legal reforms rebutting Gender Stereotypes
- Cases for Equality: The Supreme Court points out cases that reject stereotypes, like Joseph Shine vs. Union of India, which struck down the “adultery” law.
- Example Rulings: The court’s decisions in cases like the State of Jharkhand vs. Shailendra Kumar Rai and the State of Punjab vs. Gurmit Singh are explained.
Conclusion
- By offering alternatives to outdated and biased language, the handbook aims not only to reshape legal discussions but also societal viewpoints.
- Its potential impact is anticipated to extend beyond legal matters, influencing everyday perspectives and contributing to a more equitable society.
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