From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dicsoms related developments in news
Mains level: Challenges faced by Discoms, Electricity Act 2003, way ahead
Central Idea
The Electricity Act 2003 introduced significant reforms in the Indian power sector, aiming to enhance competition, protect consumer interests, and ensure electricity supply for all. The Act led to the dismantling of State Electricity Boards and the separation of generation, transmission, and distribution into separate entities. While the generation sector saw a surge in private investment and competitive procurement, transmission and distribution remained regulated activities.
What is The Electricity Act 2003?
The Electricity Act 2003 is a legislation enacted by the Government of India with the objective of restructuring and reforming the power sector in the country. It replaced the earlier Electricity Supply Act of 1948 and introduced several significant changes to the regulatory framework governing the generation, transmission, distribution, and trading of electricity.
The key provisions of the Electricity Act 2003
Restructuring of the power sector: The Act aimed to dismantle the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and separate the functions of generation, transmission, and distribution into distinct entities. This was done to promote competition, improve efficiency, and ensure a level playing field for different players in the power sector.
Delicensing of electricity generation: The Act removed the requirement of obtaining licenses for electricity generation, except in certain exceptional cases. This opened up the generation sector to private investment and competition, leading to increased participation of independent power producers and encouraging the development of diverse energy sources.
Licensing and regulation of transmission and distribution: While electricity generation was delicensed, the Act retained the licensing and regulatory framework for transmission and distribution activities. This was done to ensure the reliability, safety, and quality of electricity supply to consumers and to prevent any abuse of monopoly power in these segments.
Promotion of renewable energy: The Act recognized the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development and mandated the promotion of renewable energy generation. It provided incentives and provisions for the purchase and obligation of renewable power by distribution licensees.
Open access and power trading: The Act introduced provisions for open access, which allowed consumers with a load above a certain threshold to choose their electricity supplier. It also facilitated the establishment of power exchanges for transparent trading of electricity and promoted the development of a competitive power market.
Establishment of regulatory bodies: The Act established State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) at the state level and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) at the national level. These regulatory bodies were entrusted with the task of regulating tariffs, ensuring compliance with regulations, resolving disputes, and promoting competition in the power sector.
Facts for prelims:
What is UDAY scheme?
Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana is the financial turnaround and revival package for electricity distribution companies of India initiated by the Government of India with the intent to find a permanent solution to the financial mess that the power distribution is in
Competitive generation and renewable power
Competitive Industry Structure: The Electricity Act 2003 led to the evolution of a competitive industry structure in electricity generation. It opened up the sector to private investment and allowed for the entry of independent power producers, fostering competition among different players.
Increased Private Investment: The Act resulted in a significant increase in private investment in the creation of new generating capacity. Private investors played a crucial role in expanding the generation infrastructure in the country.
Long-Term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Competitive procurement through long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) became prevalent in the power sector. PPAs provide assurance to investors and de-risk their financial commitment, enabling the development of new generating capacity.
Lower-than-Anticipated Prices: Prices discovered through the competitive market and long-term PPAs turned out to be lower than anticipated under the earlier cost-plus dispensation for determining tariffs. This suggests that the competitive procurement process led to more cost-effective pricing of electricity.
Impressive Growth in Renewable Power: The growth of renewable power in India is entirely the result of private investment. The provisions of the Electricity Act 2003, such as the promotion of renewable energy and obligations on distribution licensees, have played a significant role in driving this growth.
Key Role of Tariff-Based Bids: Tariff-based bids for the supply of electricity to distribution companies (Discoms) have been instrumental in the success of the National Solar Mission. This approach allows for competitive pricing and has contributed to India achieving one of the cheapest rates for solar power supply in the world.
Challenges faced by Discoms (Distribution Licensees) in the power sector
Cost-Reflective Tariffs: One of the main challenges is the inability of regulators in the states to determine cost-reflective tariffs. Discoms often struggle to set tariffs that accurately reflect the costs associated with electricity supply, leading to financial inefficiencies and revenue shortfalls.
Timely Subsidies: State governments find it difficult to provide timely subsidies as required by law. This creates financial burdens on Discoms, affecting their ability to meet operational expenses, procure power, and make payments to generators.
Cross-Subsidy Surcharge: The Electricity Act 2003 mandates a progressive reduction of cross-subsidies, where higher-end industrial and commercial consumers pay more to cross-subsidize lower-end households with lower tariffs. However, the reduction of cross-subsidies has not been effectively implemented, resulting in the continuation of cross-subsidy surcharges.
Misgovernance and Rent-Seeking: Some states face issues of misgovernance and rent-seeking in the power sector, which further exacerbates the challenges faced by Discoms. These problems can hinder efficient operations, delay decision-making processes, and contribute to financial losses.
Financial Viability: Discoms often struggle with financial viability due to a combination of factors, including high aggregate technical and commercial losses, inadequate tariff hikes, and mounting debts. This affects their ability to invest in infrastructure upgrades, procure power, and meet payment obligations to generators and other stakeholders.
Power Supply Reliability: Discoms have the responsibility to ensure reliable power supply to consumers. However, challenges in forecasting demand accurately, managing supply-demand imbalances, and maintaining grid stability can affect the reliability of power supply.
Way ahead: Lessons from the UK and Cautionary Considerations
Demand Growth and New Generating Capacity: The UK’s experience with power sector reforms differs from India’s due to variations in demand growth. The UK did not witness significant demand growth after implementing reforms, reducing the need for new generating capacity. In contrast, India continues to experience substantial demand growth, necessitating continuous investments in new generation infrastructure.
Energy Transition and Market Mechanisms: The UK’s energy transition required the introduction of “contract for differences” to drive renewable energy investments. This mechanism assured successful bidders’ payment of the difference between the market price and their bid price whenever the market price fell below their bid price.
Consequences of Deregulated Markets: Inelastic electricity demand led to significant price increases, prompting the government to provide cash support for lifeline consumption. Energy companies generated record profits, leading the government to impose taxes on their windfall gains. This highlights the potential risks and unintended consequences of relying solely on deregulated markets.
Cautionary Approach: While Discoms face challenges, such as financial losses and delays in payments to generators, the underlying problems lie in the domain of political economy, including misgovernance and rent-seeking. Simply adopting imported reform ideas may not solve these issues and may have unintended negative consequences.
Comprehensive Understanding: It highlights that quick-fix solutions should be avoided, and the experiences and lessons from other countries, such as the UK, should be carefully analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls.
Conclusion
The Electricity Act 2003 has laid the foundation for significant reforms in India’s power sector. While challenges persist in the form of Discoms, careful considerations and comprehensive solutions are necessary. Lessons from the UK’s power sector reforms should be analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls. There are no quick-fix solutions, and a balanced approach is crucial for the sustainable development of India’s power sector.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Revolution
Mains level: India's journey to self reliance in Agriculture
Central Idea
Soviet Union’s role: The Soviet Union contributed to India’s industrialization through capital equipment and technology.
United States’ contribution: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, supported India’s agricultural development.
Soviet Union’s Role in Industrialization
Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc: Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc led to the establishment of key industrial plants and institutions in India.
Examples: Bhilai and Bokaro steel plants (established in the 1950s), Barauni and Koyali refineries, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation, Neyveli Thermal Power Station, Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, and oil prospecting and drilling at Ankleshwar.
US’s Contribution to Agricultural Development
Lesser-known involvement: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, played a crucial role in India’s agricultural development during the 1950s and 1960s.
Assistance provided: The US supported areas such as agricultural education, research, extension services, and technology transfer.
US Land-Grant Model
Visit to US land-grant universities: In 1950, Major H.S. Sandhu and Chief Secretary A.N. Jha visited US land-grant universities for inspiration.
Proposal for integrated agricultural universities: The visit inspired the recommendation to establish integrated agricultural universities in India.
Establishment of UP Agricultural University: The UP Agricultural University was established in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh and inaugurated by PM Jawaharlal Nehru on November 17, 1960.
Expansion of Agricultural Universities
Publication of blueprint by ICAR: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) published a blueprint titled “Blueprint for a Rural University in India” in the late 1950s.
Financial assistance: The United States, through the USAID, provided support for the establishment of agricultural universities in India, starting from the late 1950s.
Collaboration with US land-grant institutions: Agricultural universities in India established in the late 1950s and early 1960s were linked with US land-grant institutions for expertise and curriculum design.
Green Revolution under M.S. Swaminathan
Characteristics of traditional varieties: Traditional wheat and rice varieties were tall and prone to lodging when the ear-heads were heavy with well-filled grains.
Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties: Semi-dwarf varieties with strong stems that tolerated high fertilizer application were developed in the 1960s.
Development and distribution of Norin-10 genes: The Norin-10 dwarfing genes played a significant role in the development of high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s.
Introduction of Seeds to India
Correspondence with Vogel and Borlaug: M.S. Swaminathan contacted Orville Vogel and Norman Borlaug in the late 1950s.
Arrival of Mexican wheat varieties: Mexican wheat varieties, sent by Borlaug, were first sown in trial fields in the early 1960s and later adopted on a large scale in India.
Transition to self-sufficiency: India transitioned from being a wheat importer to achieving self-sufficiency in wheat production in the mid-1960s.
Motivation for US Assistance
Cold War geopolitics and competition: Assistance in agricultural development was motivated by the Cold War geopolitics and the competition between superpowers.
Benefits of India’s non-aligned status: India’s non-aligned status allowed for assistance from both superpowers, benefiting agricultural development.
Socioeconomic Benefits of the Green Revolution:
Increased grain yields and productivity: The Green Revolution significantly increased grain yields, ensuring a stable food supply starting from the mid-1960s.
Food security and self-sufficiency: Adoption of high-yielding varieties improved food security and reduced dependence on imports in the 1960s and 1970s.
Economic growth and poverty reduction: The Green Revolution contributed to economic growth and poverty reduction in rural areas in the 1960s and 1970s.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
PC: The Quint
Central Idea
Kerala High Court’s Ruling on POCSO Case: Quashing of a case filed against a Kerala actor/activist accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
Emphasis on Contextual Consideration: The court highlights the need to consider the context in which the act was performed and challenges the notion of default sexual interpretation.
Nudity and Obscenity Charges against the Accused
(1) POCSO Case
Video Incident and Allegations: A women’s rights activist posted a video on social media showing her children painting on her semi-nude torso with the hashtag “Body Art and Politics”.
Outrage and Accusations: Public outcry ensues, and the activist is accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
Additional Charges: The activist also faced charges under Section 67B (a), (b), and (c) of the Information Technology (IT) Act and Section 75 of the Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act.
IT Act Charges: The charges relate to publishing or transmitting obscene material involving children.
JJ Act Charge: The charge pertains to cruelty towards children.
Court’s Ruling on POCSO Charges
Absence of Sexual Intent: The court examined the video and concludes that there was no sexual intent on the part of the mother.
Dismissal of POCSO Charges: The court dismissed charges under relevant sections of the POCSO Act, as sexual intent and use of children for pornography were not established.
Contextual Consideration: The court emphasizes the importance of considering the context in which the video was published.
Discharge from IT and JJ Act Charges: The court discharged the activist from charges under the IT and JJ Acts, finding no sufficient grounds for proceeding against her.
