Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tropical Deep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Chinese scientists are constructing the world’s most extensive “ghost particle” detector, named the Tropical Deep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT) in the South China Sea.
About TRIDENT Telescope
- Scheduled for completion in 2030, TRIDENT, aptly nicknamed “Ocean Bell” or “Hai ling” in Chinese.
- It will be positioned 11,500 feet (3,500 meters) beneath the ocean’s surface in the Western Pacific.
- It seeks to explore the realm of neutrinos, transient particles that momentarily interact with the deep ocean, emitting faint flashes of light.
Project Timeline
- Pilot Phase (2026): TRIDENT will initiate a pilot project to fine-tune operations.
- Full Deployment (2030): The complete detector will be operational, embarking on a quest to expand the frontiers of neutrino astronomy.
Features of TRIDENT
- Optical Sensors and String Arrays: TRIDENT boasts over 24,000 optical sensors distributed across 1,211 strings, each extending 2,300 feet (700 meters) from the seabed. The detector’s arrangement follows a Penrose tiling pattern, covering a vast 4 km diameter.
- Expansive Coverage: Once operational, TRIDENT will surveil neutrinos within an impressive 7.5 cubic km. In contrast, the world’s largest current neutrino detector, IceCube in Antarctica, encompasses a mere 1 cubic km.
- Enhanced Sensitivity: TRIDENT’s extensive coverage significantly heightens its sensitivity, augmenting its prospects of detecting elusive neutrinos.
Back2Basics: Ghost Particles – Neutrinos
| Electric Charge |
Electrically neutral, carrying no charge. |
| Mass |
Tiny mass, much smaller than electrons. |
| Interactions |
Interact very weakly with matter. |
| Types |
3 known types:
- Electron,
- Muon, and
- Tau neutrinos
|
| Production Sources |
Neutrinos are produced in various astrophysical processes, nuclear reactions, and particle interactions. |
| Detection |
- Detecting neutrinos is challenging due to their weak interactions.
- Specialized detectors like neutrino observatories are used.
|
| Significance |
- Play a crucial role in astrophysics, contributing to our understanding of stars, supernovae, and cosmic rays.
- Neutrinos can change between different flavors, known as neutrino oscillation, which was a groundbreaking discovery.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: United Nations, League of Nations
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On this day in 1945, the United Nations (UN) was established amid a backdrop of global turmoil, emerging from the shadows of two devastating world wars.
- This article traces the birth of the UN, its historical evolution, and highlights both its notable achievements and challenges.
Birth of the UN
- Post-World War Turmoil: Following the devastation of both World War I and World War II, global powers were grappling with the need for a more effective international organization to prevent future conflicts.
- Predecessor: The League of Nations, established in 1919 after World War I, laid the foundation for the UN’s creation but faltered during World War II.
- The Atlantic Charter: In August 1941, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and UK PM Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, an affirmation that paved the way for the UN. It articulated shared principles for a better world.
- Birth of the Term ‘UN’: The term ‘UN’ was first coined by President Roosevelt in 1941 to identify the Allied nations against the axis powers.
- Declaration of the UN: On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 Allied nations gathered in Washington DC to sign the Declaration of the UN, outlining the war objectives of the Allied powers. India, under British colonial rule, was among these nations.
Inception and Charter
- Formation and Ratification: The UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, with ratification by 51 nations, including five permanent members (France, Republic of China, Soviet Union, UK, and US).
- General Assembly Inauguration: The first meeting of the General Assembly took place on January 10, 1946.
- UN’s Core Goals: The UN was founded on four key goals: maintaining international peace and security, fostering friendly relations among nations, promoting international cooperation in problem-solving, and coordinating global actions toward common objectives.
Evolution and Impact
- Membership Growth: Initially comprised of 51 member states, the UN’s membership expanded as independence movements and decolonization unfolded. Today, it boasts 193 member countries.
- Broadened Scope: Over 75 years, the UN has tackled numerous global issues, including health, environment, and women’s empowerment.
Achievements of the UN
- Peace and Security: Prevented conflicts, mediated peace agreements, and conducted peacekeeping missions in places like Bosnia and Kosovo.
- Humanitarian Aid: Provided vital aid through agencies like WFP and UNICEF, offering food, shelter, and healthcare during crises.
- Human Rights: Established the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and monitors violations globally through mechanisms like the Human Rights Council.
- Health: Led efforts against diseases like smallpox and HIV/AIDS through WHO, addressing current threats like COVID-19.
- Refugee Support: UNHCR aids refugees and internally displaced persons while advocating for their rights.
- Environmental Advocacy: Raised awareness about climate change, negotiated the Paris Agreement, and promotes sustainability via UNEP.
Failures and Criticisms of the UN
- Genocide Prevention: Failed to prevent genocides like Rwanda and Srebrenica despite early warnings.
- Peacekeeping Challenges: Faced issues like misconduct allegations and difficulties in halting violence in missions like South Sudan.
- Veto Powers: Criticized for Security Council veto powers that hinder action and maintain power imbalances.
- Enforcement Limits: Reliant on member states for enforcement, leading to limited action in cases of non-compliance, as seen in the Iraq War.
- Lack of Representation: Critiqued for underrepresenting Global South countries in key decision-making bodies.
- Neoliberal Influence: Accused of promoting neoliberal economic policies, which can exacerbate inequalities, through associated organizations like the World Bank and IMF.
Future Plan
- 2020 Declaration: In a high-level UN General Assembly meeting commemorating 75 years of the UN, a declaration was adopted outlining goals for the next decade. These include protecting the environment, promoting peace, gender equality, digital cooperation, and sustainable financing.
- Decade of Action: The next ten years, designated as the “decade of action and delivery for sustainable development,” are considered critical for addressing global challenges, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
- The UN, born out of the ashes of conflict, has played a significant role in shaping the world’s course over the past 75 years.
- Its journey has been marked by both notable achievements and formidable challenges.
- As it enters a new decade with a renewed commitment to global betterment, the UN continues to evolve as a pivotal force in promoting international cooperation and addressing humanity’s most pressing issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Art 142
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court has used its extraordinary constitutional power under Article 142 to do complete justice for a 50-year-old man who fought for nearly three decades against the postal department’s refusal to give him a job despite his name figuring high on the merit list.
What is Article 142?
Article 142 titled ‘Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.’ has two clauses:
[1] Article 142(1)
- The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it.
- Any decree so passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India.
- It may be in such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe.
[2] Article 142(2)
- The Supreme Court shall have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.
Important instances when Article 142 was invoked
- Bhopal Gas tragedy case: The SC awarded a compensation of $470 million to the victims and held that “prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot, ipso facto, act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142.”
