Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MISHTI Scheme
Why in the News?
Gujarat has emerged as the national leader in mangrove afforestation, covering 19,020 hectares in just two years under the Central Government’s MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes) scheme.
About the MISHTI Scheme
- The MISHTI scheme was launched on June 5, 2023, to restore 540 sq. km of mangrove forests.
- It aims to restore and expand 540 sq. km mangrove forests across 9 states and 3 union territories over a 5-year period (2023–28).
- It aligns with India’s commitment to the Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC) at COP27 (2022, Egypt).
- The scheme is funded through MGNREGS, CAMPA Fund, and other sources, ensuring community participation.
- It focuses on Sundarbans (West Bengal), Hooghly Estuary, and other coastal and wetland ecosystems.
Gujarat’s Leadership in Mangrove Afforestation
- Gujarat has emerged as India’s top state in mangrove afforestation, covering 19,020 hectares (190 sq. km) in just two years under MISHTI.
- The Gulf of Kutch (799 sq. km) leads in coverage, followed by the Gulf of Khambhat and Dumas-Ubhrat belt (134 sq. km).
- Gujarat’s 1,650 km-long coastline is home to mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses, making it an
- It aims to expand mangrove cover by an additional 350 sq. km, strengthening climate resilience and coastal biodiversity.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
(b) South-West Bengal
(c) Southern Saurashtra
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Planetary Alignment
Why in the News?
On February 29, 2024, skywatchers worldwide witnessed a rare planetary alignment (parade) with seven planets—Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus—lining up in the night sky.
What is Planetary Alignment?
- A planetary alignment occurs when multiple planets in the Solar System appear to line up in the sky as seen from Earth.
- This phenomenon happens because planets orbit the Sun in a flat, disc-shaped plane called the ecliptic.
- Although planets remain millions of kilometers apart, they seem to form a straight line from Earth’s perspective due to optical illusion and perspective.
- The term “planet parade” is also used to describe this occurrence when multiple planets become visible in the sky at the same time.
- Types of Planetary Alignments:
- Conjunction: Two or more planets appear close to each other in the sky.
- Small Alignment: Three planets align in a visible line.
- Large Alignment: Four or more planets appear aligned from Earth’s perspective.
- Full Alignment: All eight planets of the Solar System appear in a single line (very rare).
How often do Planetary Alignments occur?
- Planetary alignments are not uncommon, but their rarity depends on the number of planets involved.
- Two- or Three-Planet Alignments: Occur multiple times a year.
- Four- or Five-Planet Alignments: Visible every few years.
- Six- or Seven-Planet Alignments: Appear every few decades.
- Full Alignment (All Eight Planets): Extremely rare, occurs once every 170–200 years.
- Recent & Upcoming Alignments:
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- August 2025: Expected four-planet alignment.
- May 2492: The next predicted full planetary alignment of all eight planets.
PYQ:
[2019] On 21st June, the Sun:
(a) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle
(b) does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle
(c) shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator
(d) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bose Metal
Why in the News?
Researchers have recently discovered a potential new state of matter, the Bose metal, found between a regular metal and a superconductor, with evidence of this phase in Niobium Diselenide (NbSe₂) by a team of Chinese and Japanese scientists.
What is a Bose Metal?
- A Bose metal is a hypothetical anomalous metallic state where Cooper pairs (electron pairs) form but do not transition into a superconducting state.
- This state exists between a normal metal and a superconductor, challenging traditional theories of condensed matter physics.
- In simple terms, a Bose metal is a material where:
- Electrons pair up into Cooper pairs (like in superconductors).
- However, these Cooper pairs fail to achieve long-range coherence, meaning the material remains metallic instead of becoming superconducting.
- This results in partial electrical resistance, unlike superconductors that have zero resistance.
- Recent experimental studies suggest their existence in materials like Niobium Diselenide (NbSe₂) when subjected to specific conditions, such as thin layers and applied magnetic fields.
Key Features:
- Intermediate State: Exists between a metal and a superconductor.
- Cooper Pair Formation: Electrons form pairs, but they don’t condense into superconductivity.
- Anomalous Conductivity: Higher than normal metals but not infinite like superconductors.
- Quantum Fluctuations: Strong phase fluctuations disrupt Cooper pair coherence.
- Hall Resistance Vanishing: Indicates charge transport by Cooper pairs rather than individual electrons.
- Observed in Thin 2D Materials: Seen in ultra-thin films of superconductors under specific conditions.
PYQ:
[2013] Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste?
- Beryllium
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Heptachlor
- Mercury
- Lead
- Plutonium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the main objectives of Population Education (2021) and National Education Policy 2020 (2020).
The main focus of this debate should be the public school students—they make up 55% of school enrolment in Tamil Nadu. Unlike children in private schools, who often get extra coaching or tuition, public school students cannot afford such support. The key question is: Does learning three languages instead of two really help public school students compete with wealthier peers in the job market and become productive citizens?
Today’s editorial discusses the introduction of a third language in academics and its potential impact. This topic is relevant for GS Papers 1 and 2 in the UPSC Mains examination.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Forcing students to learn a third language has no academic benefit and may create a generation unable to compete at the national level.
What is the Three-Language Formula?
- The third language typically refers to an additional language that students learn in school beyond their mother tongue (first language) and English (second language).
- In India, the Three-Language Formula was introduced under the National Education Policy (NEP) to promote multilingualism and national integration.
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Does learning three languages instead of two really help public school students compete with wealthier peers in the job market and become productive citizens?
- Limited Practical Advantage: Learning a third language may not directly improve job prospects if core skills like English proficiency and technical knowledge are weak. Example: In national-level exams like UPSC or banking tests, fluency in English is more valuable than knowing a third language like Hindi.
- Unequal Access to Resources: Public school students often lack access to quality teaching and extra coaching for a third language, unlike wealthier peers in private schools.
