Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Role of CJI and related constitutional provisions
Mains level: Administrative powers of the CJI, challenges and concerns
Central Idea
- A recent judicial development has raised concerns about the authority and powers of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in influencing judicial decisions. The recall application filed by the Union of India against a judgment regarding the right to default bail, followed by an interim order from the Court of the CJI, has highlighted the need to reassess the constitutional framework and the extent of the CJI’s administrative powers
An Extraordinary Decision and its Unusual Turn
- Safeguarding the Right to Default Bail: The Division Bench of the Supreme Court in Ritu Chhabria v. Union of India recognized the right of an undertrial to be released on default bail if the investigation exceeds the statutory time limit. It criticized the practice of charge-sheeting accused individuals despite incomplete investigations and emphasized that the filing of a preliminary charge-sheet does not extinguish the right to bail.
- Surprising Recall Application: The Court of the CJI entertained a recall application filed by the Union of India against the Ritu Chhabria judgment. This move deviated from the usual course of filing a review petition before the same Bench. The interim order passed by the Court of the CJI effectively stayed the Division Bench’s decision, even though it had no direct connection to the case.
Concerns over the Role of the CJI
- Intra-court Appeal without Legislative or Constitutional Backing: The recall application before a different Bench, including the CJI, raises concerns about the absence of a legislative or constitutional framework for such appeals. This practice can be seen as bench fishing or forum shopping, creating a mechanism devoid of legal legitimacy.
- The CJI’s Administrative Powers: While all Supreme Court judges possess equal judicial powers, the CJI enjoys special administrative powers as the ‘Master of the Roster.’ These powers include constituting Benches and assigning matters for reconsideration. However, within a Bench, the CJI’s vote holds no greater weight than that of other judges.
- Issues of Judicial Equality: While historically, the CJI has authored minority opinions, the recent interim order raises concerns about the extent of the CJI’s influence on judicial decisions. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, have systems where judges collectively exercise power, reflecting the collective strength of the Court.
Cause for Concern
- Instances of Abuse: Recorded instances of infirmities and irregularities in case assignments have raised concerns about the potential abuse of administrative powers by the CJI. The unending nature of these powers makes it impractical to establish limits, emphasizing the need for transparency and checks.
- The Need for Checks and Balance: To maintain the integrity of the judiciary, it is crucial to limit the expansion of the CJI’s powers as the ‘Master of the Roster.’ The computerization of case assignments and the removal of discretionary powers from the CJI can mitigate concerns of undue influence and ensure a fair and impartial judicial process.
Administrative Powers of the CJI
- Constitution of Benches: The CJI has the authority to constitute various Benches within the Supreme Court, including both Division Benches and larger Constitution Benches. This power allows the CJI to assign judges to specific cases and distribute the workload among the judges.
- Assignment of Matters: The CJI has the discretion to assign specific cases or references to different Benches for adjudication. This includes allocating matters to the appropriate Benches based on subject matter, complexity, and other relevant factors.
- Reconsideration of Matters: The CJI can refer cases or issues for reconsideration by a larger Bench. This power enables the CJI to ensure consistency in judicial pronouncements, resolve conflicting decisions, or clarify legal principles through the review of previous judgments.
- Administrative Decision-Making: The CJI is responsible for making administrative decisions related to the court’s functioning, including the allocation of courtrooms, assignment of court staff, and management of infrastructure and resources.
- Appointment of Judicial Officers: The CJI plays a significant role in the appointment and transfer of judges to various high courts and other tribunals. This responsibility includes participating in the collegium system, which involves recommending suitable candidates for judicial appointments.
- Judicial Administration: The CJI oversees the overall functioning of the judiciary, including setting standards for court procedures, case management, and promoting efficiency in the delivery of justice. The CJI works closely with other judges, court officials, and stakeholders to ensure the smooth operation of the judicial system
Facts for prelims
Key provisions related to the CJI’s administrative authority
- Article 145: This article enables the CJI, as the head of the court, to exercise administrative control over the functioning of the Supreme Court.
- Article 146: This article empowers the CJI to appoint officers and servants of the Supreme Court and to determine their conditions of service. It allows the CJI to administer the court’s staff and resources in order to ensure efficient administration.
- Article 147: This article establishes the authority of the CJI in matters related to the appointment and posting of officers and servants of the Supreme Court. The CJI has the power to determine the strength and composition of the court’s administrative staff.
- Article 229: This article deals with the appointment of retired judges of the Supreme Court and high courts to act as ad-hoc judges. The CJI plays a significant role in appointing and assigning duties to these ad-hoc judges, which contributes to the efficient functioning of the judiciary.
- Article 124(3): This provision relates to the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court. The CJI, as part of the collegium system, participates in the process of recommending suitable candidates for judicial appointments. The collegium consists of the CJI and a group of senior judges, and their recommendations play a crucial role in judicial appointments.
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Conclusion
- While the administrative powers of the CJI are necessary for the efficient functioning of the Court, their exercise should adhere to constitutional principles and established legal procedures. It is imperative to establish transparent systems and minimize discretionary powers to safeguard the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 17th Lok Sabha performance and related facts
Mains level: Low performance of 17th Lok Sabha, concerns and way forward
Central Idea
- India’s new Parliament building, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, symbolizes the aspirations of 140 crore Indians. However, as the 17th Lok Sabha nears its final year, it faces scrutiny over its performance.
Performance of 17th Lok Sabha
- Sitting Days: The 17th Lok Sabha has functioned for 230 sitting days so far. However, if it falls short of surpassing the lowest recorded full-term Lok Sabha (331 sitting days in the 16th Lok Sabha), it would become the shortest full-term Lok Sabha since 1952.
- Referral of Bills to Committees: There has been a decline in the referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees. Since 2004, only 45% of the total bills introduced in Parliament have been referred to committees. This suggests a potential decrease in comprehensive scrutiny and review of proposed legislation.
- Legislative Output: The number of bills introduced and passed in the 17th Lok Sabha has seen a decline. Out of the 150 bills introduced, 131 have been passed so far (excluding Finance and Appropriation Bills). The decreasing trend raises questions about the legislative productivity of the Lok Sabha.
- Budget Discussions: The latest Budget session of the 17th Lok Sabha was one of the shortest since 1952. The limited time dedicated to discussing financial matters, particularly the Budget, raises concerns about the depth of analysis and deliberation on critical fiscal issues.
- Debates on Matters of Public Importance: The number of debates conducted in the Lok Sabha during the tenure of the 17th Lok Sabha has been limited. There have been only 11 short duration discussions and one half-an-hour discussion, indicating a restricted avenue for robust parliamentary discourse on matters of public importance.
- Delayed Election of Deputy Speaker: Despite the constitutional provision mandating the election of a Deputy Speaker, the 17th Lok Sabha has not elected one, even as it enters its final year of the five-year term. This delay raises concerns about adherence to constitutional norms and the effective functioning of parliamentary proceedings.
Value addition box from Civilsdaily
| Lok Sabha |
Term |
Total Sitting Days |
Bills Introduced |
Bills Passed |
Average Sitting Days per Year |
| 15th |
2009-2014 |
357 |
244 |
181 |
71 |
| 16th |
2014-2019 |
331 |
247 |
156 |
66 |
| 17th |
2019-2024 |
Less than 331 (projected) |
150 (as of April 2023) |
131 (as of April 2023) |
58 (projected) |
Why the 17th Lok Sabha’s productivity has been low?
- Disruptions and Protests: The 17th Lok Sabha witnessed frequent disruptions and protests from opposition parties, leading to a significant loss of time and decreased productivity. Some of the major issues that led to disruptions include the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), National Register of Citizens (NRC), and farm laws.
- Lack of Consensus: The ruling party enjoyed a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, but there was still a lack of consensus on many key issues, resulting in a delay in passing important bills and legislation.
- COVID-19 Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic also contributed to the low productivity of the Lok Sabha as many sessions were delayed or cancelled due to safety concerns.
- Speaker’s Decision: The decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha to disallow opposition MPs from raising certain issues also resulted in protests and disruptions, further reducing the productivity of the house.
- Shorter Sessions: The 17th Lok Sabha had shorter sessions compared to previous Lok Sabhas, which also contributed to lower productivity. Many important bills and issues were left pending as there was not enough time to discuss and debate them thoroughly.
The concerns associated with the performance of MPs in the old Parliament building
- Limited Parliamentary Engagement: The limited number of sitting days raises concerns about the MPs’ ability to fully engage in legislative proceedings and address the various challenges and issues faced by the country.
- Decreased Scrutiny of Legislation: The declining referral of bills to Parliamentary Standing Committees raises concerns about the thorough scrutiny and review of proposed legislation.
- Legislative Productivity: The decreased number of bills introduced and passed in the 17th Lok Sabha raises concerns about its legislative productivity. This may limit the ability of MPs to address critical issues, propose new policies, and enact necessary reforms, hindering progress and development.
- Limited Budget Discussions: The shortened Budget sessions and reduced time allocated for financial discussions raise concerns about the depth of analysis and deliberation on critical fiscal matters.
- Restricted Debates on Public Matters: The limited number of debates conducted in the Lok Sabha raises concerns about the comprehensive discussion and examination of matters of public importance.
New Parliament Building: An Opportunity for Efficiency
- Responsible Parliamentary Conduct: Members of Parliament should prioritize constructive and meaningful debates, fostering a culture of respect, collaboration, and consensus-building. It is essential to move away from disruptive tactics and focus on substantive discussions that address the complex governance challenges of our time.
- Reducing Disruptions: Long periods of deadlock and disruptions hinder the smooth functioning of Parliament. Efforts should be made to minimize disruptions and ensure that discussions remain focused on key issues. Rules and procedures can be reviewed to encourage more disciplined and productive parliamentary conduct.
- Enhancing Communication and Participation: The new Parliament building, equipped with modern facilities, offers opportunities for better communication and engagement. Members should utilize these resources effectively to engage with constituents, share information, and seek feedback, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.
Conclusion
- The performance of MPs in the 17th Lok Sabha is pivotal in driving effective governance and representing the aspirations of the Indian people. It is crucial for MPs to embrace their roles as custodians of democracy, remaining accountable to their constituents and working collectively to shape a brighter future for India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AISHE
Mains level: Religious disparity in higher education
Central Idea
- All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-21 conducted by the Ministry of Education reveals the underrepresentation of Muslims in higher education compared to other communities.
What is the AISHE?