Significance of the Judgment
Bodily Autonomy as Human Dignity: The court emphasized women’s autonomy as an integral aspect of human dignity.
Importance of Bodily Autonomy: The court highlighted the significance of bodily autonomy in making choices about one’s own body.
Legal Interpretation of Obscenity: The court explained the definition of obscenity based on legal precedents.
Comparison of Standards: The court compared the Hicklin Test with contemporary community standards to determine obscenity.
Hicklin Test
The Hicklin Test is a legal standard used to determine obscenity in various jurisdictions. It originated from the 1868 ruling in the UK case of ‘Queen vs. Hicklin.’ According to the Test, material is considered obscene if it has the potential to “Deprave and Corrupt” individuals whose minds are open to immoral influences. This test focuses on the impact of the material on vulnerable individuals rather than considering its overall artistic or social value. This Test has been subject to reinterpretation and revision in subsequent legal decisions.
Nudity and Cultural Context
Nudity beyond Obscenity: The court asserted that nudity and obscenity are not always synonymous.
Cultural Examples: The court cited cultural and artistic depictions of nudity in temples and festivals to demonstrate the acceptance of nudity in certain contexts.
Challenging Double Standards and Promoting Equality
Critique of Double Standards: The court criticized the double standards that sexualize women’s bodies while allowing men’s bodies to be exposed.
Activist’s Intent: The court acknowledged the activist’s intention to challenge these double standards.
Importance of Individual Freedom: The court concluded that societal norms and morality should not dictate legal prosecution, emphasizing individual freedom and equality before the law.
Balancing Individual Autonomy and Societal Morality
Delicate Balance: We must consider the delicate balance between individual autonomy and societal morality in cases involving nudity and obscenity.
Need for Contextual Consideration: Reiteration of the importance of considering the specific context and intentions behind an act before passing judgment about someone is crucial.
Navigating Obscenity Standards: Hicklin Test and Beyond
Exploring the Hicklin Test: Explanation of the historical significance and limitations of the Hicklin Test in determining obscenity.
Evolving Standards: Reflection on the evolving legal standards and the shift towards contemporary community standards in assessing obscenity.
Way forward
Promoting Education: Implement comprehensive educational programs to raise awareness about the nuances of nudity, artistic expression, and individual autonomy.
Addressing Stereotypes: Challenge societal stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding nudity, promoting a more inclusive understanding of diverse forms of artistic expression.
Cultural Sensitivity: Encourage respectful discussions that acknowledge and respect different cultural perspectives on nudity and artistic expression.
Review of Obscenity Laws: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing obscenity laws to ensure they align with contemporary community standards and protect freedom of expression and individual autonomy.
Contextual Consideration: Introduce legal provisions that mandate contextual considerations when assessing charges related to nudity and obscenity, emphasizing artistic intent and cultural significance.
Support Artistic Expression: Provide platforms, grants, and resources to support artists exploring nudity as a form of artistic expression, fostering creativity, and challenging societal norms.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's G20 Presidency and new initiatives
Mains level: India's G20 Presidency, commitment for global good and inclusive approach
Central Idea
India’s G20 presidency, characterized by the keywords “inclusive, ambitious, and action-oriented,” has made substantial progress in delivering on its promise of inclusivity. By prioritizing the basic necessities of life for every citizen, India has exhibited a strong commitment to social security support and people-centric development.
Inclusive Development Initiatives during India’s G20 presidency
Digital Public Infrastructure: India’s robust digital infrastructure has played a crucial role in delivering the benefits of development directly to citizens across the country. This transparent and corruption-free system has ensured that developmental programs reach every corner of the nation, bridging the digital divide and empowering citizens.
Access to Basic Necessities: The government has prioritized providing every citizen with access to basic necessities. For example, around 110 million rural households have been provided with access to clean drinking water at their homes. Additionally, more than 110 million sanitation facilities have been constructed across the country, improving public health and hygiene.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: This flagship financial inclusion program has been instrumental in providing banking services to previously unbanked sections of society. With a focus on women-led development, the scheme has witnessed significant participation, with 56% of Jan Dhan account holders being women, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
Women-Led Development: Recognizing the pivotal role of women in driving development, India’s G20 presidency has prioritized women’s empowerment. Policies and initiatives have been designed to foster gender equality, enhance women’s participation in various sectors, and promote their overall well-being.
How India’s Foreign Policy consistently prioritized working for the global public good?
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: India has a long-standing tradition of providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to countries in need. In times of crises India has extended its support by offering medical aid and supplies. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, India provided essential medical supplies to over 190 countries and shared vaccines through the Vaccine Maitri program with more than 150 countries.
Development Cooperation: Through programs such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS), India has offered capacity building, technical assistance, and development projects in various sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
Multilateral Engagements: India actively collaborates with other nations to find collective solutions to issues like climate change, sustainable development, peacekeeping, and poverty eradication. India’s engagement in forums such as the United Nations, G20, BRICS, and regional organizations like SAARC and ASEAN reflects its commitment to multilateralism and working towards common goals.
Peacekeeping Operations: India has consistently been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions. Indian peacekeepers have played a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability in conflict-affected regions around the world.
South-South Cooperation: India actively engages in South-South cooperation, which involves sharing knowledge, experiences, and resources among developing countries. India has partnered with other developing nations to address common challenges, share best practices, and promote mutual growth and development.
What is Pro-Planet People’s Movement?
Prime Minister Modi’s call for a “pro-planet people’s movement” to combat climate change epitomizes inclusivity in its true essence.
Aligned with this year’s G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam or One Earth, One Family, One Future, India demonstrates its holistic worldview, emphasizing collective efforts for global good.
Derived from the ancient Sanskrit text, the Maha Upanishad, this theme underscores the interconnectedness and value of all life forms, emphasizing the planet Earth’s broader universe
Inclusivity at the Core of India’s G20 Presidency
Geographic Representation: India has taken steps to ensure geographic inclusivity by holding G20 meetings in different locations across the country, covering all states and Union Territories.
African Representation: India has actively invited African nations to participate in its G20 Presidency, demonstrating a commitment to inclusivity and engagement with the African continent. Countries such as South Africa, Comoros (African Union Chair), Nigeria, Egypt, and Mauritius have been invited, giving a strong voice to Africa within the G20 discussions.
Engagement of Non-G20 Members: India has extended invitations to non-G20 member countries, regional organizations, and international organizations for specific G20 meetings. This initiative enriches the discussions by incorporating perspectives and expertise from a wider range of stakeholders. For example, Norway, known for its expertise in the blue economy, has been invited to contribute to the G20 meeting on ocean health.
Regional and International Organizations: In line with the inclusive approach, India has invited regional and international organizations to participate in specific G20 meetings. This facilitates dialogue and collaboration with organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, IMF, and other relevant institutions.
People-Oriented Approach: India’s G20 Presidency adopts a people-oriented approach, encouraging the active participation and engagement of citizens. Various events, including seminars, conferences, and festivals, have been designed to involve the public and make them stakeholders in India’s G20 Presidency.
Facts for prelims
What is Startup20?
The Startup20 Engagement Group has been initiated under India’s G20 Presidency in 2023.
The group aims to create a global narrative for supporting startups and enabling synergies between startups, corporates, investors, innovation agencies and other key ecosystem stakeholders.
The engagement group comprises of three taskforces, namely Foundation & Alliance, Finance, and Inclusion & Sustainability, where delegates will come together to discuss efficient policy frameworks to promote scaling up of startups in the G20 nations.
Conclusion
India’s G20 presidency embodies the values of inclusivity, ambition, and action. By prioritizing the most vulnerable citizens of the world, India aims to foster human-centric development. In an era of global crises, the significance of upholding the sentiment of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam has never been more crucial. India remains committed to inclusivity, ensuring the participation of all in the path to growth and prosperity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India- Nepal cooperation and recent developments in news
Mains level: India-Nepal relations, challenges, Significance of the recent bilateral visits and future prospects
Central Idea
Nepal’s democracy, governance, and stability face numerous challenges, along with persistent bilateral irritants with India. However, the recent bilateral visit of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda to India has highlighted the potential of a pragmatic approach and mutual sensitivity in re-energizing the relationship between the two nations.
The challenge faced by Nepal in depoliticizing cooperation with India
Political Influence: Nepal’s domestic political dynamics often influence the country’s engagement with India. Political parties and leaders may prioritize their own interests or use cooperation with India as a political tool, leading to the politicization of bilateral issues and hindering effective collaboration.
Water Resources Cooperation: One area where depoliticization is crucial is water resources cooperation. The development of hydropower projects and the management of shared rivers require technical and practical solutions that are free from political interference. Depoliticizing water resources cooperation is essential to ensure long-term sustainability and mutual benefits.
Quality of Democracy and Governance: Strengthening the quality of democracy and governance within Nepal is vital to reduce the influence of political factors on bilateral relations. By promoting transparent and accountable governance structures, Nepal can create an environment that prioritizes national interests over political considerations.
Perception of Foreign Policy Priority: There is a perception among some in Nepal that India no longer considers the country a foreign policy priority. Addressing this perception and reaffirming Nepal’s importance to India’s foreign policy agenda can help build trust and create a sense of shared ownership in bilateral cooperation.
Inclusive Approach: Nepal needs to ensure that cooperation with India is not limited to the government of the day but involves all stakeholders across the political spectrum. Providing a sense of ownership, equality, and credit for major advancements to all parties fosters a more inclusive approach and reduces the politicization of bilateral relations
Significance of the recent bilateral visit
Re-energizing Bilateral Relations: The visit signifies a renewed commitment to re-energizing and strengthening bilateral relations between Nepal and India. It highlights the willingness of both nations to address challenges, enhance cooperation, and foster a positive trajectory in their relationship.
Comprehensive Review of Bilateral Agenda: Discussions covered various areas such as politics, economics, trade, energy, security, and developmental cooperation, allowing both sides to identify priorities and areas of mutual interest.
Addressing Daunting Challenges: Despite the daunting challenges faced by Nepal’s democracy, governance, and stability, the visit demonstrated that pragmatic approaches and mutual sensitivity can help overcome these challenges.
Economic Integration: The visit underscored the significance of economic integration between the two nations. Emphasis was placed on “game changers” such as hydropower projects, infrastructure development, tourism circuits, and improved connectivity.
Power Sector Cooperation: Cooperation in the power sector, including the transmission passage from Nepal to Bangladesh through India, was an important aspect of the visit. Agreements and efforts to increase power trade and collaboration in this sector have the potential to bring prosperity to the entire sub-region.
Digital Connectivity and Space Cooperation: The visit also focused on enhancing digital financial connectivity and regional cooperation in the space sector. Initiatives such as facilitating cross-border digital payments and providing satellite services highlight the potential for collaboration in telecommunication, broadcasting, tele-medicine, tele-education, and other areas.
Building Trust and Confidence: The visit helped in building trust and confidence between the leaders of both countries. Reassurances regarding the resolution of differences on border issues and avoiding attempts to justify official versions of the border as the correct one contributes to a more positive atmosphere.