Example: A private school student can afford Hindi tuition, while a public school student relying only on classroom instruction may fall behind.
- Diverts Focus from Essential Skills: Adding a third language may reduce time spent on improving critical subjects like math, science, and literacy, which are key for future employment.
Example: According to ASER 2024, 88% of Class 3 students in Tamil Nadu lack basic literacy—introducing a third language could widen this gap.
What is the primary concern regarding the three-language formula for public school students in Tamil Nadu?
- Increased Educational Burden: Public school students, who lack access to private coaching, face added pressure from learning a third language. Example: A child from a rural public school struggling with basic literacy in Tamil and English may find learning Hindi an additional challenge, reducing focus on core subjects.
- Inequality in Educational Access: Privileged students from private schools can afford supplemental learning (e.g., tuition), while public school students cannot. Example: A private school student can attend Hindi tuition, but a public school student relying solely on classroom instruction may fall behind.
- Poor Educational Infrastructure: Public schools lack qualified teachers to effectively teach a third language, which may lower educational quality. Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s high education budget, 80-90% is spent on teacher salaries, leaving minimal funds for hiring new Hindi teachers or improving resources.
- Impact on Learning Outcomes: Introducing a third language diverts time from improving essential skills like literacy and numeracy, especially when foundational learning is weak. Example: According to ASER 2024, 88% of Class 3 students in Tamil Nadu lack basic literacy skills—adding a third language may further dilute learning time.
- Reduced National Competitiveness: Without strong English proficiency, public school students may struggle in national-level exams and job markets where English is dominant. Example: Tamil Nadu students competing for central services exams (UPSC) or jobs requiring English proficiency may be at a disadvantage if the focus shifts to Hindi instead of improving English skills.
Could learning a third language fail to improve cognitive abilities?
Arguments in favour:
- Cognitive Overload: Introducing a third language can overwhelm students, especially when basic literacy in the first and second languages is weak. Example: Public school students struggling with Tamil and English may face cognitive strain, reducing their ability to master essential subjects.
- Weak Foundation in Mother Tongue: Research suggests that proficiency in the mother tongue is crucial for cognitive development before introducing additional languages. Example: A child who lacks fluency in Tamil may struggle to grasp complex concepts in Hindi, leading to weaker overall comprehension.
- Limited Evidence of Cognitive Gains: While bilingualism enhances cognitive skills, there is no conclusive evidence that learning a third language improves cognitive abilities proportionately. Example: Studies show that depth of understanding in one or two languages is more beneficial than surface-level knowledge of multiple languages.
Arguments against:
- Cognitive Overload: Introducing a third language can overwhelm students, especially when basic literacy in the first and second languages is weak. Example: Public school students struggling with Tamil and English may face cognitive strain, reducing their ability to master essential subjects.
- Weak Foundation in Mother Tongue: Research suggests that proficiency in the mother tongue is crucial for cognitive development before introducing additional languages. Example: A child who lacks fluency in Tamil may struggle to grasp complex concepts in Hindi, leading to weaker overall comprehension.
- Limited Evidence of Cognitive Gains: While bilingualism enhances cognitive skills, there is no conclusive evidence that learning a third language improves cognitive abilities proportionately. Example: Studies show that depth of understanding in one or two languages is more beneficial than surface-level knowledge of multiple languages.
How can child development be balanced with political concerns about language education?
- Optional Third Language Policy: Offer the third language as an optional subject rather than making it mandatory, allowing students to choose based on their interests and future needs. Example: Tamil Nadu could introduce Hindi as an optional third language from middle school, especially in urban areas where demand is higher.
- Focus on Core Language Proficiency: Prioritize strong literacy in the mother tongue and English to ensure foundational learning before adding an additional language. Example: Strengthening Tamil and English instruction in public schools will help students succeed in national-level competitive exams.
- Context-Sensitive Implementation: Implement language policies that reflect local realities and employment trends without compromising cultural identity. Example: In Tamil Nadu, where most job opportunities are available locally, bilingual education (Tamil and English) may be more practical than adding a third language.
- Equity in Language Resources: Ensure adequate teacher training and educational materials for any third language to avoid disadvantaging public school students. Example: Hiring qualified Hindi teachers and providing multilingual textbooks can ensure that students receive quality education if they choose a third language.
- Flexible Language Learning Pathways: Allow regional flexibility in adopting the three-language formula, adapting to the socio-political landscape while prioritizing student welfare. Example: Tamil Nadu could adopt a phased approach, starting with voluntary third-language instruction in district headquarters and expanding based on demand.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Bilingual Education First: Focus on improving Tamil and English proficiency in public schools to ensure students develop strong foundational skills before introducing a third language.
- Flexible and Inclusive Language Policy: Implement a voluntary third-language framework, allowing students the choice to learn an additional language based on regional needs and career aspirations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender Budgeting;
Why in the News?
The Union Budget for 2025 allocated ₹4,49,028.68 crore to the Gender Budget (GB), which is 37.3% more than the previous year and makes up 8.86% of the total Budget.
What is the primary reason for the significant increase in the Gender Budget (GB) for 2025?
- Inclusion of PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): This welfare scheme accounts for 24% of the total Gender Budget. Example: The free food grain distribution under PMGKAY, aimed at ensuring food security for vulnerable women-led households, significantly inflated the Gender Budget.
- Broadening the Definition of Gender-Responsive Schemes: The inclusion of non-traditional gender-related welfare programs increases the allocation. Example: Programs like Poshan Abhiyaan (nutrition for women and children) and Ujjwala Yojana (LPG subsidies) are now categorized under the Gender Budget.
- Increased Focus on Welfare Distribution Over Structural Investments: The rise is driven by consumption-based welfare rather than care infrastructure. Example: Higher allocations for schemes providing direct benefits like the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (maternity support) rather than investment in childcare centers.
