From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AMR and EUA
Mains level: India's innovative mechanism for antibiotics
Central Idea
The battle against highly drug-resistant infections has reached a critical stage, where the need for effective antibiotics cannot be overstated. In a recent incident, a team of doctors encountered a challenging situation that showcased the critical importance of taking immediate action.
Relevance of the topic
Relate it with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR often also called antibiotic resistance, is a global health challenge and a looming public health crisis.
The Case of Extensively Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
In an intensive care room, a brave 18-year-old patient fought not only T-cell leukemia but also an aggressive and resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
With limited treatment options due to the bacterium’s high resistance to antibiotics, the patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly.
The infection attacked his lungs, resulting in persisting fever spikes and severe damage to his face. Time was running out, and his life hung in the balance.
Indian Innovation in antibiotic development
Effective Combination: Cefepime/zidebactam is an innovative antibiotic developed by Indian researchers. It combines two active components to combat drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, including the formidable Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Promising Results: This Indian innovation has shown remarkable potential in combating highly drug-resistant infections. It has undergone phase 3 trials internationally, demonstrating its effectiveness and safety profile.
Compassionate Use: In a compelling case, an 18-year-old patient suffering from T-cell leukemia and an extensively drug-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa experienced a miraculous recovery after receiving cefepime/zidebactam under a compassionate use protocol. This highlights the life-saving impact of this innovative antibiotic.
Urgent Need for EUA: The extraordinary case of the patient’s recovery emphasizes the urgent need for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for antibiotics like cefepime/zidebactam that have shown promising results in phase 3 trials or have been licensed from other countries. Granting EUA would enable timely access to this effective treatment option.
Strengthening the Arsenal: By recognizing the importance of cefepime/zidebactam and expediting its EUA, India can strengthen its arsenal against drug-resistant infections. This Indian innovation can contribute significantly to addressing the global challenge of drug resistance.
Potential Global Impact: Granting EUA for cefepime/zidebactam not only saves lives within India but also extends a helping hand globally to countless individuals in desperate need of effective treatment options. India’s scientific achievements can make a substantial impact on the world stage.
Scientific Prowess: Cefepime/zidebactam stands as a shining example of India’s scientific prowess in the field of antibiotic development. It showcases the nation’s ability to innovate and provide solutions to combat drug-resistant infections.
The Dire Situation and the Devastating Reality
Scarcity of Potent Antibiotics: The dire situation arises from the scarcity of potent antibiotics to combat highly drug-resistant infections. The available antibiotics have lost their effectiveness due to rising resistance, leaving healthcare professionals with limited treatment options.
Lives at Risk: The devastating reality is that countless lives are at risk due to inadequate antibiotics. Patients, particularly those who are critically ill or immunocompromised, are succumbing to infections that were once treatable. This results in significant morbidity and mortality rates.
Ineffectiveness of Current Antibiotics: Rising drug resistance has rendered once-effective antibiotics ineffective against formidable pathogens. The constant evolution and mutation of bacteria pose a significant challenge to doctors in providing effective treatment.
Multifaceted Challenges: Doctors face multifaceted challenges in combating drug-resistant infections. They must navigate through a shrinking arsenal of effective antibiotics, leading to limited choices and the use of suboptimal treatments. This situation adds immense pressure and helplessness to doctors on the front lines.
High Death Toll: The dire situation and devastating reality contribute to a high death toll attributed to drug-resistant infections. Millions of lives are lost each year due to the inadequacy of available antibiotics in effectively treating these formidable pathogens.
Race Against Time: Healthcare professionals are constantly racing against time, trying to stay one step ahead of mutating bacteria. The urgency to find effective solutions and the frustration of not having access to life-saving antibiotics in critical situations weigh heavily on doctors.
Global Concern: The dire situation and devastating reality of drug-resistant infections are a global concern. It requires collaborative efforts from healthcare authorities, policymakers, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies to address the challenge and develop effective solutions.
What is Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)?
EUA is a regulatory pathway that allows for the expedited authorization and use of medical products during public health emergencies.
Under EUA, medical products, including vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics, can be made available for use in emergency situations before they receive full approval or licensure. This allows for a more rapid response to public health crises, such as outbreaks or pandemics, by providing access to potentially life-saving interventions.
EUA involves a rigorous evaluation process by regulatory authorities, who assess the available scientific evidence, safety data, and potential benefits and risks of the medical product.
The Urgent Need for EUA
Limited Treatment Options: In the face of highly drug-resistant infections, the available treatment options become limited and often ineffective. Conventional antibiotics may not be effective against these infections, leading to prolonged illness and increased mortality rates.
Life-Threatening Infections: Drug-resistant infections can pose significant risks to patients’ lives, especially those who are immunocompromised or critically ill. Immediate access to effective treatments is crucial to combat these infections and improve patient outcomes.
