Why in the News?
Union Minister for Minority Affairs has launched the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development (UMEED) portal—a centralised digital platform to manage Waqf properties across India.
Tap to read more about the Waqf and the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.
About the UMEED Portal
- Launch: It was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs on June 6, 2025.
- Core Purpose: It ensures real-time registration, verification, and monitoring of Waqf properties across India.
- Legal Alignment: The portal is aligned with the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, which received presidential assent in April 2025.
- Governance Shift: UMEED aims to promote transparency, accountability, and public participation by making Waqf data digitally traceable.
Key Features:
- Centralized Registration: All Waqf properties must be registered on a single digital platform.
- Documentation: Each property receives a 17-digit ID and must include ownership papers, exact measurements, and geotagged location data.
- User-Friendly Design: Features include dropdown-based input, GIS mapping, and a grievance redressal system.
- 3-Tier Verification:
- Maker: Mutawalli enters the property data.
- Checker: District official verifies the entry.
- Approver: CEO or authorised Waqf Board officer grants approval.
- Transparency and Privacy: Public access to basic property details is allowed, while data privacy is ensured.
- Eligibility Rule: Properties registered in women’s names are not eligible as Waqf properties, though women and vulnerable groups remain priority beneficiaries.
- Support System: A toll-free helpline is available for technical assistance.
Registration Process:
- Responsible Authority: State Waqf Boards are in charge of registering properties.
- Deadline: All registrations must be completed within 6 months of the portal’s launch.
- Required Data: Includes property size, ownership documents, geotagging, and whether the land is government-owned.
- Extension Policy: A 1–2 month extension may be granted upon valid request.
- Non-Compliance: Unregistered properties will be marked as “disputed” and referred to the Waqf Tribunal.
- Missing Documents: In such cases, the mutawalli must approach the Tribunal for validation.
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.
Linkage: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), India’s first comprehensive bankruptcy law enacted in 2016, fundamentally relies on a specialized tribunal system for its implementation. This system includes the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT). The effectiveness of the IBC as a resolution tool is intrinsically linked to the efficiency, competency, and operational challenges faced by these tribunals. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), started in 2016, has been running for over eight years now. It has helped recover ₹3.89 lakh crore with a recovery rate of 32.8%, changing how companies deal with unpaid debts. But delays in courts, problems after settlements, and a recent Supreme Court decision on Bhushan Steel have created new worries.
Today’s editorial will talk about the effectiveness of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in India. It will help with GS Paper II (Policy Making) and GS Paper III (Banking).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
As India works towards becoming a $5 trillion economy, there is growing discussion about whether the IBC is ready for the future, whether its decisions are respected, and how efficient the courts are in handling cases.
Why was the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) enacted in India in 2016?
- To Establish a Time-bound Resolution Mechanism: The IBC aimed to replace India’s slow and fragmented insolvency system with a fast-track process for resolving distressed assets within a maximum of 330 days. Eg: Earlier, recovery through legal channels often took years; under IBC, cases like Essar Steel were resolved with clear timelines.
- To Shift Control from Debtors to Creditors: It empowered creditors by giving them control over the insolvency process and discouraging willful default. Eg: In the case of Bhushan Steel, creditors approved Tata Steel’s resolution plan, overriding promoter control.
- To Improve Recovery Rates and Credit Culture: IBC sought to improve debt recovery rates and create a culture of responsible borrowing and repayment. Eg: As per IBBI data, creditors have recovered over ₹3.89 lakh crore with an average recovery rate of 32.8%, much higher than earlier systems.
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What makes IBC the preferred route for debt recovery according to the RBI and IBBI data?
- Highest Share in Total Recoveries: According to the RBI’s 2024 report, the IBC accounted for 48% of all recoveries made by banks in FY 2023-24, making it the dominant recovery mechanism. Eg: Compared to other channels like DRTs and SARFAESI, IBC recovered nearly half of total dues in just one financial year.
- Better Realisation Than Liquidation: As per IBBI, resolution plans under IBC are yielding 93.41% of the fair value and 170.1% of liquidation value, showing greater efficiency. Eg: In the case of Electrosteel Steels, creditors recovered more than they would have in a liquidation scenario.
- Timely Resolution and Settlement: The IBC’s time-bound process has led to early settlements, with 30,310 cases settled before admission, involving defaults worth ₹13.78 lakh crore. Eg: Companies facing insolvency threats often clear dues or settle quickly, improving the overall credit discipline.
How has the IBC impacted the credit culture and corporate governance in India?
- Improved Credit Discipline: The IBC has fostered a repayment-oriented credit culture by creating a credible threat of insolvency, discouraging willful defaults. Eg: The Supreme Court observed that “the defaulter’s paradise is lost,” reflecting a clear shift in borrower behavior post-IBC.
- Reduction in NPAs: The IBC has contributed to a sharp fall in Gross Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), which declined from 11.2% in 2018 to 2.8% in 2024 for scheduled commercial banks. Eg: Many firms have restructured or repaid loans early to avoid IBC proceedings, improving asset quality in the banking sector.
- Boosted Corporate Governance Standards: Firms resolved under IBC show better board practices, including a rise in the number of independent directors, enhancing transparency and accountability. Eg: A study by IIM Bangalore showed firms post-resolution had more professionalised management and stronger compliance norms.
What are the key challenges currently affecting the effectiveness of the IBC framework?
- Judicial Delays and Backlogs: Delays in approvals by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and prolonged litigation undermine the IBC’s goal of time-bound resolution. Eg: Even after creditor approval, resolution plans like that of Jaypee Infratech have been stuck for years due to legal battles, leading to erosion in asset value.
- Post-resolution Uncertainty: Lack of legal finality and frequent challenges after plan approval create investor hesitation and risk derailment of settled cases. Eg: In the Bhushan Power and Steel case, a previously approved resolution plan was reopened, shaking confidence in the system.
- Inadequate Framework for Emerging Assets: The IBC lacks clear mechanisms to deal with issues like intellectual property valuation, employee dues, and tech continuity, making it unfit for resolving non-traditional businesses. Eg: Tech start-ups and IP-heavy firms may not be efficiently resolved under current provisions, leading to value destruction.
Why is the Bhushan verdict seen as a setback?
- Erodes Commercial Certainty: The verdict questioned a resolution plan that had already been approved and operational for years, undermining the finality of the IBC process. Eg: The reopening of the Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd. case raised fears that even completed transactions are not immune from future legal scrutiny.
- Deters Investor Confidence: If resolution applicants fear judicial reversal after making large investments, they may hesitate to participate, weakening the IBC’s appeal. Eg: A successful bidder may now think twice before committing to a resolution plan if legal sanctity isn’t guaranteed.
- Delays in Execution and Recovery: Continuous litigation post-approval increases the risk of liquidation for otherwise viable firms due to delayed implementation. Eg: In the Bhushan case, years of uncertainty stalled asset utilisation, resulting in a loss of economic value.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Tribunal Infrastructure and Capacity: Expand the capacity of NCLT and NCLAT by appointing more judges, improving case management systems, and digitising proceedings to reduce delays and ensure time-bound resolutions.
- Ensure Legal Finality and Commercial Certainty: Introduce clear jurisprudential safeguards to prevent post-resolution litigations and uphold the sanctity of approved resolution plans, thereby boosting investor confidence and preserving the IBC’s credibility
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Why in the News?
Recently, U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s move to renew relations with the European Union is an important change in post-Brexit policy that has big effects around the world, especially for India.
What is the significance of the new U.K.-EU agreement for India?
- Simplifies Trade and Regulatory Compliance: The agreement harmonizes food standards, fishing rights, and customs coordination between the U.K. and EU, making it easier for Indian exporters to comply with a single set of rules instead of two separate regimes. Eg: Indian pharmaceutical companies supplying over 25% of the U.K.’s generic medicines could benefit from faster unified approvals, reducing costs and delays.
- Strengthens Strategic Diplomatic Relations: Renewed U.K.-EU cooperation offers India a chance to enhance multilateral ties and align foreign policies with key Western partners on issues like defence and Indo-Pacific security. Eg: India’s existing partnerships with France, Germany, and the U.K. on defence modernization could deepen with a coordinated U.K.-EU approach.
- Boosts Talent Mobility and Diaspora Engagement: The agreement’s border and migration cooperation may ease movement for Indian students and professionals across the U.K. and EU, expanding educational and employment opportunities. Eg: In 2024, the U.K. issued over 110,000 student visas to Indian nationals, a number likely to grow with improved mobility frameworks.
How could the U.K.-EU reset impact Indian exports?
- Simplified Compliance and Reduced Costs: A harmonised U.K.-EU regulatory framework will help Indian exporters by simplifying compliance, reducing redundant paperwork, and lowering operational costs across key sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, seafood, and agro-products. Eg: Indian seafood exports worth around ₹60,523 crore ($7.38 billion) in FY2024 could face fewer trade barriers due to aligned food standards and fishing policies.