- Babri Masjid demolition case: The Supreme Court ordered framing of a scheme by the Centre for formation of trust to construct Ram Mandir at the Masjid demolition site in Ayodhya.
- Liquor sale ban case: The Supreme Court banned liquor shops within a distance of 500 metres from National as well as State highways in order to prevent drunken driving.
- Ex-PM Assassin case: In the case of Perarivalan, the Supreme Court invoked Article 142(1) under which it was empowered to pass any order necessary to do complete justice in any matter pending before it.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Q.With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following?
(a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law.
(b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament.
(c) In the event of grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet.
(d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of Union Legislature.
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 142, Hindu Marriage Act
Mains level: Not Much
Central idea: Supreme Court has ruled that it can dissolve a marriage on the ground of irretrievable breakdown, using its power under Article 142(1), without referring the parties to family court for waiting period of 6-18 months for mutual consent divorce.
What is Article 142?
Article 142 titled ‘Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.’ has two clauses:
[1] Article 142(1)
- The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it.
- Any decree so passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India.
- It may be in such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe.
[2] Article 142(2)
- The Supreme Court shall have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.
History of Article 142
- When a draft Constitution was prepared by the drafting committee and placed before the Constituent Assembly, Article 142 was actually numbered as Article 118.
- It was placed before the Constituent Assembly on May 27, 1949 for debate but got adopted on the same day without any debate.
- This was possibly because everyone agreed that in order to ensure judicial independence, the highest court of the country must be empowered with plenary power to do complete justice.
Article 142 in Divorce Cases
(1) Current Divorce Process
- The Hindu Marriage Act allows for “divorce by mutual consent.”
- Both parties must file a petition to the district court, citing that they have been living separately for at least one year and mutually agree to dissolve the marriage.
- The parties must then move a second motion before the court, no earlier than six months after filing the first petition and no later than 18 months after the same date.
(2) Factors considered for irretrievable breakdown
The Court must be convinced that the marriage is “totally unworkable, emotionally dead, and beyond salvation.” The following factors can be considered:
- The period of time that the parties had cohabited after marriage
- When the parties had last cohabited
- Nature of allegations made by the parties against each other and their family members
- Orders passed in the legal proceedings from time to time
- Cumulative impact on the personal relationship
- Whether and how many attempts were made to settle the disputes by a court or through mediation, and when the last attempt was made.
- The period of separation should be sufficiently long, and anything above six years or more will be a relevant factor.
- It is necessary to evaluate the factors according to the economic and social status of the parties, including their educational qualifications, whether they have any children, their age, and whether the spouse and children are dependents.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Q.With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following?
- The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law.
- The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament.
- In the event of grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet.
- State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of Union Legislature.
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dam Safety Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India boasts nearly 6,000 large dams, but concerns loom over the safety of these structures, with approximately 80% of them being over 25 years old and posing safety risks.
- With numerous large dams and hydropower projects, the Himalayas play a crucial role in meeting India’s energy needs.
- However, the recent incident of a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in North Sikkim has raised alarm bells about the safety of these structures.
Hydropower boom in the Himalayas
- As of November 2022, the Himalayan states and Union territories, excluding West Bengal, had 81 large hydropower projects (above 25 MW) in operation, with 26 more under construction.
- An additional 320 large projects are in the planning stages, according to the Central Electricity Authority under the Union Ministry of Power.
Discussion: Dam Safety in the Himalayas
- Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: The Himalayas are highly susceptible to natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and GLOFs due to their complex geological and topographical features. These hazards can jeopardize the integrity of dams and reservoirs.
- High Population Density: The Himalayan region is densely populated, with communities residing downstream of dams and hydropower projects. A dam failure can have devastating consequences on human lives and property.
- Ecological Sensitivity: The Himalayas are an ecologically fragile region with unique biodiversity. A dam failure can lead to environmental disasters, impacting delicate ecosystems.
Repercussions
- Climate Change: The melting of glaciers due to global warming contributes to the formation of glacial lakes. As these lakes grow, the risk of GLOFs increases, putting downstream infrastructure at risk.
- Snowball Effects: Landslide dams can lead to impounding of lakes, landslide-induced floods, secondary landslides, channel avulsion, and the formation of flood terraces downstream, impacting communities and infrastructure.
- Delayed Impacts: Run-of-the-river projects, which often bypass large-scale displacement and forest diversion, have been promoted as environmentally friendly. However, their underground components can disturb geology and geohydrology, leading to indirect displacement and environmental impacts.
- Aging Infrastructure: Many dams and hydropower projects in the Himalayas are aging, with approximately 80% of them over 25 years old. Proper maintenance and monitoring are essential to ensure their safety.
Dam Safety Act, 2021 and its Provisions
- The DSA was introduced in response to dam failures caused by deficient surveillance and maintenance.
- It establishes key responsibilities and requires the formation of national and state-level bodies for its implementation.
- The Act outlines the following provisions:
- National Committee on Dam Safety: Responsible for overseeing dam safety policies and regulations.
- National Dam Safety Authority: Tasked with implementing and resolving state-level disputes.
- Chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC): Heads dam safety protocols at the national level.
- State Committee on Dam Safety (SCDS) and State Dam Safety Organisation (SDSO): To be established at the state level.
|
Challenges in DSA Implementation
- Inadequate Risk Assessment: Experts argue that the DSA does not encourage risk-based decision-making and lacks transparency incentives.
- Transparency Concerns: Dam safety should be a public function, with information readily accessible. However, transparency is impeded when government employees and project engineers dominate national and state bodies, potentially compromising objective decision-making.
Lessons Learned from Recent Incidents
- Comprehensive Risk Assessment: Dam safety protocols must include comprehensive risk assessments that consider factors such as climate change, geological stability, and the potential for GLOFs. Periodic reviews yield updated inundation maps and rule curves for reservoir capacity.
- Hazard Profiling Issues: Hazard risk is influenced by climate change, urbanization, and water usage patterns. Periodic reviews should yield updated inundation maps and rule curves for reservoir capacity. Unfortunately, these reviews are often overlooked or findings are not made publicly available.
- Standardized Safety Evaluation: The DSA mandates comprehensive dam safety evaluations but lacks standardization in how failures are analyzed and reported.
- Transparent Reporting: Transparency in dam safety is paramount. The DSA should be implemented rigorously, with an emphasis on transparent reporting of dam failures and safety assessments.
- Community Involvement: Local communities should be actively engaged in dam safety measures. They can provide valuable insights into the environmental and social impacts of such projects.
Way Forward
- Early Warning Systems: Establishing advanced early warning systems that can detect GLOFs and other potential hazards is crucial. These systems can save lives and minimize damage.