- To portray the status of higher education in the country, the Ministry of Education conducts an annual web-based AISHE since 2010-11.
- Data is collected on several parameters such as teachers, student enrolment, programmes, examination results, education finance and infrastructure.
- Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE.
- These are useful in making informed policy decisions and research for development of the education sector.
AISHE 2020-21 data on Minority Education
The survey highlights a decline in Muslim enrollment, potentially due to economic constraints and limited opportunities for pursuing higher education.
(1) Decline in Muslim Enrollment:
- Muslim enrollment in higher education declined by 8% in the 2020-21 academic year, while other marginalized communities experienced improved enrollment rates.
- Economic impoverishment forces talented Muslim students to prioritize earning opportunities after completing school, rather than pursuing higher education.
- Drastic declines were reported in UP (36%), J&K (26%), Maharashtra (8.5%), and TN (8.1%).
- Delhi witnessed a significant portion of Muslim students failing to enroll for higher education.
(2) Uttar Pradesh’s Low Enrollment Rate:
- Muslims constitute around 20% of the population in the state.
- Despite an increase in the number of colleges in UP, mere 4.5% Muslim enrollment is in higher education.
(3) Kerala’s Exceptional Performance:
- Kerala stands out as the only state where 43% of Muslims pursue higher education, bucking the trend of low enrollment.
(4) Female enrolment improving:
- Muslim and other minority communities exhibit higher female student enrollment than male students, indicating progress for women in minority communities.
- Male members of the Muslim community face pressure to earn a living early, potentially hindering their pursuit of higher education.
(5) Lack of Muslim Teachers:
- Muslim representation among teachers in higher education institutions is alarmingly low, comprising only 5.6%.
- General Category teachers account for 56%, while OBC, SC, and ST teachers make up 32%, 9%, and 2.5%, respectively.
- Gender disparities among teachers persist, with only 59 female Muslim teachers for every 100 male Muslim teachers.
Reasons for such low enrollment
- Religious influence: Certain societal and cultural norms within the Muslim community prioritize early marriage and family responsibilities over pursuing higher education, especially for female students.
- Economic Challenges: The Muslim community faces financial limitations that hinder their ability to afford higher education expenses, including tuition fees and accommodation.
- Lack of Awareness and Guidance: Many Muslim students, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds, lack information about available higher education opportunities, scholarships etc.
- Preferences for religious preachings: Many families prefer religious teachings at Madrasas over STEM education considering the acute competition and lack of reservation facilities.
- Stereotypes and Discrimination: Instances of religious discrimination and bias discourage Muslim students from pursuing higher education and create a sense of unwelcomeness in educational institutions.
- Socio-political Factors: Political decisions, policy changes, or the withdrawal of educational support programs can have a direct impact on the enrollment of Muslim students in higher education.
Schemes promoting Muslim education in India
- Maulana Azad National Fellowship: Provides scholarships for minority students pursuing M Phil and Ph D programs.
- National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC): Offers interest-free loans and scholarships to economically disadvantaged minority students.
- Nai Udaan Scheme: Provides free coaching and assistance for competitive exams to minority students.
- Seekho Aur Kamao (Learn and Earn) Scheme: Offers skill development and vocational training to enhance employability among minority students.
- Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship Schemes: Provides financial assistance for educational expenses to increase access to education for minority students.
- Bridge Courses and Remedial Coaching: Helps minority students bridge educational gaps and improve academic performance.
Way Forward
Following efforts should be made to address the declining enrollment of Muslim students in higher education:
- Providing scholarships and financial aid to economically disadvantaged Muslim students.
- Creating awareness programs to highlight the importance of higher education and its long-term benefits.
- Collaborating with community organizations to develop mentoring and support systems for Muslim students.
- Implementing policies that promote inclusive education and equal opportunities for all communities.
- Encouraging the recruitment and representation of Muslim teachers and non-teaching staff in higher education institutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN, UNPKF
Mains level: UN Peacekeeping and its significance
Central Idea
India-ASEAN Initiative for Women in UNPK Operations
- Defence Minister proposed this initiative last year to strengthen India-ASEAN defence cooperation.
- Tailor-made courses for women peacekeepers from ASEAN member-states will be conducted at the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in India.
- Twenty peacekeepers, two from each country, will receive training in various aspects of peacekeeping.
- A “Table Top Exercise” focusing on UNPK challenges will be held in December, specifically designed for women officers from ASEAN.
India’s Training and Capacity Building
- The Indian Army has established the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in New Delhi, which trains over 12,000 troops annually in peacekeeping operations.
- The CUNPK hosts foreign delegations, shares best practices, and dispatches mobile training teams to Friendly Foreign Countries for capacity building in UNPK.
- India has deployed Female Engagement Teams, Women Military Police, and women staff officers and military observers in various UN missions.
- India has the second-largest women contingent in the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and UN Interim Security Force for Abyei.
What is United Nations Peacekeeping?
- UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace.
- UN peacekeepers are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.
UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
- Consent of the parties
- Impartiality
- Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
UNPKF in operation
- Since 1948, UN Peacekeepers have undertaken 71 Field Missions.
- There are approximately 81,820 personnel serving on 13 peace operations led by UNDPO, in four continents currently.
- This represents a nine-fold increase since 1999.
- A total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping.
- Currently, 72,930 of those serving are troops and military observers, and about 8,890 are police personnel.
Why UN Peacekeeping is needed?
- Conflict resolution: UN peacekeeping missions play a crucial role in assisting host countries in transitioning from conflict to peace.
- Burden sharing: UN peacekeeping utilizes a global coalition of troops and police to share the responsibility of maintaining peace and stability worldwide.
- Democratization: Peacekeepers provide security and political support to facilitate the early transition to peace and support democratic processes in post-conflict countries.
India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping
- Largest troop contributor: India has a long-standing history of contributing personnel to UN peacekeeping missions, with over 253,000 Indians serving in 49 out of 71 missions.
- Current deployments: Approximately 5,500 Indian troops and police are deployed in UN peacekeeping missions, ranking India as the fifth-highest troop-contributing country.
- Women in Indian Peacekeeping: India has played a pioneering role in deploying women peacekeepers, starting with an all-women contingent to Liberia in 2007.
- Humanitarian services: Indian peacekeepers also provide medical care, veterinary support, and engineering services to communities in need.
Issues with UN Peacekeeping
[A] Issues for India
- Kashmir interference: India has expressed discontent with the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) operating in Kashmir, considering it irrelevant after the Shimla Agreement.
- Disregard for India-Pak ceasefire: UNMOGIP continues to observe hostilities and ceasefire violations along the Line of Control, which India believes is unnecessary.
[B] Global Challenges
- Diverse security challenges: UN peacekeeping operations need to adapt to rapidly evolving security dynamics.
- Resource allocation: Mandates of peacekeeping missions should align with available resources.
- Greater involvement of troop-contributing countries: Countries providing troops and police should have a meaningful role in mission planning.
- Investment in peacebuilding: Adequate financial and human resources are required for post-conflict peacebuilding.
Way Forward
- UNSC reform: Reform the UN Security Council to reflect the changing global landscape.
- Multi-partner collaboration: Enhance effectiveness by involving actors beyond the UNSC in counterterrorism efforts.
- Modernization of peacekeeping: Strengthen UN Peacekeeping Forces through modernization and inclusivity.
- Human-centric decision-making: Promote accountability and transparency in the UNSC’s decision-making processes.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to promoting women’s participation in UNPK operations underscores its dedication to global peace and security.
- These initiatives aim to enhance the capabilities and representation of women in peacekeeping, recognizing their valuable contributions to maintaining peace and stability worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NAVIC
Mains level: Indigenous GPS
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Research Organisation has successfully launched its fifth satellite of 2023.
- A 2,232-kilogram satellite named NVS-1 was launched into space as part of the NavIC
What is NAVIC?
- NavIC is a regional satellite navigation system consisting of seven satellites in orbit that provide positioning, navigation, and timing services to various sectors, including civil aviation and the military.
(1) Origins and Motivation:
- The idea of NAVIC emerged in the early 2000s as IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) to address India’s need for an independent navigation system for strategic and civilian purposes.
- The motivation behind NAVIC was to reduce dependence on foreign systems like GPS and enhance national security, sovereignty, and economic growth.
(2) Satellite Deployment:
- The NAVIC constellation consists of a total of 7* satellites.
- The first satellite, IRNSS-1A, was launched in July 2013, followed by subsequent launches of IRNSS-1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, and IRNSS-1I.
- Each satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit or an inclined geosynchronous orbit, providing continuous coverage over the Indian landmass and surrounding regions.
(3) Renaming to NAVIC:
- In 2016, the system was officially named NAVIC, which stands for Navigation with Indian Constellation.
- The name change aimed to create a distinct brand identity for the Indian regional navigation system.
Key Features and Technical Details
(1) Coverage Area:
- NAVIC provides coverage within India and extends up to 1,500 kilometres beyond its borders.
- The system covers the Indian landmass, as well as the Indian Ocean region.
(2) Satellite Configuration:
- The NAVIC satellites are equipped with atomic clocks to provide accurate timing signals.
- They transmit signals on different frequencies, including L5 and S bands, for enhanced accuracy and reliability.
(3) Applications and Services:
- NAVIC has a wide range of applications, including terrestrial, aerial, and marine navigation.
- It is utilized in various sectors such as transportation, agriculture, disaster management, surveying, and geodetic applications.
- The system supports position determination, velocity measurement, and time synchronization services.
About NVS-1 Satellite
- NVS-1 is part of the second-generation NavIC satellite series and ensures continuity of existing services while introducing new services in the Li band.
- The satellite features two solar arrays generating up to 2.4 kW of power, a lithium-ion battery for eclipse support, and thermal management and propulsion systems.
- Notably, NVS-1 includes a Rubidium atomic clock developed in-house by the Space Applications Centre, showcasing India’s technical expertise in this advanced technology.
India’s launch capabilities and recent missions
- The NVS-1 launch marks the second successful mission in a month and the fifth launch of the year for ISRO.
- In April, ISRO completed the PSLV-C55 mission, deploying two satellites, including TeLEOS-2 with a synthetic aperture radar payload.
- The PSLV-C55 mission highlighted collaboration between India and Singapore in space exploration and technology.