- Political Commitment to “Nari Shakti”: Emphasis on women’s empowerment as a core pillar of economic growth. Example: The Budget’s narrative aligns with promoting women-led development under the “Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam” (Women’s Reservation Bill).
- Inclusion of Large-Scale Social Security Programs: Integrating social protection schemes under the Gender Budget increases the total value. Example: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) allocations, where a significant portion targets women beneficiaries, contribute to the budget rise.
How does it impact investments in care infrastructure?
- Limited Direct Investment in Care Services: Despite the rise in overall allocation, no substantial funding is directed toward expanding childcare, eldercare, or healthcare services. Example: There is no new budgetary provision for increasing anganwadi centers or community-based eldercare facilities.
- Invisibility of Unpaid Care Work: The focus on consumption-based schemes overlooks the need to reduce and redistribute unpaid care responsibilities. Example: While food security programs like PMGKAY provide relief, they do not alleviate the physical and time-intensive care work that women perform daily.
- Missed Opportunity for Systemic Reform: The absence of targeted funding means there is no structural change in care-related infrastructure despite policy acknowledgments. Example: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), which could reduce women’s water-fetching burden, faced a 4.51% budget cut, limiting its expansion.
- Inadequate Support for Working Women: Without investments in affordable care services, women’s participation in the formal workforce remains restricted. Example: Lack of childcare facilities prevents many women from rejoining the labor market after childbirth.
- Uneven Urban-Rural Access: Existing care infrastructure investments are urban-centric, leaving rural women without essential support systems. Example: The Urban Challenge Fund focuses on urban care models, while rural areas lack similar investments, exacerbating time poverty for women in low-income households.
Why do a majority of Indian women remain outside the labour force?
- Unpaid Care and Domestic Work (UCDW) Burden: Indian women perform a disproportionate share of unpaid care work, limiting their time and ability to engage in paid employment. Example: According to the ILO, 53% of Indian women remain outside the labour force due to care responsibilities, compared to just 1.1% of men.
- Lack of Care Infrastructure: Inadequate access to childcare, eldercare, and basic services increases women’s household workload, preventing workforce participation. Example: Less than half of Indian villages have functional tap water under the Jal Jeevan Mission, requiring women to spend hours fetching water.
- Gendered Social Norms and Stereotypes: Deep-rooted cultural expectations frame women as primary caregivers, discouraging their entry or return to the workforce. Example: Women in low-income households juggle 17-19 hours of unpaid and paid work, reinforcing time poverty and limiting job opportunities.
- Lack of Formal Sector Opportunities: There are limited job options offering flexible work and safe working conditions suited to women’s needs, particularly in rural areas. Example: Women’s participation in India’s formal economy remains low due to insecure jobs and a lack of family-friendly policies.
Which measures does the Economic Survey 2023-24 propose to reduce the unpaid care work burden?
- Increased Public Investment in Care Infrastructure: Advocates for direct public investment equivalent to 2% of GDP to expand care services and reduce the unpaid care burden. Example: This investment could create 11 million jobs while providing essential care support like childcare and eldercare facilities.
- Integration of Time-Use Surveys in Policy Planning: Recommends integrating Time-Use modules into existing household surveys to recognise and measure the extent of unpaid care work. Example: Data from India’s 2019 Time Use Survey revealed that women spend an average of 7 hours daily on unpaid care tasks.
- Expanding Access to Time-Saving Technologies: Emphasizes improving access to time-saving infrastructure like clean water, sanitation, and energy to reduce the physical burden on women. Example: Extending the Jal Jeevan Mission aims to achieve 100% potable water coverage by 2028, easing the water-fetching burden.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Care Infrastructure Investment: Prioritize increased funding for community-based childcare, eldercare, and healthcare services, especially in rural areas, to reduce women’s unpaid care burden and improve workforce participation.
- Implement Gender-Sensitive Policy Planning: Institutionalize time-use surveys for evidence-based policymaking and integrate care responsibilities into labor policies to promote equitable access to formal employment for women.
Mains PYQ:
Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC IAS/2016)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to health;
Why in the News?
About 25% of men and women in India were overweight or obese in 2019-21, a 4% increase from 2015-16. Obesity is more common among women in South Indian states, Delhi, and Punjab, but it is rising faster among men.
What is the definition of “overweight” and “obese” based on BMI measurements in the National Family Health Survey?
- Overweight: BMI between 25.0 and 29.9. Example: A person who is 1.65 m (5’5″) tall and weighs 70 kg would have a BMI of 25.7, categorizing them as overweight.
- Obese: BMI of 30.0 or above. Example: A person who is 1.70 m (5’7″) tall and weighs 90 kg would have a BMI of 31.1, classifying them as obese.
- Calculation Formula: BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ (Height in meters)². Example: If a person is 1.60 m tall and weighs 60 kg, their BMI would be: BMI=601.6×1.6=23.4\text{BMI} = \frac{60}{1.6 \times 1.6} = 23.4BMI=1.6×1.660=23.4 (Healthy range).
When did the share of overweight and obese individuals in India significantly increase?
- Period of Increase (2015-16 to 2019-21): The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) recorded a significant rise in the share of overweight and obese individuals between 2015-16 (NFHS-4) and 2019-21 (NFHS-5).
- Increase in Overweight Individuals: Women: Increased from 15.5% in 2015-16 to 17.6% in 2019-21 (a rise of 2.1 percentage points). Men: Increased from 15.9% in 2015-16 to 18.9% in 2019-21 (a rise of 3 percentage points).
- Example: In Delhi, the proportion of overweight men and women was among the highest in the country during 2019-21.
- Increase in Obese Individuals: Women: Increased from 5.1% in 2015-16 to 6.4% in 2019-21. Men: Increased from 3% in 2015-16 to 4% in 2019-21. Example: Punjab recorded one of the sharpest increases in obesity among women during this period.