Time-Sensitive Situations: In some cases, time is of the essence, and delays in accessing effective treatments can have severe consequences. EUA allows for expedited authorization and access to potentially life-saving interventions in emergency situations.
Addressing Public Health Emergencies: EUA plays a crucial role in responding to public health emergencies, such as outbreaks or pandemics, where swift action is needed to deploy interventions that can save lives and mitigate the spread of infections.
Balancing Safety and Efficacy: While EUA expedites access to treatments, safety and efficacy remain critical considerations. Rigorous evaluation and monitoring are essential to ensure that authorized treatments meet the necessary standards for patient safety and effectiveness.
Supporting Research and Development: EUA can provide a pathway for essential treatments that are still in clinical trials to be made available to patients who have no other viable options. This allows for the collection of real-world data and insights that can further inform research and development efforts.
Global Collaboration: EUA for essential treatments can also enable collaboration and sharing of knowledge and resources on a global scale. It allows countries to work together in addressing public health challenges and ensures equitable access to life-saving interventions.
Conclusion
The story of the 18-year-old patient’s recovery highlights the critical need for Emergency Use Authorization for essential antibiotics. The scarcity of potent antibiotics and the rising threat of drug-resistant infections demand urgent action. By granting EUA for promising antibiotics like cefepime/zidebactam and cefiderocol, we can save lives and make a significant impact globally. It is time for India to demonstrate its scientific prowess and commitment to combatting the challenges posed by drug-resistant infections
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Alluri Sitarama Raju
Mains level: Tribal revolts
Central Idea
The President of India, Draupadi Murmu, honoured the freedom fighter Alluri Sitarama Raju during the closing ceremony of his 125th birth anniversary celebrations in Hyderabad.
The President highlighted the significance of Alluri Seetharama Raju’s struggle against injustice and exploitation in India’s freedom struggle.
About Alluri Sitarama Raju
Raju was believed to be born in 1897 or 1898 in Andhra Pradesh.
He became a sanyasi (ascetic) at the age of 18 and gained a mystical aura among the hill and tribal people due to his austerity, knowledge of astrology and medicine, and his ability to tame wild animals.
Revolutionary Activities of Alluri Sitarama Raju
Raju channelled the discontent of the hill people in Ganjam, Visakhapatnam, and Godavari into effective guerrilla resistance against the British.
The Forest Act of 1882 and other colonial policies threatened the tribals’ traditional podu cultivation and forced them into labor.
The tribals and muttadars (village headmen) who were affected by the curtailment of their powers by the British government joined together in armed resistance against colonial rule in August 1922.
Contribution to the Freedom Struggle
Raju’s guerrilla war, known as the Rampa or Manyam Rebellion, continued until May 1924.
Raju admired Gandhi and promoted his ideas of wearing khadi (homespun cloth) and giving up alcohol.
However, Raju believed that India could only be liberated through the use of force, contrary to Gandhi’s principle of non-violence.
Capture and Execution of Alluri Sitarama Raju
Raju’s resistance came to an end when he was captured by the British in May 1924.
He was executed for his involvement in the rebellion.
Raju became known as the ‘Manyam Veerudu’ or Hero of the Jungle, and his efforts are remembered as a significant contribution to India’s freedom struggle.
Conclusion
Overall, Alluri Seetharama Raju played a crucial role in leading a guerrilla resistance against British colonial rule, fighting for the rights of tribal communities, and advocating for India’s independence through forceful means.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anaemia
Mains level: Anaemia and Maternal Health
Introduction
Recent discussions in India have brought anaemia to the forefront, with debates surrounding the measurement and management of haemoglobin levels.
The WOMAN-2 trial collaborators published a study in The Lancet, emphasizing the importance of anaemia in postpartum haemorrhage and calling for informed policy decisions in India.
Anaemia affects a significant number of women worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates in postpartum haemorrhage cases.
What is Anaemia?
Anaemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a deficiency in haemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
This condition can lead to a reduced capacity of the blood to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs.
The symptoms of anaemia can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition.
However, some common symptoms of anaemia include:
Fatigue and weakness: Feeling tired and having a lack of energy is a common symptom of Anaemia. This occurs because the body’s tissues and organs do not receive enough oxygen.
Shortness of breath: Due to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, individuals with Anaemia may experience difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity or exertion.
Rapid or irregular heartbeat: In an attempt to compensate for the lack of oxygen, the heart may beat faster or irregularly. This symptom is particularly noticeable during physical activity or when the individual is at rest.
Dizziness and light-headedness: Anaemia can cause a decrease in blood flow to the brain, leading to feelings of dizziness and lightheadedness.