*Note: The numbers of satellites in this constellation is disputed. It is given as 7 and 8 on different sources. Total Nine satellites were launched out of which the very first (IRNSS-1A) is partially failed because of some issue in its Atomic Clock. Another and the last satellite had a launch failure. Hence the number 7/8.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tripitaka
Mains level: Democracy in Indian Civilizations
Central Idea
- The construction and history of the Indian Parliament building serve as a reminder of India’s rich democratic traditions.
- Dr BR Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for the Indian Constitution, highlighted the presence of democratic aspects in Indian history that predate Western influence.
Democratic Traditions in Ancient India
- Ambedkar had challenged the notion that India’s parliamentary procedures were borrowed from European countries.
- Ambedkar referred to the Vinay–pitaka, a Theravada Buddhist scripture, as evidence of existing democratic procedures in India.
- The scripture regulated meetings of the Bhikkhus Sangh (monks) and included rules for debates, motions, and voting through a secret ballot system.
Comparison with Western Democracies
- Ambedkar acknowledged the importance of contributions made by Western democracies in moving away from autocracy and religious dominance.
- He highlighted the separation of Church and State in Western societies and the transition to secular laws created by the people rather than divine or religious authorities.
Caution against Failure to Address Defects
- Ambedkar pointed out the tendency of ancient societies to neglect repairing their own defects, leading to their decay.
- He criticized the Indian society’s reliance on divine laws established by figures like Manu and Yajnavalkya, which hindered the ability to address societal issues.
Conclusion
- While acknowledging India’s rich democratic history, it is essential to continue building and strengthening democratic institutions to address the evolving needs and challenges of society.
- This includes fostering an introspective approach, embracing inclusive governance, and upholding the principles of secularism, equality, and social justice.
Back2Basics: Tripitaka
- The Tripitaka, also known as the Pali Canon, is a collection of sacred Buddhist scriptures that form the foundational texts of the Theravada Buddhist tradition.
- It is divided into three sections, known as the Tripitaka, which literally means “Three Baskets.”
History and significance
- The Tripitaka was orally transmitted from the time of Gautama Buddha in the 5th century BCE until it was eventually written down in the 1st century BCE.
- It holds immense historical and religious significance as it contains the teachings, discourses, rules, and guidelines given by the Buddha and his prominent disciples.
Composition of the Tripitaka:
(1) Vinaya Pitaka (Basket of Discipline):
- Comprises the rules and guidelines for monastic discipline in the Buddhist community.
- Provides detailed instructions on the conduct and behavior expected from monks and nuns.
- Covers various aspects, including ethical guidelines, disciplinary codes, and procedures for resolving disputes.
- Offers insights into the monastic life, the organization of the Sangha (monastic community), and the role of the monastic code in maintaining harmony and ethical conduct.
(2) Sutta Pitaka (Basket of Discourses):
- Contains the discourses and teachings delivered by Gautama Buddha and his close disciples.
- Includes a vast collection of discourses covering a wide range of topics, such as ethics, meditation, philosophy, and social issues.
- Consists of individual suttas (discourses) grouped into different collections or Nikayas, such as the Digha Nikaya (Long Discourses), Majjhima Nikaya (Middle-Length Discourses), Samyutta Nikaya (Connected Discourses), and Anguttara Nikaya (Numerical Discourses).
- Presents the Buddha’s profound teachings on the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, dependent origination, and other core concepts of Buddhism.
(3) Abhidhamma Pitaka (Basket of Higher Teachings):
- Provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of Buddhist philosophy and psychology.
- Explores the nature of mind, consciousness, and reality in intricate detail.
- Presents the teachings in a more technical and analytical manner, offering an advanced understanding of Buddhist concepts.
- Divided into seven books, known as the Abhidhamma books, which delve into topics such as consciousness, mental factors, elements, and the path to liberation.
- Offers a deep exploration of the ultimate nature of existence and the workings of the mind.
Features and Characteristics
- Authenticity and Authority: The Tripitaka is regarded as the most authoritative and authentic collection of Buddhist scriptures in the Theravada tradition.
- Canonical Language: The texts are primarily written in Pali, an ancient Indian language close to the language spoken during the Buddha’s time.
- Extensive Coverage: The Tripitaka covers a wide range of topics, offering comprehensive guidance for practitioners in various aspects of life.
- Preservation of Early Buddhist Teachings: The Tripitaka is believed to preserve the original teachings of the Buddha, providing insights into his wisdom and teachings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change and associated facts
Mains level: Climate change impact and need of agricultural research and development
Central idea
- Recently the G-7 Summit 2023 held in Japan highlighted the urgent need to address climate change and set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India has the largest workforce (45.6 per cent in 2021-22) engaged in agriculture amongst G20 countries faces significant challenges. To mitigate the impact and ensure food and nutritional security, policymakers must prioritize agricultural research, development, education, and extension (ARDE).
Facts for prelims
- At the Hiroshima Summit 2023, the G7 nations stressed that the peak for global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions should be reached by 2025.
- They committed to an “Acceleration Agenda” for G7 countries to reach net-zero emissions by around 2040 and urged emerging economies to do so by around 2050.
- China has committed to net zero by 2060 and India by 2070
- World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has forecast that global near-surface temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1°C to 1.8°C annually from 2023 to 2027.
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Importance of ARDE
- ARDE, which stands for Agricultural Research, Development, Education, and Extension, plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges faced by the agriculture sector, particularly in the context of climate change.
- Climate Resilience: Through research and development efforts, scientists and experts can identify crops and varieties that are more tolerant to changing climatic conditions, such as drought, heatwaves, or extreme rainfall. This enables farmers to adapt and minimize the negative impacts of climate change on crop yields and agricultural productivity.
- Resource Efficiency: By focusing on research and innovation, it aims to optimize the use of key resources like water, soil, and energy. This includes the development of precision farming techniques, efficient irrigation systems, soil management practices, and sustainable pest and disease control methods. Such advancements help conserve resources, reduce input costs, and minimize the environmental footprint of agriculture.
- Enhanced Productivity: This involves developing high-yielding crop varieties, improving agronomic practices, and disseminating knowledge and best practices through education and extension programs. By adopting these advancements, farmers can increase their yields, improve crop quality, and contribute to food security and economic growth.
- Sustainable Agriculture: ARDE focuses on reducing reliance on chemical inputs, minimizing soil degradation, preserving biodiversity, and promoting organic farming. Through research and education, it supports the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems, ensuring the long-term viability of the sector.
- Innovation and Technology Adoption: By investing in research and development, it facilitates the discovery and dissemination of cutting-edge technologies, such as precision agriculture, genetic engineering, biotechnology, and smart farming solutions. These advancements help farmers improve efficiency, reduce losses, and enhance profitability.
- Knowledge Transfer and Capacity Building: They focus on disseminating research findings, best practices, and agricultural knowledge to farmers, rural communities, and agricultural stakeholders. By strengthening the knowledge base and building capacity, ARDE empowers farmers with the skills and information necessary to make informed decisions and improve their farming practices.
India’s challenges in adapting to climate change
- Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events: India is highly susceptible to extreme weather events, including cyclones, floods, droughts, and heatwaves. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and livelihoods, impacting the overall resilience of communities.
- Water Scarcity and Stress: Climate change exacerbates water scarcity in many regions of India. Changes in rainfall patterns, melting glaciers, and rising temperatures affect water availability for agriculture, domestic use, and industries. This poses challenges for irrigation, drinking water supply, and overall water management.
- Agriculture and Food Security: The agricultural sector is crucial for India’s food security and rural livelihoods. However, climate change poses risks to crop yields, productivity, and quality. Erratic rainfall, increased pests and diseases, and extreme temperature fluctuations can impact crop growth and food production, leading to food security challenges.
- Coastal Vulnerability: India has a long coastline, making it highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and storm surges. Coastal regions face threats to infrastructure, settlements, agriculture, and ecosystems. Climate change-induced sea-level rise also increases the risk of saltwater intrusion, affecting freshwater sources and agriculture in coastal areas.
- Health Impacts: Climate change influences the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, as well as heat-related illnesses. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can affect the distribution of disease vectors and impact public health systems, particularly in vulnerable communities with limited access to healthcare.
- Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Disruption: Climate change poses risks to India’s rich biodiversity and ecosystems. Habitats, wildlife, and fragile ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves face threats from changing temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and habitat loss. This can disrupt ecological balance and affect natural resources vital for human well-being.
- Infrastructure Resilience: India’s infrastructure systems, including transportation networks, energy grids, and urban settlements, face challenges in adapting to climate change impacts. Infrastructure vulnerabilities can lead to disruptions in services, increased costs for repairs and maintenance, and hindered economic growth.
- Socio-economic Inequalities: Climate change impacts can exacerbate existing socio-economic inequalities in India. Vulnerable communities, such as small farmers, tribal populations, and marginalized groups, are disproportionately affected by climate risks due to their limited resources, lack of access to information, and inadequate adaptive capacities.
Policy Reforms for Climate Resilience
- National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: Developing a comprehensive national strategy focused on climate change adaptation is essential. This strategy should identify priority sectors, vulnerable regions, and specific adaptation measures.
- Mainstreaming Climate Considerations: Integrating climate change considerations into sectoral policies and plans is vital. This includes incorporating climate resilience into agriculture, water management, urban planning, infrastructure development, and coastal zone management policies.
- Strengthening Institutional Frameworks: Establishing robust institutional frameworks and coordination mechanisms for climate adaptation is necessary. This includes enhancing the capacity of relevant government departments, local authorities, and institutions to implement adaptation measures effectively.
- Building Climate Information Systems: Developing and strengthening climate information systems includes improving meteorological services, climate monitoring networks, early warning systems, and climate data management. Accessible and reliable climate information helps policymakers, communities, and sectors plan and respond to climate risks effectively.
- Promoting Nature-Based Solutions: Encouraging nature-based solutions can enhance climate resilience. This involves conserving and restoring natural ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and mangroves, which provide crucial ecosystem services. Nature-based solutions contribute to flood control, water regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation, thereby improving resilience to climate change.
Addressing Funding and Allocation Imbalance
- Scaling Up Experiments: To address climate change challenges effectively, increased funding allocation for ARDE is essential. While there has been an increase in total expenditure on ARDE, research intensity (ARDE as a percentage of agri-GDP) has declined. It is crucial to allocate more funds to scale up experiments and innovations in sustainable agriculture.
- Sector-wise Allocation: The current allocation of ARDE shows a skewed distribution towards crop husbandry, neglecting sectors like soil, water conservation, forestry, animal husbandry, dairy development, and fisheries. This imbalance needs correction to promote holistic agricultural research and development.