Which Indian states reported the highest increase in obesity levels?
- Northern States with Sharp Increases: Delhi and Punjab recorded the highest increase in obesity levels for both men and women between 2015-16 and 2019-21. Example: Delhi had the largest proportion of obese and overweight men in the country by 2019-21.
- Southern States with Persistent High Obesity Rates: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka consistently reported high obesity levels, with a notable rise over the survey period. Example: In Kerala, a significant portion of the population—both men and women—crossed the obesity threshold by 2019-21.
- States with Accelerated Growth in Obesity: States in the South and North-West witnessed faster increases in obesity, reflecting a shift toward unhealthy dietary habits like increased consumption of fried foods and aerated drinks. Example: Punjab experienced a sharp increase in the share of obese women, making it one of the top states for rising obesity.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Public Awareness Campaigns: The government promotes healthy lifestyle choices through initiatives like “Eat Right India” and “Fit India Movement” to encourage balanced diets and physical activity. Example: In Mann Ki Baat, Prime Minister advised reducing oil consumption by 10% monthly to combat obesity.
- School-Based Interventions: Implement nutrition guidelines in midday meal programs and ban junk food in and around school premises to promote healthy eating habits among children. Example: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) issued regulations to restrict high-fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) food sales in schools.
- Policy and Regulation of Processed Foods: Introducing front-of-pack labeling for processed and packaged foods to inform consumers about high sugar, salt, and fat content. Example: FSSAI’s Eat Right Logo helps consumers identify healthier food options.
- Lifestyle Disease Control Programs: The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) targets obesity, diabetes, and hypertension through screening and lifestyle modification programs. Example: Community health workers under Ayushman Bharat conduct health screenings for BMI and other risk factors.
- Promotion of Traditional Wellness Practices: Encouraging the adoption of Yoga and Ayurveda through programs like International Yoga Day to promote holistic health and weight management. Example: The AYUSH Ministry organizes free Yoga sessions to spread awareness about natural ways to maintain healthy BMI levels.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Enhance coordination between health, education, and food regulatory bodies to implement comprehensive obesity prevention programs. Example: Integrate nutrition education in school curricula and expand community-based health screenings.
- Promote Sustainable Food Systems: Encourage the availability of affordable, nutritious foods and regulate ultra-processed foods through taxation and clear labeling. Example: Introduce subsidies for healthy food options and enforce strict advertising regulations for unhealthy products.
Mains PYQ:
Q The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM 2.5
Why in the News?
A recent study published in Nature Communications has analyzed the sources and health impacts of PM2.5 pollution in Northern India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
About PM2.5
- PM2.5 (Particulate Matter ≤2.5 microns) refers to tiny air pollutants small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream.
- These fine particles come from both natural sources (like dust storms and wildfires) and human activities (like burning fossil fuels and industrial emissions).
- PM2.5 poses severe health risks, contributing to respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and reduced lung function.
- The oxidative potential of PM2.5 is an important indicator of its toxicity and ability to cause cellular damage.
Key Findings of the Study
- Major Sources of PM2.5 in Northern India:
- The study analyzed PM2.5 pollution across five locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, including Delhi and Kanpur.
- Delhi: PM2.5 is mainly from vehicular emissions, fossil fuel burning, and residential heating.
- Outside Delhi: It consists of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and biomass-burning aerosols.
- PM2.5 Toxicity and Health Risks:
- PM2.5 toxicity is linked to organic aerosols from inefficient combustion of biomass and fossil fuels.
- Traffic emissions and residential fuel burning significantly contribute to PM2.5-related health risks.
- Traffic as a Major Contributor:
- Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols (HOA) from vehicular emissions were highest at urban roadside sites in Delhi (8 μg/m³).
- HOA accounts for 50% of fossil fuel-derived aerosols, increasing to 40% in warmer months.
- Winter Pollution Due to Residential Heating and Cooking:
- Cow dung combustion for heating and cooking in winter increases organic aerosols, with levels 10 times higher than in summer due to biomass burning and shallow boundary layers.
- India’s PM2.5 Toxicity Among the Highest Globally:
- The study found that PM2.5 oxidative potential (toxicity) in Indian cities is up to 5 times higher than in Chinese and European cities.
PYQ:
[2016] In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index?
- Carbon dioxide
- Carbon monoxide
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Sulphur dioxide
- Methane
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amir Khusrau
Why in the News?
Recently, PM Modi inaugurated the 25th edition of Jahaan-e-Khusrau, a Sufi music festival held at Sunder Nursery, New Delhi, in Khusrau’s honor.
Who was Amir Khusrau?
- Amir Khusrau was born in Patiyali, Uttar Pradesh, to a Turkish father and an Indian mother.
- He served as a court poet to five Delhi Sultans:
- Muiz ud din Qaiqabad of Mamluk Dynasty (1287–1290)
- Jalaluddin Khalji (1290–1296)
- Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316)
- Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah (1316–1320)
- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320–1325)
- He was deeply influenced by Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya, whose teachings shaped his spiritual and poetic journey.
- He is fondly remembered as “The Parrot of India” (Tuti-e-Hind) for his eloquence.
Literary Contributions:
- Wrote in Persian and Hindavi, pioneering Khari Boli, the precursor to Hindi and Urdu.
- Created the first Hindi lexicon (Khalikbari), blending Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic words.
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- Tughlaq Nama (historical epic)
- Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies)
- In the Bazaar of Love (ghazals and poetry)
- Invented the qawwali tradition, merging Indian and Persian musical elements.
- Composed Chhap Tilak Sab Chheeni Re, Zehal-e-Miskeen, and Sakal Ban Phool Rahi Sarson.
- Credited with developing the sitar and tabla, though debated by historians.
- Most devoted disciple of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Upon his master’s death in 1325, Khusrau followed within 6 months.