- Challenges for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): While unified standards ease trade, tighter common regulations might pose challenges for Indian SMEs that lack capital and technical expertise, requiring enhanced support from government schemes. Eg: To stay competitive, SMEs must leverage initiatives like the RoDTEP and Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)schemes to upgrade their export capabilities.
Why does the renewed U.K.-EU cooperation matter for India’s global diplomacy?
- Enhanced Multilateral Coordination: A more aligned U.K.-EU foreign policy enables India to strengthen multilateral ties and gain cohesive support on global platforms like the United Nations, G-20, and WTO. Eg: India can push its agenda more effectively in climate finance and digital infrastructure reforms with a united Western bloc.
- Boost to Defence and Security Partnerships: Coordinated defence policies between the U.K. and EU deepen India’s strategic collaborations in defence modernization, technology transfer, and Indo-Pacific security. Eg: Landmark defence deals with Germany and the U.K. on joint development and technology transfer gain momentum through U.K.-EU alignment.
- Stronger Collective Response to Shared Geopolitical Challenges: The reset facilitates trilateral or multilateral engagements addressing shared concerns like China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. Eg: India’s partnerships with the U.K., France, and Germany could lead to coordinated strategies to ensure regional stability.
What opportunities does the U.K.-EU alignment offer for Indian migration and talent mobility?
- Improved Mobility for Students and Professionals: The renewed U.K.-EU cooperation on border checks and migration policies could partially restore the movement of Indian students and professionals across both regions. Eg: In 2024, the U.K. issued over 110,000 student visas to Indian nationals, indicating strong educational ties likely to expand.
- Creation of Semi-Integrated Talent Corridors: The alignment may enable semi-integrated talent corridors that facilitate easier access to job markets in the U.K. and EU for skilled Indian workers. Eg: Indian professionals may benefit from more streamlined work permits and mobility agreements within the new U.K.-EU framework.
- Strengthening Migration Pacts with Key EU Countries: India’s existing migration agreements with countries like Germany, France, and Portugal could be embedded within the broader U.K.-EU framework, enhancing their effectiveness. Eg: This could lead to expanded opportunities for Indian workers under more coordinated and stable migration policies.
How should India respond to maximise gains from this U.K.-EU reset?
- Accelerate Reforms and Modernize Export InfrastructureIndia needs to upgrade its export ecosystem by adopting unified standards, improving logistics, and strengthening support schemes like RoDTEP and PLI to enhance competitiveness and meet new regulatory demands. Eg: Indian exporters in sectors like pharmaceuticals and seafood can reduce costs and clearances by aligning with the harmonized U.K.-EU framework.
- Assert Strategic Engagement in Global Governance and Diplomacy: India should deepen its diplomatic ties with the U.K., EU, and key European partners to leverage coordinated foreign policy and defence collaborations, boosting its influence in forums like the UN, G20, and WTO. Eg: India’s strengthened partnerships on climate finance and Indo-Pacific security will enhance its global leadership role.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Invest in upgrading export infrastructure, enhance quality standards, and expand government incentive schemes like RoDTEP and PLI to help Indian exporters meet unified U.K.-EU regulations and remain competitive globally.
- Deepen Strategic and Diplomatic Engagement: Proactively engage with the U.K., EU, and key European nations to build stronger defence, trade, and migrationpartnerships, leveraging the reset to boost India’s global influence and economic opportunities.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.
Linkage: In this article talks about the renewed ties between the UK and the EU — called a “Eurocentric reset” — could open new doors for India. A more united UK-EU foreign policy, especially in areas like defence and the Indo-Pacific, gives India a chance to work more closely with the EU on global matters. This also fits well with the growing strategic partnership between the US and Europe, which benefits India’s position in international affairs.
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Why in the News?
India is thinking about changing the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act, 2010, and the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. These changes would let private companies build and run nuclear power plants.
Why is there a proposal to amend India’s nuclear energy laws?
- To Attract Private and Foreign Participation: Current laws like the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010, deter foreign companies due to strict liability provisions. Amending them would enable global firms like Westinghouse (U.S.) and Électricité de France (EDF) to invest and supply nuclear technology.
- To Meet India’s Clean Energy Targets: India aims to scale up nuclear capacity from 8 GW to 100 GW by 2047 as part of its low-carbon energy transition. Legal reforms are essential to unlock the necessary investments and partnerships to achieve this scale.
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What are the concerns about foreign investment and liability?
- Foreign Companies Fear Being Blamed After Accidents: They worry they’ll be held legally responsible if something goes wrong, which could cost them a lot of money. Eg: U.S. company Westinghouse and French company Areva stayed away from India’s nuclear sector due to strict liability laws.
- Indian Law Puts All Blame on the Operator: India’s current law makes the plant operator fully responsible, even if the equipment from foreign suppliers fails. Eg: If a part made by a foreign company causes a problem, only NPCIL (Indian operator) is blamed and has to pay.
- Old Accidents Still Raise Worries: Events like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy make people cautious about giving foreign companies a free pass on liability. Eg: In 2012, the NDA opposed changes in law that would reduce foreign companies’ responsibility, citing past disasters.
How will the amendments help achieve 100 GW capacity?
- Enabling Foreign Participation: Amendments will remove liability-related hurdles, allowing global firms to invest and supply technology. Eg: Westinghouse (U.S.) and EDF (France) may enter Indian projects if liability norms align with international standards.
- Boosting Domestic-Private Sector Involvement: Changes in laws like the Atomic Energy Act could allow Indian private companies to build and operate reactors. Eg: Companies like L&T and BHEL may contribute to infrastructure and component manufacturing at scale.
- Attracting Investment in Advanced Reactors (SMRs): Legal clarity could attract funds and partnerships in Small Modular Reactors, helping scale capacity rapidly. Eg: New-age firms working on SMRs may partner with India if assured of returns and limited liability.
What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?
- Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are compact nuclear power plants that produce up to 300 MW of electricity and are built in factories for easy transport and quicker installation.
- They use advanced, safer designs with features like passive cooling and are ideal for remote areas, industrial use, and integration with renewable energy sources.
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What challenges exist in small modular reactor (SMR) technology transfer?
- Profit-Driven Technology Sharing: Private foreign firms transfer technology only if it’s commercially viable, not for strategic or public interest reasons. Eg: U.S. companies will share SMR tech only if returns outweigh security or IP risks.
- Restrictions by National Governments: Export controls and national security concerns limit what tech can be transferred internationally. Eg: The U.S. government regulates tech transfers; past transfers to China (like AP1000) led to cloning and IP misuse.
- Partial Transfers and Proprietary Control: Even friendly countries often retain core tech and allow only partial local production. Eg: Russia’s Rosatom allowed India to build sub-components of VVER reactors but kept control over critical hot sections.
What is the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC)?
- The Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) is an international treaty that establishes a global fund to provide prompt compensation to victims of nuclear accidents.
- It assigns primary liability to nuclear plant operators while limiting supplier liability, ensuring faster financial support and shared responsibility among participating countries.
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Why is the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) important for nuclear compensation?
- Ensures Quick Compensation Without Legal Delays: CSC focuses on giving fast financial help to victims of nuclear accidents without long court cases. Eg: After a nuclear incident, funds can be released immediately to affected people, unlike long litigation seen in Bhopal.
- Fixes Responsibility on the Operator Only: CSC channels all liability to the nuclear plant operator, protecting suppliers unless there’s proven misconduct. Eg: If NPCIL runs the plant, it bears full responsibility, not companies like Westinghouse or Rosatom.
- Creates an International Compensation Fund: It sets up a multi-tiered fund (including global contributions) to support countries during large-scale accidents. Eg: A country can access a global pool of money through CSC if the cost of a disaster exceeds national capacity.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Legal Framework to Balance Liability and Investment: Amend India’s nuclear laws to align liability rules with international standards like the CSC, ensuring fair responsibility for operators while providing enough protection to attract foreign and private investments.
- Promote Technology Transfer and Domestic Capacity Building: Create transparent policies and incentives that encourage foreign companies to share advanced nuclear technologies such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) with Indian firms, while simultaneously building India’s own manufacturing and operational capabilities to achieve energy targets sustainably.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.
Linkage: The article indicate that discussions are ongoing in India to amend its nuclear liability framework (specifically, the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act (CLNDA), 2010, and the Atomic Energy Act (AEA), 1962). The primary reason for these proposed amendments is to allow private companies to build and operate nuclear energy-generation facilities and to expand India’s nuclear energy capacity from 8 GW to 100 GW by 2047, aligning with the country’s clean energy goals.
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Why in the News?
China will lead global energy investments in 2025, making up over a quarter of total spending, says the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 10th edition Global Energy Investment Report, 2025.
Back2Basics: International Energy Agency (IEA)
- Establishment: The IEA was formed in 1974 under the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in response to the 1973 oil crisis, with headquarters in Paris, France.
- Membership: It has 31 member countries (e.g., US, UK, France, Japan) and 11 association countries like India, China, and Brazil.
