Why in the News?
India and Japan have begun the preliminary design phase of the Chandrayaan-5 mission, also known as LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration).
Back2Basics: Legacy of Chandrayaan Missions
- Chandrayaan-1 (2008): First mission, focused on mineral and chemical mapping.
- Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Orbiter mission with 98% success.
- Chandrayaan-3 (2023): Achieved a historic soft landing on the Moon’s south pole.
- Chandrayaan-4 (Upcoming, 2027):
- It is a planned lunar sample return mission by ISRO, expected to launch around 2027, with the landing site near Statio Shiv Shakti at the lunar south pole.
- The mission involves five modules launched on two LVM-3 rockets, later docked in Earth orbit to form an integrated spacecraft.
- A robotic arm and drill will collect 2–3 kg of surface and sub-surface lunar samples for return to Earth.
- The Re-entry Module (RM) will re-enter Earth’s atmosphere with the samples using ballistic re-entry, marking India’s first attempt at sample return.
- Chandrayaan-5 / LUPEX: Aimed at deeper exploration with global participation.
- Manned Lunar Mission: Prospected lunar landing by 2040.
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About Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX Mission:
- It is a collaborative mission between ISRO and JAXA.
- Approval: Cabinet approval for the mission was granted on March 10, 2025.
- Launch: It will carry a 6.5-tonne payload and launch aboard Japan’s H3 rocket in 2027–28.
- Collaboration: The lander is being developed by ISRO and the 350-kg rover by JAXA.
- Duration: The mission is expected to last 100 days, with a possible extension of one year.
- Mission Goals and Objectives:
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- Explore water and regolith in the lunar south pole’s Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs).
- Drill into the Moon’s surface, analyse soil samples, and perform in-situ experiments.
- Assess water content, quality, and analyse surface volatiles using advanced instrumentation.
- Exploration of the far side of the Moon.
Scientific Collaboration and Instruments:
- A total of 7 scientific instruments will be onboard the mission.
- ISRO’s Contribution: Development of the lander; creation of one sensor in a major four-sensor instrument.
- JAXA’s Contribution: Development of the rover and three sensors in the same instrument; Rover is designed to climb 25° inclines and operate on a complex battery charging protocol.
- ESA (European Space Agency): Developing a mass spectrometer.
- NASA: Contributing neutron spectrometers.
| [UPSC 2009] In the context of space technology, what is Bhuvan, recently in the news?
Options: (a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India (b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayaan-II (c) A geoportal of ISRO with 3D imaging capabilities of India* (d) A space telescope developed by India |
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Why in the News?
Recently, the United Kingdom (UK) has announced new plans to change its immigration rules to reduce the number of people moving to the country.
What are the key immigration reforms proposed to control net migration?
- Raising Skilled Worker Visa Threshold: The requirement for the ‘skilled worker’ visa will be raised from the senior secondary level (A-level) back to the degree level. (The previous Conservative government lowered it to A-level in 2020.)
- Ending Social Care Visas: The UK will no longer issue social care visas to foreign workers, reversing the post-COVID-19 expansion that allowed easier entry for care workers.
- Reducing Graduate Visa Duration: The graduate visa, which allows international students to stay and work after completing their studies, will be shortened from 2 years to 18 months (3 years for PhD holders).
- English Language Requirement for Dependents: Dependents of visa holders will now have to meet English language proficiency requirements to promote social integration.
- Increasing Settlement Period: The minimum qualifying period for ‘settlement’ (permanent residency) will be increased from 5 years to 10 years.
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Why has the UK decided to discontinue social care visas for foreign workers?
- Increased Migration and Pressure on Services: The rise in social care visas after COVID-19 led to a large influx of foreign care workers, which added strain to public services and housing. Eg: Over 114,000 additional health and care worker visas were issued between 2021 and 2023, mainly to South Asian and African nationals.
- Reducing Low-Skilled Migration: The government plans to reduce low-skilled migration by raising visa requirements, such as increasing the skill level from A-level to a degree. Eg: Social care sector.
- Promoting Domestic Workforce Development: There is a push to invest in training and apprenticeships for UK residents instead of relying on imported cheap labour. Eg: PM Starmer highlighted the need to focus on local skills development rather than importing workers in sectors like social care.
Who are the major beneficiaries of the UK’s visa ?
- South Asian Nationals: A large number of work visas were issued to workers from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Eg: Many Indian care workers received health and care visas between 2021 and 2023.
- Sub-Saharan African Nationals: Significant numbers of care workers came from countries like Zimbabwe, Ghana, and Nigeria. Eg: The visa route helped fill care sector jobs with workers from these African nations.
How have Indian students and workers been affected by recent changes in UK visa policies?
- Shorter Post-Study Work Visa: Graduate visa reduced from 2 years to 18 months, limiting job opportunities for Indian students. Eg, many now have less time to build careers in the UK.
- Higher Skill Requirements: Skilled worker visas now require a degree-level qualification, excluding some mid-skilled jobs. Eg, Indian engineers and healthcare workers face stricter eligibility.
- English Language Rules for Dependents: Dependents must meet English proficiency requirements to promote integration. Eg, Indian families may find it harder to join relatives.
- Longer Residency for Settlement: Permanent residency eligibility increased from 5 to 10 years. Eg, Indians must wait longer to settle permanently.
- Increased Tuition Costs: Proposed 6% fee levy on international students raises study costs. Eg, this could discourage Indian students from studying in the UK.
Way forward:
- Enhance Domestic Skill Development: Invest significantly in vocational training and apprenticeships to reduce dependency on low-skilled foreign labour and create local employment opportunities.
- Balance Migration Policies: Implement targeted immigration reforms that maintain the UK’s competitiveness in attracting global talent while ensuring sustainable public service capacity and social integration.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: The tightening of immigration rules in Western countries like the UK directly impacts the size, composition, and potential “scaling of new heights” of the diaspora, and thus implicitly affects the economic and political benefits for India.
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Why in the News?
Retail inflation dropped to 3.16% in April, marking its lowest level in nearly six years. This shows that prices are rising more slowly, bringing relief to consumers and policymakers.
What caused the recent fall in retail and wholesale inflation in April?
- Sharp Drop in Vegetable Prices: Retail inflation was driven down by a nearly 11% drop in vegetable prices. Eg: Wholesale potato prices fell by 24.3% compared to April last year.
- Falling Crude Oil and Fuel Prices: Crude oil and natural gas inflation hit a 22-month low of -15.55%. Eg: Petrol prices contracted by 7.7%, and diesel by 5.04% at the wholesale level.
- Government Measures to Control Prices: Actions like open market foodgrain releases, buffer stock management, and eased imports helped stabilize supply. Eg: These steps helped prevent food shortages and kept overall food inflation at 2.55%, a 22-month low.
Why is the contraction in vegetable prices considered partly due to the base effect?
- High Inflation Last Year (Base Effect): In April last year, vegetable inflation was very high, in the range of 27%-30%. Eg: A sharp rise last year creates a high base, making even stable or slightly falling prices this year appear like a large drop.
- Statistical Comparison Distortion: Inflation is measured year-on-year, so a high base can exaggerate the percentage fall in the current period.Eg: If tomato prices were ₹100 last year and are ₹90 now, it shows a 10% fall—but last year’s ₹100 was unusually high.
- Not Solely Due to Supply Improvement: The large fall in prices this year is not only because of better supply or government action but also due to last year’s spike. Eg: Last year’s shortages due to unseasonal rains had led to higher prices, inflating the base.
How have government actions helped in easing inflation?
- Strengthening Buffer Stocks: The government has maintained adequate buffer stocks of food items like rice, wheat, and pulses to manage supply shocks. Eg: Releasing pulses from buffer stocks during price spikes helped stabilise market supply and reduce inflationary pressure.
- Open Market Sales to Regulate Prices: Through open market operations, the government released surplus food items into the market to control prices. Eg: Open sale of onions and tomatoes by agencies like NAFED helped bring down retail prices during seasonal spikes.
- Relaxation of Import Restrictions: The government eased import norms and reduced import duties on key commodities during shortages. Eg: Reduction in import duties on edible oils and pulses led to higher supply and reduced food inflation.