- Regular Maintenance: Aging infrastructure must undergo regular maintenance and upgrades to ensure their continued safety and functionality.
- International Collaboration: Given the transboundary nature of the Himalayan region, international collaboration on dam safety and disaster management is essential. Neighboring countries should work together to mitigate shared risks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Leniency Plus Norms
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has unveiled a draft of revised lesser penalty regulations, introducing a groundbreaking “Leniency Plus” Norms and shedding light on its strategy for combating cartels.
About Competition Commission of India (CCI)
- The CCI is the chief national competition regulator in India.
- It is a statutory body within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
- It is responsible for enforcing The Competition Act, 2002 in order to promote competition and prevent activities that have an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India.
|
Understanding “Leniency Plus”
- Existing Leniency Program: Under the current Competition Act 2002, a leniency program allows companies to receive partial immunity from penalties if they provide substantial information about their involvement in a cartel. This aids competition authorities in uncovering secret cartels and obtaining insider evidence.
- Additional Reduction in Penalty: In the “Leniency Plus” framework, a cartel member cooperating with CCI for leniency can disclose the existence of another unrelated cartel during the original leniency proceedings. In return, they receive an additional reduction in penalties.
- Incentivizing Disclosure: “Leniency Plus” serves as a proactive antitrust enforcement strategy, encouraging companies already under investigation for one cartel to report other undisclosed cartels, thus promoting transparency.
Legal foundation
- Legal basis: The “Leniency Plus” regime was incorporated into the Competition (Amendment) Act 2023, which received Presidential approval in April of the same year.
- Global Adoption: The concept of “Leniency Plus” is not new, as it is already recognized and practised in jurisdictions like the UK, US, Singapore, and Brazil.
- Encouraging Disclosure: One of the key aspects of these regulations is their encouragement for companies already under investigation for one cartel to report other undisclosed cartels to the competition regulator.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Symbols
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A recent Supreme Court decision declining a plea by a political party in Telangana, questioning the allocation of election symbols, has thrown the spotlight on the intriguing world of political symbols in India.
- This article delves into the process of symbol allocation and its role in shaping the country’s political landscape.
Symbols Allocation Authority: ECI
- The ECI is responsible for allocating symbols to political parties, following guidelines laid out in The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
- This order aims to regulate symbol specification, reservation, choice, and allotment during elections.
Types of Election Symbols
- Reserved and Free Symbols: Symbols can be either reserved, exclusively assigned to recognized political parties, or ‘free’ symbols that can be chosen by unrecognised registered parties’ candidates. Unrecognized parties are those that haven’t met the criteria for state party recognition.
- Exclusive Symbols: Recognized national and state parties are granted exclusive symbols, signifying their established status.
Symbol Selection by Parties
- Preference Lists: Unrecognized parties provide a list of ten preferred symbols from the free symbol pool.
- Proposal of New Symbols: Parties can propose up to three new symbols for consideration, provided they do not resemble reserved or free symbols, carry religious or communal connotations, or depict birds or animals.
- Common Symbol Assignment: The ECI may allot a proposed symbol as a common symbol for the party if it deems it suitable.
Historical Origins of Symbols
- Sketching Process: Symbols were initially sketched by MS Sethi, who retired from the ECI in 1992. These symbols were conceived through brainstorming sessions where the goal was to identify objects that the common man could relate to.
- Birth of Familiar Symbols: Many iconic symbols such as the bicycle, elephant, and broom originated from these sessions.
- Unconventional Entries: Some lesser-known symbols like a pair of glasses, a nail cutter, and a neck-tie were also suggested, reflecting the diversity of ideas.
- Modern Additions: Over time, new symbols like a bowl of noodles and a mobile charger have been included in the symbol list, reflecting contemporary times.
Political Parties’ Say
- Preference Submission: Unregistered parties submit their symbol preferences from the list of free symbols.
- Proposal of New Symbols: Parties can suggest up to three new symbols with clear designs and drawings.
- Criteria for Approval: Proposed symbols must not resemble existing reserved or free symbols, possess religious or communal connotations, or depict birds or animals.
Symbol Allocation in Split Parties
- Decision by ECI: When recognized political parties split, the ECI determines the symbol assignment. For example, the Congress party’s symbol evolved from a pair of bulls to the current hand symbol due to splits.
- Recent Example: The ECI assigned different symbols to factions of the Shiv Sena, allowing one faction to retain the bow and arrow symbol while allotting a flaming torch to the other.
Conclusion
- The allocation of election symbols in India is a meticulous process governed by the ECI’s guidelines.
- These symbols hold profound significance in political campaigns, representing parties’ identities and ideologies.
- Understanding the history and intricacies of symbol allocation provides valuable insights into India’s dynamic political landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forex Swap
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- As a $5 billion forex swap between the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and banks approaches maturity, it signifies the central bank’s strategic move to manage liquidity and mitigate inflationary pressures.
What is RBI’s Forex Swap?
- Forex Tool: The Dollar–Rupee Swap is a forex tool employed by the RBI to exchange its currency with banks for another currency.
- Buy/Sell Swap: It involves two variants: Dollar–Rupee Buy/Sell Swap, where the RBI buys dollars from banks in exchange for Indian Rupees, and then commits to selling the dollars back at a later date.
- Sell/Buy Swap: Conversely, the RBI may sell dollars, thereby withdrawing an equivalent sum in rupees, reducing liquidity in the financial system.
- Risk Mitigation: These swap operations are characterized by predetermined transaction terms, eliminating exchange rate and market risks.
The Strategy behind
- USD 5 Billion Swap: The RBI initiated a USD 5.135 billion swap with banks and aims to repurchase the dollars at the lowest possible premium after a two-year tenor.
- Lower Range Bids: Banks bidding at the lower end of the premium range are more likely to succeed in the auction.
Rationale for RBI’s Action
- Surplus Liquidity: The Indian financial system currently experiences surplus liquidity, amounting to Rs 7.5 lakh crore, necessitating measures to curb potential inflation.
- Traditional Tools: Traditional methods like increasing the repo rate or Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) can negatively impact the economy and may not lead to complete transmission of monetary policy.
- Previous Toolkit: The RBI used Variable Rate Reverse Repo Auction (VRRR) but encountered under-subscription due to better yields in the cash market.
- Longer-Term Strategy: As a result, the RBI opted for forex auctions as a longer-term liquidity adjustment tool.
Impact of the Swap
- Liquidity Reduction: The primary effect is the reduction of liquidity, which currently stands at an average of Rs 7.6 lakh crore.
- Strengthening Rupee: Increased dollar inflow will strengthen the Indian Rupee, which has already appreciated against the US dollar.