Conclusion
- As global temperatures rise and climate change impacts intensify, addressing remaining gaps in agricultural research and development becomes imperative. Increased investment in ARDE, realignment of expenditures and policies, and a focus on sustainable farming practices are essential to build climate resilience in India’s agriculture sector. By prioritizing these measures, India can secure food and nutritional security while mitigating the challenges posed by climate change.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Menstruation
Mains level: Menstrual health and Hygiene, Importance, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- In a recent incident in Maharashtra, a man mistakenly perceived period stains on his sister’s clothes as a sign of a sexual relationship, highlighting the prevalence of misinformation about menstruation in urban India. Despite living in the public domain, girls and women face challenges related to periods due to shame, stigma, and discrimination.
What is Menstruation?
- Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman’s monthly cycle.
- It is a normal process for girls and women who have reached puberty.
- Every month, girl or women’s body prepares for pregnancy.
- If no pregnancy occurs, body gets rid of the lining in the uterus.
- The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus.
- The length of a period can be different for each person, but usually lasts for 3-7 days.
Barriers to Menstrual Hygiene in Urban Areas
- Lack of Awareness: Low-income groups in urban areas have limited understanding of periods and menstrual health, leading to poor practices and hygiene management.
- Limited Access to Menstrual Products: While period products are more easily available in urban areas, they are often wrapped in paper or black plastic bags, contributing to the associated shame and stigma.
- Inadequate Toilet Facilities: Low-income slums, pavement dwellers, educational institutions, and workplaces lack easily accessible, safe, clean, and convenient toilet facilities.
- Poor Waste Management: Improper disposal of menstrual waste poses health risks to sanitation workers who are forced to sort through waste without proper protection, undermining their health and dignity.
Did you know?
- The menstrual cycle can be affected by external factors such as stress, changes in temperature and altitude, and even exposure to certain chemicals and toxins.
- This can cause changes in the length of the cycle, the intensity of bleeding, and the severity of symptoms.
- There is also a small percentage of women who experience menorrhagia, which is an excessive bleeding during menstruation. This can be caused by hormonal imbalances, fibroids, endometriosis, and other underlying medical conditions.
Actions for Improvement
- Awareness and Education: Continuous efforts should be made to raise awareness about periods, address harmful social norms, and challenge gender stereotypes related to menstruation.
- Availability of Menstrual Products: Reusable and disposable menstrual products should be made more accessible through retail outlets, government schemes, social enterprises, and NGOs, ensuring people have the freedom to choose the products they prefer.
- Female-Friendly Toilets: Initiatives such as ‘She Toilets’ and ‘Pink Toilets’ that provide safe, private, and clean facilities with essential amenities for managing periods should be expanded.
- Menstrual Waste Management: Innovative solutions like providing dustbins and incinerators in female toilets, along with waste segregation initiatives like the ‘Red Dot Campaign’ and ‘PadCare Labs,’ can contribute to proper waste management.
Way ahead: Addressing Remaining Gaps
- Reaching Marginalized Groups: Efforts should be made to reach people living in unregistered slums, pavements, refugee camps, and other vulnerable conditions in urban areas. Outreach programs, community engagement, and partnerships with local organizations can help provide access to accurate information, menstrual products, and improved facilities.
- Worksites Support: Both formal and informal worksites need to cater to the menstrual needs of women who work. This can include providing clean and private toilet facilities, ensuring access to menstrual products, and promoting supportive workplace policies that address menstrual health needs.
- Innovations in Menstrual Waste Management: Continued support for innovative solutions in menstrual waste management is essential. This includes safe and effective methods for disposal, such as incineration or environmentally friendly alternatives, as well as scalable approaches that can be adopted in different urban contexts.
- Engaging Men and Boys: Promoting gender equality and breaking menstrual taboos require engaging men and boys as allies and advocates. Educating them about menstrual health, addressing gender stereotypes, and fostering supportive attitudes can help create an environment of acceptance and inclusion.
- Research and Data Collection: Robust research and data collection on menstrual health in urban areas are crucial for evidence-based interventions and policy formulation. Collecting data on access to facilities, product usage, hygiene practices, and health outcomes can guide targeted efforts and measure progress.
- Strengthening Partnerships: Collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, private sector entities, and community-based organizations is vital for comprehensive and sustainable interventions.
- Education and Awareness: Continuously raising awareness about menstrual health is pivotal. This includes comprehensive menstrual health education in schools, community workshops, and media campaigns to dispel myths, challenge social norms, and promote positive attitudes towards menstruation.
- Policy Advocacy: Advocating for supportive policies at the local, regional, and national levels can help address systemic gaps. This involves advocating for menstrual health as a public health priority, ensuring budget allocations for menstrual health initiatives, and integrating menstrual health into broader policies related to health, education, sanitation, and gender equality.
Conclusion
- As the world observes Menstrual Hygiene Day (28 May), it is essential to recognize menstrual health as vital to personal health, public health, and human rights for all. Urban India must overcome taboos, improve awareness, enhance access to products and facilities, and promote proper waste management. By addressing these issues, we can empower girls and women to navigate public spaces with dignity and ensure their overall well-being.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G-7 Hiroshima Summit
Mains level: G-7 Hiroshima Summit, Challenges, approach and way ahead
Central idea
- The G-7 Hiroshima Summit, hosted by Japan, marks a significant event as Japan takes the lead since the 2008 summit. For Japan, the imperative lay in navigating the complex geopolitical landscape of the Indo-Pacific, reinforcing partnerships, and addressing security risks in a region crucial for global fortunes.
G7 Summit Hiroshima
- The 49th annual G7 Summit took place in Hiroshima. Japan hosted the summit in its capacity as the President of the G7.
- Prime Minister Kishida’s commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation was evident through the choice of Hiroshima as the host city.
- Prime Minister Modi attended the summit at the invitation of the Japanese Prime Minister.
- The participating leaders issued a leaders’ communiqué on the second day of the summit. The communiqué will be adopted officially at the end of the summit on the 21st.
- Current Members: US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan
Challenges Facing Japan
- Russia’s Aggression in Ukraine: Japan is deeply concerned about Russia’s ongoing aggression in Ukraine, which poses a threat to regional stability. The conflict, now more than a year old, shows little signs of abating, and Japan is actively monitoring the situation due to its potential impact on its national security strategy.
- China’s Assertive Behavior: Japan is closely watching China’s increasing assertiveness in the region, both militarily and geopolitically. China’s military modernization plans, territorial disputes in the East China Sea and South China Sea, and growing influence pose significant challenges for Japan’s security and regional stability.
- Military Pressures on Taiwan: Japan is alarmed by China’s growing military pressures on Taiwan, which has the potential to escalate tensions and trigger a regional conflict. Ensuring the peace and stability of Taiwan is vital for Japan’s national security interests, given its geographical proximity to the region.
- North Korea’s Nuclear Posturing: The volatile nuclear posturing and nuclear weapons program of North Korea are major concerns for Japan’s security. North Korea’s missile tests and threats of nuclear attacks not only pose a direct threat to Japan but also contribute to regional instability.
- Economic and Technological Resilience: Japan faces challenges in ensuring economic security, particularly in the face of global supply chain instability and the impact of sensitive technologies. Reviving and strengthening its chip industry and advancing collaborations in science and technology are crucial for Japan’s economic and technological resilience.
- Climate Change Impacts: As an island nation, it is particularly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, such as coastal erosion, increased flooding, and threats to food security.
- Regulation of Sensitive Technologies: Japan faces the complex task of regulating sensitive technologies to ensure national security without stifling innovation and economic growth. Striking a balance between fostering technological advancements and safeguarding against potential risks and misuse is a challenge that Japan must navigate.
Significance of the India-Tokyo Partnership
- Strategic Cooperation: The partnership between New Delhi and Tokyo holds significant strategic importance. As two major democracies in the Indo-Pacific region, their collaboration helps in addressing shared challenges and advancing common interests.
- Bilateral Defense Ties: The defense cooperation between India and Japan has been growing steadily in recent years. Regular joint military exercises, information sharing, and defense technology collaboration strengthen their respective defense capabilities.
- Economic Collaboration: India and Japan have been actively engaged in economic cooperation. Their partnership encompasses various sectors such as infrastructure development, technology, trade, and investment. Joint projects in the Indo-Pacific region promote connectivity, economic growth, and sustainable development.
- Regional Connectivity: The collaboration between India and Japan plays a crucial role in enhancing regional connectivity. Initiatives like the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) and the Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (IPEC) aim to create infrastructure linkages and promote trade and investment in the region.
- Shared Values and Interests: India and Japan share common values of democracy, rule of law, and respect for international norms. Their partnership is built on a foundation of shared interests, including a free and open Indo-Pacific, multilateralism, and a rules-based international order.
- Counterbalancing China’s Influence: The New Delhi-Tokyo partnership serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific. Both countries share concerns about China’s assertiveness and seek to uphold a rules-based order and promote a free and open Indo-Pacific.
- Middle Power Diplomacy: The partnership between India and Japan is an exemplar of middle power diplomacy. By joining forces, they can amplify their respective influence and promote stability and cooperation in the region. Their partnership serves as a model for other middle powers seeking to address global challenges collectively.
Way ahead: Advancing Shinzo Abe’s Legacy
- Strengthening Alliances and Partnerships: Like Shinzo Abe, current Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida can continue to prioritize the strengthening of alliances and partnerships. This includes nurturing relationships with key allies such as the United States, Australia, and India, and expanding cooperation in various areas such as security, trade, and technology.
- Network Building and Diplomatic Partnerships: Prime Minister Kishida can follow Shinzo Abe’s footsteps by actively engaging in network building and developing diplomatic partnerships across the world. This includes reaching out to countries in the Indo-Pacific region and beyond to foster collaboration, enhance understanding, and create a network of like-minded nations.
- Regional Leadership in the Indo-Pacific: Japan has a crucial role to play in shaping the strategic contours of the Indo-Pacific region. Prime Minister Kishida can continue Shinzo Abe’s efforts in reinforcing Japan’s leadership position by actively engaging with regional forums and initiatives such as the Quad (Australia, India, Japan, and the U.S.), ASEAN, and the Indo-Pacific initiatives.
- Economic Engagement and Trade Initiatives: Shinzo Abe was instrumental in advancing Japan’s economic engagement with the world through initiatives like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). Prime Minister Kishida can build upon this legacy by further promoting free trade, pursuing economic cooperation agreements, and supporting initiatives that foster economic growth and innovation.