What policy actions are expected from the RBI and the government based on the latest inflation data? (Way forward)
- Likely Cut in Interest Rates by RBI: With inflation easing, especially retail inflation falling for six consecutive months, the RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) may cut policy rates to support growth. Eg: The RBI might reduce the repo rate in the upcoming June review to boost borrowing and investment.
- Reduction in Fuel Prices by Oil Marketing Companies: With crude oil inflation hitting a 22-month low, the government is expected to direct public sector oil companies to cut petrol, diesel, and LPG prices. Eg: Despite a 42% fall in global crude prices over three years, retail fuel prices remained almost unchanged; a correction is now anticipated.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Linkage: “India’s Easing Inflation and Policy Implications” discusses the latest inflation data, noting the easing of both retail and wholesale inflation, largely driven by a contraction in vegetable and pulse prices.
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2021] How is S-400 air defence missile system different from any other system presently available in the world?
Linkage: Air defence systems are vital in modern warfare like Operation Sindoor for controlling the skies and protecting against enemy air strikes, including missiles. |
Mentor’s Comment: Operation Sindoor is no longer just a conflict between two countries. It shows how wars are now fought around the world, with new technology, smart strategies, and control of information changing the way military battles happen.
Today’s editorial explains how Operation Sindoor has changed the way military conflicts happen. This information is useful for preparing GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Defence).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The recent India-Pakistan standoff shows an important change in how wars are fought in today’s world.
How has Operation Sindoor reshaped the nature of military confrontation?
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)/Drones: India used SkyStriker Kamikaze drones for precision strikes, while Pakistan deployed 300–400 Turkish-made Songar drones across 36 locations, marking a shift to unmanned, low-risk, and high-impact warfare.
- Swarm Drone Technology: The large-scale use of drone swarms by Pakistan showcased how mass deployment of inexpensive, expendable drones can overwhelm enemy defences and replace traditional air force formations.
- Layered Air Defence Systems: India’s defence relied on a combination of Akash, QRSAM, S-400 (Russia), and Barak-8 (India-Israel) systems, reflecting a transition from fixed missile platforms to multi-layered, dynamic defence networks.
- Real-time Digital Integration Systems: The Akashteer system allowed India to digitally integrate radar inputs for real-time threat assessment and response, enabling smarter and quicker decision-making in combat.
- Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS): IACCS enabled seamless coordination between the Army, Navy, and Air Force, turning joint operations from theory into an operational reality and enhancing battlefield synchronization.
How have drones transformed India’s aerial warfare strategy?
- Unmanned Combat: India has shifted from relying on costly manned fighter jets to using drones, enabling precision strikes with minimal risk to personnel. Eg: Deployment of SkyStriker Kamikaze drones for targeted attacks during Operation Sindoor.
- Swarm Warfare: The ability to deploy large numbers of inexpensive drones allows India to overwhelm enemy defences through swarm tactics, increasing operational effectiveness. Eg: Use of multiple expendable drones to saturate Pakistan’s air defence systems.
- Intelligence and Precision: Drones provide real-time reconnaissance and intelligence gathering, improving accuracy and reducing collateral damage in strikes. Eg: SkyStriker drones probing Pakistan’s air defence and conducting precise strikes with minimal human risk.
Why is information warfare crucial in the India-Pakistan standoff?
- Strategic Weapon Beyond Propaganda: Information warfare has evolved from mere propaganda to a powerful strategic tool that can influence perceptions and morale. Eg: Pakistan circulated doctored videos and fabricated claims to manipulate international and domestic opinions.
- Psychological Impact on Morale: It aims to weaken the enemy’s resolve by creating confusion, fear, and doubt among both military personnel and civilians. Eg: Disinformation campaigns targeting India’s morale during the standoff.
- Control of Narratives: Controlling information flow helps shape global and domestic narratives, influencing diplomatic support and international response. Eg: Both India and Pakistan using social media to project their respective versions of events.
- Creation of Strategic Ambiguity: Manipulating information can create uncertainty and complicate the opponent’s decision-making process. Eg: Use of conflicting reports and misinformation to keep adversaries guessing about actual military capabilities and intentions.
What are the three key doctrines outlined by the Prime Minister in his first speech on Operation Sindoor?
- Decisive Retaliation on India’s Terms: India will respond firmly and appropriately to any terrorist attack, delivering a befitting response strictly on its terms and taking action against all sources of terrorism.
- No Tolerance for Nuclear Blackmail: India will not tolerate nuclear blackmail and will strike precisely and decisively at terrorist hideouts operating under the shield of nuclear threats.
- No Distinction Between Terrorists and their Sponsors: India will treat the government sponsoring terrorism and the terrorist masterminds as the same, continuing decisive steps to counter state-sponsored terrorism and protect the nation.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Indigenous Innovation: Accelerate the development and deployment of homegrown advanced technologies like AI-enabled drone swarms, next-gen air defence, and electronic warfare to maintain a strategic edge over Chinese-origin systems.
- Strengthen Joint Operations & Intelligence Sharing: Improve seamless integration among armed forces and boost real-time intelligence to swiftly counter emerging threats from adversaries using sophisticated foreign defence platforms.
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Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court of India gave an important decision in the case of Imran Pratapgarhi v. State of Gujarat (2025 INSC 410). The judgment focused on balancing the fundamental right to freedom of speech with the police’s duty to register a First Information Report (FIR).
What is the significance of procedural criminal law in ensuring principled criminalisation?
- Prevents Abuse of Power: Procedural criminal law enforces checks on state power by ensuring investigations, arrests, and prosecutions follow due process and protect fundamental rights (e.g., right to life and liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution). Eg: In Imran Pratapgarhi vs State of Gujarat, the Supreme Court quashed the FIR because the police violated the procedural requirement under Section 173(3) of BNSS, thereby infringing upon the right to free speech.
- Filters Out Malicious Prosecutions: By setting guidelines (like preliminary inquiries), procedural law prevents unnecessary or politically motivated criminal cases from being registered and escalating into full investigations or arrests. Eg: Section 173(3) allows police to conduct a 14-day preliminary inquiry in certain cases before registering an FIR, thereby avoiding the criminalisation of non-serious or false complaints.
- Enhances Accountability: Police have significant discretion in the criminal process. Procedural law regulates this discretion, ensuring it is used transparently and fairly, preventing arbitrary or biased action. Eg: Without proper procedural checks, police may over-police minor infractions while ignoring more serious offences, leading to imbalanced enforcement of law.
Why did the Supreme Court quash the FIR against Imran Pratapgarhi?
- Violation of Procedural Safeguards: The police failed to conduct a mandatory preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR, as required under Section 173(3) for offences punishable with less than seven years. Eg: The alleged offence related to a poem posted on social media, which falls within this category. The police were required to first assess whether a prima facie case existed — they did not.
- Protection of Freedom of Speech: The FIR was filed for the alleged posting of an “inflammatory” poem, but the Court noted it was an exercise of free speech under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. Eg: Criminal proceedings against protected speech must pass a higher threshold. The Court emphasized that misuse of law to curb free expression violates constitutional freedoms.
- Prevention from Frivolous Criminalisation: The Court found that the police had acted in a hasty and unjustified manner, triggering criminal law machinery for what could be a frivolous or politically motivated complaint. Eg: The judgment cited the intent of Section 173(3) — to avoid over-criminalisation in cases involving less serious offences, especially those entangled with fundamental rights.
How does Section 173(3) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita aim to prevent unnecessary criminalisation?
- Section 173(3) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) aims to prevent unnecessary criminalisation by allowing police to conduct a preliminary inquiry within 14 days before registering an FIR for cognisable offences punishable with 3 to less than 7 years.
- This ensures that only cases with prima facie merit proceed, acting as a safeguard against frivolous or politically motivated complaints and police overreach.
Who plays a central role in the actual implementation of criminalisation?
- The police play the central role in the practical application of criminalisation. They are the first responders—detecting crime, registering FIRs, investigating, and arresting suspects.