- India’s Role: India joined as an Association Country in 2017, gaining access to data-sharing, policy support, and technical cooperation.
- Expanded Mission: The IEA now supports energy security, clean energy transitions, emissions tracking, and policy development.
- Global Influence: Its major reports—World Energy Outlook, Net Zero by 2050, and Energy Technology Perspectives—guide governments and investors worldwide.
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About the Global Energy Investment Report:
- Origin and Purpose: Officially titled World Energy Investment Report, is the IEA’s flagship annual publication.
- Published since 2016: To assess investment flows across the global energy system.
- Scope of Coverage: It tracks investments in fossil fuels, renewables, electricity supply, critical minerals, energy efficiency, R&D, and innovation financing.
- Strategic Value: The report helps determine if current investments support climate goals and universal energy access.
Key Highlights from the 2025 Report:
- China’s Role: China will account for over 25% of global energy investment, with over $625 billion in clean energy, though it also approved 100 GW of new coal plants in 2024.
- Global Trends: Clean energy investment will hit $2.2 trillion, over twice the amount spent on fossil fuels, yet still falls short of COP28 targets.
- Africa’s Investment Gap: Africa’s fossil fuel investment dropped from $125 billion to $54 billion, and it still receives only 2% of global clean energy funds, mainly due to debt burdens.
- India’s Position: India’s renewables investment rose from $13 billion (2015) to $37 billion (2025), while fossil fuel investment also increased. However, grid and storage spending declined to $25 billion.
- Financing Barriers: India’s high cost of capital—80% above advanced economies—limits clean energy growth. The “Baku to Belem Roadmap” seeks to mobilize $1.3 trillion by 2035 for such regions.
- Global Mismatch: While $1 trillion is spent annually on power generation, only $400 billion goes to grid infrastructure, affecting distribution capacity.
| [UPSC 2022] Consider the following statements:
1. The Climate Group” is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.
2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with The Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”.
3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
4.Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) 1,2,4 and 5 (b) 1,3 and 4 only* (c) 2,3 and 5 only (d) 1,2,3,4 and 5 |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Social Justice launched the Waste Picker Enumeration App under the National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Scheme to support and formalize India’s informal sanitation workforce.
About NAMASTE Scheme:
- Launch: It is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2022.
- Implementing Agencies: It is jointly implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), with the National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) as the executing body.
- Initial Focus and Expansion: Initially aimed at sewer and septic tank workers (SSWs), the scheme was expanded in June 2024 to include waste pickers.
- Core Objective: To promote safety, dignity, skill development, and social inclusion for sanitation workers.
Key Features of the Scheme:
- Identification: The scheme aims to enumerate SSWs and waste pickers to formally integrate them into government support systems.
- Skill Training: It provides occupational training to ensure sanitation work is safe and professional.
- Protective Gear: PPE kits are distributed to reduce workers’ health risks.
- Health Coverage: Workers and their families receive Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) health insurance.
- Safety Equipment: Sanitation Response Units (SRUs) are supported with modern safety tools.
- Livelihood Support:
- Encourages mechanized sanitation work.
- Offers capital and interest subsidies for buying equipment.
- Collective Formation: Supports sanitation workers in forming Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and sanitation enterprises.
- Awareness Campaigns: ULBs and NSKFDC conduct campaigns promoting dignified and safe sanitation practices.
Key Achievements (as of May 29, 2025):
- Enumerated Workers: Over 80,000 sewer and septic tank workers have been identified and validated.
- Health Coverage: 26,447 health cards issued under PM-JAY.
- PPE Distribution: 45,781 PPE kits delivered to frontline workers.
- Safety Kits: 354 Emergency Response Safety Kits provided to sanitation teams.
- Waste Picker Integration: NAMASTE now aims to profile 2.5 lakh waste pickers, offering them ID cards, insurance, skilling, and livelihood assistance.
| [UPSC 2016] Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to:
Options: (a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood (b) release the sex workers from their practice and provide them with alternative sources of livelihood (c) eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate the manual scavengers* (d) release the bonded labourers from their bondage and rehabilitate them |
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Why in the News?
The Tamil Nadu government has officially notified a Greater Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi in Ramanathapuram district.
What is a Bird Sanctuary?
- India’s bird sanctuaries are established under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA).
- Section 18 of the WLPA empowers State governments to declare wildlife or bird sanctuaries based on ecological or zoological importance.
- The law prohibits hunting of protected birds and prescribes penalties for violations, including fines and imprisonment.
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About Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus):
- Overview: It is the largest and most widespread flamingo species, found across Africa, southern Europe, and South and Southeast Asia, including India and Pakistan.
- Presence in India: India hosts both Greater and Lesser Flamingos. Greater Flamingo is the state bird of Gujarat.
- Behaviour and Diet: These birds form monogamous pairs and get their pink coloration from a diet rich in brine shrimp and algae. They are omnivores, feeding on invertebrates, small fish, algae, and decaying plant matter.
- Habitat: They prefer saltwater lagoons, mudflats, and saline lakes, and are important indicators of wetland health.
- Migration Pattern: Every year, 100,000–150,000 flamingos migrate from Gujarat to Mumbai, typically arriving in November and settling in the Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary.
- Migration Triggers: Their movement depends on food availability, water levels, and colony crowding.
- Conservation Status:
- IUCN Red List: Least Concern (LC) (species is widespread and abundant)
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule II (protected but with lesser penalties than Schedule I)
- CMS (Convention on Migratory Species): Appendix II (species need international cooperation for conservation)
- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species): Appendix II (trade is regulated to avoid overexploitation)
About the Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi:
- Location: The sanctuary lies in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, spanning 524.7 hectares in Rameshwaram taluk.
- Habitat: It includes mangroves, sand dunes, mudflats, and marshes, supporting migratory birds, marine life, and sea turtles.
- Flyway Connection: The site falls along the Central Asian Flyway, a key route for wetland migratory birds.
- Bird Census: The 2023–24 wetland bird survey recorded over 10,700 birds, including herons, egrets, sandpipers, and both flamingo species.
- Ecological Importance: Mangrove species like Avicennia and Rhizophora dominate the area, offering breeding grounds and coastal protection.
| [UPSC 2015] With reference to an organization known as ‘BirdLife International’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(1) It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations. (2) The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization. (3) It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only * (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the 8th edition of EnviStats India: Environment Statistics Report.
About EnviStats India Report:
- Launch: It is an annual report released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), first launched in 2018.
- Global Framework: It follows the UN’s Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 2013.
- Data Compilation: The report consolidates environmental data from multiple ministries and departments of the Indian government.
- Policymaking Support: It helps in evidence-based policymaking by identifying environmental challenges, resource needs, and trends.
Key Highlights of EnviStats India, 2025:
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- Thermal power generation rose from 7.92 lakh GWh (2013–14) to 13.26 lakh GWh (2023–24).
- Renewable energy generation increased from 65,520 GWh to 2.26 lakh GWh over the same period.
- Inland fish production jumped from 61.36 lakh tonnes to 139.07 lakh tonnes.
- Marine fish production grew from 34.43 lakh tonnes to 44.95 lakh tonnes.
- Climate and Weather Trends:
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- Annual mean temperature increased from 25.05°C (2001) to 25.74°C (2024).
- Minimum temperature rose from 19.32°C to 20.24°C; maximum temperature from 30.78°C to 31.25°C.
- Rainfall patterns showed year-to-year variability, but no clear long-term trend.
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- India’s faunal diversity includes 1,04,561 species, contributing to the global count of 16,73,627 species.
- It includes 20,613 marine, 9,436 freshwater, and 22,404 soil species.
- Mangrove and estuarine ecosystems show high biodiversity richness.
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- The Environment Sustainability sector had the highest allocation: ₹2,433.24 crore in 2021–22.
- Spending on Conservation of Natural Resources showed a rising trend.
- Agro-forestry received the lowest funding among the three major environmental sectors.
| [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements:
1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).
2. CGWA was’ formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.
3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only * (c) 2 only (d) 1 and 3 only |
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Why in the News?
For the first time, India has conducted a detailed assessment of ungulate species (mammals with hoofs on their foot, like deer, pigs, antelopes, and bison), which are vital prey for tigers and important for forest ecosystems.
About Status of Tiger Prey in India:
- The report titled “Status of Ungulates in Tiger Habitats of India” was released by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), using data from the 2022 All-India Tiger Estimation.
- This is the first national-level assessment of ungulates, the hoofed mammals like chital, sambar, gaur, wild pig, nilgai, which form the core prey base of tigers.
- Ungulates are essential not only for tiger survival but also for maintaining healthy forest ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, and promoting soil and vegetation health.
- The study stresses that tiger numbers alone are not enough; prey density and habitat quality must also be monitored to assess ecosystem health.
- It establishes that 30 ungulates per sq km are needed to support 4 tigers per 100 sq km, but growth is constrained by territoriality, interspecies competition, and habitat fragmentation.