- Active Engagement in Global Governance: Shinzo Abe played an active role in global governance by advocating for reform in international institutions and promoting Japan’s candidacy for key positions. Prime Minister Kishida can continue this legacy by actively engaging in global forums, working towards international reforms, and contributing to the development of global norms and rules.
Conclusion
- The G-7 Hiroshima Summit provided a platform for Japan to consolidate approaches in addressing pressing global challenges. Additionally, the deepening partnership between India and Japan contributes to middle-power diplomacy, upholding a rules-based order and countering unilateral attempts to alter regional dynamics. The summit reinforced Japan’s position as a crucial security actor and its willingness to actively engage in shaping the global order.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Live Streaming of Court
Central Idea
- The significance of live-streaming court proceedings as an extension of the ‘open justice’ and ‘open courts’ principle remains largely unrealized in India.
- Only nine out of the 25 High Courts in the country have implemented live streaming, while the Supreme Court restricts it to Constitutional cases.
What is live-streaming technology?
- At its core, streaming content is meant to help people attend events, expos, and experiences they cannot attend in person.
- Live streaming technology is how videos are streamed over the internet, live, in real-time, as they are being recorded.
- Live streaming technology is the internet’s response to live television broadcasts, with the most popular being news shows and sports.
Why discuss this?
- The Supreme Court emphasized the need for live streaming in district courts and High Courts as these are the courts where most citizens seek justice.
- Time and resource constraints, as well as the inability to travel long distances, limit public access to court hearings.
- Videoconferencing became essential since the COVID-19 pandemic, as physical hearings were not possible.
Early Adopters
- The Gujarat HC pioneered live streaming in October 2020, streaming proceedings on YouTube as an experiment.
- Other HCs, such as Karnataka and Meghalaya, followed with varying degrees of success.
- The Gujarat HC’s YouTube channel gained 1.24 lakh subscribers and 1.9 crore views.
Existing Restrictions
- Model Rules for Live Streaming and Recording of Court Proceedings: These exclude certain case categories from live streaming, including matrimonial matters, child adoption and custody, sexual offences, child sexual abuse, and juvenile cases.
- Broadcasting rights issue: The Delhi High Court notified rules for live streaming proceedings but imposed restrictions such as a ban on reproducing or transmitting audio-visual recordings.
Significance of live streaming
- Instilling Faith in the Judiciary: Allowing ordinary people to view the workings of the highest court without barriers builds faith in the judiciary.
- Empowering the Masses: Live streaming enables the legal system to empower the masses and develop an informed citizenry.
- Respect for Rule of Law: Understanding the importance of the rule of law and how the judiciary protects the rights of marginalized sections of society.
- Living up to Constitutional Expectations: Live streaming aligns with public interest and the preservation of constitutional Article 19 and 21.
- Increased Transparency: Encourages the principle of open court, reduces reliance on second-hand information, and allows the public’s right to know.
- Elevating Legal Standards: Lawyers become better prepared, refrain from irresponsible remarks, and take justice delivery more seriously.
- Level Playing Field: Provides equal opportunities for younger lawyers to showcase their skills and competence.
- Academic Advancement: Inspires law students and encourages legal research on the functioning of the judiciary and the legal profession.
- Easy Accessibility: Eliminates the need for physical presence, allowing litigants to access proceedings from anywhere.
Issues with such policy
- Contempt of Court: Existing video clips of court proceedings on social media platforms often lack context and sensationalize events, potentially undermining the dignity of the court.
- Disinformation and Sensationalism: There are concerns that misuse or selective use of live streaming content may contribute to the spread of disinformation among the public.
- Unnecessary Activism: Increased visibility through live streaming could lead to justices behaving like politicians, seeking individual exposure rather than focusing solely on justice.
Physical barriers for it
- Internet Connectivity: Issues related to internet connectivity may hinder seamless live streaming, requiring attention for reliable access to court proceedings.
- Adequate Infrastructure: Provision of well-equipped spaces where lawyers can effectively present their cases is crucial for a smooth transition to live-streamed proceedings.
- Awareness and Training: Judges, court staff, and lawyers may lack familiarity with digital technology and its benefits. Efforts should be made to raise awareness and provide comprehensive training to ensure their proficiency.
Global examples
- Several countries, including the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Canada, and China, have implemented live streaming of court proceedings in various formats.
- Live streaming formats include audio recordings (US), video recordings streamed on television (Brazil), video streaming on court websites (UK, Canada), and live streaming from trial courts up to the supreme court (China).
Way Forward
To promote open justice and improve access to justice, the following steps are recommended:
- Implementation of live streaming in all courtrooms of the Supreme Court and across all High Courts and district courts.
- Ensuring adequate infrastructure for videoconferencing and live streaming beyond the pandemic.
- Reviewing and revising restrictions on live streaming to strike a balance between transparency and privacy concerns.
- Conducting awareness campaigns to educate the public about the availability and benefits of live-streamed court proceedings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Overturning Circulation
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recent research indicates that the Antarctic overturning circulation, a global network of ocean currents, is slowing down at a faster rate than previously predicted.
- The overturning circulation is crucial for redistributing heat, carbon, and nutrients, and maintaining Earth’s climate stability and deep-ocean oxygen levels.
What is Overturning Circulation?
- The overturning circulation (OC) refers to the large-scale circulation pattern in the global ocean, involving both surface and deep currents.
- It is a network of ocean currents that plays a crucial role in redistributing heat, carbon, and nutrients around the globe.
- It is driven by the sinking of dense, cold, oxygen-rich water from the ocean surface to the deep ocean and the rising of less dense water in different regions.
How does it work?
- It operates on a global scale and involves the sinking and rising of water masses driven by density differences.
- Cold, dense water sinks in certain regions, while warmer, less dense water rises in other areas, creating a continuous flow of water.
Key components and processes
- Antarctic Bottom Water: Cold, dense water forms near Antarctica and sinks to the ocean floor, spreading northward along the seafloor.
- North Atlantic Deep Water: Another dense water mass forms in the North Atlantic and sinks to great depths.
- Thermohaline Circulation: Temperature and salinity differences drive the sinking and rising of water masses, influencing the overturning circulation.
- Deep Ocean Currents: Once the dense water sinks, it flows along the deep ocean basins, connecting various regions of the world ocean.
Observing and studying the OC
- Monitoring the overturning circulation is challenging due to its vast scale and complex dynamics.
- Observations include ship-based measurements, moored instruments, floats, satellites, and numerical models.
- Scientists use a combination of measurements and simulations to understand the behavior and changes in the overturning circulation.
Importance of the Overturning Circulation
- Heat redistribution: The overturning circulation helps regulate Earth’s climate by transporting heat from the equator to the poles and vice versa.
- Assist carbon cycle: It plays a vital role in redistributing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, impacting the global carbon cycle.
- Nutrient cycling: The circulation also facilitates the transport of nutrients, affecting marine ecosystems and productivity.
Consequences of a Slowing OC
- Climatic changes: A slowdown in the overturning circulation can have significant consequences for Earth’s climate and marine ecosystems.
- Nutrient disruption: It can disrupt the transport of heat, carbon, and nutrients, leading to changes in regional and global climate patterns.
- De-oxygenation: Reduced oxygen supply to the deep ocean can affect deep-sea marine life and potentially lead to shifts in species distribution.
Impact of Melting Antarctic Ice
- Melting Antarctic ice disrupts the formation of Antarctic bottom water, a key component of the overturning circulation.
- Freshening of surface waters due to melt-water makes them less dense and less likely to sink, slowing down the circulation.
Future Outlook
- Antarctica’s ice loss is expected to continue and accelerate with global warming.
- Anticipated freshening due to increased ice loss will prolong the slowdown and further decrease deep-ocean oxygen levels.
- The consequences of the slowdown extend beyond Antarctica, affecting the global ocean, climate change, and sea level rise.
- Urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to address these issues.
Way forward
- Intensify efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Implement measures to mitigate ice loss from Antarctica and address the freshening of surface waters.
- Promote scientific research and monitoring to understand and respond to the ongoing changes.
- Raise awareness about the importance of the overturning circulation and its impact on climate and marine ecosystems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Iron fortification
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Iron is an essential mineral for bodily functions, but excessive intake can be harmful.
- Fortification of food with iron is a suggested method for treating iron deficiency anemia.
- Excess consumption of fortified foods or simultaneous consumption of multiple fortified foods can lead to excessive iron intake.
What is Iron Fortification?
- Iron fortification refers to the process of adding iron to food products to increase their iron content.
- It is done using various forms of iron, such as iron salts or iron powders, which are added to the food during processing.
- It is a public health strategy employed to address iron deficiency, particularly in populations where inadequate iron intake is prevalent.
- The goal is to provide a significant portion of the recommended daily iron intake through fortified foods, contributing to the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.
Implications for Iron Overload
- Comorbidities: Iron overload conditions, such as thalassemia, hemochromatosis, and chronic liver disease, have impaired iron excretion mechanisms.
- Blooding events: Iron absorption is balanced by steady and minimal excretion, except during bleeding events.
- Menstrual bleeding: Women can excrete iron through menstrual bleeding, while men are less capable of iron excretion.
- Oxidative stress: Increased iron intake can lead to oxidative stress, cellular damage, and impaired mitochondrial function.
- Heart ailments: High serum ferritin levels (a marker of iron storage) are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as high fasting serum glucose, high total cholesterol, high triglycerides, and hypertension.
- Liver damage: Very high amounts of iron can activate hepatic stellate cells and cause excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the liver. Prolonged liver iron overload can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Challenges and consequences
- Minimal absorption: Only a small percentage of ingested iron from fortified foods is absorbed, with the rest passing through the intestine.
- Digestive issues: Unabsorbed iron can cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal lining and disrupt the colonic microbiota, leading to abdominal discomfort and gastrointestinal issues.
- Issues with nutrition absorption: Excessive iron in the gastrointestinal tract can impair the absorption of other essential minerals like zinc and copper and potentially result in other deficiencies.
Way Forward
- Implement individualized strategies for iron intake rather than mandatory fortification programs to avoid unsupervised high iron intake across diverse populations.
- Ensure thorough monitoring and detection of adverse events related to iron intake.
- Precision in public health approaches is necessary to prevent the risk of iron overload and potential long-term chronic illnesses associated with excess iron.