- The discretion exercised by the police significantly affects how criminal laws are enforced, and whether they lead to over-criminalisation or under-criminalisation. Therefore, how the police interpret and act under procedural law (e.g., Section 173(3)) directly influences the legitimacy and fairness of the criminal justice system.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Police Training and Accountability: Enhance training on procedural law and human rights for police to ensure responsible use of discretion, coupled with strict accountability mechanisms to prevent misuse and overreach.
- Improve Legal Safeguards and Oversight: Institutionalise mandatory preliminary inquiries and judicial oversight in sensitive cases to protect fundamental rights and prevent frivolous or politically motivated criminalisation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2013] Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.
Linkage: This reflects the broader theme of how laws that define behaviour as potentially punishable (part of the criminalisation process) are scrutinised based on their impact on fundamental rights, a dynamic echoed in the article discussion of the Imran Pratapgarhi case where police action (governed by procedural law) affecting freedom of speech was reviewed by the Supreme Court.
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Why in the News?
Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan recently said that India is the first country in the world to create rice varieties using genome editing technology.
What are the new varieties?
A team of researchers from different institutions, led by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), developed two new rice varieties — DRR Dhan 100 (called Kamala), made from the high-yielding Samba Mahsuri rice, and Pusa DST Rice 1, made from the Maruteru 1010 (MTU1010) variety. |
What are the benefits of the new rice varieties Kamala and Pusa DST Rice 1?
- Higher Yield: Both varieties produce more rice per hectare than their parent strains. Eg: Kamala yields 5.37 tonnes/ha vs. Samba Mahsuri’s 4.5 tonnes/ha; Pusa DST Rice 1 yields 3,508 kg/ha, which is 9.66% more than MTU1010’s 3,199 kg/ha.
- Drought Tolerance: Kamala is more resilient to drought, ensuring stable harvests during water shortages. Eg: Farmers can harvest good crops with less water in drought-prone areas using Kamala.
- Early Maturity: Kamala matures 20 days earlier, reducing resource use and allowing faster crop cycles. Eg: Early harvest saves water and fertilizer, enabling farmers to grow a second crop sooner.
- Salinity and Alkalinity Resistance: Pusa DST Rice 1 tolerates coastal salinity and alkaline soils better than its parent, boosting yield in tough environments. Eg: It yields 30.4% more under coastal salinity and 14.66% more under alkalinity than MTU1010.
- Reduced Environmental Impact: Early maturity of Kamala lowers methane emissions from rice fields, helping fight climate change. Eg: Shorter growing period means less methane released compared to traditional rice varieties.
Why are there objections to the genome-edited rice varieties?
- Lack of Transparency: There is concern that the genome-edited rice varieties were announced without adequate field-level data being shared publicly, making the scientific claims appear premature. Eg: Venugopal Badaravada, a former ICAR governing body member, criticized the lack of transparency and was later expelled, raising concerns about institutional accountability.
- Regulatory Concerns: Critics argue that exempting genome-edited crops (especially SDN-1 and SDN-2) from GM regulations is legally questionable and may bypass biosafety evaluations. Eg: The Coalition for a GM-Free India stated that de-regulating gene editing is “outright illegal” under India’s current biosafety framework.
- Seed Sovereignty and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Activists fear that the gene-editing tools used are patented, which could threaten farmers’ seed rights and give control to private corporations. Eg: Concerns were raised about IPR entanglements with the technologies used in Kamala and Pusa DST Rice 1, potentially compromising India’s food and seed sovereignty.
When will the new rice seeds be available for farmers?
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) anticipates that certified seeds of these varieties will be available to farmers within two years, following the completion of necessary processes such as Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) registration and seed multiplication. |
Way forward:
- Ensure Transparent Evaluation: Conduct multi-location field trials and publicly share performance data to build scientific credibility and public trust.
- Safeguard Farmer Rights and Regulatory Oversight: Develop a clear IPR policy and establish robust, independent biosafety review mechanisms to protect seed sovereignty and address legal concerns.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] In what way have the science-based technologies triggered off striking changes in agriculture?
Linkage: Genome editing is a science-based technology that represents a significant advancement capable of triggering changes in agriculture by developing improved crop varieties.
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has lowered the efficiency requirement for off-grid solar panels to make rural electrification easier and more affordable.
About India’s Off-Grid Solar Programme:
- About: The programme was launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to provide solar energy access in regions without reliable grid electricity.
- Mission Framework: Implemented under the National Solar Mission (2010), it aimed to install 2,000 megawatt-peak (MW-P) of off-grid and decentralised systems by 2022.
- Phased Implementation:
- Phase I (2010–2014) targeted 200 MW-P capacity.
- Phase II (2014–2017) expanded to 500 MW-P with a focus on lighting, pumps, and study lamps.
- Phase III (2018–2021) emphasised solar streetlights, study lamps, and solar plants for public institutions.
- Restructuring: Solar pumps were moved to the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan scheme (PM-KUSUM), and solar home lights were integrated into the Saubhagya Scheme.
- Key Applications: Included solar home lighting systems, streetlights, lanterns, study lamps, power packs, and water pumps for irrigation and drinking.
India’s Progress in Off-Grid Solar Energy:
- Installed Capacity: As of April 2025, India’s total solar capacity reached 107.95 gigawatts, with 4.98 gigawatts from off-grid systems.
- Capacity Growth: From 2016 to 2024, solar installations grew from 172.45 gigawatts to 216.86 gigawatts.
- Recent Trends: In 2024, adoption rose as solar appliances became more affordable in remote and underserved regions.
- Impact: The programme has been vital for electrification in areas where grid expansion is limited by geography, cost, or infrastructure.
Tap to know more about India’s Solar Capacity and its Global Position.
| [UPSC 2020] With reference to solar water pumps, consider the following statements:
1. Solar power can be used for running surface pumps and not for submersible pumps.
2. Solar power can be used for running centrifugal pumps and not the ones with piston.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has announced major changes to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
About Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS):
- Purpose: To measure employment and unemployment nationwide.
- Conducted by: National Statistical Office (NSO) under the MoSPI, it has been active since 2017.
- Estimate 3 core indicators: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
- Frequency: It provides Quarterly estimates for Urban areas and Annual estimates for both Rural and Urban areas.
- Methodology: Employment is measured using 2 reference periods — Usual Status (activity in the last 365 days) and Current Weekly Status (activity in the last 7 days).
Note:
- Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): It is defined as the percentage of persons in labour force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
- Worker Population Ratio (WPR): It is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.
- Unemployment Rate (UR): It is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.
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| [UPSC 2022] In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments and lay-offs in factories employing workers?
Options: (a) Central Statistics Office (b) Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (c) Labour Bureau * (d) National Technical Manpower Information System |
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Why in the News?
In a recent breakthrough at CERN’s ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment), scientists observed that near-collisions of lead ions in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can result in the formation of gold atoms and other novel nuclei.
How was Lead converted into Gold?
- In ultra-peripheral collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, lead atoms passed close without touching, creating strong electromagnetic fields.
- These fields released photons that caused some lead atoms to lose 3 protons and 2 neutrons, transforming them into gold-203.
- Between 2015–2018, 86 billion gold atoms were created—just 29 picograms—scientifically important but not commercially valuable.
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About the Large Hadron Collider (LHC):
- The LHC has been working since September 2008 and is the world’s largest particle accelerator.
- Development: Between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists, and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries.
- Location: It lies in a 27-kilometre tunnel under the France–Switzerland border, near Geneva, and is operated by CERN.
- Purpose: It smashes protons or lead atoms together to help scientists study the smallest building blocks of the universe.
- Working Mechanism: About 9,600 magnets guide particles in a circle using strong magnetic fields.
- Speed: Particles travel at 99.999999% the speed of light, creating conditions like the Big Bang.
- Particles Studied: The LHC focuses on quarks (which come in six types) and gluons, which hold quarks together using the strong nuclear force.
- Members: 24 countries spans across the Europe. Japan and US are Observer.
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- India signed a cooperation agreement with CERN in 1991 and joined its Large Hadron Collider project in 1996; it became an Associate Member in 2016 after gaining Observer status in 2002.
- India also helped design LHC components such as superconducting magnets, cryogenic systems, and accelerator protection systems.