Key Highlights:
- Prey Decline in East-Central India: Significant decline in Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh due to habitat loss, deforestation, urbanization, mining, subsistence hunting, civil unrest, and Left Wing Extremism.
- Thriving Regions: Healthier prey populations in the Shivalik-Gangetic Plains (Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar), Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, the Western Ghats, and Northeast India.
- Species Trends:
- Chital is the most widespread and adaptable species.
- Sambar and gaur remain stable in central and southern forests.
- Hog deer and barasingha show sharp decline due to wetland degradation and habitat isolation.
- Human-Wildlife Conflict:
- In low-prey areas like Tadoba and Ratapani, tigers prey on livestock, increasing conflict.
- Wild pigs and nilgai damage crops, leading to retaliatory killings and local resentment.
- Conservation Measures:
- On-site prey breeding in predator-proof enclosures
- Forest restoration and better habitat connectivity
- Focused protection of sanctuaries and buffer zones
- Reducing habitat fragmentation caused by roads, railways, and power lines
About Tiger Conservation in India
- Declared National Animal of India in 1972 by the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).
- Largest population in India; also found in Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar. India harbours 75% of the world’s wild tigers.
- Occupies habitats such as high mountains, mangrove swamps, grasslands, deciduous forests, evergreen, and shola forests.
- Ecological Significance:
- Flagship species: Essential for conservation efforts.
- Umbrella species: Protecting tigers helps conserve other species.
- Key driver of ecotourism and related industries.
- Cultural & Spiritual Significance: Symbolizes power and strength.
- Protection Status:
- Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I.
- IUCN Red List: Endangered.
- CITES: Listed in Appendix I.
- Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation initiative in India that was launched in 1973.
- Tigers are also flagship species listed among the 7 big cats under the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).
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| [UPSC 2001] A pesticide which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon is sprayed on a food crop. The food chain is: Food crop – Rat -Snake – Hawk.
In this food chain, the highest concentration of the pesticide would accumulate in which one of the following?
Options: (a) Food crop (b) Rat (c) Snake (d) Hawk* |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.
Linkage: In this article, discuss how millets, classified as Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) and now as “opportunity crops,” are nutritionally dense and climate-resilient. This question directly aligns with the core components of ‘biohappiness’ that emphasize “nutrition security” and bringing “forgotten foods back to the table”. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s traditional food habits, especially in tribal and rural areas like Arunachal Pradesh, are at risk because many local plants and crops are disappearing. This loss is not just about rare plants but also about losing foods that are nutritious, climate-resilient, and hold cultural importance, along with the traditional knowledge that supports them.
Today’s editorial will talk about the quick loss of biodiversity and traditional food knowledge in India. It will help with GS Paper II (Policy Making) and GS Paper III (Agriculture & Environment).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The fast loss of biodiversity and food knowledge, caused by cash crops, global diets, and weak policies, urges India to use new science and revive orphan crops (Neglected and Underutilized Species) like millets for better food and environment.
What are Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS)?
- NUS are traditional crops like millets, legumes, tubers, and wild fruits that have been largely ignored or underused in modern agriculture and food systems.
- These species are nutritionally rich, climate-resilient, and well-adapted to local environments, offering potential to improve food security and support sustainable farming.
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Why are they now referred to as “opportunity crops”?
- Nutritionally Dense: These crops are rich in essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, making them excellent for improving health. Eg: Small millets are high in fiber and micronutrients compared to rice and wheat.
- Climate-Resilient: They can withstand harsh environmental conditions like drought and poor soils, helping farmers adapt to climate change. Eg: Finger millet (ragi) grows well in dry and marginal lands.
- Locally Adapted: These crops are naturally suited to local soils and climates, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and irrigation. Eg: Buckwheat thrives in the hilly regions of Northeast India without intensive inputs.
- Support Biodiversity: Cultivating these crops preserves agrobiodiversity and traditional farming knowledge, maintaining ecological balance. Eg: Indigenous legumes help fix nitrogen in soil, improving fertility naturally.
- Economic Potential: Reviving these crops can create new market opportunities, increase farmers’ incomes, and diversify food production. Eg: Millet-based products are gaining popularity in urban markets for their health benefits.
Why is agrobiodiversity declining in Northeast India?
- Rapid Disappearance of Traditional Plants: Many native plant species are disappearing quickly due to changing land use and environmental pressures. Eg: Traditional greens and wild fruits once common in Arunachal Pradesh are becoming rare.
- Loss of Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous knowledge about the nutritional and medicinal properties of local plants is being lost as younger generations move away from traditional lifestyles. Eg: Nyishi and Apatani tribes’ understanding of forest plants is fading.
- Shift to Commercial Crops: Farmers are moving from diverse local crops to cash crops for better income, reducing crop variety. Eg: In Kolli Hills, many farmers switched from millets to coffee and pepper.
- Environmental Changes and Species Extinction: Habitat loss and climate change are causing a rise in species extinction, mirroring a global trend. Eg: Forest degradation in Northeast India is threatening native biodiversity.
- Lack of Awareness and Support: There is limited awareness and institutional support for conserving local agrobiodiversity, leading to neglect. Eg: Many minor millets remain neglected in government schemes despite their benefits.
Where has millet revival been successfully implemented?
- Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu: The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) has worked with local farmers for over 20 years to prevent millet diversity loss. Efforts include documenting traditional knowledge, improving soil health, diversifying crops, and enhancing income, especially among women farmers. Eg: Farmers shifted back from cash crops to locally adapted millets.
- Koraput District, Odisha: Collaboration with the Odisha Millet Mission has supported a community-led millet revival, focusing on seed conservation to consumption, expanding the range of millets beyond the commonly promoted ragi, jowar, and bajra. Eg: Minor millets are being reintroduced into local diets and markets.
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How does a few crops’ dominance affect global nutrition?
- Over-Reliance on Few Crops: Global food systems mainly depend on rice, wheat, and maize, which provide over 50% of plant-based calories. This limits dietary diversity. Eg: Many populations rely heavily on rice, leading to monotonous diets.
- Loss of Biodiversity: Dominance of a few crops causes a decline in agricultural biodiversity, reducing availability of diverse nutrients. Eg: Traditional millets and legumes are neglected, despite being nutrient-rich.
- Nutritional Imbalances: Diets based on a limited number of staple crops can cause deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Eg: Populations depending mainly on wheat may face iron and zinc deficiencies.
- Vulnerability to Climate Shocks: Dependence on few crops makes food systems more susceptible to climate change impacts, threatening food security. Eg: Droughts affecting maize crops can lead to widespread shortages.
- Rise in Non-Communicable Diseases: Limited crop diversity correlates with an increase in diseases like diabetes and obesity, due to poor diet quality. Eg: High consumption of refined wheat and maize products contributes to obesity trends.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- International Year of Millets & Shree Anna Yojana: Launched focused strategies to enhance millet production, productivity, consumption, and export, while raising awareness about health benefits.
- State Millet Missions: Several states have started their own Millet Missions to support local cultivation, value chain strengthening, and branding of millets.
- Inclusion in Public Distribution System (PDS): Efforts are underway to include minor millets in the PDS to promote wider access and consumption among the population.
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Way forward:
- Expand Millet Coverage and Integration: Broaden the focus beyond major millets (ragi, jowar, bajra) to include minor millets and other neglected crops in state missions and the Public Distribution System (PDS) for greater reach and impact.
- Strengthen Farmer Empowerment and Research: Support community-led conservation, improve value addition technologies, and invest in interdisciplinary researchto enhance crop resilience, nutritional value, and market opportunities.
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Why in the News?
India is one of the world’s top textile exporters and a major manufacturing center, but its textile industry is now at a critical stage.
What challenges affect India’s textile industry globally?
- Geopolitical Tensions: Rising global conflicts and trade restrictions disrupt export routes and reduce India’s textile market access. Eg: The U.S.-China trade war shifted demand to countries like Vietnam, affecting Indian exporters’ global share.
- Fragmented Supply Chains: Lack of coordination between suppliers, weavers, and exporters leads to production delays and higher costs. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, uncoordinated lockdowns at different supply chain points delayed delivery timelines.
- Price Volatility: Unpredictable fluctuations in raw material prices reduce planning efficiency and shrink profit margins. Eg: In 2022, cotton prices spiked globally, affecting the cost structure of Indian textile firms and making exports less competitive.
- Sustainability Compliance: Global markets demand eco-friendly and traceable textile products, which Indian firms may struggle to provide without investing in green technology. Eg: The EU’s push for traceability and environmental standards may restrict access for non-compliant Indian products.
- Changing Consumer Preferences: International buyers now prioritize ethically sourced, durable, and sustainably certified products. Eg: Brands like H&M and Levi’s require sustainability certifications, posing challenges for uncertified Indian manufacturers.
What is Regenerative Farming?
Regenerative farming is an agricultural practice focused on restoring and enhancing soil health, increasing biodiversity, and improving ecosystem resilience. It goes beyond sustainable farming by actively repairing environmental damage caused by conventional agriculture. |
Why is regenerative farming vital for textiles?