- His tomb lies beside Nizamuddin’s dargah in Delhi, symbolizing their eternal bond.
- Pioneered Hindavi poetry and laid the foundation for Hindi and Urdu literature.
- Inspired generations of ghazal and qawwali singers, including Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Abida Parveen.
- Festivals like Jahaan-e-Khusrau continue to honor his enduring cultural legacy.
PYQ:
[2012] With reference to the religious history of medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to pursue which of the following practices?
1. Meditation and control of breath
2. Severe ascetic exercises in a lonely place
3. Recitation of holy songs to arouse a state of ecstasy in their audience
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dramatic Performances Act, 1876
Why in the News?
PM Modi recently questioned why the colonial-era Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, which allowed authorities to ban plays deemed seditious, defamatory, or obscene, remained in force 75 years after independence.
What is the Dramatic Performances Act, 1876?
- The Dramatic Performances Act, 1876, was a colonial-era law enacted by the British to suppress nationalist and anti-government sentiments in public performances.
- The Act empowered the government to ban, regulate, or censor public plays, pantomimes, and dramas that were deemed:
- Scandalous or defamatory
- Seditious or inciting disaffection against the government
- Obscene or corrupting to public morality
- It also allowed magistrates to search, seize, and arrest performers and organizers without a warrant.
- The law prescribed up to three months of imprisonment and/or a fine for violations.
References to Article 19 and Article 372
- Conflict with Article 19(1)(a) – Right to Free Speech:
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- After independence, freedom of speech and expression was guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a).
- The Allahabad High Court (1956) ruled the Act unconstitutional, stating it restricted free speech beyond reasonable limits.
- Exceptions Under Article 19(2):
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- Article 19(2) allows reasonable restrictions on free speech for: Security of the state, public order, morality, and defamation.
- The court ruled that the Dramatic Performances Act exceeded these limits.
- Article 372 and Colonial Laws:
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- Article 372(1) of the Constitution states that laws in force before independence shall continue to be in effect unless repealed or modified by the Parliament.
- Though invalidated in 1956, the law was formally repealed in 2018 under the Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017.
PYQ:
[2014] What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
[2021] A legislation which confers on the executive or administrative authority an unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power in the matter of application of law violates which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India?
(a) Article 14
(b) Article 28
(c) Article 32
(d) Article 44 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 136 of the Indian Constitution
Why in the News?
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar recently raised concerns over the wide usage of Special Leave Petitions (SLPs) under Article 136 of the Indian Constitution, stating that what was meant to be a “narrow slit” has now turned into a wide judicial intervention.
What is a Special Leave Petition (SLP) under Article 136?
- A SLP is an extraordinary appeal mechanism that allows the Supreme Court (SC) to intervene in any judgment, decree, or order passed by a lower court or tribunal, except in matters related to the Armed Forces Tribunal.
- SLP is discretionary, meaning the SC is NOT obligated to hear every petition filed under Article 136.
- The concept of SLP originates from the Government of India Act, 1935, which gave a similar power to the Privy Council in colonial times.
Key Features of SLP:
- Jurisdiction of Article 136:
- The SC has the power to grant special leave to appeal against judgments of High Courts, tribunals, or other judicial bodies.
- This allows the SC to examine cases that may not have a direct appeal provision under law.
- Scope of Application:
- SLPs can be filed in both civil and criminal cases.
- It can be used even in cases where a High Court refuses to grant a certificate of appeal to the Supreme Court.
- The SC may accept or reject an SLP without providing reasons.
- Time Limit for Filing:
- 90 days from the date of the High Court’s judgment.
- 60 days if the High Court refuses to certify an appeal.
- Judicial Discretion:
- SLP is not an automatic right of appeal but is granted only in cases where the SC finds that a substantial question of law or injustice is involved.
- Even if an SLP is accepted, the SC may later decline to interfere in the final decision.
- Conversion into a Formal Appeal: If the SC grants leave under an SLP, the case turns into a full-fledged appeal, allowing both parties to present their arguments.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
- Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
- A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Blue Ghost’ Mission 1
Why in the News?
US’s Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 successfully landed on the Moon, becoming the second private mission to do so and the first to land upright.
What is ‘Blue Ghost’ Mission 1?
- Blue Ghost Mission 1 is a private lunar landing mission by Firefly Aerospace under NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.
- It was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9.
- It successfully landed on the Moon, at Mons Latreille, Mare Crisium.
- The mission is designed to operate for 14 Earth days (one lunar day).
Key Features of Blue Ghost Mission 1:
- Carries 10 scientific instruments, including a lunar soil analyzer, a radiation-tolerant computer, and a GPS-based navigation experiment to test satellite navigation on the Moon.
- Equipped with a high-definition imaging system to capture a lunar eclipse (March 14, 2024) and lunar sunset (March 16, 2024).
- Successfully navigated a rocky and cratered surface using hazard-avoidance technology, slowing from thousands of miles per hour to just two mph before touchdown.
- The lander is golden in color and about the size of a hippopotamus.
- It supports Artemis missions by testing lunar technologies and reducing costs for future human exploration.
PYQ:
[2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) (2020) and the development of IT industries (2021).
Despite a skilled workforce, Indian firms often lose AI deals due to capability gaps. In the intense AI race against Silicon Valley, China, and Southeast Asia, India must focus on fostering innovation and ensuring market regulations do not hinder its progress.
Today’s editorial talks about the AI-related challenges in India. This content would help in GS Paper 3 mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
In Bengaluru, Indian developers face tough competition from China for AI projects. To lead the AI race, India must focus on supportive regulations and enhancing technological capabilities.
What are the key issues related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India?
- Job Displacement and Skill Gap: Increased AI adoption threatens to automate routine jobs, leading to large-scale unemployment and requiring a workforce with advanced digital skills. Example: The NASSCOM report (2023) highlighted that 69% of Indian tech workers need to upskill in AI and machine learning to remain employable as automation rises.