About the ALICE Experiment:
- ALICE is designed to study heavy-ion collisions, mainly using lead atoms.
- Objective: It recreates matter similar to that formed just after the Big Bang, helping us understand the early universe.
- Detection Range: ALICE can study both large particle blasts and rare, low-energy events with high precision.
- Size and Setup: It weighs 10,000 tons, measures 26 × 16 × 16 metres, and sits 56 metres underground.
- Members: As of 2024, ALICE includes over 1,900 scientists from 174 institutes across 39 countries, including India.
- India’s Contribution: Key instruments like the Photon Multiplicity Detector for ALICE and the Hadron Outer Calorimeter for CMS.
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| [UPSC 2009] In the year 2008, which one of the following conducted a complex scientific experiment in which sub-atomic particles were accelerated to nearly the speed of light?
Options: (a) European Space Agency (b) European Organization for Nuclear Research* (c) International Atomic Energy Agency (d) National Aeronautics and Space administration |
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Why in the News?
Justice B.R. Gavai has been sworn in as the 52nd Chief Justice of India (CJI).
About the Chief Justice of India:
- The CJI is the head of the Supreme Court and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the country.
- As the “Master of the Roster,” the CJI has the exclusive authority to:
- Constitute benches
- Allocate cases among judges
- Decide the schedule of hearings
- The CJI leads the judicial and administrative functions of the Supreme Court.
- Holds administrative control as recognised in State of Rajasthan v. Prakash Chand (1997).
- The CJI is referred to as “first among equals” among Supreme Court judges.
Powers and functions of the CJI:
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- Assigns judges to the Constitution Benches. (Article 145)
- Handles interpretation of important legal and constitutional matters. (Article 145)
- Exercises judicial leadership by steering jurisprudential direction. (Article 145)
- Exercises judicial authority in matters of national significance. (Article 136)
- Protects fundamental rights through the Supreme Court’s original and appellate jurisdiction. (Article 32)
- Administrative Functions:
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- Maintains court roster and case listing. (Derived from judicial precedent and administrative conventions)
- Supervises court staff and administration. (Based on administrative authority of the CJI)
- Ensures smooth functioning of the Supreme Court. (Supreme Court Rules, 2013)
- Holds disciplinary authority over subordinate judicial officers. (Administrative powers acknowledged in precedents)
- Engages in administration of justice at the highest level. (Overarching responsibility under Article 145)
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- Provides advisory input when consulted by the President. (Article 143)
Appointment and Terms:
- Article 124 of the Constitution empowers the President of India to appoint the CJI.
- Traditionally, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed.
- Exceptions to this practice:
- 1973: Justice A.N. Ray appointed over 3 senior judges.
- 1977: Justice M.H. Beg appointed over Justice H.R. Khanna.
- Qualifications as outlined in Article 124(3):
- Must be a citizen of India, and:
- Served at least five years as a High Court judge, or
- Practised at least ten years as a High Court advocate, or
- Deemed a distinguished jurist by the President.
Selection Procedure:
- Governed by the Memorandum of Procedure for Appointment of Supreme Court Judges.
- The Union Law Minister seeks the outgoing CJI’s recommendation.
- The recommendation is processed as follows:
- Sent to the Prime Minister by the Law Ministry.
- Prime Minister advises the President.
- President of India appoints the new CJI.
- No specific timeline is defined — the recommendation must be made at the “appropriate time”.
Tenure and Removal:
- CJI serves until the age of 65 years.
- Can only be removed through removal under Article 124(4):
- Requires approval by both Houses of Parliament.
- Must be supported by:
- A majority of total membership, and
- A two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
- Grounds for removal: Proven misbehavior or incapacity.
[UPSC 2021] With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:
- Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
- A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgment as the Supreme Court does
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 * (d) Neither I nor 2 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] The groundwater potential of the gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India?
Linkage: The concept that ecological health (groundwater levels) is fundamental to human survival and security (food security). It highlights how the depletion of a natural resource affects a critical aspect of the economy and human well-being, demonstrating the link between ecology and a “permanent economy” that sustains life. |
Mentor’s Comment: The phrase “Ecology is the permanent economy” means much more than just a catchy line. It reminds us of a basic truth: human well-being depends on the health of nature. We cannot grow our economy without using natural resources, and we cannot keep our economy stable without protecting them. Today, as we face big problems like climate change and loss of wildlife, we need to seriously think about whether we truly understand and follow this idea.
Today’s editorial discusses the idea that “Ecology is the permanent economy”. This topic is useful for GS Paper III in the UPSC Mains Exam, especially for questions related to the economy and environment.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Understanding the idea that “Ecology is the permanent economy” will help us see that a healthy environment is essential for our survival, a strong economy, and protection against climate change.
What does the phrase “Ecology is the permanent economy” signify in relation to human prosperity and ecological health?
- Foundation of Human Survival and Economy: Ecology provides essential resources like air, water, food, and fertile soil — the base of all economic activity. Eg: Agriculture depends on healthy soil, pollinators, and water cycles. Degraded ecosystems lead to crop failures and food insecurity.
- Long-term Economic Stability Requires Ecological Balance: Sustainable use of natural resources ensures continued economic benefits without exhausting the environment. Eg: Overfishing depletes fish stocks, harming both marine biodiversity and the fishing industry. Conservation efforts like fishing quotas help restore balance and maintain livelihoods.
- Ecological Health Mitigates Climate and Disaster Risks: Ecosystems act as buffers against natural disasters and climate change impacts, protecting both lives and infrastructure. Eg: Mangroves protect coastal areas from storms and floods. Their destruction increases disaster vulnerability and economic loss.
How has human evolution led to a disconnection from nature?
- Shift from Nomadic to Settled Life: Early humans lived in close contact with nature, relying on it for daily survival. With agriculture and settlements, dependency became indirect. Eg: Nomads hunted and gathered in forests, while modern societies buy packaged food, unaware of its natural source.
- Urbanisation and Infrastructure Development: Rapid urban growth has replaced natural landscapes with concrete, isolating people from natural surroundings. Eg: Children growing up in cities often have limited exposure to forests, rivers, or wildlife.
- Technological Advancements: Machines, internet, and artificial environments have reduced daily interaction with the natural world. Eg: Air conditioning replaces the need to adapt to seasons; virtual reality replaces outdoor experiences.
- Consumerism and Resource Overuse: The pursuit of material comfort leads to overexploitation of nature without regard for ecological balance. Eg: Excessive mining or deforestation for products like electronics or furniture disrupts ecosystems.
- Loss of Traditional Knowledge and Practices: Indigenous ecological wisdom is being lost as modern lifestyles dominate, weakening the cultural connection to nature. Eg: Practices like rainwater harvesting or sacred groves are being forgotten in many regions.
What impact has this had on biodiversity?
- Habitat Destruction: Expansion of urban areas, agriculture, and infrastructure has led to large-scale loss of natural habitats. Eg: Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has destroyed habitats for countless species, pushing many toward extinction.
- Species Extinction: Disruption of ecosystems and overexploitation of species has accelerated extinction rates. Eg: The dodo bird and the western black rhinoceros became extinct due to hunting and habitat loss.
- Invasive Species Introduction: Human activities have introduced non-native species that outcompete or prey on native species. Eg: Introduction of Nile perch in Lake Victoria led to the decline of hundreds of native fish species.
- Pollution and Climate Change: Industrial waste, plastic pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions degrade ecosystems and affect species survival. Eg: Coral bleaching caused by ocean warming has severely damaged coral reef biodiversity.
- Disruption of Natural Cycles: Unsustainable development alters food chains, migration patterns, and breeding cycles. Eg: Light pollution in cities affects nocturnal species like sea turtles, which rely on natural darkness for nesting.
Why is balancing environmental protection and economic development crucial for long-term sustainability?
- Ensures Resource Availability for Future Generations: Overexploitation today can lead to resource depletion, affecting future livelihoods. Eg: Sustainable forestry in countries like Sweden ensures timber is harvested without degrading forests.
- Prevents Environmental Degradation: Economic development without ecological concern leads to pollution, soil erosion, and climate change. Eg: Unchecked industrialisation along the Ganga River caused severe water pollution, harming both people and biodiversity.