- Sustainable Raw Material Sourcing: Regenerative farming ensures a steady and eco-friendly supply of natural fibres like cotton, reducing environmental impact. Eg: In Aurangabad, Maharashtra, over 6,000 farmers under the Regenerative Cotton Program reported higher yields and soil health improvement.
- Climate Resilience: It improves soil health and enhances resistance to climate shocks, ensuring consistent fibre quality. Eg: Regen farms showed better crop survival during erratic rainfall and drought periods, supporting uninterrupted textile production.
- Cost-Effective Production: Reduced dependence on chemical inputs lowers input costs, making raw materials more affordable for textile producers. Eg: Farmers using regen methods observed less fertilizer usage, lowering their overall production cost.
- Enhanced Traceability: Regen farming enables real-time data and certification, ensuring supply chain transparency demanded by global brands. Eg: Cotton grown under traceable regenerative systems is preferred by brands like Patagonia for its verified originand sustainability.
- Rural Livelihood and Inclusion: It creates inclusive rural economies by empowering smallholders, supporting gender equity, and connecting farmers with global markets. Eg: Regen cotton initiatives have led to higher incomes and women participation in farming across India’s cotton belts.
Where is regenerative cotton farming showing success?
Aurangabad, Maharashtra: A notable hub for regenerative cotton farming, where farmers have adopted climate-friendly agricultural practices. Eg: Over 6,000 farmers are part of the Regenerative Cotton Program, resulting in higher yields, reduced use of chemical fertilisers, and more stable incomes. |
How does traceability boost textile exports?
- Product Authenticity: Traceability ensures transparency from raw material to final product, building consumer trust in international markets. Eg: Kasturi Cotton branding enhances India’s image by assuring authentic, high-quality cotton to global buyers.
- Sustainability Compliance: Export destinations demand eco-conscious sourcing. Traceable supply chains show alignment with sustainability standards. Eg: The EU and U.K. emphasize environmentally responsible production under FTAs and Digital Product Passports (DPPs).
- Market Access & Expansion: Traceability helps Indian textiles meet foreign regulatory standards, easing entry into eco-sensitive markets. Eg: India-U.K. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) can boost exports by leveraging traceability credentials.
- Brand Accountability: It shifts perception from just a supplier to a responsible brand, enhancing global brand equity. Eg: Tech-based tracking systems help Indian brands share sustainability stories, increasing appeal in premium markets.
- Competitive Differentiation: Traceable products stand out in global markets with rising demand for ethical fashion. Eg: As per the 2023 Consumer Circularity Survey, over 37% consumers consider traceability a key purchase factor.
| Note: Traceability refers to the ability to track the origin, movement, and history of a product through every stage of the supply chain — from raw material sourcing to manufacturing, distribution, and final sale. |
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- PM MITRA Scheme: Establishes Mega Integrated Textile Regions and Apparel Parks to integrate the entire textile value chain, reduce logistics costs, boost competitiveness, and create jobs.
- Promotion of Regenerative Cotton Farming: Supports sustainable farming practices to improve soil health, reduce chemical use, and enhance cotton qualitythrough collaborative platforms.
- Support for Technical Textiles and Innovation: Launches initiatives like the National Technical Textiles Mission to promote R&D and commercialization of high-value technical textiles for sectors like healthcare and defense.
Way forward:
- Adopt Sustainable Practices: Promote widespread use of regenerative farming, traceability technologies, and product circularity to enhance environmental responsibility and global competitiveness.
- Strengthen Innovation and Collaboration: Invest in R&D, encourage public-private partnerships, and leverage trade agreements to boost technological advancement and expand export markets.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.
Linkage: Indian textile industry is “one of the world’s largest manufacturing hubs” and projects its growth to $350 billion by 2030, with the potential to add 35 million new jobs. This PYQ directly addresses the importance of the manufacturing sector for economic growth and government policies supporting it, which are crucial for the textile industry to realize its leadership vision and achieve an “economic competitive edge”.
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Why in the News?
India has announced a major cut in import duty — 15% off on fully built electric cars — but only if the makers promise to invest locally and add value within the country. This is part of a new plan called the Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India (SPMEPCI).
What is the SPMEPCI scheme?
The SPMEPCI scheme (Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India) launched in 2024 offers a 15% concessional import duty on electric cars. It requires manufacturers to invest ₹4,150 crore and achieve 25–50% domestic value addition within five years, promoting local EV production and reducing imports. |
How does it aim to promote EV manufacturing in India?
- Investment-Linked Incentives: Offers a 15% concessional import duty on completely built-up (CBU) EVs. Manufacturers must invest at least ₹4,150 crore over 3 years. Eg: A global EV company like Tesla or BYD can benefit from lower import taxes if it sets up a manufacturing plant or R&D unit in India.
- Mandatory Localisation of Production: Companies must achieve 25% Domestic Value Addition (DVA) within 3 years, increasing to 50% in 5 years. Encourages use of local auto components, reduces import dependency, and builds domestic manufacturing capacity. Eg: EV makers could partner with Indian auto component suppliers like Motherson Sumi or Bosch India to meet DVA targets.
- Cap on Imports to Push Local Production: Only 8,000 CBUs annually per manufacturer are allowed under concessional duty for 5 years. Companies must move quickly to set up local production to scale beyond this limit. Eg: After hitting the import cap, a company like Volkswagen may be compelled to start local assembly to meet rising demand and avoid higher duties.
Why is technology transfer critical for India’s EV transition?
- Late Start Requires Catching Up Quickly: India began its EV journey in 2015, about 5 years later than major players like China and the U.S. Without technology transfer, India risks falling behind in innovation and manufacturing capabilities. Eg: China’s early joint ventures helped it quickly develop advanced EV technology, something India needs to replicate.
- Lack of Indigenous Battery Technology: Batteries are the core component of EVs, and India currently lacks the technology to produce advanced batteriesdomestically. Technology transfer will help India build expertise in battery design, manufacturing, and supply chain integration. Eg: China’s vertical integration from mining to battery assembly gave it a competitive edge in pricing and scale.
- Building a Localised EV Ecosystem: Transferring technology via partnerships or joint ventures helps develop local suppliers and skilled workforce. This reduces dependency on imports and supports long-term sustainability of the EV industry. Eg: India’s success in ICE vehicles came through mandated joint ventures which facilitated tech and skill transfer; the same model can be applied to EVs.
How has China’s strategy helped it lead in global EV adoption?
- Early and Ambitious Subsidy Program: Launched the New Energy Vehicle subsidy programme in 2009, much earlier than many countries. This long-term financial support boosted EV production and adoption. Eg: Subsidies encouraged companies like BYD and NIO to rapidly scale EV manufacturing.
- Mandatory Joint Ventures for Technology Transfer: Required foreign EV manufacturers to form joint ventures with Chinese firms until 2022. This ensured technology transfer and domestic capability building. Eg: Tesla initially partnered with local companies to set up manufacturing in China.
- Massive Financial Incentives: China invested around $230 billion over 15 years on EV subsidies, infrastructure, and research—the largest globally. This comprehensive support accelerated industry growth. Eg: Government funding helped develop a vast EV charging network nationwide.
- Gradual Reduction of Import Duties: Reduced import duties on EVs from 25% in 2010 to 15% in 2018. Lower duties made EVs more affordable, increasing domestic demand. Eg: More affordable imports boosted consumer adoption alongside local manufacturing.
- Vertical Integration of Battery Manufacturing: Controls entire battery value chain: mining, processing, manufacturing, and assembly. This integration reduced costs and improved competitiveness against conventional vehicles. Eg: Chinese battery giants like CATL dominate global markets due to this vertical setup.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Expansion of FAME Scheme: The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme initially launched in 2015 with ₹895 crore outlay, expanded to ₹10,000 crore in 2019. Supports EV adoption through subsidies and incentives for manufacturers and buyers.
- Encouraging Localisation and Investment: Caps on imported EVs to encourage domestic production (maximum 8,000 completely built units annually per manufacturer under SPMEPCI). Push for localisation of components and assembly to build a robust domestic EV ecosystem.
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Way forward:
- Promote Strategic Partnerships for Technology Transfer: Encourage and mandate joint ventures between foreign EV firms and Indian manufacturers to ensure effective technology sharing and skill development.
- Build a Comprehensive Domestic Battery Ecosystem: Invest in creating end-to-end battery manufacturing capabilities, including raw material sourcing, processing, and cell production, to reduce import reliance and lower costs.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023} How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles?
Linkage: India’s journey to decarbonize and transform mobility, which includes the adoption of EVs, is currently hampered because policies “fall short of addressing a pressing issue… technology transfer”. This question directly addresses the core subject of electric vehicles (EVs) and their benefits, particularly in reducing carbon emissions.
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Why in the News?
Mount Etna, Europe’s largest active volcano, has erupted sending ash, smoke, and rock fragments several kilometres into the sky.
Why do Volcanoes Erupt?
- Magma Formation: Deep within Earth, high temperature and pressure melt rocks into magma.