- Inflation Control: The RBI typically tightens liquidity when inflation risks are elevated. Factors contributing to inflation include rising oil prices due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and foreign portfolio investors withdrawing funds from Indian stocks.
Conclusion
- The RBI’s forex swap strategy emerges as a strategic tool to manage liquidity, stabilize the currency, and control inflationary pressures.
- By reducing system liquidity and strengthening the rupee, the central bank aims to navigate the challenges posed by global events and ensure economic stability in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Paris Pact for People and the Planet
Mains level: Paris Pact for People and the Planet, private-sector funding and India's Role in the Global Sustainable Financial Landscape
What’s the news?
- The Paris Pact for People and the Planet signifies a milestone in the global commitment to sustainable development.
Central idea
- June saw more than 100 countries converge in Paris with a shared vision: no nation should be torn between combating poverty and preserving the planet. This led to the establishment of the Paris Pact for People and the Planet, crafted with invaluable insights from India.
A Transformative Shift in Global Investments
- The debate around developed countries’ commitment to furnishing USD 100 billion a year for climate finance from 2020 to 2025 has been heated.
- The target is set to be achieved by 2023.
- France surpassed its share, contributing €7.6 billion in 2022 for climate financing.
- Since 2012, the French Development Agency has invested over €2 billion in India for sustainable ventures.
India’s Role in the Global Sustainable Financial Landscape
- Leadership in Global Forums: India co-chaired the summit for the Paris Pact for People and the Planet.
- Collaboration with France: India and France jointly act to bridge global financial divides.
- G20 Presidency: India led significant progress in sustainable finance discussions under its G20 Presidency.
- Regional Debt Management: India collaborated with the Paris Club for debt restructuring in Sri Lanka.
- Championing Cohesion: India, with France, emphasizes unity and cooperation in the global financial landscape.
Debt Challenges in Developing Nations
- Public Sector Limitations: Public sector financing is not enough to address global challenges.
- Regulatory Impacts: Post-2008 financial regulations may hinder the flow of OECD savings towards non-OECD countries.
- Green Finance Framework: Misunderstandings between developed and developing countries on aligning finance with the Paris Agreement’s objectives
- Debt Vulnerabilities: Many low- and middle-income countries are on unsustainable debt trajectories.
Proposed actions to unlock more private-sector funding
- Reviewing Global Climate Funds: Start an in-depth analysis of global vertical climate funds to make better use of resources and encourage greater cooperation among climate finance ecosystem stakeholders.
- Expanding the Green Finance Framework: Further develop the green finance framework to align the financial sector with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. This entails leveraging private finance to support low-carbon and resilient pathways worldwide, using mitigation costs as a guiding principle.
- Promoting Just Energy Transition Partnerships: Encourage country-led, multi-actor partnerships, such as the Just Energy Transition Partnerships already operational in countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, South Africa, and Senegal, to attract investments for phasing out coal from electricity production.
- Engaging Credit Rating Agencies: Include credit-rating agencies in the reform agenda of multilateral development banks (MDBs) to ensure that these institutions are not penalized due to reforms aimed at enhancing their effectiveness. Rating agencies should consider innovative blended finance schemes and data on defaults, revealing the resilience of projects with multilateral guarantees.
Conclusion
- The global community, with India at its helm, is making strides towards reshaping the financial landscape in favor of sustainable development. Harnessing both the public and private sectors, and with partnerships like the non-French collaboration, there’s hope for a balanced planet where poverty alleviation and environmental preservation coexist.
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What’s the news?
The Women’s Reservation Bill recently passed in Parliament after a 27-year journey, marking a crucial milestone for gender equality in politics.
Central idea
The Women’s Reservation Bill, recently approved by Parliament, signifies a pivotal step for women’s inclusion in politics after 27 years of deliberation. It addresses challenges of historical resistance and perceptions regarding equality while government initiatives like the 73rd Amendment and property rights extension aim to empower women at grassroots levels.
Theory of reflective autonomy given in the article states
- Definition: Reflective autonomy is the ability of women to critically examine and understand their values, beliefs, and choices in the realm of politics.
- Importance: This self-awareness empowers women to make political decisions based on their own understanding, free from external pressures or uninformed influences.
- Example: In the context of the Women’s Reservation Bill, reflective autonomy implies that women aspiring to be MPs should critically evaluate their motivations and political goals, ensuring they align with their personal values and aspirations.
- Commitment to Shared Values: Women’s commitment to shared values emphasizes a collective responsibility for gender equality, inclusivity, and the empowerment of women in the political landscape.
- Importance: This commitment provides a foundation for cooperation, fostering unity and aligning individual actions with the broader societal goal of women’s empowerment.
- Example: In the article, shared values could revolve around advocating for gender equality, creating an inclusive political space, and actively working towards the empowerment of women in India.
Three “E”s – Engagement, Emancipation, and Empathy:
- Engagement: Women aspiring to be MPs need to actively participate in addressing societal issues and engage in political processes to contribute meaningfully.
- Emancipation: Seeking freedom and empowerment for women, particularly those from marginalized groups, becomes a crucial goal in the pursuit of political leadership.
- Empathy: Understanding and sharing the feelings of fellow citizens, particularly those with diverse perspectives, is essential for creating a harmonious and inclusive political environment.
- Example: Women aspiring to be MPs in India should engage with local issues, actively contribute to the emancipation of marginalized women, and cultivate empathy for the diverse challenges faced by different segments of society. This approach ensures that their political journey is not only self-aware but also deeply rooted in shared values and a commitment to women’s empowerment.
Key Challenges:
- Historical Resistance: Women’s reservation faced prolonged resistance, evident in debates from Sarojini Naidu to contemporary concerns about power balance.
- Perception of Equality: Addressing skepticism regarding quotas and their alignment with the principle of equality.
- Masculinist Dominance: Overcoming the historical dominance of men in politics and shifting towards a more inclusive representation.
Government Schemes and Initiatives:
- Women’s Reservation Bill (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam): A landmark legislation passed in September, marking a historic commitment to women’s empowerment.
- 73rd and 74th Amendments: Empowering women at the grassroots level through panchayati raj institutions.
- Extension of Property Rights: Measures benefiting women in tribal communities and initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao.
Way Forward:
- Training and Education: Encouraging women to pursue higher education in relevant fields such as public policy, political science, and law.
- Mentorship Programs: Establishing mentorship initiatives with experienced women politicians guiding aspiring leaders.
- Local Engagement: Emphasizing the importance of engaging with local issues and providing solutions, fostering confidence and commitment.