- Evaluate the specific dietary iron needs of different population segments to avoid unnecessary excess iron consumption.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Route of Development Project
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Iraq aims to establish itself as a regional transportation hub by enhancing its road and rail infrastructure.
- The ambitious project, known as the “Route of Development,” is estimated to cost $17 billion.
Route of Development Project
- Project Scope: The “Route of Development” will span 1,200 kilometers from the northern border with Turkey to the Gulf in the south.
- Economic Objectives: The project aims to promote a sustainable non-oil economy and strengthen regional connectivity.
- Port Capacity: The commercial port of Al-Faw will undergo expansion to handle cargo for the project.
- Train Stations: Around 15 train stations will be constructed along the route, including major cities like Basra, Baghdad, Mosul, and up to the Turkish border.
Challenges and Priorities
- Infrastructure Condition: Iraq’s infrastructure, including roads, requires reconstruction and maintenance due to the impacts of war, corruption, and sanctions.
- Focus on Electricity: Upgrading the failing electricity infrastructure is a priority for the government.
Geopolitical Position and Economic Benefits
- Strategic Geographical Location: Iraq aims to capitalize on its position by becoming a transportation hub for goods and people between the Gulf, Turkey, and Europe.
- Port Expansion: The commercial port of Al-Faw will serve as a gateway for cargo before transportation through the new road and rail links.
- Train Station Network: The construction of train stations in major cities along the route will facilitate efficient transportation.
- Trade Opportunities: The Gulf presents significant trade prospects, especially in the transport of hydrocarbons.
Challenges and Skepticism
- Viability Concerns: Some experts question the project’s feasibility, highlighting the need for “fluidity” in transportation routes and the preference for direct shipping without intermediate loading and unloading.
- Adaptation to Customer Preferences: Consideration should be given to evolving global transport dynamics and customer preferences.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JME Report
Mains level: Malnutrition status in India
Central Idea
- According to the Joint Malnutrition Estimates (JME) by UNICEF, WHO, and the World Bank, India has shown a reduction in stunting among children under five.
Such reports (including NFHS) are credible sources of information to substantiate your answers in Mains answer writing ….
What is Stunting and Wasting?
| |
Stunting |
Wasting |
| Definition |
Impaired growth and development due to chronic malnutrition. |
Rapid weight loss and muscle wasting in a short period. |
| Measurement |
Height-for-age comparison against standardized growth reference. |
Weight-for-height comparison against standardized growth reference. |
| Causes |
Insufficient intake of essential nutrients, frequent infections, poor maternal health. |
Inadequate caloric intake, poor feeding practices, infectious diseases. |
| Effects |
Irreversible consequences, reduced cognitive development, increased disease vulnerability. |
Increased morbidity and mortality, severe malnutrition. |
| Time Frame |
Long-term condition |
Short-term condition |
| Overall Nutritional Status |
Reflects chronic malnutrition |
Represents acute malnutrition |
| Focus |
Impacts growth and development |
Impacts weight and muscle mass |
Decline in Child Stunting in India
- The prevalence of stunting in India dropped from 41.6% in 2012 to 31.7% in 2022, with 1.6 crore fewer stunted children recorded.
- India’s share of the global burden of stunting declined from 30% to 25% in the past decade.
Concerns over Wasting
- Wasting remains a concern in India, with an overall prevalence of 18.7% in 2022.
- India contributes 49% to the global burden of wasting, reflecting the severity of this malnutrition indicator.
- Two-thirds of wasting cases in India may be attributed to maternal malnutrition, leading to low birth weight for height.
Rise in Obesity
- The prevalence of obesity in India increased marginally from 2.2% in 2012 to 2.8% in 2022.
- India’s obesity classification remains low compared to the global prevalence of 5.6%.
- Obesity contributes to 8.8% of the global burden, with 31.8 lakh obese children in India.
Way Forward
- The JME report highlights the need for accelerated efforts to achieve global nutrition targets.
- India’s progress aligns with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, indicating a reduction in stunting.
- More research is needed to understand the complexities of wasting, particularly its links to maternal malnutrition.
- Continued focus on addressing malnutrition, access to health services, and maternal nutrition is crucial for further improvement.
- Learning more about wasting and its determinants will be essential for tailored interventions in India and Asia.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Foucault Pendulum
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Foucault pendulum is a device that proves the Earth’s rotation and has been installed in the new Parliament building in New Delhi.
- It was designed and installed by the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Kolkata.
Foucault Pendulum: A Unique Invention
- Historical Context: In 1851, the Foucault pendulum experiment conclusively demonstrated the Earth’s rotation, settling debates about the planet’s movement.
- Leon Foucault: The French scientist invented the Foucault pendulum and invited scientists and the public to witness the Earth’s rotation through the experiment.
- Working: The pendulum consists of a heavy iron ball suspended by a steel wire and swings in a plane, mimicking the Earth’s rotation on its axis.
- Exhibition at the Pantheon: The demonstration took place at the Pantheon in Paris, where the ball’s motion represented the Earth’s rotation.
Significance
- Earth’s Rotation as a Scientific Fact: The Foucault pendulum experiment solidified the understanding that the Earth rotates on its axis.
- Supporting Astronomical Studies: The knowledge of the Earth’s rotation is crucial for studying various astronomical phenomena, such as day and night cycles and seasonal changes.
- Continual Scientific Inquiry: The Foucault pendulum experiment encouraged further research into the Earth’s rotation and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Modern Applications and Further Exploration
- Educational Installations: The inclusion of a Foucault pendulum in the new Parliament building in New Delhi provides an opportunity for public education and scientific engagement.
- Technological Advancements: Advances in technology, such as precision instruments and digital monitoring, can enhance the accuracy and impact of Foucault pendulum installations.
- Continued Research: Ongoing scientific studies and experiments can deepen our understanding of the Earth’s rotation and its relationship to other celestial bodies.
- Space Exploration: Exploring the Earth’s rotation from space can offer unique perspectives and insights into its dynamics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New Parliament House
Mains level: New Parliament Building, significance, vision and aspirations
Central Idea
- India is on the brink of a historic moment as it celebrates its 75th year of Independence with the inauguration of the new Parliament House on May 28. This remarkable event marks the transition from a century-old colonial-era building to a new structure that reflects India’s vision and aspirations in the post-independence era.
Challenges and Limitations of the Old Parliament House
- Space Limitations: As the demands of governance have grown and evolved, the available space has become insufficient to accommodate the increasing number of staff, offices, and facilities required to support the functioning of the legislature. This space constraint has led to multiple additions and retrofits, such as the Parliament Annexe and the Parliament Library, but they have not fully addressed the need for modern and adequate facilities.
- Infrastructure Constraints: The installation of additional wirings for computers, air conditioners, and security gadgets has cluttered the building and affected its aesthetic appeal. Safety concerns have necessitated measures like safety nettings in the Chambers and Central Hall to prevent the risk of falling tiles and plaster.
- Technological Obsolescence: With rapid technological advancements, the old Parliament House struggles to meet the technological needs of the modern era. The building lacks state-of-the-art facilities for audio-visual communication, simultaneous interpretations in multiple languages, and efficient information management systems limiting the ability to leverage modern tools for improved legislative output.
- Functional Limitations: The cramped working spaces, lack of dedicated facilities for MPs, and inadequate access to necessary resources and reports hinder the ability of legislators to perform their duties effectively. These functional constraints can hamper productivity and limit the quality of discussions and debates within the legislative body.
- Historical Significance: While the old Parliament House holds historical significance and represents the journey of independent India, it also reflects a bygone era. The old building’s colonial-era architecture may not be best suited to symbolize India’s present and future ambitions.
How the New House is Equipped for the Future?
- Spacious and Accessible: The new building offers increased space compared to the old Parliament House, allowing for better movement and functionality. It is designed to accommodate the growing number of MPs and staff, ensuring a more comfortable and accessible environment for all.
- State-of-the-Art Technology: The new Parliament House is equipped with the most updated technology, enabling seamless communication and information sharing among lawmakers. It provides advanced audio-visual communication features, ensuring effective interaction and collaboration during debates and discussions.
- Simultaneous Interpretation: The new building is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for simultaneous interpretation. This enables MPs to communicate and understand proceedings in their preferred languages, promoting inclusivity and facilitating effective participation from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
- E-Library and Digital Resources: The new Parliament House offers access to an e-library and digital resources, providing lawmakers with easy and instant access to important reports, documents, and research materials. This promotes informed decision-making and enhances the capacity of legislators.
- Energy Efficiency: The new building prioritizes energy efficiency through the use of sustainable design elements and eco-friendly systems. It incorporates renewable energy sources, efficient lighting, and climate control systems, reducing energy consumption and minimizing the ecological footprint.
- Visitor Facilities: The new Parliament House includes publicly accessible museum-grade galleries and a Constitution Hall that showcase India’s democratic history. These spaces serve as educational resources for visitors, offering a deeper understanding of the country’s democratic values and principles.
- Future Expansion: The new Parliament House is designed to accommodate future expansions and requirements. As the complex grows and evolves, provisions have been made to ensure that each member will have dedicated spaces for interacting with constituents, fostering closer engagement and representation.
New Parliament Building: An Opportunity for Efficiency
- Responsible Parliamentary Conduct: Members of Parliament should prioritize constructive and meaningful debates, fostering a culture of respect, collaboration, and consensus-building. It is essential to move away from disruptive tactics and focus on substantive discussions that address the complex governance challenges of our time.
- Reducing Disruptions: Long periods of deadlock and disruptions hinder the smooth functioning of Parliament. Efforts should be made to minimize disruptions and ensure that discussions remain focused on key issues. Rules and procedures can be reviewed to encourage more disciplined and productive parliamentary conduct.
- Enhancing Communication and Participation: The new Parliament building, equipped with modern facilities, offers opportunities for better communication and engagement. Members should utilize these resources effectively to engage with constituents, share information, and seek feedback, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.
Way forward: Preparing for New Challenges
- Embracing Technological Advancements: The world is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in technology. The Parliament should adapt to these changes by harnessing digital tools, promoting e-governance initiatives, and leveraging innovations like machine learning and artificial intelligence.
- Legislative Reforms: Regular review and reform of existing laws and procedures are crucial to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in a dynamic environment. Parliamentarians should actively engage in legislative reforms, focusing on updating outdated laws, streamlining processes, and addressing emerging issues.
- Capacity Building: Members of Parliament should be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle complex policy challenges. Training programs, workshops, and knowledge-sharing platforms can help enhance their understanding of diverse subjects, enabling them to make informed decisions and contribute effectively to lawmaking.