- Gas Expansion: Magma contains gases like water vapor, CO₂, and SO₂. As magma rises, the pressure drops, allowing these gases to form bubbles, increasing internal pressure.
- Crustal Weaknesses: At tectonic boundaries or mantle plumes, cracks and faults in Earth’s crust provide pathways for magma to escape.
- Eruption Mechanism:
- As pressure builds, magma is pushed upwards.
- If blocked, the gas expansion can explode through the crust, ejecting lava, ash, and gases.
- Signals: If magma flow is suddenly stopped by solid rock, it may create low-frequency seismic waves (pre-eruption tremors).
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About Mount Etna:
- Location: Situated on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, near the city of Catania.
- Type: Mount Etna is a stratovolcano (also called a composite volcano), which is formed from layers of hardened lava, volcanic ash, and rocks.
- Height: It stands at approximately 3,300 meters, making it the tallest volcano in Europe south of the Alps.
- Recognition: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013, with documented volcanic activity for at least 2,700 years.
- Eruption Record: Etna is almost constantly active. Notable eruptions have occurred in 1400 B.C., 1669, 2001, 2018, 2021, 2024, and 2025.
- Volcanic Activity Style: Known for Strombolian and effusive eruptions, with occasional Plinian eruptions (rare and more explosive).
Reasons Behind the June 2025 Eruption:
- Nature of Eruption: The eruption is classified as either Strombolian or possibly Plinian, depending on interpretation:
- Strombolian Eruption: Characterized by moderate explosive bursts, caused by gas bubbles in magma suddenly bursting at the surface.
- Plinian Eruption: Some volcanologists suggest this classification due to the large ash column that may have reached the stratosphere.
- Eruption Trigger: The eruption likely began due to pressure buildup from gas within the magma chamber, leading to collapse of the southeast crater and lava flows.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following:
1. Pyroclastic debris
2. Ash and dust
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Sulphur compounds
How many of the above are products of volcanic eruptions?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) Only four* |
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Why in the News?
A recent study by the think-tank Climate Trends has revealed that levels of black carbon in the Himalayas have been rising steadily over the past two decades.
About Black Carbon (BC):
- What is it: Black carbon is a fine particulate pollutant formed from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels.
- Impact: It is a short-lived climate pollutant and the second-largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide.
- Lifespan: Unlike CO₂, black carbon stays in the atmosphere for short periods and can be quickly reduced if emissions stop.
- Warming Mechanism: As an aerosol, it absorbs sunlight, heats the atmosphere, and reduces albedo when deposited on snow and ice, leading to faster melting.
- Health Effects: Exposure increases the risk of heart disease, birth complications, and premature death.
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- Residential Biomass Burning: Accounts for 47% of BC emissions, including cow dung and straw burning.
- Industries and Vehicles: Industries contribute 22%, while diesel vehicles add 17%.
- Other Sources: Open burning contributes 12%, and other minor sources 2%.
- High-Emission States: Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are major emitters due to agricultural and forest fires.
- Biofuel Usage: Alone contributes nearly 42% of India’s total BC emissions.
Key Findings from the Study (2000–2023):
- Snow Temperature Rise: Himalayan snow surface temperature rose from -11.27°C to -7.13°C over two decades.
- Regional Trends: The Eastern Himalayas were warmest, followed by the Central and Western regions.
- BC Influence: Deposits of black carbon lower snow reflectivity, increase heat absorption, and accelerate glacier melt.
- Population Risk: Glacier loss threatens the freshwater supply for nearly 2 billion people downstream.
- Increase in Snow Depth: Despite warming, average snow depth rose from 0.059 m to 0.117 m.
- Reasons: This is due to more snowfall, changing precipitation, and wind redistribution.
- Regional Comparison: The Western Himalayas showed highest snow depth, linked to elevation and winter storms, while the Eastern and Central Himalayas had less snow due to proximity to BC sources.
| [UPSC 2017] Consider the following statements:
1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries;
2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
India has strongly objected to the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) decision to provide an $800 million loan to Pakistan under its Resource Mobilisation Reform Programme.
About the Asian Development Bank (ADB):
- Established: 1966, following a UN-led conference on Asian Economic Cooperation.
- Headquarters: Manila, Philippines
- Status: Official Observer at the United Nations
- Objectives:
- To reduce poverty in Asia and the Pacific.
- To promote inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth and regional economic integration.
- Functions:
- Provides loans (hard and soft), grants, and technical assistance.
- Offers direct funding to private sector projects with social benefits.
- Supports countries through policy dialogues, co-financing, and advisory services.
- Funding Sources:
- Issues bonds on global capital markets.
- Receives member contributions, loan repayments, and retained earnings.
- Membership and Shareholding:
- 67 members: 48 from Asia-Pacific.
- Major shareholders: Japan and USA (each 15.607%), China (6.444%), India (6.331%), Australia (5.786%).
- Climate Goals:
- Aims to mobilize $100 billion for climate finance between 2019 and 2030.
- Promotes sustainable development initiatives such as green fuel projects, including one in Pakistan funded partly by ADB.
India’s concerns over ADB Funding:
- India emphasized that Pakistan’s defense spending has risen significantly even as its tax-to-GDP ratio fell from 13% in 2017-18 to 9.2% in 2022-23.
- This tax ratio is significantly below the Asia-Pacific average of 19%, suggesting poor revenue collection and financial mismanagement.
- India stressed to ADB that it expects strict oversight mechanisms to be implemented to avoid diversion of funds.
- India has previously opposed financial aid to Pakistan at other fora like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and is reportedly preparing a dossier to request Pakistan’s re-entry into the FATF grey list.
| [UPSC 2024] Which one of the following launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?
(a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) * (b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (c) The New Development Bank (NDB) (d) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) |
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Why in the News?
The Government of India will conduct its next population census by March 1, 2027, after an unprecedented 16-year gap.
About the Census of India:
- Definition: The Census of India is a nationwide decadal exercise that gathers demographic, social, economic, and cultural data from every resident, regardless of citizenship.
- Authority: It is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General (Ministry of Home Affairs) and Census Commissioner under the Census Act, 1948.
- Utility: Data from the census is used to formulate policies, redraw electoral boundaries, and implement welfare schemes.
Significance of the Upcoming Census:
- Reference Dates: Most of India will use March 1, 2027, while Ladakh, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand will use October 1, 2026.
- Two-Phase Format: It will be conducted in two stages — House Listing and Housing Schedule, followed by Population Enumeration, which will include caste data.
- Digital Firsts: This will be India’s first digital census, using a mobile app and offering self-enumeration via an online portal (for NPR-updated households).
- Preparation: The 24 lakh enumeration blocks identified for the 2021 census will be reused.
- Delimitation Link: The 84th Constitutional Amendment (2001) mandates that delimitation of constituencies be based on the first census after 2026.
- Women’s Reservation: The 33% women’s reservation law (128th Amendment) also depends on data from this census.
- New Inclusion: The upcoming census will include caste enumeration, likely as a plain list, without grouping under OBC.
- NPR Update: No official announcement has been made regarding an update to the National Population Register (NPR), though it holds data for 119 crore residents.
History of Census in India:
- Ancient Mentions: Rig Veda (800–600 BCE) and Arthashastra (321–296 BCE) mentioned population counting for taxation and governance.
- Early Colonial Efforts:
- Partial censuses conducted in Allahabad (1824), Banaras (1827–28), and Dacca (1830).
- Fort St. George conducted returns in 1836–37; quinquennial returns started in Madras (1851–67).
- First Attempted Pan-India Census:
- 1872: Non-synchronous census; not all British territories covered.
- 17 questions were asked via a house register.
- First Modern Census:
- 1881: Conducted under W.C. Plowden; considered the first synchronous and scientific census of India.
- Covered most of British India except Kashmir, French & Portuguese territories.
- Subsequent Censuses (1891–1941):
- Held every 10 years: 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, and 1941.
- Introduced and refined questions on caste, religion, language, literacy, occupation, disability, etc.
- 1941 Census:
- Conducted during World War II under difficult conditions.
- Introduced sampling, and used individual slips for detailed data.
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Caste Enumeration to Begin:
- Caste data was last collected in 1931, excluding SC/ST information.
- Post-1951 Trend: From 1951 to 2011, only Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes data were recorded.
- SECC 2011: The 2011 Socio-Economic and Caste Census included caste data, but it was never released.
- Data Entry Field: A new drop box for caste will be added beside the existing SC/ST section.
| [UPSC 2009] Consider the following statements:
1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times.
2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 * |
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Why in the News?
India has added two new wetlands—Khichan in Phalodi and Menar in Udaipur, both located in Rajasthan—to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. With these additions, India’s total number of Ramsar sites has reached 91.
Khichan and Menar Wetlands:
- Khichan (Phalodi District):
- It is internationally famous for hosting thousands of migratory Demoiselle cranes, making it a major birdwatching destination.
- The wetland supports biodiversity, acting as a crucial habitat for migratory birds and maintaining ecological balance.