Realistic Handling of Bilateral Issues
Political Courage: Despite being in a weak position as the leader of the third-largest party in Parliament, Prachanda demonstrated political courage by considering the costs and benefits of various approaches to bilateral issues.
Calculated Decision-making: Prachanda shrewdly calculated the costs of paying heed to political noises cautioning against being soft on irritants like the 1950 Treaty, border differences, and India’s reluctance to receive the report of the Eminent Persons Group (EPG).
Listening to Voices of Reason and Moderation: Rather than succumbing to the spectrum of political dissent, Prachanda chose to listen to the few voices of reason and moderation. This approach helped him focus on opportunities for building a better future.
Pragmatic Approach: Prachanda’s approach was pragmatic, taking into account the challenges presented by the post-COVID-19 world, current realities, and the significant opportunities for bilateral cooperation.
Focus on Opportunities: Instead of getting caught up in political instability and distractions, Prachanda focused on the opportunities for cooperation and collaboration between India and Nepal.
Cooperation in the Power Sector and Digital Connectivity
Power Sector Cooperation: The visit highlighted the transmission passage from Nepal to Bangladesh through India, enabling trilateral power transactions. Agreements were made to increase the quantum of power export from Nepal to India to 10,000 MW within a timeframe of 10 years, presenting significant opportunities for economic growth and energy security in the region.
Hydropower Projects: The development of hydropower projects in Nepal can not only meet the increasing energy demands of India but also contribute to Nepal’s economic growth. The visit highlighted the importance of hydropower projects that can supply energy to India and potentially to Bangladesh, opening new avenues for regional collaboration and prosperity.
Digital Connectivity: The memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the National Payments Corporation of India and the Nepal Clearing House Ltd. facilitates cross-border digital payments, promoting seamless financial transactions and facilitating trade between the two countries.
Space Sector Cooperation: India offered to create a ground station and supply user terminals to provide satellite services of the South Asia Satellite to Nepal. This cooperation can have wide-ranging applications in telecommunication, broadcasting, tele-medicine, tele-education, disaster response, and meteorological data transmission. It promotes regional cooperation in space technology and its practical applications across various sectors.
Way ahead
Dialogue and Engagement: Sustained and regular dialogue between the leaders and officials of both countries is crucial. This helps address concerns, build trust, and foster a deeper understanding of each other’s perspectives. Regular high-level visits, diplomatic exchanges, and people-to-people interactions can help maintain open channels of communication.
Depoliticize Cooperation: Nepal should strive to depoliticize cooperation with India, particularly in critical areas such as water resources management. By prioritizing technical expertise, scientific assessments, and mutual benefits, both countries can work towards sustainable solutions that are not influenced by short-term political considerations.
Economic Integration: Enhancing economic integration is vital for strengthening bilateral relations. Efforts should focus on facilitating trade, investment, and cross-border connectivity. Expanding infrastructure, improving border infrastructure, and streamlining customs procedures can promote seamless economic cooperation and foster shared prosperity.
People-to-People Exchanges: Encouraging cultural and educational exchanges between India and Nepal can promote greater understanding and friendship at the grassroots level. Encouraging tourism, promoting student exchanges, and facilitating cultural events can contribute to stronger people-to-people bonds.
Addressing Perception Issues: India needs to address the perception in Nepal that it is no longer a foreign policy priority. Demonstrating a consistent commitment to bilateral relations, engaging with diverse stakeholders, and providing equal opportunities for cooperation can help overcome this perception and build trust.
Collaboration in Regional Forums: Both countries can collaborate within regional forums such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Active participation in these platforms can foster greater regional cooperation and provide opportunities for addressing common challenges.
Good Governance and Anti-corruption Measures: Nepal should prioritize good governance and anti-corruption measures. Strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and curbing corruption will not only enhance domestic governance but also inspire confidence in India and other partners for increased cooperation.
Conclusion
Despite the daunting challenges, the recent bilateral visit between the Prime Ministers of Nepal and India highlights the potential for re-energizing their relations through pragmatism and cooperation. By prioritizing development and cooperation, both nations can pave the way for a prosperous future in the sub-region.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jal Jeevan Mission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Potable water: The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide piped potable water to all of India.
Potential Life-Saving Impact: If successful, the mission could avert nearly 400000 deaths from diarrhoea.
Reduction in Disease Burden: The mission could avoid 14 million DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) related to diarrhoea.
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
DALY is a metric used to measure the burden of disease on a population.
It combines years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years lived with a disability (YLDs) into a single measure.
DALYs provide a comprehensive assessment of the impact of diseases, injuries, and disabilities by quantifying both the years of healthy life lost and the years lived with a disability.
This metric helps policymakers and researchers prioritize health interventions and allocate resources effectively to address the overall disease burden in a population.
About Jal Jeevan Mission
Launch: Government initiative launched in 2019
Goal: Provide access to clean and piped drinking water to every rural household
Focus: Water supply infrastructure development, community participation, water quality monitoring
Objective: Improve health, well-being, and productivity of rural communities, Addressing challenges of water scarcity, contamination, and inadequate infrastructure
Target: Achieve 100% coverage by 2024 for reliable and sustainable water supply
Definition of functional Connection: A fully functional tap water connection means receiving at least 55 litres of potable water per capita per day throughout the year
The key objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission include:
Universal coverage: Mission aims to achieve tap water connections for all rural households, ensuring access to potable water within premises.
Sustainability: Focus on long-term sustainability through community participation, water resource management, and water conservation practices.
Quality assurance: Prioritizing safe and clean drinking water by implementing water quality monitoring systems and adhering to prescribed standards set by BIS.
Convergence and coordination: Emphasis on collaboration among stakeholders to effectively achieve mission objectives.
Socioeconomic Benefits of the Mission
Economic Savings: The study suggests that the mission could save close to $101 billion.
Time Savings: It could save 66.6 million hours per day that would have been spent collecting water, primarily by women.
Improved Quality of Life: Access to piped water connections would enhance convenience and overall well-being.
Sanitation benefits: Every dollar invested in sanitation interventions yields a $4.3 return in reduced healthcare costs.
Progress status of the scheme
Current Coverage Levels: Around 62% of rural households have piped water connections.
States and UTs at Full Coverage: Five states and three Union Territories have reported 100% coverage.
Progress of states: Himachal Pradesh is at 98.87% coverage, while Bihar is at 96.30% and nearing saturation.
Limitations and Considerations of the Study
Extrapolation of Data: The study extrapolates data and does not compute current levels of coverage.
Contamination Concerns: The study does not account for the degree of contamination in the piped water provided.
Data Sources: The authors used population data from the United Nations, the 2018 National Sample Survey, and water quality data collected by the Jal Jeevan Mission.
Challenges Addressed by the Mission
Water scarcity: Mission aims to tackle the challenge of inadequate water availability in rural areas.
Contamination: Focus on improving water quality and addressing issues of waterborne diseases.
Infrastructure gaps: Efforts to bridge the gap in water supply infrastructure in rural regions.
Way forward
Enhancing Capacity of Local Bodies: Provide support and resources to strengthen the capacity of local governance institutions in effectively managing and governing rural water supply systems.
Promoting Community Participation: Foster active community participation in decision-making processes related to water infrastructure planning, implementation, and maintenance.
Empowering Local Water User Committees: Strengthen the role of local water user committees in monitoring and regulating water supply services, promoting their active involvement in decision-making.
Participatory Planning: Facilitate participatory planning processes, where water user associations actively contribute to the development of water management plans, considering local needs and priorities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fixed dose combination (FDC) Drug
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Exploring the recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination drugs in India and its rationale.
What are FDC Drugs?
Definition: FDC drugs are combinations of active ingredients in a fixed ratio, commonly used in a single pill or syrup.
Benefits offered: FDCs can reduce pill burden, improve adherence to therapy, and lower costs.
Risks associated: Certain combinations can be pharmacologically incompatible, have abuse potential, and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Issue of Irrational FDCs
Licensed FDCs: FDCs introduced for the first time require prior approval, while many older FDCs were licensed without proper scrutiny.
Lack of safety: Lack of evidence on safety and efficacy led to the categorization of many licensed FDCs as irrational.
Legal challenges: A ban on 344 FDCs in 2016 was stayed by the Delhi High Court, prompting further review and subsequent ban on 329 FDCs in 2018.
Government Action and Expert Review
Referral to Drugs Technical Advisory Board: The Supreme Court entrusted the review of FDC drugs to the government’s expert body.
Ban on 14 Pre-1988 FDCs: An expert committee recommended banning certain FDCs licensed before 1988.
Balancing Prior Approvals and Inquiry: The Supreme Court excluded 15 FDCs licensed prior to 1988 from the ban but allowed for an inquiry.
Implications of the Ban
Impact on Drug Availability: The ban affects approximately 40-50 brands used for cough, fever, pain, and common infections.
Support from Pediatricians: Many pediatricians welcome the ban, citing harmful combinations in FDC drugs.
Call for Additional Scrutiny: Calls to consider banning Nimesulide for single-dose use due to liver risks.
Cautions Regarding Cough Syrups
Conflicting Effects of Ingredients: Experts highlight how ingredients in cough syrups may work against each other, reducing their efficacy.
Limited Evidence on Cough Syrups: Weak evidence suggests cough syrups may not significantly reduce cough duration.
Caution for Cough Suppressants: Prescription-only use is advised, particularly for individuals with underlying lung conditions.
Socioeconomic impact of the Ban
Economic Savings and Improved Quality of Life: The ban may lead to cost savings and enhanced well-being for individuals.
Importance of Safe Drinking Water: Access to clean drinking water is crucial for public health and overall quality of life.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments through research and evaluation.
Addressing Emerging Health Challenges: Continuous monitoring and research are necessary to tackle evolving health risks.
Optimizing Healthcare Practices: Ongoing efforts to improve healthcare systems and practices for better patient outcomes.
Conclusion
The recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs in India highlights the government’s commitment to ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India- China potential for collaboration and China's inconsistencies in its words and actions
Central Idea
In a surprising turn of events, Ma Jia, China’s top diplomat to India, recently emphasized the potential for collaboration between China and India to promote global economic recovery and growth. While such statements from Chinese officials during summits are not uncommon, it is crucial to bridge the gap between China’s rhetoric and actions.
Beginning of India-China Relations
The two countries have played up their cultural links-such through the importation of Buddhism into China by wandering Chinese monks more than 1,500 years ago.
India and China got independence from the British yoke at the almost same time in the late 1940s. India and China established diplomatic relations on 1st April 1950.
India was the first non-socialist country to establish relations with the People’s Republic of China and the catchphrase ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ became famous.
Both countries attended the Asian-African Conference in which 29 countries participated in Bandung, Indonesia and jointly advocated the Bandung Spirit of solidarity, friendship and cooperation
Potential for collaboration to promote global economic recovery and growth
Trade and Investment: China and India can enhance trade relations by reducing trade barriers, promoting fair and balanced trade practices, and exploring new areas of economic cooperation. Increased bilateral investments and the establishment of joint ventures can stimulate economic growth and create employment opportunities in both countries.
Infrastructure Development: Collaboration in infrastructure projects, such as transportation, energy, and telecommunications, can foster economic growth and connectivity. Joint investments in projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) can create synergies and facilitate regional trade.