- Algorithmic Bias and Ethical Concerns: AI systems can reflect and amplify societal biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes in hiring, lending, and public services. Example: In 2023, the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) faced criticism when its AI-based screening system allegedly disadvantaged candidates from marginalized backgrounds during preliminary evaluations.
- Misinformation and Deepfake Threats: AI-generated misinformation and deepfakes undermine public trust, pose security risks, and impact democratic processes. Example: During the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, deepfake videos impersonating political leaders circulated widely on social media, raising concerns about election manipulation.
- Regulatory Uncertainty and Compliance Costs: The lack of a unified AI policy and fragmented regulations create legal ambiguity, increasing compliance burdens for Indian startups. Example: In 2023, Indian app developers filed a complaint with the Competition Commission of India (CCI) against Google for restrictive AI-related practices on the Play Store, citing unfair competition.
- Global Competitiveness and Innovation Lag: Over-regulation and high compliance costs could hinder AI innovation, making India less competitive against global leaders like the U.S. and China. Example: India’s AI startup investments lag behind China and the U.S., with China attracting four times more AI funding in 2023, according to a Stanford AI Index report.
Where does India stand in the global Artificial Intelligence (AI) race?
- Emerging AI Hub with Growing Investments: India is positioning itself as an emerging AI hub with increasing investments in AI research and development, but it still lags behind global leaders like the U.S. and China. Example: According to the Stanford AI Index Report 2023, India ranked fifth globally in AI research output but attracted significantly less AI funding compared to China and the U.S.
- Government Initiatives to Boost AI Innovation: India has launched several initiatives to promote AI adoption, such as the “National Program on AI” and the establishment of AI research centers to enhance innovation and application. Example: In 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) introduced the “IndiaAI” mission to promote AI-based solutions in healthcare, agriculture, and education.
- Challenges in Global Competitiveness: Despite having a large talent pool, India faces challenges in scaling AI innovation due to fragmented regulations, limited high-performance computing resources, and competition from advanced economies. Example: While India produced over 20,000 AI and machine learning professionals in 2023, its AI exports remain limited compared to China’s dominance in AI-driven hardware and cloud solutions.
What is the current regulatory framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
- Existing Laws Governing AI Use: India does not have a dedicated AI law but regulates AI through existing legal frameworks like the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, which governs data protection, cybersecurity, and intermediary liability.
- Sector-Specific Guidelines: Various government bodies have issued guidelines for AI applications in specific sectors. For example: RBI Guidelines for AI in financial services (e.g., credit scoring) and Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) recommendations on AI in data privacy and telecommunications.
- National Strategy on AI: The government launched the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (NITI Aayog, 2018) to guide AI research, ethical standards, and public-sector AI deployment. Example: Under the IndiaAI Mission (2023), the government aims to promote responsible AI use while fostering innovation across industries.
- Competition and Data Protection Framework: The Competition Commission of India (CCI) monitors anti-competitive practices by tech firms using AI algorithms. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 regulates how AI systems process personal data. Example: In 2023, the CCI investigated Google for alleged AI-related anti-competitive practices on the Play Store.
- AI Ethics and Responsible Use: Guidelines on the ethical use of AI emphasize transparency, fairness, and accountability without imposing ex-ante (preemptive) regulation. Example: In 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) released advisory notes on preventing algorithmic bias and ensuring explainability in AI decisions.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive AI Policy Framework: Establish a unified and adaptive AI policy focusing on ethical guidelines, data privacy, and accountability to balance innovation with public interest.
- Investment in AI Infrastructure and Skill Development: Enhance funding for AI research, expand high-performance computing resources, and implement large-scale reskilling programs to bridge the skill gap and improve global competitiveness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Hague Service Convention;
Why in the News?
On February 18, 2025, the U.S. Secuirty and Exchange commission asked the Indian government under the Hague Service Convention, to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani in a securities and wire fraud case.
What is the Hague Service Convention?
- The Hague Service Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1965), is a multilateral treaty that facilitates the service of legal documents across international borders in civil and commercial cases.
How does it function?
- The Hague Service Convention standardizes the process for serving legal documents across borders in civil and commercial matters.
- It operates through Central Authorities in member countries, ensuring efficient service, protecting defendants’ rights, and allowing alternative methods like postal service if permitted. It excludes criminal cases and non-signatory nations.
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How is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission attempting to serve summons on the Adanis?
- Invoking the Hague Service Convention: The SEC has requested assistance from India’s Ministry of Law and Justice under Article 5(a) of the Hague Service Convention to officially deliver the summons to Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani.
- Exploring Alternative Service Methods: The SEC is considering alternative methods under Rule 4(f) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows service through means like email or social media, if conventional methods face delays.
- Proceeding Despite FCPA Suspension: Although the Trump administration has temporarily paused the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement for 180 days, the SEC argues that the pause does not apply retroactively, allowing their investigation into the Adanis to continue.
What are India’s reservations under the Convention?
- Opposition to Alternative Service Methods: India rejects all alternative service methods under Article 10 of the Convention, including postal service, diplomatic channels, and direct service by foreign judicial officers.
- Example: A U.S. court cannot serve legal documents in India via U.S. consular channels unless the recipient is a U.S. national residing in India.
- Mandatory Use of Central Authority: All service requests must go through India’s Ministry of Law and Justice, which is the designated central authority for processing foreign summons. Requests must be in English or include an English translation.
- Example: In Punjab National Bank (International) Ltd. v. Boris Shipping Ltd. (2019), a U.K. court ruled that service through alternative methods was invalid due to India’s reservations.
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How long does the service process typically take?
- The service process under the Hague Service Convention in India typically takes six to eight months.
- After receiving a request, India’s Ministry of Law and Justice verifies and forwards it to the appropriate authority.