Conclusion:
Advocating the theory of reflective autonomy, the focus should be on engagement, emancipation, and empathy. Women aspiring for political roles must actively participate in local problem-solving, gaining confidence, and nurturing empathy for societal harmony. The Women’s Reservation Act, a formal step towards equality, should translate into substantive equality through these concerted efforts.
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Central idea
The Supreme Court is exploring the Himalayan region’s carrying capacity to address environmental concerns. Critics advocate a broader, inclusive approach involving multiple institutes and citizen representation for a sustainable, people-centric strategy. The focus is on engaging local communities and assessing the social dimensions for lasting solutions.
Carrying Capacity Definition
Carrying capacity refers to the maximum sustainable population size an ecosystem can support without significant harm. It’s crucial for balancing human activities with environmental preservation.
- Biodiversity Hub: The Himalayas host diverse flora and fauna, making the region crucial for the conservation of numerous endemic and endangered species.
- Water Source for Asia: As the “Water Tower of Asia,” the Himalayas contribute to major river systems, providing water to millions downstream, emphasizing the importance of ecological health.
- Climate Regulation: The Himalayas play a pivotal role in global climate regulation, influencing weather patterns, monsoons, and serving as a natural buffer against the impacts of climate change.
- Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Beyond ecology, the Himalayas hold cultural and spiritual importance, and their ecological well-being is intertwined with the traditional practices and beliefs of local communities.
| Some interesting facts
The Himalayas harbor over 50% of the world’s plant species.
Himalayan glaciers supply water to major rivers, supporting nearly 1.5 billion people.
Snow leopards, a rare and endangered species, find refuge in the Himalayan mountain ranges.
The Himalayan region is a biodiversity hotspot with unique species like the Himalayan monal, a vibrantly colored pheasant. |
Key Challenges and Ineffective Past Initiatives:
- Despite previous efforts, progress on assessing and implementing carrying capacity plans has been minimal.
- Flawed recommendations from the Ministry, with the same individuals responsible for environmental damage now tasked with finding solutions.
- The suggested reliance on the G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment overlooks the significance of other relevant institutes in policymaking.
- A myopic emphasis on towns and cities, without considering the broader impact of infrastructure, like road networks creating spontaneous settlements.
Government Schemes and Initiatives:
- National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (2010).
- Indian Himalayas Climate Adaptation Programme.
- Secure Himalaya Project.
- Guidelines on ‘Carrying Capacity in the IHR’ circulated on January 30, 2020.
- Ministry’s reminder on May 19, 2023, urging States to submit carrying capacity action plans if not undertaken.
Way Forward:
- Holistic Regional Focus: Include under-explored areas like the Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh, where rapid tourism growth may impact the local ecosystem. Similarly, consider the less urbanized parts of Sikkim, such as Dzongu, facing challenges in waste management due to an increase in population.
- Emphasize Sustainable Population: Prioritize assessing the carrying capacity with a focus on “Sustainable Population.” For instance, examine the impact of population growth on water sources in regions like Lachen in Sikkim, known for its pristine lakes and rivers.
- Citizen Representation: Include citizens from diverse backgrounds, like the Gaddis in Himachal Pradesh or the Lepchas in Sikkim, ensuring that indigenous knowledge contributes to sustainable solutions.
- Biological Diversity: Evaluate the overall sustainable capacity by considering the rich biological diversity in areas like the Valley of Flowers National Park in Uttarakhand. Understand the delicate balance in ecosystems supporting various species.
- Water Management: Assess the sustainable capacity of water resources, acknowledging concerns raised by citizens in regions like Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Here, water plays a crucial role in agriculture, and any disruption affects the livelihoods of the Monpa community.
Conclusion:
The imperative for sustainable development in the Himalayan region requires a comprehensive assessment of carrying capacity. The Supreme Court’s intervention serves as a catalyst for a people-centric, inclusive, and holistic approach, emphasizing long-term environmental health and citizen involvement. With united efforts we will restore Himalayan glory again
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What’s the news?
The Supreme Court of India’s line, with respect to same sex persons, that there is no fundamental right to marry, is incorrect.
Central idea
The Supreme Court’s decision in Supriyo Chakraborty judgement is unfair as it denies same-sex couples the right to marry. This reinforces discrimination and stigma against LGBTQI communities. It’s crucial to correct this for equal rights.
Debate and controversy on Same-sex marriage
- Same-sex marriage is the legal recognition of a marriage between two individuals of the same sex.
- It grants same-sex couples the same legal and social recognition, rights, and privileges that are traditionally associated with marriage, including property rights, inheritance rights, and the ability to make decisions for each other in medical emergencies.
- The recognition of same-sex marriage varies around the world, with some countries legalizing it while others do not.
- The issue has been the subject of much debate and controversy, with arguments for and against same-sex marriage based on religious, cultural, social, and legal considerations.
- Same-sex marriage is currently not legally recognized in India.
- Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized homosexuality, was struck down by the Supreme Court of India in 2018, which was a landmark decision for LGBTQ+ rights in the country.
- However, there is still no law that allows same-sex couples to legally marry or have any legal recognition of their relationships.
Key Challenges and Legal Maze
- Background and Section 377: The legal journey began with the Delhi High Court’s 2009 decision in Naz Foundation, striking down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. However, the Supreme Court’s 2013 ruling in Suresh Kumar Koushal reinstated the criminalization of non-heterosexual relationships, only to be overturned in 2018 with Navtej Singh Johar.
- Stigmatization and Societal Perception: The LGBTQI communities faced severe challenges, including blackmail, torture, and violence, under the oppressive Section 377. The societal perception that a relationship less than marriage lacks legitimacy fueled strong demands for the right to marry.
- Global Legal Shifts: The Supreme Court’s reluctance to consider foreign jurisprudence contrasts with global trends. Many countries, including the United States, have evolved their legal frameworks by drawing on international experiences and human rights principles to recognize same-sex marriage.
Government Schemes and Initiatives
- NALSA and Transgender Rights: The NALSA judgment recognized the right of individuals to identify their gender, paving the way for the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act. While this Act addresses gender identity, the recent judgment on same-sex marriage presents a contradiction in the application of rights.
- International Commitments: India’s commitment to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) has been vital in shaping legislation. However, the recent verdict seemingly ignores India’s pledge to accord with international human rights standards.
| Highly important points for critical analysis in mains and essay
· Pioneering Activism: The fight against Section 377 and for LGBTQI rights in India has a long history. The Lawyers Collective, led by activists like Anand Grover, initiated legal challenges against Section 377 as early as 2001, setting the stage for future legal battles.
· Unique Transgender Recognition: While the recent judgment denies same-sex marriage, it recognizes the legality of marriages involving transgender individuals. This reveals an interesting legal nuance, emphasizing the evolving understanding of gender identity in Indian law.