Technology and Innovation: Joint research and development initiatives, exchange programs for scientists and technologists, and collaboration in emerging sectors like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and digital technologies can drive innovation and productivity.
Manufacturing and Supply Chains: Collaboration in manufacturing and supply chains can enhance the competitiveness of both countries. By leveraging each other’s strengths, such as China’s manufacturing capabilities and India’s skilled workforce, they can create a robust ecosystem for production and supply of goods.
Financial Cooperation: Strengthening financial cooperation can facilitate economic recovery and growth. Enhanced cooperation in banking, investment, and capital markets can promote financial stability, facilitate cross-border investments, and support infrastructure financing.
Tourism and Cultural Exchanges: Encouraging tourism and cultural exchanges can foster people-to-people connections and deepen mutual understanding. Joint initiatives to promote tourism, exchange programs for students, and cultural festivals can boost bilateral relations and contribute to economic growth in the hospitality and tourism sectors.
Sustainable Development: Collaborating on sustainable development initiatives, such as renewable energy, climate change mitigation, and environmental protection, can benefit both countries and contribute to global goals. Joint efforts to address common challenges like air and water pollution can lead to cleaner and greener economies.
Regional and Global Cooperation: China and India can work together to address regional and global challenges, such as promoting regional integration, ensuring open and inclusive multilateralism, and strengthening institutions like the BRICS, SCO, and G20
Abnormalities in the India-China bilateral relationship
Rhetoric vs. Actions: There are inconsistency between the rhetoric of China’s top diplomats, such as Ma Jia, who express a desire for collaboration and growth, and the critical pieces published by state-run media outlets like the Global Times, which constantly criticize India. This discrepancy raises questions about China’s true intentions
Lack of Normalcy: India’s Foreign Minister, S Jaishankar, has openly admitted that the ties between India and China are not normal. This acknowledgment points to an abnormality in the relationship, which is likely attributed to the various contentious issues and conflicts between the two nations.
Unresolved Border Disputes: The ongoing border disputes, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), have created a significant abnormality in the relationship. The lack of resolution and recurring incidents of incursions and military standoffs have led to tensions and strained bilateral ties.
Strategic Motivations and Power Dynamics: China’s actions are driven by its desire to establish itself as a dominant power in Asia and the world, while potentially seeking to diminish India’s influence. This power dynamic and China’s perceived attempts to “cut India to size” contribute to the abnormality in their bilateral relationship.
Lack of Respect and Disenchantment: India’s belief that China’s foreign policy narrative is built on a lack of respect from the West. India expects China to treat rising powers like India with respect and acknowledge its growing significance as an Asian and global power. The perceived lack of respect and increasing disenchantment further strain the bilateral relationship.
Aggressive Posturing and Border Tensions: China’s aggressive actions along the borders, including capturing uninhabitable high grounds and pushing India into military alliances with the West, have intensified border tensions. These actions exacerbate the abnormality and pose challenges to the prospect of cooperation.
Shift in India’s Perception: The clashes in Galwan and China’s belligerent behavior have led to a shift in India’s perception of China. India’s increasing disenchantment with China’s behavior, particularly in terms of its promises of cooperation, has altered India’s approach and reduced the scope for cooperation in the current equilibrium.
Hesitations and Disillusionment: India’s initial enthusiasm for Asian multilateralism and cooperation, as demonstrated by its participation in initiatives like the RCEP negotiations and the AIIB, has been met with hesitations and disillusionment due to China’s behavior. This disenchantment contributes to the abnormality in their relationship.
Three proposed key steps to mend ties and pave the way for cooperation
Psychological Makeover and Pragmatism: If Beijing truly desires to work with India, it should undergo a psychological makeover and inject pragmatism into its South Asia policy. This entails a shift away from dogmas and a recognition of India’s rising power and influence. China needs to treat India with respect and acknowledge it as an indispensable Asian and global power. Adopting a pragmatic approach will help bridge the gap between China’s desire for collaboration and its actions.
Good Faith Measures: Accompanying the psychological makeover, the article emphasizes the need for good faith measures. Calming the borders and ceasing to undermine India’s relationships with its neighbors in South Asia are crucial steps. The onus is on China to settle its land border disputes with India and Bhutan, thereby demonstrating a commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the region.
Acknowledging India’s Importance: China, which has built a foreign policy narrative based on a lack of respect from the West, should recognize the need to treat rising powers like India with respect. By acknowledging India’s importance and role as a counterweight in the region, China can establish a starting point for future cooperation
Conclusion
While border tensions may temporarily influence India’s actions, they will not impede its rise as a global player. India is rapidly gravitating towards the West, and the window of opportunity for fruitful collaboration may not remain open indefinitely. By embracing pragmatism and goodwill gestures, China can pave the way for a mutually beneficial partnership that contributes to global recovery and growth.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tribes in news, related provisions and Demand for a separate administration in Manipur
Mains level: Ethnic tensions, causes , historical background, government effrots and way ahead
Central Idea
The simmering conflict between the Meiteis and the Kukis has escalated due to mutual suspicion and recent events, such as the Manipur High Court’s order to recommend Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to Meiteis and the eviction drive of tribal villages from reserved forests. The failure to address these issues has resulted in the resurgence of ethnic violence, posing a threat to peace and stability in the region
Community Dynamics in Manipur and Tensions
Ethnic Clashes: Manipur has a history of ethnic clashes between communities, particularly between the Meiteis and the Kukis. These clashes often arise due to competition for resources, land disputes, and historical grievances. Mutual suspicion and territorial claims have fueled tensions between various ethnic groups.
Land Ownership: Land is a significant source of contention among communities in Manipur. The Meiteis, who primarily inhabit the Imphal valley, face challenges in relocating to the hill areas due to their non-inclusion in the Scheduled Tribe (ST) category. This has led to a sense of deprivation and competition for land ownership between the Meiteis and the hill communities, especially the Nagas and Kukis.
Political Representation: The issue of political representation has also contributed to tensions among communities. Different ethnic groups in Manipur strive for adequate representation in governance and decision-making processes. Disparities in political clout and access to resources have fueled grievances and conflicts.
Cultural Differences: Manipur is home to diverse communities with distinct cultural practices, traditions, and languages. While this cultural diversity can be a source of richness, it can also lead to misunderstandings and tensions. Differences in religious beliefs, customs, and language can sometimes create divisions and conflicts among communities.
Historical Grievances: Historical grievances and conflicts have left lasting scars on community dynamics in Manipur. Past struggles, violence, and insurgent movements have deepened mistrust and created fragmented social landscapes. Lingering resentments from these historical events continue to impact relationships between communities.
Socio-economic Disparities: Socio-economic disparities exist among different communities in Manipur. Disparities in access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities can contribute to tensions and grievances. Economic imbalances and perceived inequalities can strain community relationships.
Historical Background
Pre-Integration Period: The Meiteis, the majority community in Manipur, had their own distinct socio-political system and cultural practices. They sought to project a pan-Mongoloid identity and had a chequered history of violence and struggles before integration with India.
Insurgent Movements: Before integration, Manipur witnessed the emergence of various insurgent groups, such as the People’s Liberation Army, which operated from bases in Bangladesh and Myanmar. These groups sought to address the political aspirations and grievances of certain communities in Manipur, leading to tensions and conflicts with the government and agencies representing the government.
Religious and Identity Issues: The Meiteis, who primarily follow Vaishnav Hinduism, had also expressed dissatisfaction with their Hindu identity, as they believed it brought them no political and economic benefits. They had previously attempted to revive an old Meitei religion called Sanamahism and had protested against the presence of Mayangs, or outsiders, including Manipur Muslims called Pangals.
Integration with India: Manipur became a part of India in 1949, and efforts were made to integrate the state with the mainstream Indian governance system. Over the years, steps such as protracted military operations, peace talks, political negotiations, improved means of communication, and development were undertaken to facilitate integration and stability in the region.
Facts for prelims
Merger of Manipur with the Union of India:
Pre-1947: Manipur was a princely state under British colonial rule. The Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, was the ruler of the state.
August 1947: The Maharaja of Manipur signed the Instrument of Accession, agreeing to accede to the Indian Union.
1972: Manipur, along with Meghalaya and Tripura, became a full-fledged state under the North Eastern Region (Reorganisation) Act, 1971
Who are the Meiteis?
Largest community: The Meiteis are the largest community in Manipur.
Community’s Language: They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of India and the sole official language of Manipur State.
Geographical Distribution: Manipur is geographically divided into the Imphal Valley and the surrounding hills. The Imphal Valley is dominated by the Meitei community, which accounts for more than 64% of the population. The hills, which comprise 90% of Manipur’s geographical area, are inhabited by more than 35% recognized tribes, which are largely Christians.
Major Festivals: festivals of meiteis are Lai Haraoba, Cheiraoba, Yaosang among others. Also, The Manipuri martial art Thang-ta had its origin in the Meitei knights during the king’s rule.
Government’s efforts to restore peace in Manipur
Deployment of Security Forces: The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), and Indian Air Force have been deployed to address the ongoing violence and maintain law and order in the region.
High-Level Government Involvement: The union Home minister has personally visited Manipur and presided over the peace process. The government has appointed a former Director-General of the CRPF as a security adviser and may appoint an officer from the Tripura cadre as the Director-General of Manipur.
Military Operations and Combing Operations: The government has initiated military and combing operations to control the intensity and spread of violence. These operations aim to apprehend perpetrators and restore peace.
Relief and Rehabilitation: Relief camps have been set up to provide shelter, food, and support to those affected by the violence. Efforts are being made to rehabilitate displaced individuals and help them return to their homes.
Strict Action Against Perpetrators: The government has emphasized taking strict action against those involved in violence. Perpetrators are facing consequences for their actions.
Confidence-Building Measures: The presence of security forces and high-level government officials aims to restore confidence among affected communities. The government’s commitment to maintaining law and order and addressing the security situation is intended to instill a sense of security.
Way ahead: Restoring Peace and Rebuilding Trust
Dialogue and Reconciliation: Facilitate open and inclusive dialogue among different communities, encouraging representatives from various ethnic groups to come together and discuss their concerns, grievances, and aspirations. This dialogue should aim to foster understanding, empathy, and reconciliation, creating a platform for finding common ground and building trust.
Addressing Land Issues: Develop a fair and transparent mechanism to address land disputes and ensure equitable land ownership rights for all communities. This can involve comprehensive land reforms, effective implementation of land laws, and creating avenues for resolving land-related conflicts through legal means or mediation.
Inclusive Governance and Representation: Ensure equitable political representation and participation of all communities in decision-making processes. This can be achieved by promoting inclusive policies, ensuring diverse community representation in legislative bodies, and providing opportunities for marginalized communities to have a voice in governance.
Economic Development and Employment Opportunities: Focus on promoting inclusive economic development in Manipur, with a particular emphasis on marginalized communities. Encourage investments in sectors that can generate employment and economic opportunities, ensuring that benefits reach all sections of society. This can help address socio-economic disparities and reduce tensions arising from perceived inequalities.