- Upon completion, an acknowledgement is issued to the requesting country, confirming successful service.
Way forward:
- Expedite Processing Mechanisms: Implement digital tracking and streamlined workflows within the Ministry of Law and Justice to reduce delays in handling service requests.
- Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation: Enhance legal cooperation with key countries through bilateral agreements to complement the Hague Service Convention and facilitate faster document service.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Traditional water harvesting systems in India
Why in the News?
With summers nearing, the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan particularly in Churu, Jaisalmer, and Barmer districts largely rely on ‘Kundi’ system of traditional rainwater harvesting.
What is Kundi System?
- Found in Churu, Rajasthan, kundis (or kunds) are traditional rainwater harvesting structures designed for storing drinking water.
- A circular or rectangular pit, often lined with bricks or stones, is dug into the ground.
- Rainwater is collected through sloped catchments and funneled into the kundi for storage.
- A lid or stone slab covers the pit to prevent contamination and evaporation.
- These structures help communities survive in regions with scarce groundwater and unpredictable rainfall.
Other Traditional Water Harvesting Systems in India
| Khadin (Rajasthan) |
Earthen embankment (bund) built across slopes to retain surface runoff for moisture conservation and groundwater recharge, used since the 15th century. |
| Johads (Rajasthan, Haryana) |
Small crescent-shaped embankments that store rainwater, recharge groundwater, prevent runoff, and improve water availability. |
| Baolis / Stepwells (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Delhi, MP) |
Deep stepwells with stairs leading to groundwater storage, used for drinking, irrigation, and bathing; famous examples include Rani ki Vav (UNESCO site) and Agrasen ki Baoli. |
| Virdas (Gujarat – Kutch region) |
Shallow wells dug in depressions to separate fresh rainwater from saline groundwater, used by Maldhari pastoralists for drinking and livestock. |
| Tankas (Rajasthan, Gujarat) |
Circular underground tanks built in homes and temples for storing rainwater; lined with lime for purification, found in Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and Dwarka. |
| Zabo (Nagaland) |
Terraced ponds built on hill slopes to collect rainwater for drinking, irrigation, and livestock, preventing soil erosion and increasing groundwater recharge. |
| Kuls (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, J&K) |
Small channels (kuls) diverting glacial meltwater to fields for irrigation, made of stones, wood, and mud, and managed by local communities. |
| Ahar-Pyne (Bihar, Jharkhand) |
Ancient system from the Mauryan period, where reservoirs (Ahar) collect rainwater, and channels (Pyne) distribute it for paddy cultivation. |
| Eri (Tamil Nadu) |
Interconnected chain of tanks developed during the Chola period for irrigation, groundwater recharge, and flood control, still supporting agriculture. |
| Surangam (Kerala, Karnataka) |
Horizontal tunnels dug into hillsides to extract water from aquifers, similar to Iran’s Qanat system, common in Malabar and Kasargod. |
| Phad Irrigation (Maharashtra) |
Community-managed canal irrigation system drawing water from rivers, used in drought-prone areas, managed by a village council (patkari system). |
PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?
(a) Dholavira
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi
(d) Ropar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
Why in the News?
The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) recently organized Prani Mitra and Jeev Daya Award Ceremony in New Delhi.
- Prani Mitra Awards were established in 1966 to honor individuals excelling in animal welfare and protection.
- Since 1966, 54 individuals have received this award for their remarkable service.
- Jeev Daya Awards, instituted in 2001, acknowledge efforts in animal rescue, rehabilitation, and welfare education.
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About the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
- The AWBI is a statutory advisory body under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
- It was established in 1962 under Section 4 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, with Rukmini Devi Arundale as its first chairperson.
- Headquarters: Ballabhgarh, Haryana (previously in Chennai).
- Composition: 28 members serving for a period of three years.
- Jurisdiction: Initially under the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, later moved to the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, and is now managed by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
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- Recognition of Animal Welfare Organizations (AWOs): Grants recognition to organizations meeting the Board’s guidelines.
- Financial Assistance: Provides funds for shelters, cattle rescue, ambulances, and birth control programs.
- Policy and Legal Advocacy: Proposes changes in animal welfare laws and offers guidance to law enforcement agencies.
- Awareness and Education: Conducts educational programs, workshops, and publications on animal welfare.
- Monitoring Animals in Research & Entertainment: Instrumental in setting up CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals) and implementing Performing Animals Rules (2001, amended 2005).
- Activism & Legal Rights for Animals: Successfully fought in 2014 (AWBI vs. Nagaraja case) for recognizing fundamental rights of animals under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following statements:
1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Science Day
Why in the News?
February 28 is observed as National Science Day in India to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928. It is the only Nobel achieved by an Indian while working in India.
About National Science Day
- National Science Day is celebrated in India on February 28 every year.
- It marks the discovery of the Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman on February 28, 1928.
- The GoI declared this day as National Science Day in 1986 to promote scientific awareness.
- The primary objective of the day is to promote scientific temper, encourage research, and recognize India’s contributions to science.
- Schools, colleges, and research institutions organize seminars, science exhibitions, and debates to celebrate this day.
- The theme for National Science Day 2024 is “Empowering Indian Youth for Global Leadership in Science & Innovation for Viksit Bharat.”
Who was C.V. Raman?
- Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu.
- He completed his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Physics from Presidency College, Madras.
- He initially worked as an Assistant Accountant General but continued his passion for physics through research.
- In 1917, he became a professor at Calcutta University and conducted groundbreaking experiments.
- He established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore in 1948, which became a major center for scientific research.
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Contributions of C.V. Raman
- Raman Effect (1928): Proved that light changes wavelength when scattered by molecules.
- Inspired by the blue color of the Mediterranean Sea, disproving the earlier sky-reflection theory.
- Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, becoming India’s first Nobel laureate in science.