- Embracing Innovation and Research: Encouraging research and evidence-based policymaking can lead to more informed and effective legislative outcomes. Parliament should foster collaborations with research institutions, think tanks, and experts to access reliable data, analysis, and innovative solutions to address emerging challenges.
Facts for prelims
Important facts about Sengol?
- Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
- Derived from the Tamil word Semmai, meaning Righteousness, Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance and holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.
- The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
- It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence
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Conclusion
- The new parliament building symbolizes the journey of our Parliament from its past to the future, shaping the concept of Aatmanirbhar Bharat. As the fountainhead of people’s hopes and aspirations, particularly the younger generations, the new Parliament House will serve as a lighthouse guiding us towards the ambitious journey of building Ek Bharat, Shrestha Bharat. It is an opportunity for serious introspection, aiming to make our parliamentary conduct more efficient and productive.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
Mains level: Government's pragmatic approach on new coal-based power stations and way ahead
Central Idea
- The government’s contemplation of a ban on new coal-based power stations, while allowing those under construction to continue, has generated surprise and curiosity. The government’s acknowledgement of the need for an additional 16,000 MW of coal-based capacity to meet the power demand in 2029-30, alongside the existing 27,000 MW under construction, seems contradictory.
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) report
- The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) report is a comprehensive document prepared by the Central Electricity Authority of India.
- The CEA is a statutory organization responsible for overseeing and coordinating the development of the electricity sector in the country.
- The CEA’s report, titled Optimal Generation Capacity Mix, presents two versions released in January 2020 and April 2023, respectively.
- The second report, based on the 20th Electric Power Survey (EPS), adopts a more conservative approach to demand projections for 2029-30 compared to the first report.
Pattern of electricity demand In India
- Diurnal Variation: The demand for electricity in India typically exhibits a diurnal pattern, with peaks and troughs occurring throughout the day. The morning peak is generally observed during the early hours of the day when residential and commercial activities commence. The evening peak, traditionally occurring around 7 pm, is typically higher due to increased industrial demand and domestic energy usage.
- Seasonal Variation: During the summer months, particularly in regions with high temperatures, the demand for electricity tends to increase significantly due to the widespread use of air conditioning and cooling systems. This spike in demand places additional stress on the power grid and necessitates the availability of sufficient generation capacity to meet the heightened energy requirements.
- Day of the Week Variation: Weekdays generally witness higher electricity demand compared to weekends. This difference can be attributed to increased industrial and commercial activities on weekdays, while weekends often involve reduced energy consumption in non-essential sectors.
- Industrial and Commercial Demand: As economic activities and manufacturing processes ramp up during working hours, these sectors contribute significantly to the overall demand for electricity. Demand patterns in these sectors are influenced by factors such as production schedules, working shifts, and operational requirements.
- Rural vs. Urban Demand: Urban centers, with higher population densities and greater industrial and commercial activities, tend to exhibit higher electricity demand compared to rural areas. However, rural electrification efforts and the increasing penetration of electricity in rural regions have led to a rise in demand from these areas as well.
Factors attributed to the decrease in the required capacity for coal-based stations
- Conservative Demand Projections: The second version of the CEA report projections indicate a slightly lower peak demand and energy demand for 2029-30 compared to the earlier estimates. The government may consider these more realistic projections and adjust the required capacity accordingly.
- Historical Overestimation: The CEA’s power demand projections have been known to be somewhat exaggerated in the past. This overestimation has led to higher capacity requirements being initially projected.
- Changing Load Curve Dynamics: The load curve, representing the pattern of electricity demand throughout the day, has been evolving in India. Recent trends indicate a shift in the evening peak to around 4 pm. This shift aligns well with the availability of solar power during daylight hours, reducing the need for coal-based capacity.
- Retirement of Older Units: A significant change in policy relating to the retirement of coal-based units after 25 years of operation has been considered. The revised CEA report mentions that a lower capacity of coal-based stations would be retired by 2030 compared to the earlier estimate.
- Well-Maintained Old Plants: The government may view the continuation of well-maintained coal-based plants beyond the 25-year mark as a viable option. If generating units are properly maintained, the station heat rate remains unaffected by age. Continuing operations of such plants offers advantages such as pre-existing transmission links and maintained coal linkages, which can contribute to a more efficient use of resources.
Way ahead: Balancing Energy Sources
- Promoting Renewable Energy: A significant focus should be placed on accelerating the development and deployment of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. This entails setting ambitious targets for renewable energy capacity addition and providing supportive policies and incentives to attract investments in these sectors.
- Enhancing Grid Integration: Robust grid integration infrastructure is essential for effectively integrating and managing the variability of renewable energy sources. Developing smart grids, advanced energy storage systems, and grid flexibility mechanisms can facilitate the integration of renewable energy into the grid, ensuring smooth and stable power supply.
- Energy Storage Technologies: Expanding the use of energy storage technologies, such as advanced batteries, pumped hydro storage, and emerging technologies like hydrogen storage, can help address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources.
- Demand-Side Management: Promoting energy-efficient appliances, implementing time-of-use pricing, and raising awareness about energy conservation can incentivize consumers to shift their electricity usage to non-peak hours, thus reducing the strain on the grid.
- Distributed Generation: Encouraging distributed generation through rooftop solar panels, community-based renewable energy projects, and microgrids can help diversify the energy mix and reduce transmission losses. Distributed generation enables localized generation and consumption, enhancing grid resilience and reducing dependence on centralized power plants.
- Flexible Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Implementing flexible power purchase agreements that allow for the integration of variable renewable energy sources can attract investments in clean energy projects. These agreements should provide a fair and stable pricing mechanism for renewable energy developers, ensuring long-term viability and encouraging their participation in the energy transition.
Conclusion
- The government’s contemplation of a ban on new coal-based power stations, while allowing ongoing construction projects, reflects a pragmatic approach to energy planning. By reassessing the need for additional coal-based capacity, the government demonstrates a commitment to optimizing energy resources. However, it is essential to strike a balance and prioritize investments in solar and wind power to achieve a sustainable and reliable energy future for India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 124A IPC, Freedom of Speech
Mains level: Evolving nature of sedition and concerns
Central Idea
- In a recent development, the Lahore High Court in Pakistan annulled the offence of sedition in their penal code, raising questions about India’s similar provision under Section 124A. While a challenge to this law is pending before the Indian Supreme Court, the underlying logic of sedition persists and has found its way into various provisions that criminalize speech.
What is Sedition?
- The Section 124A defines sedition as, an offence committed when any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India.
- Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity. However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offense.
- Sedition is a non-bailable offense. Punishment under Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term with/without a fine.
- Sedition was made a cognizable offense for the first time in history in India during the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1973, that is, arrest without a warrant was now permissible.
How the offensive speech reinforces existing social hierarchies and inequality?
- Reinforcing Dominant Narratives: Offensive speech often aligns with the dominant narratives propagated by those in power. It reinforces and upholds the existing social order by validating and amplifying the perspectives and ideologies of the privileged groups.
- Perpetuating Stereotypes and Prejudices: Offensive speech often relies on stereotypes and prejudices that are deeply rooted in social hierarchies. By perpetuating these stereotypes, offensive speech reinforces the existing inequalities and discriminates against individuals based on their identities, such as caste, race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.
- Suppressing Dissent and Alternative Voices: Offensive speech can be used as a tool to suppress dissent and alternative viewpoints. It creates an environment of fear and intimidation, discouraging individuals from challenging the status quo or speaking out against injustice.
- Creating Emotional and Psychological Harm: Offensive speech reinforces negative self-perceptions, perpetuates feelings of inferiority, and reinforces internalized oppression. This can lead to a lack of confidence, self-censorship, and a reluctance to participate in public discourse, further perpetuating existing social hierarchies.
- Unequal Consequences and Legal Frameworks: Offensive speech often faces unequal consequences based on the social position of the speaker and the target. Marginalized individuals are more likely to face severe repercussions for their speech, while privileged individuals often enjoy greater impunity.
How entrenched Hierarchies manifest in the law in India?
- Caste-Based Discrimination: The deeply rooted caste system in India influences the legal framework. Despite constitutional safeguards and affirmative action policies, lower-caste individuals continue to face discrimination and marginalization.
- Unequal Access to Justice: Marginalized communities, including lower castes, tribal communities, and economically disadvantaged groups, often encounter barriers in accessing justice. Limited legal awareness, inadequate legal aid services, and bias within the judiciary can result in unequal access to justice.
- Discriminatory Laws and Practices: Personal laws based on religious or customary practices can reinforce gender inequality and restrict the rights of women. Similarly, laws related to land ownership, inheritance, and labor rights may disproportionately affect marginalized communities, reinforcing existing social disparities.
- Limited Representation and Diversity: The underrepresentation of individuals from lower castes, tribal backgrounds, and other marginalized groups in positions of power within the legal system can lead to biases and insensitivity towards their concerns and needs. This lack of diversity can perpetuate hierarchical power structures and hinder efforts to address social inequalities.
- Selective Enforcement and Impunity: The enforcement of laws in India can be selective, leading to unequal treatment based on social, economic, or political factors. Marginalized communities may experience higher rates of arrests, police brutality, and arbitrary detention. Meanwhile, individuals with social and economic power may enjoy impunity for their actions, perpetuating social hierarchies within the legal system.
Facts for prelims
| Case |
Key Points |
| Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar, 1962 |
– Upheld the constitutionality of Section 124A (sedition) of the IPC. – Clarified that criticism of the government without incitement to violence is not sedition. |
| Balwant Singh v. State of Punjab, 1995 |
– Stated that sedition requires a clear intention to incite violence or public disorder. – Holding opinions or raising slogans against the government without violent intent is not sedition. |
| Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, 2015 |
– Struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, which criminalized offensive online speech. – Emphasized the importance of protecting freedom of speech in the digital age. |
| Common Cause v. Union of India, 2016 |
– Expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws. – Called for a narrow and precise interpretation of the offense. |
| Maneka Gandhi case, 1978 |
– Expanded the interpretation of the right to personal liberty and due process under Article 21 of the Constitution. – Emphasized that laws must be reasonable, fair, and just. |
| Vinit Kumar v. CBI, 2019 |
– Reiterated that criticism of the government, unless inciting violence, does not amount to sedition. – Emphasized the need to prevent the misuse of sedition laws. |
Evolving nature of the interpretation and application of sedition laws
- Striking Down Sedition Laws: In recent years, there have been calls to strike down or reform sedition laws, questioning their compatibility with democratic principles and the right to free expression. The Lahore High Court’s decision to annul the offence of sedition in Pakistan’s penal code exemplifies this growing debate.