Promoting Cultural Understanding and Diversity: Foster an environment of cultural understanding, respect, and appreciation among different communities. Promote cultural exchanges, festivals, and events that showcase the richness and diversity of Manipuri cultures. Educational initiatives can also play a vital role in promoting intercultural understanding and tolerance.
Strengthening Law and Order: Enhance security measures and maintain the rule of law to curb violence and maintain peace. Ensure swift and fair justice for those involved in communal clashes, while also promoting community policing initiatives that foster trust and cooperation between law enforcement agencies and local communities.
Rehabilitation and Reconciliation Efforts: Provide rehabilitation and support to those affected by violence and displacement, irrespective of their community background. Implement initiatives that promote reconciliation and healing among affected communities, such as community dialogues, peace-building workshops, and counseling services.
Media and Communication: Encourage responsible and unbiased reporting by the media, which can play a crucial role in bridging communities and fostering understanding. Promote media initiatives that highlight stories of cooperation, cultural exchange, and positive community engagements
Conclusion
Manipur’s ethnic tensions require urgent attention to prevent further escalation of violence and to foster lasting peace. By addressing the underlying causes of conflict, implementing effective governance, and ensuring equitable representation and resource distribution, the state can work towards restoring trust and unity among its diverse communities. Only through comprehensive and inclusive approaches can Manipur integrate fully with mainstream India and realize its potential contributions to the nation’s development.
Mains level: Production-Linked Incentive, advantages and structural challenges
Central Idea
Former Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor, Raghuram Rajan, recently expressed doubts regarding the efficacy of the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme in boosting India’s domestic manufacturing and exports. While the government believes that the PLI scheme has been successful in enhancing the manufacturing sector, critics have raised concerns about its effectiveness.
What is Production-Linked Incentive scheme (PLI)?
PLI is a scheme introduced by the Indian government in 2020 to promote domestic manufacturing in specific sectors.
Under the PLI scheme, eligible companies receive financial incentives or subsidies based on their incremental production or sales.
The objective of the scheme is to boost the competitiveness of Indian manufacturers, attract investment, create employment opportunities, and enhance exports in targeted sectors.
The scheme aims to encourage both domestic and foreign companies to set up or expand their manufacturing operations in India, thereby strengthening the country’s manufacturing ecosystem and reducing reliance on imports.
Significance of the policy of subsidizing domestic sectors
Promoting Domestic Industries: Subsidies provide financial support to domestic industries, encouraging their growth and competitiveness. By reducing production costs, subsidies enable businesses to offer goods and services at more competitive prices, both in domestic and international markets.
Encouraging Employment Generation: Subsidies can stimulate job creation within domestic sectors. By providing financial incentives to businesses, subsidies help them expand their operations, leading to increased hiring and reduced unemployment rates.
Enhancing Competitiveness: Subsidies can bolster the competitiveness of domestic industries, particularly in sectors where foreign competitors have a significant advantage. Financial assistance can be used to invest in research and development, adopt advanced technologies, upgrade infrastructure, and improve product quality, enabling domestic businesses to compete more effectively on a global scale.
Reducing Dependency on Imports: By subsidizing domestic sectors, governments aim to reduce reliance on imported goods and services. This supports import substitution, where domestic industries are incentivized to produce goods that were previously imported, thereby strengthening the domestic manufacturing base and reducing trade deficits.
Fostering Innovation and Technology Development: Subsidies can facilitate research and development activities within domestic sectors. By providing financial support for innovation, governments encourage businesses to invest in new technologies, processes, and products.
Sectoral Development and Economic Diversification: Subsidies can be targeted towards specific sectors deemed strategically important for the country’s economic development and diversification. By incentivizing investments in these sectors, governments aim to create a robust industrial base, foster industrialization, and facilitate economic growth.
Addressing Market Failures: Subsidies can be used to rectify market failures, such as externalities or information asymmetries. For example, subsidies can be provided to encourage the adoption of environmentally friendly practices or to support industries with high spillover effects on other sectors of the economy.
Attracting Investments: Subsidies serve as a tool to attract domestic and foreign investments. By offering financial incentives and creating a favorable business environment, governments can entice businesses to establish or expand their operations within the country. This promotes economic development, job creation, and technology transfer
Role of tariffs on imports
Protecting Domestic Industries: Tariffs are often imposed on imported goods to provide a level of protection to domestic industries. By increasing the cost of imported products, tariffs make them less competitive in the domestic market.
Creating a Level Playing Field: Tariffs can help create a level playing field for domestic industries by counterbalancing advantages enjoyed by foreign competitors. These advantages may include lower production costs, access to subsidies, or different regulatory standards.
Promoting Import Substitution: Tariffs incentivize domestic production by making imported goods more expensive. This stimulates import substitution, where domestic industries are encouraged to manufacture goods that were previously imported.
Generating Government Revenue: Tariffs are a significant source of revenue for governments. By levying taxes on imports, governments can generate funds that can be allocated for various public purposes, including infrastructure development, social programs, and public services.
Balancing Trade Deficits: Tariffs can be utilized to address trade imbalances and reduce trade deficits. If a country consistently imports more than it exports, imposing tariffs on certain imported goods can help reduce the trade deficit by discouraging excessive imports.
Encouraging Domestic Industry Development: Tariffs can encourage the development and growth of domestic industries by making imported goods relatively more expensive. Higher prices on imports can incentivize domestic businesses to invest in their production capabilities, innovate, and improve efficiency.
Challenges of effective implementation of the PLI in manufacturing sector
Targeting and Selection: Identifying the right sectors and companies for incentives is crucial to the success of the PLI scheme. Determining the sectors that have the potential for growth, job creation, and export competitiveness requires careful analysis and assessment.
Administrative Efficiency: Efficient administration and implementation of the PLI scheme are essential. This involves the timely disbursal of incentives and the monitoring of compliance by beneficiary companies.
Funding and Budgetary Allocation: The PLI scheme requires significant financial resources to support the incentives provided to eligible companies. Ensuring adequate funding and appropriate budgetary allocation pose challenges, especially in balancing the financial burden on the government while meeting the scheme’s objectives.
Meeting Performance Criteria: The PLI scheme typically includes performance-based criteria that companies must meet to qualify for incentives. Ensuring that beneficiary companies adhere to these criteria and meet the prescribed benchmarks can be challenging and requires continuous monitoring and evaluation.
Risk of Subsidy Dependence: There is a risk that companies may become overly reliant on subsidies and may not invest adequately in improving their competitiveness or innovation capabilities.
Sector-Specific Challenges: Different sectors within the manufacturing industry have unique challenges that need to be considered during the implementation of the PLI scheme. These challenges could include technological barriers, supply chain complexities, skill gaps, or global market dynamics.
Way ahead: Addressing the structural issues in the manufacturing sector
Infrastructure Development: Adequate and modern infrastructure, including transportation networks, power supply, logistics, and connectivity, is essential for the smooth functioning of manufacturing activities.
Access to Finance: Availability of affordable and accessible finance is critical for the growth of the manufacturing sector, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Enhancing access to credit, promoting innovative financing mechanisms, and easing collateral requirements can help address the finance gap and support the expansion of manufacturing businesses.
Quality of Education and Skill Development: A skilled workforce is vital for the manufacturing sector’s productivity and competitiveness. Addressing the quality of education and aligning it with the needs of the industry can help bridge the skill gap.
Research and Development (R&D) and Innovation: Promoting R&D and innovation is crucial for enhancing the technological capabilities and competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. Encouraging investment in R&D, fostering collaboration between industry and research institutions can help drive technological advancements
Regulatory Reforms: Simplifying and rationalizing regulatory frameworks can reduce bureaucratic burdens, enhance ease of doing business, and attract investments. Streamlining processes, reducing red tape, and ensuring transparent and efficient regulatory mechanisms can create a conducive environment for manufacturing businesses to thrive.
Supply Chain Integration: Strengthening supply chain integration is essential for improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing competitiveness.
Sustainability and Environment: Integrating sustainability practices and adopting eco-friendly technologies are increasingly important for the manufacturing sector. Emphasizing resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting circular economy principles can enhance the sector’s environmental sustainability and compliance with global sustainability standards.
Market Access and Trade Policies: Facilitating market access, reducing trade barriers, and promoting export-oriented policies are critical for the manufacturing sector’s growth and global competitiveness.
Conclusion
The efficacy of the PLI scheme in boosting India’s domestic manufacturing and exports is a subject of debate. While targeted subsidies can stimulate growth in strategic sectors and cater to existing demand, concerns surrounding cronyism and bureaucratic control must be addressed. Focusing on improving the investment environment and addressing infrastructural and educational deficiencies will contribute to sustainable growth in the manufacturing sector.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RBI Monetary Policy Committee
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
This article discusses the recent policy review by the MPC (Monetary Policy Committee) and its implications for India’s economy.
The MPC is responsible for making decisions regarding the repo rate and determining the policy stance to achieve specific economic objectives.
Key highlights by RBI
Repo Rate: Kept unchanged at 6.50%
Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate: Remains unchanged at 6.25%
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate and Bank Rate: Unchanged at 6.75%
Target Inflation: Medium-term target for Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation of 4% within a band of +/- 2%
RBI Monetary Policy Committee
Purpose
Make decisions on monetary policy in India
Constituted by
RBI Act, 1934
Objective
Maintain price stability and foster economic growth
Members
3 officials from the RBI,
3 external members appointed by the Government of India
Chairperson
Governor of the RBI
Decision Factors
Economic and financial developments
Inflation trends
Macroeconomic conditions
Key Tools
Policy interest rate (Repo rate)
Policy stance
Impact of Decisions
Borrowing costs
Liquidity in the banking system
Overall economic environment
Various MPC tools
Description
Repo Rate
Rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks
Reverse Repo Rate
Rate at which the central bank borrows money from commercial banks
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Portion of banks’ deposits that they must hold as reserves with the central bank
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
Percentage of certain assets that banks are required to maintain in their portfolio
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
Buying and selling of government securities by the central bank in the open market
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
Facility allowing banks to borrow funds overnight from the central bank against eligible securities
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
Repo and reverse repo rates used by banks to manage their liquidity needs
Policy Stance and Communication
MPC’s approach to monetary policy and communication of decisions and outlook
Key outlooks
GDP growth and inflation forecasts: GDP growth forecasts provide insights into the expected pace of economic expansion, while inflation forecasts help gauge price stability and purchasing power.
Stability of forecasts: The MPC’s latest review indicates relatively little change in the GDP growth and inflation forecasts, reflecting a consistent outlook for the economy.
Goldilocks metaphor for the economy: The reference to a Goldilocks moment alludes to an ideal state where the economy operates optimally, striking a balance between high inflation (too hot) and faltering GDP growth (too cold). RBI surveys on consumer confidence and inflation expectations suggest a positive and favourable economic environment.
Positive Developments
Surprising GDP growth: India’s GDP growth in FY23 exceeded the RBI’s expectations, reaching 7.2% instead of the projected 7%.
Decrease in headline retail inflation: Retail inflation dropped to 4.7% in April, marking the lowest reading since November 2021.
Consumption recovery and private investments: The anticipation of a robust Rabi crop production and a normal monsoon, combined with the government’s emphasis on capital expenditure, suggests a potential increase in consumption levels and private investments.