· Symbolism of Marriage: The demand for the right to marry goes beyond legal recognition. It symbolizes the quest for social acceptance, legitimacy, and equal standing in society. The denial of this right perpetuates stigmatization and reinforces societal prejudices.
· Resilience of LGBTQI Community: Despite setbacks, the LGBTQI community has demonstrated remarkable resilience. The progression from challenging Section 377 to advocating for the right to marry showcases the community’s determination to overcome legal barriers and societal biases.
|
Way Forward
- Correcting the Legal Framework: There is an urgent need to revisit the foundational decision that there is no fundamental right to marry in India. Aligning the legal framework with the principles of equality and non-discrimination is paramount.
- Incorporating International Jurisprudence: While the Court has rejected the use of foreign jurisprudence, there is a compelling case to reconsider this stance. Introducing global perspectives, such as the doctrine of intimate association, can enhance inclusivity and align Indian legal principles with evolving global standards.
- Empowering LGBTQI Communities: Beyond legalities, empowering LGBTQI communities involves addressing societal perceptions. Recognition of same-sex marriage is crucial not only for legal rights but also for dismantling stigmas and prejudices.
Conclusion
The LGBTQI community’s call for equality in marriage is not just a legal battle but a societal transformation. A correction of the recent judgment is a step towards ensuring that no citizen is deemed “not fit for marriage” based on their sexual orientation.
The journey involves falls and rises. Learning from past victories, the LGBTQI community must persist in the fight for equal rights, ensuring that the wrongs are corrected, and the path to equality is firmly established.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Edakkal Caves
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Kerala Tourism has launched a project to improve civic amenities around the Edakkal Caves in Wayanad, known for its rock art from prehistoric times.
About Edakkal Caves
- The Edakkal Caves are situated in the Wayanad district of Kerala on Ambukutty Mala, a prominent hill in the region
- It is not a typical cave but rather a natural cleft, rift, or rock shelter created by a piece of rock splitting away from the main body.
- It was discovered in 1890 by Fred Fawcett, a British police official.
- The caves are also known as “Ampukuthy Mala,” with a local belief that they were created by Rama’s sons, Lava and Kusha, who struck arrows on the mountain.
Significance of the caves
- Historical Significance: The caves are historically significant as they are situated near an ancient trade route connecting the high mountains of Mysore to the ports of the Malabar Coast.
- Pictorial Writings: Inside the Edakkal Caves, there are pictorial writings believed to date back to at least 6,000 BCE during the Neolithic period.
- Unique Stone Age Carvings: The Stone Age carvings are rare and represent the only known examples from South India, which belong to the Mesolithic era.
- Cultural Significance: The petroglyphs found include depictions of human and animal figures, tools used by humans, and enigmatic symbols yet to be deciphered, indicating a rich cultural and historical heritage.
- Indus Valley Connect: Some of the paintings found in the Edakkal Caves, particularly those of a “man with jar cup,” have led to speculation about a possible connection to the Indus Valley civilization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Visa Shopping
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The practice of ‘visa shopping’ is on the rise across various Indian states, most notably in Punjab, where travel agencies facilitate this process.
Understanding Visa Shopping
- Definition: ‘Visa shopping’ entails obtaining visas for countries one may or may not intend to visit during the visa’s validity period.
- Purpose: Individuals opt for this practice to secure access to their preferred countries, especially in Europe, even if they possess visas for other European nations.
- Planning for the Future: Some acquire visas for countries they do not plan to visit immediately, strategically increasing their chances of obtaining visas for their desired destinations later, given the lengthy and uncertain visa application processes.
Exploiting the Schengen System
- Schengen Visa: This visa exemplifies ‘visa shopping’ as it offers a unique opportunity to explore multiple European countries without the need for separate visas.
- Schengen Agreement: Established in 1985, the Schengen system allows free movement between member countries, comprising over 24 nations, sans border controls.
- Single Visa, Multiple Countries: Obtaining a Schengen Visa from one of its member countries, such as Germany, France, or Italy, grants entry into the entire Schengen region.
Case Scenarios
- Easier Application Process: Many applicants prefer to secure a Schengen Visa from a country with a more straightforward application process.
- Success Stories: Instances include individuals who, after facing rejection for a Spanish or German visa, obtained visas for other Schengen nations, enabling them to reach their intended destinations.
Visa Shopping and Legal Issues
- Compliance with Norms: The practice is legal as long as travellers adhere to visa process norms and obtain legitimate permission to stay in the country.
- Intent Matters: Legal complications arise when individuals seek visas for one country but actually intend to stay in another or use it merely as an entry point.
- Estonian Embassy’s Caution: The Embassy of Estonia in New Delhi cautioned against visa shopping, emphasizing that travellers must apply for a visa from the country where they plan the maximum stay.
Consequences of Suspected Visa Shopping
- Thorough Scrutiny: Embassies now conduct comprehensive checks of travel plans to detect visa shopping.
- Potential Consequences: Suspected individuals may face visa refusal, being offloaded from flights, or deportation from EU borders.
- Official Suspicion: Repeated engagement in visa shopping can arouse suspicion among immigration officials, leading to potential problems during travel.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bidenomics
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The year 2024 is poised to be a momentous one for the global economy, marked by significant elections in some of the world’s largest economies, including India, Russia, the UK, the EU, and the US.
- “Bidenomics” is the nickname for the economic vision of President Joe Biden. It’s used to convey his administration’s economic gains, policies and plans.
Bidenomics and its Relevance
- Policy Shifts: The potential election outcome in the US could have far-reaching consequences, especially concerning ‘Bidenomics’—President Biden’s distinctive economic policy approach.
- Radical Departures: Trump’s policies diverged significantly from established US and global norms, with actions like withdrawing from the Paris Climate Agreement and adopting protectionist trade policies against nations like China.
- Bidenomics: President Biden introduced a policy shift aimed at reversing decades of economic trends, emphasizing income equality and reducing the influence of big corporations.
- 3 major aspects of Bidenomics:
- Public Investments: Focus on smart investments in infrastructure and clean energy.
- Empowering Workers: Prioritizing workers’ rights and education to strengthen the middle class.
- Promoting Competition: Encouraging competition to reduce costs and foster small business growth.
Performance of Bidenomics
- Macro Indicators: On a macroeconomic level, Bidenomics has shown positive results, as indicated by GDP growth, unemployment rates, and inflation trends.
- GDP Growth: The US has outperformed major developed nations in terms of GDP growth, with a rapid post-pandemic recovery.
- Unemployment: Unemployment rates have decreased significantly under Biden’s leadership, with job creation outpacing the number of job seekers.