- Menar (near Udaipur):
- It is known as Rajasthan’s “Bird Village”, celebrated for its community-led conservation efforts.
- It hosts rare birds like the cinereous vulture, Himalayan griffon, Dalmatian pelican, and black-tailed godwit.
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About the Ramsar Convention:
- It is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
- It was established on February 2, 1971, in the city of Ramsar, Iran.
- The convention focuses on:
- Identifying and designating wetlands of global importance.
- Ensuring effective management of these wetlands.
- Promoting international cooperation for wetland protection.
- India and the Ramsar Convention:
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- India became a signatory in 1982.
- The first Site in India was Chilika Lake in Odisha, designated in 1981.
- As of now, India has 91 Ramsar sites, covering around 13.58 lakh hectares.
- Wetlands listed under Ramsar make up about 10% of India’s total wetland area.
- Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar sites (20), followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
9 Criteria for Declaring Ramsar Sites:
A wetland can be declared a Ramsar Site by a signatory country if it meets one or more of the following criteria:
- It has unique, rare, or representative wetland types.
- It supports vulnerable, endangered, or endemic species.
- It is a habitat for waterfowl, especially during migration.
- It holds significant ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological, or hydrological features.
- It supports scientific research and promotes biodiversity conservation.
- It provides ecosystem services like flood control, water purification, and groundwater recharge.
- It has cultural, spiritual, or recreational value.
- It supports sustainable livelihoods for local communities.
- It faces threats requiring international cooperation for conservation.
Other Key Facts:
- 171 countries are currently part of the Ramsar Convention.
- The United Kingdom has the highest number of Ramsar sites (175); Mexico follows with 142 sites.
- Bolivia has the largest wetland area under protection, covering 148,000 sq. km.
- World Wetlands Day is celebrated every year on February 2, to commemorate the signing of the Ramsar Convention and raise awareness about the importance of wetlands.
- The Montreux Record is a list of Ramsar sites that require urgent conservation attention due to human-induced threats.
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| [UPSC 2022] Consider the following pairs:
Wetland/Lake Location
1. Hokera Wetland — Punjab
2. Renuka Wetland — Himachal Pradesh
3. Rudrasagar Lake — Tripura
4. Sasthamkotta Lake — Tamil Nadu
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
Options: (a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs* (c) Only three pairs (d) All four pairs. |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] How will India transform from being a net import dependent country to a net export dependent in renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.
Linkage: “A strategy fuelled by vision, powered by energy” as it discusses India’s explicit goal for a future energy landscape – transforming into a net export-dependent country in renewable energy by 2030. It also delves into the strategic policy shift – moving subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables – intended to power this transformation. |
Mentor’s Comment: Energy is very important for India’s industry, saving foreign money, and global influence. India’s energy needs will grow 2.5 times by 2047, and it will use 25% of the world’s new energy. India’s shift to stronger, cleaner energythrough smart policies and renewable sources is a great success for the country.
Today’s editorial will explain India’s energy sector strategy and challenges. This will be useful for GS Paper II(International Relations) and GS Paper III (Energy & Environment).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India is now the world’s fourth-largest economy, moving ahead of Japan, with its GDP reaching $4.3 trillion in 2025. This major success happened because of important changes in the economy and energy sector.
What are the key components of India’s energy strategy?
- Four-pronged approach: a) Diversification of energy sources and suppliers, b) Expansion of domestic production, c) Transition to renewables, d) Ensuring affordability for citizens
- Structural transformation: Significant reforms in both upstream and downstream sectors, including new revenue-sharing models, pricing reforms, and logistics integration.
- Digital mapping & infrastructure: PM Gati Shakti digitally mapped over 1 lakh energy assets, integrated with the National Master Plan for real-time visibility and route optimization.
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Why is energy security considered equivalent to development security for India?
- Rapidly Growing Energy Demand: With India projected to account for 25% of global energy demand growth by 2047, uninterrupted energy supply is essential to fuel economic growth, industrial output, and urban development. Eg: India’s rise to the 4th-largest oil consumer shows its energy needs are deeply tied to its global economic standing.
- Foundation for Self-Reliance and Sovereignty: Ensuring access to affordable and sustainable energy strengthens national resilience and reduces geopolitical vulnerabilities. Eg: Ethanol blending (19.7% in 2025) and expanding biofuels have saved ₹1.26 lakh crore in foreign exchange, enhancing energy independence.
- Social Stability and Equitable Access: Affordable and stable energy supply supports welfare schemes and shields vulnerable populations from price shocks. Eg: Under PM Ujjwala Yojana, LPG cylinder prices for beneficiaries remain at ₹553 despite a global 58% rise, ensuring energy access for the poor.
How has India expanded its domestic oil and gas exploration acreage from 2021 to 2025?
- Doubling Exploration Acreage: India increased its exploration area from 8% in 2021 to 16% in 2025, aiming to cover 1 million sq km by 2030 to unlock vast hydrocarbon resources. Eg: This expansion includes frontier basins like the Andamans and the Mahanadi.
- Landmark Policy Reforms: Reforms such as reducing ‘No-Go’ zones by 99% and streamlining licensing through the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) rounds have facilitated easier access for exploration. Eg: The OALP rounds attract new investors by offering simplified licensing.
- Attractive Pricing and Revenue Sharing: New pricing mechanisms link gas prices to 10% of the Indian crude basket with a 20% premium for new wells, and revenue-sharing contracts allow shared infrastructure, boosting investment incentives. Eg: These incentives encourage development of new gas wells and city gas networks.
Which renewable energy initiatives have contributed significantly to India’s green energy transition?
- Ethanol Blending in Petrol: Ethanol blending increased from 1.5% in 2013 to 19.7% in 2025, expanding the ethanol supply from 38 crore litres to 484 crore litres, reducing emissions and saving foreign exchange. Eg: This has saved ₹1.26 lakh crore in foreign exchange and reduced 643 lakh MT of emissions.
- Compressed Biogas (CBG) through SATAT Initiative: The SATAT program has commissioned over 100 CBG plants and targets a 5% CBG blending mandate by 2028, promoting circular and affordable bioenergy. Eg: Central support for biomass procurement and CBG pipeline connectivity accelerates adoption.
- Green Hydrogen Production: India has produced 8.62 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen and awarded 3,000 MW electrolyser tenders, with public sector units leading large-scale hydrogen projects. Eg: Indian Oil Corporation’s 10 KTPA green hydrogen tender for the Panipat refinery.
What are the challenges?
- Infrastructure and Technology Gaps: Limited infrastructure for large-scale production, storage, and distribution of renewables like green hydrogen and biofuels slows down adoption. Eg: Need for expanded electrolyser manufacturing capacity to meet tender targets.
- Feedstock Availability and Supply Chain Issues: Securing consistent and diversified feedstock for biofuels like ethanol and CBG is challenging due to agricultural dependencies and regional disparities. Eg: Ensuring steady supply of molasses, maize, and biomass for ethanol and CBG production.
- High Initial Costs and Financing Constraints: Capital-intensive nature of renewable projects and lack of affordable financing options can hinder MSMEs and smaller players from scaling up. Eg: Limited access to credit for startups working on cutting-edge green hydrogen technologies.
Way forward:
- Boost Infrastructure and Technology: Invest in large-scale renewable production, storage, and distribution facilities—especially for green hydrogen and biofuels—and expand domestic manufacturing of key technologies like electrolysers.
- Enhance Feedstock Supply and Financing: Develop diversified, reliable feedstock supply chains for biofuels, and create affordable financing schemes to support MSMEs and startups in scaling clean energy innovations.
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Why in the News?
India’s rooftop solar (RTS) capacity has gone beyond 17 GW, showing good progress in using clean energy in cities. But in crowded urban areas, there isn’t enough space for more rooftop solar panels.
What is Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)?
BIPV refers to the integration of photovoltaic materials directly into the building envelope (e.g., façades, roofs, windows). It serves both as a building material and a solar power generator. Eg: Façades, curtain walls, glass windows, skylights, tiles, railings, balconies, canopies, atriums, and shading devices.
How does it differ from traditional rooftop solar systems?
|
Traditional Rooftop Solar (RTS) |
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) |
| Installation |
Added onto rooftops |
Embedded into building structure |
| Space Use |
Limited to rooftop area |
Uses entire building envelope (walls, windows etc.) |
| Aesthetic |
Usually visible, can affect aesthetics |
Customisable, aesthetically integrated |
| Function |
Only generates electricity |
Generates electricity + serves as a building material |
| Retrofitting |
Often retrofitted |
Typically integrated during design/build phase |
Why is BIPV particularly important for densely populated urban areas in India?
- Limited Rooftop Space in High-Rises: In densely populated cities, tall buildings with small rooftops cannot accommodate large rooftop solar (RTS) systems. Eg: A 16-storey building with a 4,000 sq. ft rooftop can install only a 40 kWp RTS system, but its south-facing façade can support 150 kWp BIPV panels.