Increase in consumer confidence: Consumer confidence is gradually improving, while Indian families expect inflation to stabilize at a more manageable level.
Major considerations
Expected deceleration in GDP: Despite positive indicators, the MPC anticipates a slowdown in GDP growth from 7.2% to 6.5% in FY24, with professional forecasters projecting an even lower growth rate of 6%.
Consumer confidence still in negative territory: While consumer confidence metrics show improvement, they remain below the 100 mark, indicating prevailing pessimism among the public.
Headwinds and potentially economic challenges: Various factors, including weak global demand, volatility in global financial markets, geopolitical tensions, and the potential impact of El Nino on the monsoon, pose potential risks to India’s economy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cyclone Biparjoy
Mains level: Naming of cyclone
PC: windy.com
Central Idea: A cyclonic storm, named Biparjoy, has developed in the Arabian Sea.
Cyclone Biparjoy
It was stationed about 850 km west of Goa and 900 km southwest of Mumbai.
The cyclone is predicted to gain in strength over the next three days and develop into a very severe cyclonic storm by June 13.
It would result in squally weather with wind speeds reaching 35-45 kmph along the coastline of Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra
The IMD has not yet predicted any major impact on countries adjoining the Arabian Sea, including India, Oman, Iran, and Pakistan.
How it was named?
Origin of Cyclone Biparjoy’s Name: ‘Biparjoy’ was suggested by Bangladesh and the word means ‘disaster’ or ‘calamity’ in Bengali. The next cyclone after Biparjoy will be named ‘Tej’ based on India’s suggestion.
Rotational Basis for Naming: The naming of cyclones is done by countries on a rotational basis, following certain existing guidelines.
Responsibilities of RSMCs and TCWCs: Worldwide, there are six regional specialized meteorological centers (RSMCs) and five regional Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) mandated for issuing advisories and naming of tropical cyclones.
IMD’s Role: IMD is one of the six RSMCs providing tropical cyclone and storm surge advisories to 13 member countries under the WMO/Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (ESCAP) Panel.
Naming Authority of IMD: RSMC, New Delhi, is also mandated to name the tropical cyclones developing over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
Guidelines for Naming: Some rules are to be followed while naming cyclones, such as being neutral to politics, religious beliefs, cultures, and gender, avoiding offensive or cruel names, and keeping the name short and easy to pronounce.
Next Cyclone Name: After Bangladesh, the next cyclone will be named ‘Tej’ based on India’s suggestion.
Cyclones in the Arabian Sea: A quick recap
Frequency of Cyclones: It is not rare for cyclones to develop in the Arabian Sea. There are fewer cyclones compared to the Bay of Bengal, but it is not uncommon.
Favorable Months: June is one of the favorable months for the formation of cyclones in the Arabian Sea.
Factors Influencing Cyclone Formation: Cyclones form due to low-pressure systems over warm waters. The Bay of Bengal is slightly warmer, but the Arabian Sea is also getting warmer due to climate change, leading to an increase in cyclones.
Coriolis Effect and Weather Systems: In a depression or low-pressure situation, the air blows in an anticlockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, influenced by the Coriolis Effect.
Role of Climate Change
Historical data indicates that the frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms has increased over the Arabian Sea since 1990, while it has remained the same over the Bay of Bengal.
A 2021 study highlighted the increasing intensity, frequency, and duration of cyclonic storms in the Arabian Sea.
The warming is indicated by the nearly tripled accumulated cyclone energy, reflecting the extent of warming in recent years.
Back2Basics:
Tropical Cyclones
Definition
Intense circular storm over warm oceans with low pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Naidu Hospital in Kottar (Nagercoil, TN), stands as a symbol of the forgotten heroes of the freedom movement, spearheaded by Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu, and their enduring impact on social justice
Who was Dr. M. Emperumal Naidu (1880-1958)?
Introduction to Naidu Hospital: Naidu Hospital, located in Kottar is a significant hospital with historical ties to the freedom movement and the fight for social justice.
Founder: M. Emperumal Naidu, a freedom fighter and associate of Mahatma Gandhi, established the hospital.
Contribution to Vaikom Movement: Naidu actively participated in the Vaikom temple street entry movement, following the footsteps of Periyar E.V. Ramasamy and his wife Nagammal.
Enduring the Struggle: Naidu faced adversity during the movement, including being splattered with limestone powder and standing in waist-deep rainwater with Gandhidas Muthusamy.
His Life and Achievements
Family and Education: Naidu’s ancestors hailed from Andhra Pradesh, and his father served as an artiste in the court of Travancore. Naidu studied at Scott Christian College in Nagercoil and later attended the Madras Medical College.
Involvement in Freedom Movement: Naidu became actively involved in the freedom movement while studying in England and declined a medical college offer to pursue a degree in Glasgow, aligning himself with the ideals of Gandhi.
Contributions to Healthcare: In 1914, Naidu established a hospital in Kottar, one of the first private hospitals providing modern medical treatment. He offered free treatment to Dalits and marked prescriptions with ‘HF’ (Harijan Free).
Leadership and Connections: Naidu played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and hosted prominent leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, C.F. Andrews, Sarojini Naidu, and Jawaharlal Nehru in Nagercoil.
Link to Gandhi: Naidu served as a vital link to Gandhi in Travancore and actively participated in various campaigns and Congress meetings alongside him.
Major contribution: Temple Entry Movement
Vaikom Temple Street Movement: Naidu, along with his wife and other volunteers, actively participated in the Vaikom temple street movement, advocating for equal rights and facing arrests and restrictions.
Continued Activism: Naidu continued organizing protests and campaigns, leading a protest in Suchindram to open temple streets to all communities in the Kanniyakumari district.
Achievements: Naidu’s relentless efforts for temple entry and the welfare of Dalits led to the Travancore government issuing a proclamation in 1936, opening temple doors and streets to all communities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agni Prime , Other Agni variants
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: India successfully tested the new-generation Agni-Prime ballistic missile with a strike range of 1,000 to 2,000 kilometres.
About Agni Prime Missile
Stages: Agni-P is a two-stage, surface-to-surface, road-mobile, and solid-fueled missile.
Canister-Launch System: Agni-P is launched via a canister, providing operational flexibility and ease of transport.
Advanced Systems: Agni-P incorporates new propulsion systems, composite rocket motor casings, and advanced navigation and guidance systems.
History and Development
Development Timeline: Beginning in 2016, DRDO has been developing Agni-P as a successor to enhance accuracy and reliability.
Indo-Pacific Strategy: Agni-P is part of India’s strategy to counter China’s naval capabilities and achieve parity in anti-access/area denial.
International Implications: Agni-P’s development positions India in the regional power dynamics and could impact arms control treaties.
Missile Capabilities
Manoeuvrability and Accuracy: Agni-P features a manoeuvrable reentry vehicle (MaRV) for precise delivery of warheads to multiple locations.
Transportability: The missile is stored in a hermetically sealed tandem twin canister launcher, allowing for swift transportation through road and rail.
Weight Reduction: Composite materials are utilized in both stages of Agni-P to reduce weight and enhance performance.
Strategic Importance
Counterforce Capability: Agni-P aims to deter neighbourhood enemy forces, given its limited range.
Enhanced Deterrence: The missile strengthens India’s deterrence capabilities and contributes to national security.
Regional Power Dynamics: Agni-P’s development is part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, impacting regional power dynamics.
Back2Basics: Agni Missile Series
Agni I: It is a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range of 700-800 km.
Agni II: It is also a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range more than 2000 km.
Agni III: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range of more than 2,500 Km
Agni IV: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
Agni-V: Currently it is the longest of Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
Agni- VI: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of ICBM 11,000–12,000 km.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atlantic Declaration
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The US and Britain have announced a new strategic pact called, reaffirming their “special relationship” to address challenges posed by Russia, China, and economic instability.
They signed Atlantic Declaration to develop a new green economy through extensive industrial subsidies instead of pursuing a post-Brexit free-trade agreement.
What is Atlantic Declaration?
The “Atlantic Declaration” aims to enhance industry collaboration in defense and renewable energy sectors in response to China’s growing competition.
The declaration recognizes the challenges posed by authoritarian states, disruptive technologies, non-state actors, and transnational issues like climate change.
Both leaders affirmed the strength of the transatlantic relationship and emphasized the need to adapt to the changing world economy driven by AI and technological advancements.
Key terms of the declaration
Supply Chain Strengthening: The US and UK will strengthen their supply chains, invest in each other’s industries, and develop future technologies under the Atlantic Declaration.
Clean Energy Partnership: They agreed to launch a civil nuclear partnership, aiming to promote clean energy cooperation and reduce reliance on Russian fuel.
Technology and Critical Minerals: The countries will collaborate on the safe development of AI technology, negotiate a critical minerals agreement, and cooperate on telecoms technology and quantum technologies.
UK-US “Data Bridge”: The declaration includes a commitment in principle to a UK-US “data bridge” that facilitates the transfer of data between British and US businesses without unnecessary bureaucracy.
Critical Minerals Agreement: Negotiations on a critical minerals agreement will allow certain UK firms to access tax credits available under the US Inflation Reduction Act.
Business Collaboration: Cooperation will extend to telecoms technology, including 5G and 6G, as well as quantum technologies, fostering collaboration and innovation between the US and UK.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NEXT
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The NExT examination, a common qualifying criterion for final-year undergraduate medical students will be introduced in the year 2024.
National Exit Test (NExT)
Objective: The examination aims to bring uniformity in evaluation across the country, ensuring minimum common standards of education and training for medical graduates.
Two-Part Examination: The NExT exam will consist of two parts: NExT 1, which will be a theoretical examination, and NExT 2, which will include practical, clinical, and oral examinations covering seven clinical subjects or disciplines.
Mock Test: A mock test may be conducted to familiarize students with the procedure and alleviate any anxiety before the official examination is rolled out.
National Medical Commission and Application of NExT
Role of NMC: The NMC is responsible for implementing the NExT examination and ensuring a common standard for medical education in the country.
Applicability: The NExT examination will also apply to institutes of national importance, including the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), to maintain uniformity in medical education.
Significance
Quality professionals: The NExT examination is seen as a means to ensure quality and produce well-trained Indian medical graduates.
Expert Perspectives: Experts in the medical field have welcomed the move, emphasizing the importance of uniform examination standards and the opportunity for interns to focus on their clinical training.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Animal birth control rules
Mains level: Stray dog overpopulations and birth control programs challenges and alternatives
Central Idea
Dogs have always stirred up a range of emotions in people, making it impossible to ignore their presence in our lives. However, the growing population of street dogs in recent decades has presented numerous challenges for cities and municipalities across the country. Unfortunately, some critics have dismissed animal birth control initiatives as failures, demonstrating cynicism that is both mischievous and misguided.
Stray Dog Attacks in India
Cities have witnessed a sharp increase in the stray dog population, which as per the official 2019 livestock census stood at 1.5 crore.
However, independent estimates peg the number to be around 6.2 crore.
The number of dog bites has simultaneously doubled between 2012 and 2020.
Experts agree there may be a correlation between urbanisation and solid waste production, made visible due to the mismanagement of waste disposal.
Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Reasons behind
Poor waste management: Inadequate waste disposal facilities and the mismanagement of solid waste often lead to the congregation of stray dogs around garbage dumps and landfills, where they scavenge for food.
Unplanned urbanization: The population boom in Indian cities has led to a sharp increase in the stray dog population. Rapid urbanization has led to the creation of slums and unmanaged solid waste, which attract dogs.
Lack of food and shelter: The availability of food and shelter determines the carrying capacity of a city. In the absence of these facilities, free-ranging dogs become scavengers that forage around for food, eventually gravitating towards exposed garbage dumping sites.
Territoriality: Stray dogs often become territorial and aggressive about public spaces where they are fed, leading to increased attacks on humans.
Improper sterilization and rescue centres: Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Shortcomings of animal birth control
Inconsistent Implementation: One of the main challenges is the inconsistent implementation of animal birth control programs across different regions. The effectiveness of these programs can vary depending on the commitment and resources allocated by local authorities.
Limited Coverage: Animal birth control programs may not cover all areas affected by street dog overpopulation. Some regions may have inadequate resources or insufficient awareness about the benefits of sterilization programs.
Funding Constraints: Insufficient funding can hinder the implementation and sustainability of animal birth control programs. Limited financial resources may result in a shortage of trained personnel, inadequate infrastructure, and reduced outreach efforts.
Resistance from Communities: Some communities may resist animal birth control initiatives due to misconceptions, cultural beliefs, or lack of awareness. Overcoming these barriers requires targeted community engagement, education, and dispelling myths surrounding sterilization programs.
Behavioral Challenges: Animal birth control programs often face challenges related to capturing street dogs, performing surgeries, and post-operative care. Behavioral issues, such as fear or aggression, can make the process more challenging.
Long-term Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of animal birth control programs is crucial. These programs require continued investment, monitoring, and evaluation to maintain their effectiveness.
Facts for prelims
Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023
The Central Government has introduced the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023, superseding the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001.
These rules have been implemented to address the guidelines set by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the Writ Petition No. 691 of 2009.
The Rules emphasize the responsibility of local bodies, such as municipalities, Municipal Corporations, and Panchayats, in conducting Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs for sterilization and immunization of stray dogs.
The rules aim to reduce the population of stray dogs and address animal welfare concerns.
The guidelines provide a framework for dealing with conflicts between humans and stray dogs without resorting to relocating the dogs from an area.
ABC programs must be conducted by organizations recognized by the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) for their expertise in ABC programs
Misconceptions surrounding Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs
Ineffectiveness of Sterilization: Some people believe that sterilization does not effectively control street dog populations. They may argue that sterilized dogs can still reproduce or that the impact of sterilization is minimal. However, numerous studies and successful implementation of ABC programs worldwide have shown that sterilization is a proven method.
Cruelty or Harm to Animals: There is a misconception that sterilization surgeries are cruel and cause unnecessary harm to animals. However, ABC programs prioritize the health and welfare of animals, and sterilization is a safe and humane procedure performed under anesthesia by trained veterinarians.
Abandonment of Dogs: Some people believe that sterilized dogs are more likely to be abandoned by their owners or that sterilization leads to behavioral changes that make dogs less desirable as pets. However, sterilization has no negative impact on a dog’s behavior or loyalty.
Cost Inefficiency: It is sometimes claimed that sterilization programs are expensive and not cost-effective. However, the long-term benefits of ABC programs, such as reduced costs associated with managing stray dogs, decreased risks of dog bites, and improved public health, outweigh the initial investment.
Neglect of Other Issues: Some individuals argue that focusing on animal birth control diverts attention and resources from other pressing issues, such as poverty or healthcare. However, addressing street dog overpopulation through ABC programs is not mutually exclusive with addressing societal challenges.
Way ahead: A call for change
Strengthen Implementation: Efforts should be made to strengthen the implementation of Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs across all regions. This includes standardizing processes, improving infrastructure, and ensuring uniformity in the application of ABC rules and guidelines.
Increase Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate communities about responsible pet ownership, the benefits of sterilization, and how to coexist peacefully with street dogs.
Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities is vital to garner support and address concerns surrounding street dogs. Building trust, involving community leaders, and working collaboratively to develop solutions can help foster positive relationships and encourage responsible pet ownership practices.
Research and Data Collection: Continued research and data collection are essential to evaluate the impact of ABC programs, track population trends, and understand the dynamics of street dog issues. This data can inform evidence-based decision-making, facilitate targeted interventions, and support the refinement of strategies.
Strengthen Legislation and Policies: Reviewing and updating existing legislation related to animal welfare and responsible pet ownership can help create a more conducive environment for effective street dog management.
Strengthen Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration among government bodies, animal welfare organizations, veterinary professionals, and community stakeholders is crucial. Partnerships can help pool resources, expertise, and funding, leading to more impactful interventions and sustainable outcomes.
Long-Term Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of street dog management programs requires continued funding, monitoring, and evaluation. Governments, philanthropic organizations, and individuals should allocate resources and support initiatives that prioritize the welfare of both humans and animals.
International Best Practices: Learning from successful street dog management programs implemented in other countries can provide valuable insights and guidance. Adopting international best practices, adapting them to local contexts, and sharing knowledge and experiences can contribute to more effective strategies.
Conclusion
Addressing street dog overpopulation requires a comprehensive approach that includes animal birth control as a key component. Instead of dismissing it as ineffective, we should embrace continuous policy reforms and resource investments. Let us work together to eliminate the suffering and public health risks associated with outdated methods, and strive to achieve our noble goal through the implementation of the new rules.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Nigeria's global significance and recent transfer of power, challenges, India's stakes
Central Idea
On May 29 Bola Ahmed Tinubu sworn in as Africa’s most populous nation Nigeria’s 16th Executive President, solidifying a quarter-century of unbroken constitutional democracy. Despite this achievement, Nigeria faces persistent challenges hindering the realization of its socio-economic potential. Insecurity, high unemployment, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure continue to impede progress.
What is mean by Yin-and-Yang Moment?
The Yin-and-Yang Moment is a term used to describe a situation in which two opposing forces are in balance.
The concept of Yin and Yang is a central one in Chinese philosophy, and it is often used to explain the natural world. In the context of the Yin-and-Yang Moment, the two opposing forces could be anything from economic growth and security challenges to social progress and political instability.
In the context of Nigeria, this could refer to the country’s growing economy and its ongoing security challenges.
What are the persistent Challenges for Nigeria?
Insecurity: Nigeria has long grappled with various security challenges, including Boko Haram insurgency, mass kidnappings, ethnic conflicts, and petty robberies. These security issues undermine social stability, economic growth, and investor confidence.
High Unemployment: Nigeria faces a significant unemployment crisis, particularly among its youth population. The lack of job opportunities and underemployment contribute to social unrest, poverty, and hinder overall economic development.
Corruption: Corruption remains a pervasive problem in Nigeria, affecting various sectors, including politics, business, and public services. Rampant corruption erodes public trust, hampers development efforts, and undermines effective governance.
Poverty and Education Gap: Nigeria has the largest number of people living below the poverty line globally, with a significant portion being children. Access to quality education remains limited, resulting in a high number of out-of-school children, hindering their future prospects and perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Energy and Infrastructure Deficit: Nigeria struggles with inadequate infrastructure, particularly in the power sector. Despite efforts, the country’s power generation capacity remains insufficient to meet the demands of its growing population and economy. Insufficient infrastructure in transportation, healthcare, and other sectors further limits development opportunities.
Oil Sector Challenges: Nigeria heavily relies on oil exports for revenue, but the sector faces numerous challenges. Oil theft, bunkering, and operational inefficiencies in refineries contribute to revenue loss and hinder the development of a sustainable and diversified economy.
Governance and Political Instability: Nigeria has experienced political instability and governance challenges in the past. Effective governance, transparency, and accountability are crucial for addressing socio-economic issues and fostering sustainable development.
Proposed Solutions to address these challenges
Enhancing Security: Implement comprehensive security measures to address the various security challenges Nigeria faces. This includes strengthening law enforcement agencies, improving intelligence gathering and sharing, enhancing border control, and investing in counter-terrorism efforts.
Job Creation and Economic Growth: Promote an enabling business environment to stimulate economic growth and job creation. This involves reducing bureaucratic hurdles, providing incentives for entrepreneurship, and fostering a conducive environment for local and foreign investments.
Anti-Corruption Measures: Implement robust anti-corruption initiatives to tackle corruption at all levels of society. Whistleblower protection mechanisms can encourage reporting of corruption and help in its prevention.
Education and Poverty Alleviation: Prioritize investments in education and skills development, ensuring access to quality education for all children. Addressing the education gap and reducing the number of out-of-school children will improve human capital development and empower individuals to break the cycle of poverty.
Infrastructure Development: Invest in critical infrastructure, including power generation, transportation networks, healthcare facilities, and water and sanitation systems. Public-private partnerships can mobilize resources and expertise to bridge infrastructure gaps.
Diversification of the Economy: Reduce dependence on oil exports by promoting economic diversification. Encourage sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, and information technology to contribute significantly to the economy.
Governance Reforms: Strengthen governance institutions, promote transparency, and ensure accountability at all levels of government. Enhance public service delivery, streamline bureaucratic processes, and foster citizen participation in decision-making. Strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law will contribute to stability, effective governance, and socio-economic development.
Key aspects of India’s stake in Nigeria
Economic Partnership: India and Nigeria have a strong economic partnership. Nigeria has traditionally been one of India’s largest trading partners in Africa. Strengthening economic ties with Nigeria provides India access to natural resources, including oil and gas, as well as opportunities for trade and investment.
Indian Diaspora: Nigeria is home to a large Indian diaspora, with over 50,000 people of Indian origin residing in the country. The Indian community in Nigeria contributes to trade, entrepreneurship, and cultural exchanges, fostering people-to-people ties between the two nations.
Trade and Investment: India has significant investments in Nigeria across various sectors, including telecommunications, manufacturing, agriculture, and banking. Strengthening trade relations and diversifying the bilateral trade basket can benefit both economies and create new avenues for economic cooperation.
Technology and Expertise: Nigeria values India’s appropriate technology solutions, which are often seen as well-suited to local conditions. Indian expertise in sectors such as information technology, healthcare, agriculture, and education can contribute to Nigeria’s development efforts and capacity building.
Defense Cooperation: Defense cooperation between India and Nigeria has a rich history. Nigeria has had several past presidents who were trained in India’s defense institutions. Reviving and enhancing defense ties can promote bilateral defense industry cooperation, training programs, and exchange of expertise in areas of mutual interest.
Regional Influence: Nigeria’s influence extends beyond its borders, particularly within the West African region. Strengthening relations with Nigeria allows India to engage more effectively in regional initiatives, enhance trade partnerships with neighboring countries, and contribute to regional stability and development.
Energy Security: Nigeria’s role as a major oil producer and exporter is of significance to India’s energy security. Cooperation in the energy sector, including oil exploration, refining, and renewable energy, can help diversify India’s energy sources and ensure a stable supply of energy resources.