- Constitutional Challenges: The Supreme Court of India has examined the validity and scope of Section 124A in several cases. While the law may remain in abeyance without being formally struck down, these constitutional challenges create an opportunity to redefine the boundaries of sedition and ensure its alignment with constitutional principles.
- Expansion of Speech Offenses: The logic of sedition has extended beyond the specific offense itself and transplanted into other provisions of law that criminalize speech. In the Indian context, laws that criminalize hurting religious sentiments or sentiments of particular communities share similarities with sedition.
- Chilling Effect on Freedom of Speech: The fear of prosecution and the potential consequences, such as arrests, imprisonment, or social repercussions, may lead individuals to self-censor or refrain from expressing dissenting opinions.
- Judicial Pronouncements: Judicial pronouncements play a crucial role in shaping the mutating logic of sedition. Courts have an opportunity to interpret and apply sedition laws in a manner that upholds freedom of speech, safeguards democratic values, and ensures a reasonable balance between the state’s legitimate interests and citizens fundamental rights.
- For example: Recent judgment such as the Media One case have emphasized the importance of protecting freedom of speech, criticizing the misuse of sedition for curbing dissent and censoring speech.
Way forward
- Narrowing the Definition of Sedition: Refining and narrowing the definition of sedition can help prevent its misuse. The focus should be on acts or speech that directly incite violence or pose a genuine threat to the territorial integrity or sovereignty of the country. This would help avoid undue restrictions on dissent and criticism of the government.
- Safeguarding Freedom of Speech: It is crucial to ensure that the sedition law is not misused as a tool to suppress legitimate criticism, dissent, or peaceful protests. Safeguards should be put in place to protect individuals’ right to free speech and expression, while allowing for robust public debate and the peaceful expression of dissenting opinions.
- Transparency and Accountability: Establish mechanisms to promote transparency and accountability in the application of sedition laws. This includes clear guidelines for law enforcement agencies, regular review of cases, and strict consequences for misuse of the law. Proper oversight and monitoring can help prevent arbitrary arrests and protect individuals from wrongful prosecution.
- Public Awareness and Legal Education: Promote public awareness and legal education about the scope and limitations of the sedition law. This can help individuals understand their rights and responsibilities, empowering them to exercise their freedom of speech responsibly while avoiding unlawful acts.
- Focus on Alternative Measures: Emphasize the use of alternative legal measures, such as laws related to defamation, incitement to violence, or hate speech, to address genuine threats to public order or national security. These laws should be effectively enforced to protect individuals without infringing upon their fundamental rights.
Conclusion
- Beyond the formal striking down of Section 124A, it is essential to address the underlying logic of sedition and its influence on various provisions that curtail freedom of speech. Recognizing the entangled relationship between law and society, and the hierarchical power dynamics that shape the prosecution of speech offenses, is paramount in safeguarding democratic values and upholding freedom of expression.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Model Prisons Act
Mains level: Prison reforms in India
Central Idea: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has prepared the ‘Model Prisons Act 2023’ to replace the outdated Prisons Act of 1894.
Model Prisons Act, 2023
- The focus of the new act is to reform and rehabilitate inmates and overhaul prison administration.
- The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D), a think tank on policing subjects, was tasked with reviewing the laws and preparing a new draft.
Salient Features of the Act
- The model act includes provisions for the punishment of prisoners and jail staff for using prohibited items such as mobile phones in jails.
- It establishes and manages high-security jails, open jails (open and semi-open), and provisions for protecting society from hardened criminals and habitual offenders.
- The act provides legal aid to prisoners and includes provisions for parole, furlough, and premature release as incentives for good conduct.
Need for a New Prisons Act
- Outdated laws: The existing laws, including the Prisons Act of 1894, the Prisoners Act of 1900, and the Transfer of Prisoners Act of 1950, are outdated and need to be updated.
- Better prison administration: The MHA found several gaps in the existing act and emphasized the need for a correctional focus in prison administration.
- Prisoners’ rehab: The existing Prisons Act of 1894 lacks a focus on reform and rehabilitation of prisoners.
- Use of technology: The act also incorporates the use of technology in prison management and emphasizes the physical and mental well-being of prisoners.
Review and Integration of Existing Laws
- Along with the Prisons Act of 1894, the Prisoners Act of 1900 and the Transfer of Prisoners Act of 1950 have also been reviewed by the MHA.
- Relevant provisions from these acts have been assimilated into the Model Prisons Act 2023.
- State governments and union territory administrations are encouraged to adopt the model act in their jurisdictions, with necessary modifications and the repeal of the existing three acts.
Focus Areas of the Model Act
- Segregation of prisoners: The act emphasizes security assessment and segregation of prisoners, individual sentence planning, and grievance redressal.
- Prison development board: It proposes the establishment of a prison development board and aims to promote an attitudinal change towards prisoners.
- Gendered division: The act provides for separate accommodation for women prisoners, transgender individuals, and other specific groups.
- Technological push: It highlights the use of technology in prison administration, such as video-conferencing with courts and scientific and technological interventions.
Key Lessons
- Changing Perspective on Prisons: The statement acknowledges that globally, prisons are now seen as reformative and correctional institutions.
- Retributive deterrence: Prisons are no longer considered solely as places of retributive deterrence but as institutions where prisoners can be transformed and rehabilitated as law-abiding citizens.
Considerations for prison reforms in India
- Overcrowding and Understaffing: Addressing the issue of prison overcrowding by exploring alternatives to incarceration for non-violent offenders, such as diversion programs and community-based sentencing.
- Legal Aid and Access to Justice: Ensuring that prisoners have access to legal aid and representation to protect their rights and facilitate fair trials. Promoting awareness among inmates about their legal rights and avenues for seeking redress.
- Prison Healthcare: Enhancing healthcare services within prisons, including mental health support and substance abuse treatment programs.
- Women and Children in Prisons: Creating gender-responsive policies and separate accommodations for women prisoners, ensuring their safety, privacy, and access to reproductive health services.
- Community Reintegration: Collaborating with community-based organizations, NGOs, and vocational training institutes to support the reintegration of released prisoners into society.
- Technology and Digital Solutions: Leveraging technology to improve prison management, record-keeping, and communication systems.
Conclusion
- The Model Prisons Act, 2023 emphasizes rehabilitation and recognizes the potential of prisoners to become law-abiding citizens.
- The act provides a framework for creating a more just and rehabilitative criminal justice system.
- It focuses on the well-being of inmates and aims to ensure their successful reintegration into society.
Also read:
PM calls for Prison Reforms and Repeal of Obsolete Laws
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fortified Rice
Mains level: Food fortification and related concerns
Central Idea
- The Union Food Ministry refuted the allegations made by the Opposition regarding the distribution of Fortified Rice through fair price shops.
What is Fortified Rice?
- Fortified rice refers to the process of enhancing regular rice with essential nutrients to address nutritional deficiencies in populations that heavily rely on rice as a staple food.
- These added nutrients aim to improve the nutritional value of rice and combat specific deficiencies prevalent in certain regions or population groups.
- The fortification process involves coating the rice grains with a nutrient-rich powder or premix.
- The specific nutrients added to fortified rice can vary, but commonly include:
- Iron: Iron is often added to fortified rice to address iron deficiency anaemia, a widespread nutritional problem globally.
- Vitamins: Essential vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin B-complex (including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid), and vitamin D may be included in fortified rice to address specific vitamin deficiencies prevalent in target populations.
- Minerals: Other minerals like zinc, calcium, and iodine may be incorporated into fortified rice, depending on the specific nutritional needs and deficiencies of the target population.
Need for fortification
- Data from the National Family Health Survey 2019-21 shows that 57 per cent of women in the reproductive age group (15-49) are deficient in iron.
- Moreover, studies have shown that about a fifth of the children (0-5 years) who do not have access to a nutritious and diversified diet suffer from vitamin-A deficiency.
- Vitamin D deficiency has been termed a silent epidemic.
Advantages offered
- Health: Fortified staple foods will contain natural or near-natural levels of micro-nutrients, which may not necessarily be the case with supplements.
- Taste: It provides nutrition without any change in the characteristics of food or the course of our meals.
- Nutrition: If consumed on a regular and frequent basis, fortified foods will maintain body stores of nutrients more efficiently and more effectively than will intermittently supplement.
- Economy: The overall costs of fortification are extremely low; the price increase is approximately 1 to 2 percent of the total food value.
- Society: It upholds everyone’s right to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger.
Issues with fortified food
- Against nature: Fortification and enrichment upset nature’s packaging. Our body does not absorb individual nutrients added to processed foods as efficiently compared to nutrients naturally occurring.
- Bioavailability: Supplements added to foods are less bioavailable. Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a nutrient your body is able to absorb and use.
- Immunity issues: They lack immune-boosting substances.
- Over-nutrition: Fortified foods and supplements can pose specific risks for people who are taking prescription medications, including decreased absorption of other micro-nutrients, treatment failure, and increased mortality risk.
Possible health hazard
- Thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia and malaria are conditions where there is already excess iron in the body, whereas TB patients are unable to absorb iron.
- Consumption of iron-fortified foods among patients of these diseases can reduce immunity and functionality of organs.
Ministry’s justification of Fortified Rice
- The Ministry cited various studies to support the assertion that consumption of fortified rice leads to a significant improvement in haemoglobin levels and a reduction in the prevalence of anaemia.
- Rice fortification has been adopted by seven countries, including the U.S., since 1958, highlighting its effectiveness as a public health intervention.
- Ongoing evaluation, conducted by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research, is being carried out to assess the impact and effectiveness of fortified rice.
- Evaluation studies focusing on pilot districts are currently underway to gather comprehensive data and insights.
Way Forward
- Collaborative efforts between the Ministry, NITI Aayog, and other relevant institutions should be prioritized to conduct a thorough and independent evaluation of the fortified rice program.
- Transparent communication of evaluation results and findings is crucial to foster trust and address any potential shortcomings or areas of improvement.
- Incorporating feedback and recommendations from stakeholders will be valuable in enhancing the implementation and impact of the fortified rice distribution program.
- Continuous monitoring and assessment of the program’s effectiveness should be a priority, enabling necessary adjustments and improvements to be made in a timely manner.
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