- Inflation: However, inflation spiked due to external factors but has since moderated.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bats and their ecological significance
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Bats, by many measures, are truly remarkable organisms.
- Their lives are notably extended, and they enjoy a unique defense against a range of diseases, including cancer.
Bats in Numbers
- Significant Population: Bats constitute a substantial part of the mammal world, making up 20% of all mammal species globally. The planet is home to over 1,400 bat species, each exhibiting its own unique characteristics.
- Diverse Characteristics: Bats exhibit a wide range of sizes, from the tiny 2-gram bumblebee bat to the formidable flying foxes, boasting a 1.5-meter wingspan and weighing up to 1.6 kg.
- Ecological Importance: Bats play pivotal roles in maintaining ecological balance by contributing to essential processes such as pollination and insect population control.
Bats as Virus Reservoirs
- Notorious Reputation: Bats have come under scrutiny primarily due to their role as hosts for various deadly viruses, including coronaviruses, Nipah, Ebola, Marburg virus, and Hendra virus.
- COVID-19 Spotlight: The COVID-19 pandemic has thrust bats into the spotlight, raising concerns about their potential impact on human health.
- Natural Pathogen Hosts: Bats are unique in their ability to harbour numerous pathogens without falling victim to infections, sparking scientific interest in understanding the source of their resistance.
Unlocking Bat Genomes
- Genomic Exploration: Scientists have embarked on comprehensive studies of bat genomes, revealing invaluable insights into their distinctive biology.
- Compact Genomes: Bats boast relatively small genomes, typically consisting of around 2 billion bases, making them ideal subjects for genomic research.
- Metagenomic Sequencing: The ambitious Bat1K global genome consortium is currently undertaking the task of sequencing genomes of all bat species worldwide, promising further revelations about their genetic makeup.
Immune Insights from Bat Genomes
- Crucial Immune Genes: The immune-related genes of bats have been a major focus of research, with these creatures exhibiting unique genomic features.
- Reduced Immune Genes: Bats possess a smaller percentage of immune-related genes, approximately 2.7-3.5% compared to humans, who have around 7%.
- Positive Selection: Certain immune genes in bats have undergone positive selection, equipping them to control the spread of viruses while mitigating the inflammatory responses that often prove detrimental to humans.
Long-Read Sequencing and Deeper Insights
- Sequencing Advancements: Long-read sequencing technologies have revolutionized our ability to assemble complete genomes quickly and accurately.
- Immune Response Alterations: Recent research employing long-read technology has revealed significant changes in genes responsible for immune responses in bats.
- Interferon Dynamics: There has been a shift in the relative proportions of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interferon-omega (IFN-ω) in bats, impacting their immune properties.
- Tumor Suppression and Longevity: Genes linked to tumor suppression and DNA repair in bats exhibit signs of positive selection, contributing to their extended lifespans and reduced cancer risk.
Future Prospects
- Emerging Zoonotic Threats: The ongoing processes of deforestation, ecological degradation, and heightened human-animal interactions are anticipated to result in more frequent zoonotic disease outbreaks.
- Genomic Tools: Advanced genome sequencing techniques hold the promise of aiding in the management of these outbreaks while preserving ecological balance, providing insights without disrupting the delicate equilibrium of nature.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Tax Evasion Report
Mains level: Call for tax on billionaires
Central Idea
- The release of the ‘Global Tax Evasion Report’ marks a pivotal moment in the global fight against tax evasion.
- This report serves as a comprehensive analysis of the state of global taxation and its implications.
About Global Tax Evasion Report
- The ‘Global Tax Evasion Report’ is compiled by the EU Tax Observatory, a research institution specializing in international tax matters, established in 2021.
- This inaugural edition of the report is the result of collaborative efforts involving over 100 researchers from across the globe, working alongside tax authorities.
- It represents the first systematic attempt to analyze available data in the field of taxation.
Global Minimum Tax for MNCs
- Established in October 2021 by 136 countries, including India, setting a 15% global minimum tax rate for MNCs.
- Major economies are aiming to discourage multinational companies from shifting profits – and tax revenues – to low-tax countries regardless of where their sales are made.
|
Tax Haven
A tax haven is a foreign country or corporation used to avoid or reduce income taxes, especially by investors from another country. A tax haven is a country or place that has a low rate of tax so that people choose to live there or register companies there in order to avoid paying higher tax in their own countries. |
Key Findings of the GTE Report
The report uncovers the following pivotal findings:
- Reduction in Offshore Tax Evasion: Wealthy individuals’ offshore tax evasion has significantly declined over the past decade, primarily due to the automatic exchange of bank information, resulting in a three-fold reduction in evasion.
- Profit Shifting to Tax Havens: MNCs shifted approximately $1 trillion to tax havens in 2022, accounting for 35% of their global profits. This has led to a substantial loss in global corporate tax revenues, impacting approximately 10% of total collections, with U.S. multinationals playing a prominent role.
- Global Minimum Tax Impact: The expected positive impact of the 15% global minimum tax rate on MNCs has been weakened by various loopholes.
- Low Taxation for Billionaires: Billionaires globally often experience effective tax rates ranging from 0% to 0.5% of their wealth, utilizing shell companies to evade income taxes.
- Aggressive Tax Competition: New forms of aggressive tax competition have emerged, eroding government revenues and exacerbating inequality.
Proposed solutions
- Empowering ‘Automatic Exchange of Bank Information’: Launched in 2017 to combat offshore tax evasion by affluent individuals. Facilitated the sharing of deposit information with foreign tax authorities.
- Global Minimum Tax on Billionaires: Proposes a 2% global minimum tax on billionaires, mirroring the model for MNCs, ensuring minimum tax rates for the wealthiest individuals.
- Strengthening Global Minimum Tax for MNCs: Advocates for reinforcing the global minimum tax for MNCs while eliminating existing loopholes, potentially augmenting global corporate tax revenues by $250 billion annually.
- Fair Allocation of Additional Revenues: Proposes mechanisms for equitable distribution of additional tax revenues generated by these measures among countries.
Conclusion
- The GTE report illuminates substantial progress in curbing tax evasion while underscoring persistent challenges and reform opportunities.
- The proposed solutions aim to foster international collaboration in addressing tax-related issues and promoting fiscal equity on a global scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Food Production stats
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Recent data from the agriculture ministry has revealed that India achieved record-high food production in the 2022-23 fiscal year.
- However, this surge in production appears to be at odds with the government’s decision to restrict the export of key staples like wheat and rice, as well as the persistent trend of rising food inflation.