Multilateral Engagement: Nigeria’s active participation in regional and international organizations provides an opportunity for India and Nigeria to collaborate on issues of mutual concern, including climate change, counterterrorism, peacekeeping, and global governance reforms.
Nigeria’s global significance
Population and Demographics: Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and is projected to have a population of over 400 million by 2050, becoming the world’s fourth most populous country. This demographic trend has significant implications for global population dynamics, labor markets, and consumption patterns.
Economic Powerhouse: Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and has substantial natural resources, including oil and gas reserves. As an important player in the global energy market, fluctuations in Nigeria’s oil production and exports can impact global oil prices and energy security.
Regional Influence: Nigeria’s size, population, and economic clout give it considerable influence within the West Africa region and across the broader African continent. Nigeria has played a pivotal role in regional peacekeeping efforts and has been involved in conflict resolution initiatives in neighboring countries.
Counterterrorism and Security: Nigeria’s battle against Boko Haram insurgency has regional and global implications for counterterrorism efforts. Collaborative measures to address security challenges in Nigeria can contribute to regional stability and counter the spread of extremist ideologies.
Diplomatic Relations: Nigeria is an active participant in international organizations, including the United Nations, African Union, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Its diplomatic engagements and foreign policies impact regional and global dynamics, particularly within Africa.
Migration and Diaspora: Nigeria has a large diaspora spread across the globe, contributing to diverse societies and economies in various countries. Nigerian migrants play a role in trade, cultural exchanges, and remittances, which have significant global implications.
Trade and Investment: Nigeria’s vast consumer market and emerging middle class make it an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. The country’s trade relations and economic policies impact global trade flows, particularly within Africa and with major economies like India, China, and the European Union.
Cultural Influence: Nigeria’s vibrant and diverse cultural heritage, including its music, literature, film industry (Nollywood), and fashion, have gained international recognition and influence, contributing to global cultural exchanges and soft power.
Conclusion
Nigeria’s recent transfer of power showcases its commitment to democracy amidst a continent known for political instability. India, with its historical ties and economic partnership, has a crucial role to play in Nigeria’s journey. By fostering enhanced engagement, India can contribute to Nigeria’s progress and strengthen bilateral relations for mutual benefits.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 124A IPC, Freedom of Speech
Mains level: Ambiguity around the Sedition law, concerns and recommendations
Central Idea
In its 279th Report, the Law Commission of India has recommended the retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, commonly known as the Law of Sedition, along with enhanced punishment for the offense in the name of national security.
What is Sedition?
The Section 124A defines sedition as:
An offence committed when “any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India”.
Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.
However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offense.
Sedition is a non-bailable offense.
Punishment under Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term with/without a fine
Historical Perspective
Section 124A of the IPC was introduced during the British Raj in 1870 to suppress dissent and protest against the colonial government.
The then British government in India feared that religious preachers on the Indian subcontinent would wage a war against the government.
Particularly after the successful suppression of the Wahabi/Waliullah Movement by the British, the need was felt for such law.
Throughout the Raj, this section was used to suppress activists in favor of national independence, including Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, both of whom were found guilty and imprisoned.
Two notable interpretations which added to the ambiguity surrounding the sedition law
Queen Empress vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1897)
In this case, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent freedom fighter, was charged with sedition for writing articles in a Marathi weekly called Kesari that invoked Shivaji and were seen as inciting disaffection towards the British government.
The court held that sedition encompassed the act of exciting disaffection towards the government, even if it did not incite rebellion or violence.
This interpretation broadened the scope of the offense to include political hatred of the government.
Niharendu Dutt Majumdar And Ors. vs Emperor (1942): Federal Court.
The court acquitted the accused, and Chief Justice Sir Maurice Gwyer explained that the essence of sedition lies in public disorder or the reasonable anticipation thereof.
According to this interpretation, sedition would be committed only when there is incitement to violence or disorder.
Constitutionality of Sedition
Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression: The sedition law, as defined in Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, infringes upon the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. It criminalizes acts that bring hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the government, which curtails the citizens’ ability to express their political dissent and discontent.
Democratic Principles: Disaffection towards a government, which is subject to change through the electoral process, cannot be treated as a criminal offense. The sedition law restricts the democratic principles of public debate, dissent, and accountability.
Omission from the Constitution: During the drafting of the Indian Constitution, the Constituent Assembly deliberately excluded sedition as a reasonable restriction on the freedom of speech and expression. This omission signifies the Assembly’s intent to safeguard the citizens’ right to express their opinions, including dissenting views on the government.
Ambiguity and Misuse: The broad wording and lack of precise definition allow for arbitrary interpretations, leading to the stifling of legitimate dissent and the targeting of individuals or groups critical of the government. This misuse undermines the rule of law and constitutional protections.
Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The existence of a sedition law creates a chilling effect on free speech and expression. The fear of potential sedition charges discourages individuals from openly expressing their opinions and engaging in robust public discourse, inhibiting the free flow of ideas and opinions necessary for a healthy democracy.
Conflict with International Standards: International bodies such as the United Nations Human Rights Committee have consistently expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and called for their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights standards.
Inconsistencies regarding the sedition law in India
Interpretational Inconsistencies: The Tilak case (1897) interpreted sedition as exciting disaffection towards the government, even without inciting violence or rebellion. However, the Majumdar case (1942) acquitted the accused by emphasizing that sedition requires a tendency to incite violence or disorder.
Varying Judicial Approaches: The Supreme Court’s approach in the Kedarnath case (1962) further adds to the inconsistencies. While the Court upheld the constitutionality of the sedition law, it narrowed its application to only acts that incite violence. The Court’s attempt to retain sedition despite acknowledging its exclusion from the draft Constitution and concerns over its severity creates a contradictory stance.
Lack of Clarity in Statutory Language: The language of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which defines sedition, lacks precision and clarity. The vague terms such as hatred, contempt, and disaffection make it susceptible to subjective interpretations and misuse by law enforcement authorities. This lack of clarity contributes to the inconsistent application of the sedition law.
Conflict with Constitutional Principles: The sedition law, as it stands, conflicts with constitutional principles, particularly the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. The broad interpretation of sedition and its criminalization of political dissent and disaffection towards the government infringe upon citizens’ constitutional rights.
Disparity with International Standards: International bodies, including the United Nations Human Rights Committee, have expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and recommended their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights norms. This disparity highlights the inconsistencies between the sedition law in India and global standards.
Way ahead: Recommendations to strike a balance
Repeal or Substantial Reform: Given the inconsistencies, ambiguity, and potential for misuse, there is a strong case for the repeal or substantial reform of the sedition law. This could involve narrowing the scope of the offense, clarifying the language, and aligning it with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
Precise Definition: The sedition law should be defined more precisely to avoid ambiguity and subjective interpretations. A clear and specific definition would help establish the boundaries of the offense, ensuring that it is not misused to suppress legitimate dissent or criticism.
Balancing National Security and Freedom of Expression: Any reform or amendment to the sedition law should strike a balance between protecting national security and safeguarding freedom of expression. This can be achieved by focusing on acts that pose a genuine threat to public order, incite violence, or endanger the integrity of the state while ensuring that peaceful dissent and criticism are not stifled.
Judicial Clarity: The judiciary should provide consistent and well-defined guidelines for the interpretation and application of the sedition law. Clear guidelines would help prevent arbitrary enforcement and provide greater clarity on the limits of the offense.
Safeguards and Procedural Reforms: Implementing safeguards and procedural reforms can help prevent the misuse of the sedition law. This may include requiring higher standards of evidence, ensuring transparency and accountability in investigations and prosecutions, and providing avenues for redress in cases of wrongful or frivolous charges.
Public Awareness and Sensitization: There is a need for public awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate citizens, law enforcement authorities, and the judiciary about the nuances of freedom of expression and the potential pitfalls of the sedition law.
International Dialogue and Learning: Engaging in international dialogue and learning from best practices can provide valuable insights for reforming the sedition law. Studying the experiences of other democratic countries and considering international human rights standards can help shape more effective and rights-respecting legislation.
Conclusion
The interpretation and application of Section 124A have been inconsistent, leading to misuses and abuses by law enforcement authorities. The Law Commission’s recent recommendations for enhancing punishment and incorporating the tendency to incite disorder fail to address the core issue of the law’s unconstitutionality. It is imperative to reevaluate and repeal the sedition law to protect and uphold the democratic values of free speech and expression in India.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSP system
Mains level: Issues with MSP
The Centre has set the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 17 kharif crops and variants.
What is MSP?
The MSP assures the farmers of a fixed price for their crops, well above their production costs.
MSP, by contrast, is devoid of any legal backing. Access to it, unlike subsidized grains through the PDS, isn’t an entitlement for farmers.
They cannot demand it as a matter of right. It is only a government policy that is part of administrative decision-making.
The Centre currently fixes MSPs for 23 farm commodities based on the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommendations.
Fixing of MSPs
The CACP considered various factors while recommending the MSP for a commodity, including the cost of cultivation.
It also takes into account the supply and demand situation for the commodity; market price trends (domestic and global) and parity vis-à-vis other crops; and implications for consumers (inflation), environment (soil and water use) and terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors.
What changed with the 2018 budget?
The Budget for 2018-19 announced that MSPs would henceforth be fixed at 1.5 times of the production costs for crops as a “pre-determined principle”.
Simply put, the CACP’s job now was only to estimate production costs for a season and recommend the MSPs by applying the 1.5-times formula.
How was this production cost arrived at?
The CACP projects three kinds of production cost for every crop, both at the state and all-India average levels.
‘A2’ covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, hired labor, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc.
‘A2+FL’ includes A2 plus an imputed value of unpaid family labor.
‘C2’ is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL.
How much produce can the government procure at MSP?
The MSP value of the total production of the 23 crops worked out to around Rs 10.78 lakh crore in 2019-20.
Not all this produce, however, is marketed. Farmers retain part of it for self-consumption, the seed for the next season’s sowing, and also for feeding their animals.
The marketed surplus ratio for different crops is estimated to range differently for various crops.
It ranges from below 50% for ragi and 65-70% for bajra (pearl millet) and jawar (sorghum) to 75% for wheat, 80% for paddy, 85% for sugarcane, 90% for most pulses, and 95%-plus for cotton, soybean, etc.
Taking an average of 75% would yield a number of just over Rs 8 lakh crore.
This is the MSP value of production that is the marketable surplus — which farmers actually sell.
Nature of MSP
There is currently no statutory backing for these prices, nor any law mandating their enforcement.
Farmers demand over legalization
Legal entitlement: There is a demand that MSP based on a C2+50% formula should be made a legal entitlement for all agricultural produce.
Private traders’ responsibility: Some says that most of the cost should be borne by private traders, noting that both middlemen and corporate giants are buying commodities at low rates from farmers.
Mandatory purchase at MSP: A left-affiliated farm union has suggested a law that simply stipulates that no one — neither the Government nor private players — will be allowed to buy at a rate lower than MSP.
Surplus payment by the govt.: Other unions have said that if private buyers fail to purchase their crops, the Government must be prepared to buy out the entire surplus at MSP rates.
Expansion of C2: Farm unions are demanding that C2 must also include capital assets and the rentals and interest forgone on owned land as recommended by the National Commission for Farmers.