- Supports Climate Resilience: Ecosystem protection helps buffer against climate impacts like floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Eg: Mangrove conservation in the Sundarbans protects coastal areas from cyclones and sea-level rise.
- Boosts Green Economic Opportunities: Investing in renewables and green technology creates jobs while reducing emissions. Eg: India’s solar energy mission has generated employment and reduced dependency on fossil fuels.
- Promotes Health and Well-being: A clean environment ensures access to clean air, water, and food, essential for human health. Eg: Delhi’s vehicular emission controls aim to reduce air pollution, improving public health outcomes.
What paradox arises from relying on nature-based solutions while continuing to exploit natural resources?
- Dual Dependence Creates Contradiction: We expect ecosystems to mitigate climate change while simultaneously degrading them through deforestation and pollution. Eg: Planting trees for carbon offset while clearing rainforests for agriculture defeats the purpose.
- Undermines Long-Term Effectiveness: Continuous exploitation weakens the very systems relied upon for climate resilience and biodiversity restoration. Eg: Wetlands restoration projects fail when nearby urban expansion continues to encroach on wetland areas.
- Ecological Imbalance Intensifies: The more we harm natural systems, the less capable they become in acting as buffers against environmental crises. Eg: Overfishing damages marine ecosystems, reducing their ability to regulate carbon and support livelihoods.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
Way forward:
- Integrate Ecology into Economic Planning: Make environmental sustainability a core part of all development policies to ensure long-term resource security and resilience.
- Promote Community-Led Conservation: Empower local communities with incentives and rights to manage natural resources, ensuring inclusive and effective environmental protection.
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Why in the News?
Recently, the U.S. has agreed to temporarily reduce its tariffs on Chinese goods from 145% to 30% for 90 days, while China will lower its tariffs on American products from 125% to 10%.
What are the key terms of the U.S.-China trade truce?
- Tariff Reductions: The U.S. has temporarily lowered tariffs on Chinese goods from 145% to 30%, and China has reduced its duties on American imports from 125% to 10%.
- 90-day Breather: The reprieve is limited to 90 days, giving both sides a window for further negotiations.
- Global Market Response: The announcement led to a 2%-3.8% rise in markets worldwide, reflecting investor relief.
- Exclusion from Previous Pause: Earlier, in April, the U.S. had excluded China from a 90-day reciprocal tariff pause, indicating that this thaw represents a strategic pivot.
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Why has the U.S. trade deficit with China remained unresolved despite the tariff rollback?
- Temporary and Limited Rollback of Tariffs: The U.S. reduced tariffs from 145% to 30% only for 90 days, which is not a permanent structural solution. Eg: Such short-term measures may ease tensions but do not address long-term trade imbalances rooted in production and consumption patterns.
- Core Issue of Trade Imbalance Not Addressed: The agreement focuses on reducing tariffs but does not compel China to increase imports of U.S. goods or alter its export-driven model. Eg: The U.S. continues to import large volumes of electronics, machinery, and pharmaceuticals from China while exporting relatively fewer goods.
How might the U.S.-China agreement affect India’s position in the China+1 manufacturing strategy?
- Reduced Urgency for Diversification: The easing of tensions may lead global firms to reconsider shifting away from China, reducing momentum behind the China+1 strategy. Eg: Companies that were exploring alternatives like India or Vietnam may delay or reverse their relocation plans.
- India’s Limited Gains from China+1 Exposed: India has not fully leveraged the China+1 opportunity due to infrastructure and policy bottlenecks, making it less competitive. Eg: Despite global supply chain shifts during the trade war, India attracted far less investment than Vietnam or Indonesia in electronics and apparel sectors.
- Renewed Focus on China’s Scale and Efficiency: Investors might return to China due to its unmatched manufacturing scale, efficient logistics, and mature supply chains. Eg: Apple’s decision to continue manufacturing a large share of its products in China despite exploring India illustrates the challenge India faces in replacing China.
| Note: China+1 is a business strategy adopted by multinational companies to diversify their manufacturing operations and supply chains beyond China, by adding at least one other country—hence “China plus one”. |
What challenges does India face in its trade negotiations with the U.S.?
- Retaliatory Tariff Pressures: India has had to respond to U.S. tariff hikes on steel and aluminium with potential reciprocal measures, increasing trade tension. Eg: After the U.S. imposed duties under Section 232, India notified the WTO of its plan to raise tariffs on American products like almonds and apples.
- Pending Comprehensive Trade Agreement: Despite ongoing talks, both countries have struggled to finalize a broad-based trade deal due to divergent priorities and domestic pressures. Eg: Disagreements over market access for U.S. dairy products and medical devices have repeatedly stalled progress on a bilateral trade pact.
- Impact of U.S.-China Trade Developments: A thaw in U.S.-China trade ties may reduce Washington’s interest in deepening trade relations with India, limiting India’s leverage. Eg: If U.S. firms regain confidence in China post-agreement, India may lose the strategic advantage it gained during earlier trade disruptions.
Why must Indian States implement labour and land reforms to reduce dependence on Chinese imports?
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Labour Law Reforms to Boost Ease of Doing Business: The Indian government has amended labour laws to make it easier for industries to hire and fire workers, fostering a more flexible labour market. Eg: The Code on Industrial Relations (2020) consolidates multiple labour laws and provides greater flexibility for businesses to operate efficiently.
- Land Acquisition and Infrastructure Development: The government has streamlined land acquisition processes and enhanced infrastructure to attract investments in manufacturing. Eg: The National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) is developing dedicated industrial zones with improved connectivity and land acquisition processes to boost manufacturing.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Policy Frameworks: India should strengthen its infrastructure, labor, and land reforms to offer a more competitive and attractive environment for global companies, ensuring it can capitalize on the China+1 strategy.
- Focus on Technology and Skill Development: India must invest in advanced manufacturing technologies and skill development to match China’s scale and efficiency, thus making itself a more viable alternative for global supply chains.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
Linkage: The US-China trade deal, as described in the article arose from a “tense global trade environment” involving “tariffs being ratcheted up by both sides”. This context of rising protectionism and trade tensions between major powers directly relates to the “phenomena of protectionism” mentioned in this PYQ and its potential impact on India’s macroeconomic stability.
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Why in the News?
The National Education Policy 2020 does not effectively address the employability issues faced by India’s graduates in the workforce.
What are the key flaws in NEP 2020 regarding employability?
- No Industry Participation in Policy Design: The NEP drafting process excluded industry leaders, leading to poor alignment between education and job market requirements. Eg: Graduates often lack practical skills needed for sectors like AI, renewable energy, or advanced manufacturing.
- Ineffective Skill Training Mechanisms: Although vocational training and multiple entry/exit options were introduced, they often lead to low-quality outcomes without real career growth. Eg: Students trained under NEP frequently end up in low-paying jobs like delivery services, despite completing higher education.
- Weak Implementation and Accountability: Despite ambitious reforms, there is little evidence of measurable improvement in graduate employability over the years. Eg: Employability of graduates was only 42.6% in 2025, showing minimal change from 44.3% in 2023.
Are India’s higher education institutions truly improving?
- Selective Celebration of Rankings: Government highlights QS WUR improvement (11 institutions in top 500) while ignoring low actual rankings (mostly above 100).
- Low Research Quality: India’s CNCI rank rose from 17th to only 16th among G20 nations, showing marginal improvement.
- Misleading Statistics: The 318% “performance growth” touted is percentage-based inflation, not reflecting real innovation or academic excellence.
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How does India’s GII performance expose its innovation gaps?
- Low Quality of Research Output: Despite improvements in overall GII ranking (from 81 in 2015 to 39 in 2024), India’s Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) — a measure of research quality — remains poor, ranking 16th out of 19 G-20 countries. Eg: While quantity of publications has increased, their global influence and citations remain low, showing a gap in impactful innovation.
- Weak Innovation Clusters: India’s top innovation hubs like Bengaluru, Delhi, and Chennai rank low globally (56th to 84th), and cluster intensityis poor compared to global leaders. Eg: Bengaluru, often called India’s Silicon Valley, ranks only 56th, far behind real Silicon Valley (2nd), indicating weak industrial-scientific synergy.