- Efficient Use of Building Surfaces: BIPV allows power generation from vertical and horizontal surfaces like façades, windows, and balconies, thus using more surface area. Eg: Façade areas of buildings are often 3–4 times larger than rooftop areas, offering greater solar potential.
- Supports Sustainable Urban Growth: With India’s urban population projected to reach 850 million by 2051, BIPV enables renewable energy adoption in future infrastructure. Eg: Integration of BIPV in new public infrastructure (e.g., metro stations, airports) can reduce carbon footprint.
- Energy Access for Non-Rooftop Households: Residents in multi-storey apartments without rooftop access can still benefit from solar energy via BIPV on balconies, railings, or windows. Eg: In Germany, 15 lakh households use balcony solar panels, reducing electricity bills by up to 30%.
- Aesthetic and Space-Neutral Design: BIPVs blend into building designs without occupying extra space or affecting aesthetics, which is ideal for space-constrained urban settings. Eg: The Renewable Energy Museum in Kolkata has a solar-powered dome with over 2,000 integrated panels, combining function with form.
What challenges are limiting the adoption of BIPVs in India?
- High Initial Costs: BIPV systems are more expensive than traditional rooftop solar due to integration with building materials and use of advanced technology.
- Policy and Regulatory Gaps: Lack of clear policies, mandates, and incentives specific to BIPV hinders its integration into mainstream construction practices. Eg: Unlike Europe’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, India’s National Building Code does not yet mandate or promote BIPV use.
- Low Awareness and Technical Capacity: Architects, builders, and homeowners are often unaware of BIPV’s benefits or how to incorporate it effectively in design.
- Dependence on Imports and Limited Domestic Manufacturing: India relies heavily on imported BIPV components, increasing costs and reducing supply reliability. Eg: Specialised BIPV glass panels or semi-transparent modules are often imported from China or Europe due to lack of local alternatives.
- Absence of Standardisation and Performance Guidelines: There are no clear standards, benchmarks, or guidelines for BIPV performance, quality, and installation, causing hesitation among developers. Eg: Without defined safety and efficiency norms, urban local bodies may delay approvals or avoid BIPV in building plans.
What measures can India take to scale up the uptake of BIPVs effectively? (Way forward)
- Introduce Targeted Policy Incentives and Subsidies: India should extend solar subsidy schemes to specifically support BIPV adoption, especially in space-constrained urban areas. Eg: Under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (2024), BIPV was included with subsidies up to ₹78,000 for a 3-kW residential system. Similar support is needed for commercial and industrial sectors.
- Embed BIPV in Building and Energy Codes: Integrating BIPV requirements into the National Building Code, Energy Conservation Building Code, and Eco Niwas Samhita can make its use more widespread and standardized. Eg: Europe’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive mandates solar use in new constructions and promotes BIPV with clear regulations—India can adopt a similar model.
- Promote Domestic Manufacturing and Demonstration Projects: Boosting indigenous production through PLI schemes, along with pilot projects in public infrastructure (e.g., schools, airports), can improve visibility and reduce costs. Eg: The CtrlS Datacenters in Navi Mumbai and Kolkata’s Renewable Energy Museum show how BIPV can be scaled in real-world infrastructure.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate.
Linkage: Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a key solution for boosting solar adoption, especially in densely populated urban areas where traditional rooftop solar (RTS) is constrained by limited shadow-free space. BIPV transforms entire buildings into power generators by integrating solar elements directly into architectural elements, using available surfaces more efficiently and contributing significantly to India’s solar capacity goals.
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Why in the News?
Donald Trump’s push to return as U.S. President and his deal-based approach to security have led to doubts being raised about America’s strong support for global alliances like NATO and Indo-Pacific ties. As a result, a key chance is being presented to countries like India and Australia to take on a bigger role in regional security.
What opportunity does Trump’s return present for India-Australia defence ties?
- Strategic Autonomy Amid U.S. Uncertainty: Trump’s transactional approach and doubts over U.S. security guarantees create a power vacuum, pushing India and Australia to enhance self-reliant regional security frameworks. Eg: Trump’s past remarks questioning NATO and alliances signal that countries like India and Australia must prepare to collaborate independently in the Indo-Pacific.
- Convergence on Regional Threat Perception: Both nations share concerns about China’s assertiveness and have a common interest in upholding a rules-based Indo-Pacific order. Eg: Their cooperation in military exercises like Malabar and AUSINDEX reflects growing trust and joint readiness to ensure maritime security.
- Enhanced Role for Middle Powers: With the U.S. potentially pulling back, middle powers like India and Australia can take on more active roles in shaping the regional security architecture. Eg: The establishment of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) in 2020 and air-to-air refuelling arrangements show how both are stepping up bilateral defence engagement.
How have India and Australia enhanced their defence partnership?
- Strategic Frameworks and Dialogues: India and Australia have institutionalised their defence ties through frameworks like the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) 2020 and the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue (launched in 2021), enabling high-level strategic coordination. Eg: These platforms have strengthened regular engagement on defence, security, and regional stability.
- Operational Cooperation and Logistics Support: Practical collaboration has grown through agreements like the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA), enabling joint exercises, logistics sharing, and humanitarian missions. Eg: In November 2024, an Air-to-Air Refuelling Agreement allowed the Royal Australian Air Force to extend the range of Indian fighter aircraft.
- Joint Military Exercises and Multilateral Engagement:The two countries regularly conduct tri-services and multilateral military exercises to build interoperability and trust. Eg: Exercises like AUSINDEX (Navy), AUSTRAHIND (Army), and participation in Malabar and Pitch Blackreflect deepening defence cooperation.
Why should India upgrade its Defence Adviser role in Canberra?
- Reflect Strategic Importance of the Partnership: Upgrading the DA role to a one-star rank signals that India values its growing defence relationship with Australia.
- Eg: Australia views India as a “top-tier security partner”; a higher-ranked DA would align with this perception and facilitate deeper military coordination.
- Ensure Balanced Tri-Service Representation: Currently held by a Navy officer, the DA position lacks dedicated Army and Air Force support, limiting joint-service engagement. Eg: Adding Army and Air Force assistants would enhance collaboration across all services, especially for tri-service exercises like AUSTRAHIND and AUSINDEX.
- Strengthen Pacific Island Outreach: The same DA currently manages India’s engagement with Pacific Island nations, which need focused strategic attention. Eg: Appointing dedicated personnel for Pacific outreach would align with India’s broader Indo-Pacific vision and regional diplomacy.
Which defence cooperation areas need urgent focus?
- Cross-Service Military Integration: Move beyond Navy-centric cooperation to promote joint operations across the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Eg: Plan a large-scale joint military exercise involving all three services to test real-world interoperability and enhance preparedness.
- Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) & Joint Manufacturing: Expand cooperation in naval MRO facilities and co-production of patrol boats for island nations. Eg: India’s MRO contracts with the U.S. and U.K. navies can be replicated with Australia to support regional maritime forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
- Ground-Level Operational Exchanges and War-Gaming: Encourage working-level military exchanges, war-gaming, and fellowships to build trust and generate fresh strategic ideas. Eg: Regular staff college fellowships and classified tabletop exercises can deepen understanding and foster tactical collaboration.
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How can MSMEs boost India-Australia defence collaboration?
- Promote Joint Innovation in Defence Tech: MSMEs and startups in both countries are at the forefront of dual-use and cutting-edge technologies. Collaborating can lead to co-development of defence innovations. Eg: Indian and Australian MSMEs can jointly develop components for drones, surveillance systems, or cyber-security tools.
- Align Indigenous Defence Programs: Both nations are running indigenisation drives in defence manufacturing. Aligning these efforts can reduce dependency on third-party suppliers. Eg: India and Australia can create a joint MSME supply chain for ship components or lightweight materials for aircraft.
- Create Bilateral Platforms for MSME Engagement: Establish frameworks similar to the U.S.-India INDUS X model to connect MSMEs, investors, and defence officials from both countries. Eg: A dedicated India-Australia Defence MSME Forum can organise hackathons, product expos, and joint funding opportunities.
Way forward:
- Deepen Tri-Service and Industrial Collaboration: Expand joint military exercises across all services and foster MSME-led co-development in defence tech, MRO, and manufacturing to build resilient, self-reliant capabilities.
- Strengthen Strategic Architecture and Representation: Upgrade India’s Defence Adviser role in Canberra and establish dedicated bilateral MSME engagement platforms to reflect the growing strategic importance and operational depth of the partnership.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario.
Linkage: Australia is undergoing a substantial overhaul of its armed forces and acquiring new technologies under AUKUS, which includes the U.S. and the U.K. This strategic shift for Australia, alongside concerns about “American security guarantees appear increasingly conditional,” creates a context where Australia’s defense ties with India, as a fellow middle power, are deepening. AUKUS, while involving the US, signifies a new alignment in the Indo-Pacific that impacts the broader strategic environment in which India and Australia forge their independent and collaborative defense relationship.
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