Food Production Statistics
- Record-High Food Production: The agriculture ministry estimates food production for 2022-23 at a historic 329.7 million tonnes, marking a 4.5% increase from the previous year.
- Cereal Production: Major cereal production, including rice and wheat, rose by 4.9% and 2.6%, respectively. Coarse grain production surged by 12%, while pulses production experienced a 4.4% year-on-year decline but remained 6% higher than the five-year average.
- Challenges Faced: These estimations were made despite adverse conditions such as subpar monsoons affecting rice output and late rains causing damage during crop harvesting.
Inconsistencies in the Data
- Export Curbs: In September 2022, India imposed export curbs on broken rice and imposed a 20% duty on certain varieties due to expected domestic production challenges. These curbs have since intensified.
- Wheat Export Ban: Last year, a miscalculation of wheat harvest, primarily due to a heatwave, led to export bans in May 2022, despite promises to bridge global supply gaps after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Rising Food Prices: Despite record production and export restrictions, retail prices for cereals have continued to surge. Wheat and rice prices have been in double digits, with consumer cereal prices up by 11% year-on-year, and pulses registering a 16.4% increase. As of October 21, retail prices for rice and wheat flour were 12.7% and 5% higher year-on-year, respectively.
Prospects for 2023-24
- Kharif Production Estimate: The first advance estimate for kharif production, typically released in September, is yet to be published. This year’s monsoon, with the lowest rainfall in five years and uneven distribution, is expected to impact rice production, the main kharif crop.
- Pulses and Oilseeds: Additionally, reduced rainfall in several states may affect pulses and oilseeds production. Retail prices for specific pulse varieties like tur (pigeon peas) have already surged by 38% compared to the previous year.
Challenges in Robust Crop Estimations
- Reliability of Data: National crop yield estimates rely on crop-cutting experiments conducted by state revenue and agriculture departments, raising concerns about the accuracy of data collection, particularly in understaffed state departments.
- Remote Sensing: India is using remote sensing to cross-verify the data, yet reliability remains a challenge, especially for crops with multiple harvests.
- Horticulture Crops: Estimating yield for horticulture crops, which are harvested in stages, is even more complex than for food grains.
Conclusion
- India’s agricultural landscape presents a perplexing scenario with record-high food production, export restrictions, and stubborn food inflation.
- The government’s efforts to stabilize prices through export curbs have not yielded the expected results.
- As India navigates the complexities of its agricultural sector, it must address the discrepancies in data collection and explore innovative approaches to ensure accurate estimates and sustainable food security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EIA
Mains level: vulnerability of the Indian Himalayan Region and need for EIA
What’s the news?
- In light of the recent Teesta dam breach in Sikkim and floods in Himachal Pradesh, the potential negative impact of developmental activities on our ecology, especially in the mountains, is evident.
Central idea
- The recent Teesta dam breach in Sikkim and devastating floods and landslides in Himachal Pradesh have underscored the destructive consequences of our current development model. It is crucial to evaluate the environmental repercussions of significant human endeavors in order to strike a balance between development and ecological preservation.
What is EIA?
- Definition: EIA, or Environment Impact Assessment, is a process defined by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to gauge the environmental, social, and economic impacts of a project before implementation.
- Functions: It contrasts various project alternatives, predicts environmental consequences, and suggests appropriate mitigation strategies.
EIA’s Historical Development in India
- 1976–77: A precursor to EIA began with an evaluation of river valley projects.
- 1994: The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change introduced the first EIA notification.
- 2006: The 2006 notification decentralized the process, allowing states to issue EC (Environmental Clearance) in specific cases. This policy was later amended for refinement.
- The 2020 draft EIA was criticized as favoring industries while neglecting ecological concerns.
EIA 2006 Notification’s Scope and Limitations
- It establishes the procedure for giving EC.
- Only specific projects listed in the attached schedule require an EC.
- It categorizes projects (e.g., mining, power generation). However, the threshold limits for requiring an EIA remain consistent nationwide.
The Potential of EIA for Sustainable Development
- Informed Decision-Making: EIA provides data for informed choices that balance development with environmental concerns.
- Early Risk Identification: EIA identifies and mitigates potential environmental harm, promoting sustainable project designs.
- Public Participation: EIA’s public consultations enhance transparency and inclusive decision-making.
- Legal Framework: EIA is part of the legal framework for environmental protection, ensuring adherence to standards.
- Long-Term Focus: EIA emphasizes long-term sustainability by assessing projects’ lasting impacts.
Ignoring the Himalayan region
- Inconsistency: Despite understanding the unique needs of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), its vulnerabilities aren’t addressed separately in the EIA.
- Issue: Both the old and 2020 draft notifications don’t differentiate the IHR from the rest of India in terms of development needs.
- Impact: This oversight results in the Himalayan States facing yearly devastation from extreme weather conditions.
Flaws in the Graded Approach
- The current approach differentiates risk based on location (e.g., reserved forest, national park). But the IHR, despite its ecological significance, is treated the same as other regions.
Proposed Solutions
- Differentiate environmental standards for projects in the IHR.
- Address IHR-specific concerns at all EIA stages.
- Include provisions about the IHR in general conditions for all projects.
Existing Issues with the EIA
- Lack of Oversight: There is no national regulator for transparent project appraisal and monitoring.
- Reactive Nature: EIA currently reacts to proposals rather than preempting them.
- Biased Assessments: Often, EIAs are in favor of projects because they’re funded by the project proponent.
- Limited Scope: The current process doesn’t adequately consider the cumulative impacts of multiple projects in a region.
Conclusion
- The EIA process, especially concerning the IHR, requires a comprehensive review. Exploring tools like strategic environmental assessment can be more effective in addressing the cumulative impact of development in regions like the IHR. Policymakers should prioritize the environment and ecology in their developmental plans.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Siena Galaxy Atlas
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Siena Galaxy Atlas (SGA) is an impressive digital collection showcasing approximately 400,000 galaxies located in the vicinity of our Milky Way.
Siena Galaxy Atlas
- The SGA was created by amalgamating data from 3 distinct astronomical surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017.
- These surveys took place at two observatories, namely the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) and the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO).
- These surveys are collectively known as the DESI Legacy Surveys, laid the foundation for the SGA.
Purpose of this Cosmic Atlas
- Cosmic atlases like the SGA play a crucial role in enabling astronomers to discern intricate patterns within the universe.
- They assist in categorizing various celestial phenomena, including transient stars, and identifying objects that merit further in-depth studies.
- The SGA excels in terms of precision and accuracy, ensuring that it remains aligned with the latest astronomical revelations.
- It facilitates investigations into the birth and evolution of galaxies, the distribution of mysterious dark matter, and the transmission of gravitational waves throughout space.
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