- Limited High-End Technological Innovation: India lags in patent filings and high-tech outputs compared to nations like South Korea, the U.S., and China. Eg: Samsung Electronics is the top patentee in Bengaluru, not an Indian firm — showing a dependence on foreign innovation in domestic clusters.
Who benefits from international university rankings like QS World University Rankings?
The QS World University Rankings are published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a global higher education company known for providing specialized services in university rankings, student recruitment, and education consulting.
- Universities: High rankings enhance global reputation, attract top students and faculty, and secure more funding. Eg, IIT Bombay benefits from its high QS ranking by attracting international collaborations and research opportunities.
- Students: International rankings help students choose universities with better academic quality, resources, and future career prospects. Eg, students opting for Harvard University often benefit from its global recognition and network.
What are the limitations of using such rankings as indicators of educational quality?
- Overemphasis on Research Output: Rankings often prioritize research publications and citations, which may not reflect the quality of teaching or employability. Eg, IIT Bombay ranks highly globally for research, but the focus on research may overshadow the quality of undergraduate education.
- Neglect of Local Context and Industry Relevance: Global rankings may not consider how well a university serves its local economy or industries. Eg, Jadavpur University in Kolkata is renowned for its engineering programs but is ranked lower globally, despite its significant contributions to local technology and industry development.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Promotion of Start-ups and Innovation: The government has launched various initiatives like Startup India and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation in the education sector. Eg, AIM supports schoolchildren with access to cutting-edge technology and resources to create new ideas.
- Skill Development Programs: Programs like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) aim to provide skill training to youth, improving their employability. Eg, the scheme offers certification in sectors like electronics and manufacturing, ensuring that graduates are job-ready.
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Way forward:
- Industry-Academia Collaboration: Strengthen partnerships between industries and educational institutions to design curricula that align with market needs, enhance practical training, and provide internships. Eg, tech companies collaborating with universities for real-time software development projects.
- Focus on Research Quality and Innovation: Increase investment in high-impact research and innovation by improving research infrastructure and promoting collaboration with global leaders. Eg, providing incentives for Indian firms to file patents and innovate domestically.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2016] Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative. What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?
Linkage: Education and skills to the concept of employability and the realization of India’s demographic dividend. It implies that simply having a young, educated population is not enough; they must be “productive and employable” for this potential to translate into economic benefit, highlighting a potential gap.
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Why in the News?
According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 report, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India remains unchanged at 2.0 children per woman, the same as in 2020.
Also, the annual crude birth rates for Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Kerala are declining at 2x the rate of the national average.
About Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 Report:
- The SRS survey is released by the Registrar General of India (RGI).
- It covered 8,842 sample units and a population of 84 lakh across all states.
- Despite the delay in the national Census (last held in 2011), the SRS remains India’s primary source for annual fertility and mortality statistics.
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Important Highlights of the SRS, 2021:
[A] Birth Rate Trends :
- India’s crude birth rate in 2021 was 3, declining at 1.12% annually between 2016 and 2021.
- Fastest declines were seen in Tamil Nadu (2.35%), Delhi (2.23%), and Kerala (2.05%).
- Other states with above-average decline: Maharashtra (1.57%), Gujarat (1.24%), Odisha (1.34%), Himachal Pradesh (1.29%), Haryana (1.21%), J&K (1.47%).
- Slowest declines: Rajasthan (0.48%), Bihar (0.86%), Chhattisgarh & Jharkhand (0.98%), Assam & MP (1.05%), West Bengal (1.08%), UP (1.09%).
- Rise in registered births noted in 11 regions, including Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, J&K, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
[B] Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Demographic Shifts:
- India’s TFR in 2021 stayed at 0, unchanged from 2020.
- Highest TFR: Bihar (3.0); Lowest TFR: Delhi and West Bengal (1.4).
- States below or at replacement level:
- TFR 1.5: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, J&K, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab
- TFR 1.6: Himachal Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka
- TFR 1.8: Odisha, Uttarakhand
- TFR 2.0: Gujarat, Haryana
- TFR 2.1: Assam
- Age Structure Shift (1971–2021):
- Children (0–14): declined from 41.2% to 24.8%
- Working-age (15–59): rose from 53.4% to 66.2%
- Elderly (60+): increased from 6.0% to 9.0%
- Aged 65+: grew from 5.3% to 5.9%
- Highest elderly population: Kerala (14.4%), Tamil Nadu (12.9%), Himachal Pradesh (12.3%)
- Lowest elderly population: Bihar (6.9%), Assam (7.0%), Delhi (7.1%)
- Mean female marriage age rose from 3 years (1990) to 22.5 years (2021).
| [UPSC 2024] The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as:
(a) the number of children born per 1000 people in the population in a year.
(b) the number of children born to a couple in their lifetime in a given population.
(c) the birth rate minus death rate.
(d) the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age. * |
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Why in the News?
In October 2022, 75 Digital Banking Units were launched across remote districts to commemorate India’s 75th Independence Day, but their momentum has declined from past 2 years.
About Digital Banking Units (DBUs):
- DBUs are specialized, fixed-location banking hubs designed to deliver a wide range of digital financial services using modern infrastructure.
- They operate in both self-service and assisted modes, offering customers 24/7 access to banking in a paperless, secure, and cost-effective environment.
- The RBI permits commercial banks with digital banking experience to establish DBUs in Tier I to Tier VI cities, without prior approval unless restricted.
- RRBs, payment banks, and local area banks are not eligible.
- In October 2022, as part of India’s 75th independence anniversary, 75 DBUs were launched across 75 remote districts to promote financial inclusion and bring banking services closer to citizens in semi-urban and rural areas.
Services and Features:
- DBUs offer digital services such as account opening, internet and mobile banking kits, debit and credit card applications, and UPI QR-based merchant solutions.
- Customers can apply online for retail loans, MSME loans, and government-sponsored schemes, with the entire process—from application to disbursal—handled digitally.
- Each DBU operates independently from existing branches and must follow RBI guidelines, including housing in separate premises with automated-only cash services.
- They are equipped with interactive teller machines, cash recyclers, document upload systems, and video KYC facilities.
- A senior bank executive is appointed as Chief Operating Officer (COO) to manage each unit.
Benefits Offered:
- DBUs offer a convenient, paperless banking experience, reducing the need to visit traditional branches.
- They support inclusive banking by expanding access to financial services in underserved regions.
- Customers in remote areas benefit from both automated and assisted service options.
- For banks, DBUs help optimize costs while improving service delivery and outreach.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements in respect of the digital rupee:
1. It is a sovereign currency issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in alignment with its monetary policy. 2. It appears as a liability on the RBI’s balance sheet. 3. It is insured against inflation by its very design. 4. It is freely convertible against commercial bank money and cash.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 4* |
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Why in the News?
The Centre for Earth Sciences and Himalayan Studies (CESHS) has successfully drilled India’s first geothermal production well in Dirang, located in Arunachal Pradesh’s West Kameng district.
This could potentially make Dirang the first geothermal-powered town in the country.
What is Geothermal Energy?
- Geothermal energy is derived from heat stored in the Earth’s interior, primarily from the decay of radioactive elements.
- It can be utilised for electricity generation, heating, and industrial applications.
- It is considered a renewable energy source as the Earth continuously generates heat.
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About Dirang Geothermal Project:
- This project in West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, is the first successful geothermal drilling site in Northeast India.
- It is led by CESHS under the Arunachal Pradesh Department of Science and Technology, with support from the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
- It is a medium-to-high enthalpy zone (~115°C), with a fault between quartzite and schist, enabling efficient, low-impact drilling.
- The site was selected after two years of geochemical and structural surveys, and can support applications like agricultural drying, space heating, and controlled storage.
- International partners include the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Geotropy ehf (Iceland), and Guwahati Boring Service for execution.
India’s Geothermal Landscape:
- The Geothermal Atlas of India (2022) identifies 381 thermally anomalous sites across the country.
- India has an estimated geothermal potential of 10,600 MW, enough to power over 10 million homes.