- Conducted research on vibrations of musical instruments like the veena, tabla, and mridangam.
- Raman Spectroscopy is widely used in chemistry, physics, medicine, and space exploration.
- Used by NASA in Mars Rover missions for mineral analysis.
- He established the Raman Research Institute to promote advanced scientific research in India.
- He contributed to strengthening India’s scientific infrastructure and mentored future physicists.
PYQ:
[2016] A recent movie titled The Man Who Knew Infinity is based on the biography of:
(a) S. Ramanujan
(b) S. Chandrasekhar
(c) S. N. Bose
(d) C. V. Raman |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doomsday Fish
Why in the News?
Recent sightings of the rare oarfish, also known as the “Doomsday Fish,” near the shores of Baja California Sur, Mexico, have sparked speculation and social media frenzy.
About the ‘Doomsday Fish’
- Japanese Folklore calls the oarfish “Ryugu no tsukai” or “Sea God’s Palace Messenger” and believes its rare appearance signals an impending natural calamity.
- The belief gained strength in 2011 when multiple oarfish washed ashore in Japan just before the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (9.0 magnitude).
- Some cultures also consider the oarfish a messenger of the deep, warning humans of major disturbances in the ocean.
Popular Legends
- Some scientists suggest that deep-sea fishlike oarfish may be sensitive to underwater vibrations from fault lines and could surface before an earthquake.
- However, no conclusive scientific evidence supports this theory.
- Powerful ocean currents, storms, or underwater disturbances may push weakened or dying oarfish toward the surface.
- The El Niño phenomenon or changes in water temperature might also affect their movements.
- A 2019 study in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America found no relationship between oarfish sightings and earthquakes in Japan.
PYQ:
[2017] Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences?
1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected.
2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants.
3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q)To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Election Commission of India (2017) and role of the Election Commission of India (2022).
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, is the first law made under Article 324(5) of the Constitution for appointing the CEC and ECs. It was introduced after the Supreme Court’s March 2023 order, which aimed to ensure fair appointments through a high-power committee.
Today’s editorial discusses about the selection process of Election commissioners which is currently in news. This content would help in GS Paper2 mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill is flawed because it favors the candidate chosen by the government.
What are the key provisions of the 2023 Bill for appointing?
- Selection Committee Composition: A three-member committee chaired by the Prime Minister, with the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the Lok Sabha and a Cabinet Minister (nominated by the Prime Minister) as members.
- Search Committee: Headed by the Law Minister, along with two senior bureaucrats, to prepare a list of five eligible candidates for consideration.
- Appointment Procedure: The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) based on the recommendations of the selection committee.
- Seniority Principle: The senior-most Election Commissioner is to be appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner.
- Binding Nature of Recommendations: It is mandatory for the President to appoint candidates recommended by the selection committee.
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Why has the new law been challenged?
- Deviation from Supreme Court’s Directive: In March 2023, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Justice K.M. Joseph, directed that appointments should be made by a high-powered committee comprising the Prime Minister, LoP, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI). The new law replaces the CJI with a Cabinet Minister, weakening the independence of the selection process.
- Lack of Transparency: The search committee’s list of eligible candidates is not made public, reducing accountability.
- Government’s Dominance: The composition ensures a built-in majority for the government’s preferred candidate, undermining free and fair selection.
What constitutional infirmities have been identified in the selection process?
- Government-Controlled Majority in the Selection Committee: The selection committee consists of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition (LoP).
- This structure inherently creates a 2:1 majority in favor of the government, allowing the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Minister to dominate the decision-making process, undermining an independent and impartial selection.
- Lack of Independent Oversight: Replacing the Chief Justice of India (CJI) with a Cabinet Minister weakens judicial oversight. This reduces checks and balances, as a Cabinet Minister is subordinate to the Prime Minister and unlikely to challenge the government’s preferences.
- Violation of Fair and Objective Assessment: The process does not ensure objective evaluation of candidates due to the predetermined government majority. This may violate Article 14 (Right to Equality) as it denies a fair chance to qualified candidates outside the government’s favor and threatens the basic structure doctrine by compromising the independence of the Election Commission.
What are the key observations of the Supreme Court?
- Independence of the Election Commission is Vital: The Supreme Court emphasized that the Election Commission of India (ECI) must be independent and impartial to ensure free and fair elections, which is a fundamental feature of democracy.
- Example: In the Election Commission of India vs. State of Tamil Nadu (1993), the Court held that the ECI has plenary powers to conduct free and fair elections, reinforcing the need for independent appointments.
- Need for a Neutral Selection Process: The Court highlighted that appointments to constitutional bodies like the ECI should be made through a neutral and independent process to prevent executive dominance.
- Example: In March 2023, the Constitution Bench directed that, until a law is enacted, the Prime Minister, LoP, and the CJI should select the CEC and ECs to ensure balanced decision-making.
- Concerns over Executive Overreach: The Court warned that allowing the executive to control appointments could undermine the institution’s autonomy and jeopardize the integrity of the electoral process.
- Example: The Court observed that the historical practice of Prime Minister-led appointments was unsatisfactory, as it compromised the Commission’s independence.
- Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality): The Court observed that a selection process favoring the government could violate Article 14 by denying an equal opportunity to eligible candidates.
- Example: The current law creates a government-majority panel, allowing political bias in appointments and limiting fair competition.
- Upholding the Basic Structure Doctrine: The Court reiterated that free and fair elections are part of the basic structure of the Constitution, which cannot be compromised by biased appointment procedures.
- Example: In S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994), the Court affirmed that any law threatening the democratic process would violate the basic structure doctrine and could be struck down.
Way forward:
- Restore Judicial Oversight: Reintroduce the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in the selection committee to ensure impartiality and independent oversight.
- Enhance Transparency: Make the search committee’s candidate list public and adopt objective criteria for fair and unbiased selection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
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