- Geothermal energy offers base load power, unlike intermittent solar and wind sources.
- The first operational plant was a 20 kW binary cycle pilot in Manuguru, Telangana, developed by SCCL.
- A 25 MW project in Khammam remains stalled due to tariff issues with the Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission.
- In Puga Valley, Ladakh, ONGC resumed work in 2024 on a 1 MW pilot plant, after a 2022 hot water leak raised safety concerns.
- In Dholera, Gujarat, geothermal energy is used for cooking and air conditioning at a temple, showing direct-use feasibility.
- India has signed MoUs with Iceland (2007) and Saudi Arabia (2019), and included geothermal energy in the 2023 RETAP agreement with the United States.
| [UPSC 2013] Consider the following: (1). Electromagnetic radiation (2). Geothermal energy (3). Gravitational force (4). Plate movements (5). Rotation of the earth (6). Revolution of the earth
Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None* |
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Why in the News?
India extended critical financial assistance to the Maldives by rolling over a $50 million Treasury Bill, continuing its support under a government-to-government arrangement since 2019.
About Treasury Bill:
- A T-Bill is a short-term debt instrument issued by the GoI through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- They are part of Government Securities (G-Secs) and are used to raise short-term funds.
- They are zero-coupon securities, meaning they do not carry periodic interest payments.
- Instead, they are issued at a discount and redeemed at face value upon maturity.
- They were first introduced in India in 1917.
- They are ideal for investors seeking safety and liquidity over short periods.
Features of the T-Bills:
- Tenures Available: 91-day, 182-day, and 364-day maturity periods.
- Issued at a Discount: T-Bills are sold at a lower price than their face value. The return (yield) is the difference between purchase price and face value.
- Minimum Investment: Starts at ₹25,000, and in multiples of ₹25,000 thereafter.
- Zero-Coupon Nature: No interest payments during the tenure. Investors earn via the discounted purchase price.
- Risk-Free Investment: Backed by the Government of India, making it virtually risk-free.
- High Liquidity: Due to short tenure, T-Bills can be easily converted to cash.
- Auction Mechanism: Sold through competitive and non-competitive bidding at RBI auctions.
- Taxable Gains: Returns are treated as short-term capital gains and are taxable.
- Sensitive to Inflation: Fixed returns can be impacted by rising inflation, reducing real returns.
| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following statements:
1.The Reserve Bank of India manages and services GoI Securities but not any State Government Securities.
2.Treasury bills are issued by the GoI and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
3.Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only * (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
Linkage: The shipping industry’s contribution to GHG emissions (approximately 1 billion metric tonnes annually, about 2.8% of total global emissions) and the IMO’s efforts to reduce these emissions to align with goals like the Paris Agreement. The question’s focus on international climate agreements (Kyoto Protocol) is relevant to the IMO’s regulatory efforts. |
Mentor’s Comment: The adoption of the Net Zero Framework, which is based on Market-Based Measure (MBM) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping, marking a historic shift in global climate governance. It highlights the geopolitical negotiations, competing national interests, and the struggle to balance environmental effectiveness with economic fairness in formulating a global carbon levy on shipping emissions.
Today’s editorial talks about regulation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations and Policy Making) and GS Paper III (Environment).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
At the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC-83) session of the IMO, a major step was taken by approving a new system to cut shipping emissions.
What is the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)?
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a United Nations specialized agency responsible for regulating international shipping, promoting maritime safety, environmental protection, legal matters, and technical cooperation among member states. |
Why is it a landmark step?
- First Legally Binding Global Emission Levy: Shipping is the first industry with a mandatory, global emissions levy under the MARPOL treaty—unlike aviation (ICAO) or manufacturing, which follow voluntary or regional norms.
- Equity Through CBDR-RC: The mechanism incorporates equity—ZNZ fuel users are rewarded, while underperformers bear the financial burden, aligning with developing countries’ interests.
- Clear, Time-Bound Targets: IMO sets concrete milestones: 40% cut in carbon intensity by 2030, 70% by 2040, and net-zero by 2050—unlike ICAO’s vague goals.
What were the challenges while taking this step?
- Resisted by the Oil-Exporting Nations: Countries like Saudi Arabia, which depend heavily on fossil fuel exports, opposed stringent carbon levies, fearing these would harm their economies. They resisted the transition to green fuels, advocating for minimal changes.
- Developed vs. Developing Countries: Developed nations like the EU supported aggressive emission reductions, while developing countries like China pushed for a market-driven approach to preserve competitiveness and avoid excessive financial burdens.
How is the shipping industry tackling emissions as per the IMO?
- Reduction of GHG emissions: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented measures like the Energy Efficiency Design Index and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan to reduce carbon emissions from ships.
- Targets for carbon intensity: The IMO has set a goal to reduce carbon intensity by at least 40% by 2030 (compared to 2008 levels) and 70% by 2040, with the ultimate aim of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.
- Green technologies and fuel alternatives: The IMO is pushing for cleaner fuels and innovative technologies for emissions reduction, including efforts in alternative fuels such as green hydrogen.
What is the Net Zero Framework adopted by the IMO?
The Net Zero Framework is a Market-Based Measure (MBM) to reduce emissions in the shipping industry. It aims to implement a mandatory emissions levy on global shipping to ensure that the sector meets net-zero targets by 2050.
How would it work?
- Emission-Based Levy with Incentives: Ships emitting high greenhouse gases must pay a carbon levy, while those using Zero or Near-Zero (ZNZ) fuels receive financial rewards or credits. Eg: A ship using green hydrogen below the IMO’s emission threshold earns surplus credits, reducing its future levy.
- Tiered Compliance via GHG Fuel Standard (GFS): Ships are classified based on fuel efficiency and emission levels. Underperformers must purchase remedial units, while high performers gain tradable surplus units. Eg: A vessel exceeding emission targets must buy units from a cleaner ship, creating a carbon market within global shipping.
What is the limit on carbon emissions?
- As per IMO reward thresholds:
- Until 2034: The carbon limit is 19.0 g CO₂e/MJ
- From 2035 onwards: It tightens to 14.0 g CO₂e/MJ
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How will the Market-Based Measure (MBM) framework impact India’s maritime sector and trade costs by 2030 and 2050?
- Trade Costs: The MBM framework is likely to increase shipping costs due to carbon pricing and fuel surcharges, making Indian exports less competitive. Eg: Textile and agricultural exports from India to Europe may become costlier by 2030 due to EU’s Emission Trading System (ETS) expansion to maritime transport.
- Equity Concerns: Uniform carbon levies do not consider developmental disparities, placing a higher burden on countries like India with limited historical emissions. Eg: India has argued at the IMO that MBMs should reflect Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), as it is still building infrastructure and trade capacity.
- Green Shipping Transition: To comply with decarbonization norms by 2050, India must shift to alternative fuels (e.g., green hydrogen, ammonia) and upgrade port infrastructure, requiring massive investments. Eg: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust may need to install green bunkering facilities and electrified cargo handling systems.
- Technological and Financial Gaps: Lack of access to clean technology and climate finance may hinder India’s ability to transition smoothly, increasing dependence on foreign solutions. Eg: Advanced nations may dominate green shipbuilding, while Indian shipyards lag due to lack of R&D support and capital.
- Opportunity for Green Growth: If supported with international finance and technology transfer, MBMs can stimulate domestic innovation and green job creation in maritime sectors. Eg: India’s “Green Ports” initiative could align with MBM goals and boost employment in clean energy, retrofitting, and logistics.
Way forward:
- Differentiated Levy Design: IMO should adopt a flexible carbon pricing model that reflects Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), allowing developing countries like India room to grow while contributing to climate goals. Eg: Tiered levy based on national capacities and emission intensity.
- Technology Transfer & Climate Finance: Establish dedicated funding mechanisms for green shipping innovation, infrastructure upgrades, and capacity building in developing nations. Eg: An IMO-led global Green Maritime Fund supported by developed countries.
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Why in the News?
India has overhauled its e-waste governance through the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, which came into force on April 1, 2023, replacing the 2016 version. These rules mark a major policy shift to tackle India’s rapidly growing e-waste crisis.
How Does the New EPR Framework Work?
- Mandatory Registration: All manufacturers, producers, refurbishers, and recyclers must register with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) through an online portal.
- EPR Targets: These entities must meet specific collection and recycling targets, as set by the CPCB.
- Liability for Non-compliance: Failure to meet targets invokes environmental compensation and penalties.
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What is the role of EPR floor pricing in e-waste management?
- Ensures Fair Returns to Formal Recyclers: EPR floor pricing guarantees minimum compensation for authorized recyclers, making formal recycling economically viable and discouraging unsafe informal practices. Eg: A certified recycler adopting advanced e-waste extraction technologies is assured stable earnings, promoting compliance and expansion.
- Reduces Informal Sector Dominance: By offsetting the cost advantage of informal recyclers, floor pricing shifts e-waste processing to the formal sector, where health and environmental standards are enforced. Eg: In India, 95% of e-waste is handled informally; floor pricing helps shift this to regulated channels.
- Boosts Circular Economy and Material Recovery: Stable pricing encourages recyclers to focus on resource recovery—such as copper, gold, and rare metals—rather than mere disposal. Eg: Proper recycling of circuit boards in formal facilities helps recover precious metals worth crores, reducing raw material imports.
What are the economic and social consequences of poor e-waste management?
- Economic loss from pollution: Over $10 billion lost annually due to pollution from toxic e-waste processing.
- Social cost: Informal processing results in $20 billion in social loss, affecting women and children, whose average lifespan is under 27 years.
- Lost revenue and metals: India forfeits ₹80,000 crore annually in metal value and $20 billion in tax revenue due to untracked, cash-based operations.
- Health impacts: Open incineration and use of cyanide and sulphuric acid cause air, water, and soil pollution, compounding public health crises.
How does stable pricing support formal recycling?
- Ensures Financial Viability for Formal Recyclers: A minimum (floor) price for EPR certificates guarantees fair compensation, encouraging recyclers to invest in safe, modern technologies. Eg: Certified recyclers can recover precious metals like gold and copper efficiently with advanced equipment, making operations economically viable.
- Discourages Hazardous Informal Practices: Stable pricing removes the informal sector’s cost advantage, shifting recycling away from unsafe, illegal methods. Eg: With assured returns, recyclers prefer compliance over risky open burning and acid-leaching methods that dominate 95% of the sector.
- Drives Compliance and Investment: Predictable prices create trust in the system, helping producers meet EPR obligations and promoting infrastructure development.
What are the challenges?
- Dominance of the Informal Sector: A large share of e-waste in India is processed by the informal sector using hazardous and unsafe methods like acid baths and open burning. Eg: In Seelampur (Delhi), a major informal e-waste hub, workers dismantle electronics without protection, exposing themselves to toxic substances like lead and mercury.
- Low Consumer Awareness and Participation: Many consumers are unaware of proper e-waste disposal methods, leading to hoarding, landfilling, or selling to unregulated recyclers. Eg: In cities like Bengaluru and Mumbai, residents often discard electronics with household waste or sell them to local kabadiwalas despite having formal collection centers.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Awareness and Consumer Participation: Promote widespread consumer education on e-waste disposal through campaigns and incentives for responsible recycling, ensuring more e-waste is directed to formal, safe channels.
- Enhance Infrastructure and Enforcement of EPR: Develop advanced e-waste recycling infrastructure and strictly enforce EPR compliance to ensure producers meet recycling targets and transition e-waste processing to the formal sector.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.
Linkage: India’s growing e-waste problem is linked to its fast digital growth and greater use of electronic gadgets. This issue mainly relates to the economy but also highlights how digitalisation is a key reason behind the rise in e-waste.
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Why in the News?
The combination of assured government support and scientific advancements in breeding technologies has made rice and wheat the most preferred crops among Indian farmers, while other crops lag due to lack of similar incentives and innovations.
Why do farmers prefer rice and wheat?
- Assured Procurement at MSP: The government provides near-guaranteed purchases of rice and wheat at Minimum Support Prices (MSP), reducing market risk. Eg: In Punjab, rice area increased from 29.8 lakh hectares in 2015-16 to 32.4 lakh hectares in 2024-25 due to consistent MSP support.
- Lower Yield Risk Due to Irrigation and Research Support: Rice and wheat are mostly grown under irrigated conditions and benefit from superior public research, leading to more stable yields. Eg: Wheat variety HD-3385, released in 2023, offers 6 tonnes/hectare yield with resistance to rust diseases and adaptability to different sowing times.
- Continuous Breeding Innovations and Higher Returns: These crops have seen regular improvements through breeding, enhancing productivity, stress tolerance, and input efficiency. Eg: Genetically-edited rice variety Kamala yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare and matures faster, saving water and fertilizer costs.
What drives yield growth in these crops?
- Genetic Improvements and Breeding Innovations: Continuous breeding has led to development of high-yielding, stress-resistant varieties. Eg: Wheat variety HD-3385, released in 2023 by ICAR, yields an average of 6 tonnes/hectare with a potential of 7.3 tonnes, and is resistant to all three major rusts (yellow, brown, and black).
- Improved Agronomic Practices and Technology Adoption: Advanced farming practices like early sowing, use of fertiliser-responsive varieties, and direct seeding have boosted productivity. Eg: Direct-Seeded Rice (DSR) technology eliminates the need for nursery and transplanting, saving water and labour, and supporting yield levels up to 10 tonnes/hectare in some hybrid varieties.
- Public Research and Extension Support: Rice and wheat receive consistent support from government research institutions, unlike many other crops. Eg: The CRISPR-Cas edited rice variety Kamala, developed by ICAR in 2024, produces 450-500 grains per panicle (vs. 200-250 in parent variety), yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare, matures 15-20 days earlier, and requires less fertiliser and water.
How has government policy influenced the cropping patterns in states?
- Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Procurement Assurances: Farmers prefer crops with assured government procurement at MSP, reducing market risk. Eg: In Punjab, rice area increased from 29.8 lakh hectares in 2015-16 to 32.4 lh in 2024-25 due to near-guaranteed MSP procurement, while cotton area declined from 3.4 lh to 1 lh.
- Skewed Research and Input Support: Rice and wheat have received consistent research and extension support, unlike pulses or oilseeds. Eg: ICAR has developed multiple improved wheat and rice varieties (e.g., HD-3385, Kamala), while no major breakthrough has happened in cotton since Bt cotton (2002-06).
- Irrigation Infrastructure Bias: Government investment in irrigation has favoured crops like rice and wheat, making them less yield-risk prone. Eg: In Madhya Pradesh, wheat area rose from 59.1 lh to 78.1 lh and rice from 20.2 lh to 38.7 lh, as irrigation expansion supported these water-reliant crops.
Which innovations improved rice varieties?
- Semi-Dwarf and High-Yielding Varieties: Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties reduced lodging and increased fertiliser response and yields. Eg: IR-8, released in 1966, was the first semi-dwarf rice variety, yielding 4.5–5 tonnes/hectare in just 130 days, compared to 1–3 tonnes in traditional varieties over 160–180 days.
- Gene Editing using CRISPR-Cas Technology: Advanced gene-editing allows precision improvements in yield and stress tolerance. Eg: Kamala, a GE mutant of Samba Mahsuri developed by ICAR in 2024, yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare, matures earlier, and has 450–500 grains per panicle (vs. 200–250 in the original).
- Abiotic Stress Tolerance Breeding: Development of varieties tolerant to drought, salinity, and heat stress for resilience in changing climates. Eg: Pusa DST Rice 1, a GE version of Cottondora Sannalu, with edited DST gene, shows improved tolerance to drought and salt stress, enabling cultivation in marginal soils.
Way forward:
- Diversify MSP and R&D Focus: Extend assured procurement and research support to pulses, oilseeds, and millets to reduce over-reliance on rice and wheat.
- Promote Sustainable Practices: Encourage water-saving technologies like direct-seeded rice, crop rotation, and climate-resilient varieties to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.
Linkage: Farmers prefer rice and wheat partly because of access to irrigation which reduces yield risk. Challenges and management of irrigation systems directly impact this aspect of their decision-making.
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