Cold hands and feet: Reduced blood flow can result in a sensation of coldness in the extremities, such as the hands and feet.
Headaches: Some individuals with anaemia may experience frequent headaches, which can be a result of the decreased oxygen supply to the brain.
How Anaemia is linked to maternal risks?
Increased risk of complications: Anaemia during pregnancy raises the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and maternal mortality.
Fatigue and weakness: Anaemia can cause exhaustion, making it harder for pregnant women to handle physical demands.
Preeclampsia: Anaemia is linked to a higher likelihood of developing preeclampsia, a dangerous condition.
Postpartum haemorrhage: Anaemia increases the risk of excessive bleeding after childbirth.
Impaired immune function: Anaemia weakens the immune system, making pregnant women more susceptible to infections.
Iron deficiency Anaemia: Common during pregnancy, it can negatively impact maternal and fetal health.
Link between Anaemia and Postpartum Haemorrhage
Global anaemia burden: Over half a billion women of reproductive age suffer from anaemia worldwide.
Postpartum haemorrhage risk: Anaemia increases the risk of postpartum haemorrhage, a leading cause of maternal deaths, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
WOMAN-2 trial: The trial examined the association between prebirth haemoglobin levels and postpartum haemorrhage risk in women from Pakistan, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Findings from the WOMAN-2 Trial
Continuous relationship: Lower haemoglobin levels were directly associated with increased blood loss and clinical postpartum haemorrhage.
Impact on maternal function: Women with anaemia experience reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, leading to shock after smaller blood loss volumes.
Severity of anaemia: Severe anaemia was associated with higher odds of death or near-miss events compared to moderate anaemia.
Recommendations and Prevention Strategies
Preventive treatment: Attention should be given to preventing and treating anaemia in women of reproductive age.
Existing initiatives: The Indian government provides iron and folic acid supplements to address anaemia, especially among adolescent girls.
Challenges and mission-mode approach: Rising levels of anaemia in India require an intensified public health approach to combat the issue effectively.
Cultural and social considerations: Public health programs should consider cultural attitudes and preferences regarding blood draws for accurate haemoglobin measurement.
Outreach program considerations: A comprehensive understanding of cultural and social realities is crucial to ensure the success of anaemia prevention initiatives.
Conclusion
The WOMAN-2 trial highlights the significance of anaemia in postpartum haemorrhage, urging policymakers in India to use evidence-based guidelines for anaemia management.
The Indian public health program should focus on prevention, treatment, and community engagement to combat rising anaemia levels effectively.
Cultural and social factors must be considered when designing outreach programs, ensuring their relevance and acceptance by the target population.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: deep sea mining, significance and environmental concerns
Central Idea
The International Seabed Authority (ISA), the United Nations body responsible for regulating the ocean floor, is poised to resume negotiations on deep sea mining. The potential opening of the international seabed for mining raises concerns about its impact on fragile marine ecosystems and deep-sea habitats
What is Deep Sea Mining?
Deep sea mining refers to the extraction of mineral deposits and metals from the seabed in the deep ocean. It involves mining operations conducted at depths ranging from a few hundred meters to several kilometres below the surface of the ocean.
The purpose of deep-sea mining is to obtain valuable resources, including minerals such as nickel, cobalt, rare earth elements, and other metals that are essential for various industries.
Deep-sea mining operations are carried out using advanced technologies and equipment, such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), robotic arms, dredging tools, and underwater drills. These mining methods are still in the developmental stage, and technological advancements continue to evolve.
There are three primary types of deep-sea mining:
Polymetallic Nodule Mining: Polymetallic nodules are potato-sized mineral concretions that are found scattered on the ocean floor. These nodules contain valuable metals such as manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper. The mining process involves collecting these nodules by using specialized equipment and machinery.
Seafloor Massive Sulfide (SMS) Mining: SMS deposits are formed around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. They contain high concentrations of metals such as copper, gold, silver, and zinc. The mining process involves cutting and removing the deposits using robotic tools and extracting the minerals.
Cobalt-rich Crust Mining: Cobalt crusts are accumulations of minerals that form on the hard surfaces of seamounts and underwater plateaus. These crusts contain cobalt, as well as other valuable metals such as platinum, palladium, and tellurium. The mining process involves stripping the crusts from the rocks using specialized equipment.
Current Regulations on Deep Sea Mining
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is an international treaty that sets out the legal framework for the use and protection of the world’s oceans, including the regulation of deep-sea mining.
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Under UNCLOS, coastal states have jurisdiction over their exclusive economic zones, which extend up to 200 nautical miles from their coastlines. Coastal states have the right to explore and exploit mineral resources within their EEZs, including those located on or beneath the seabed.
International Seabed Authority (ISA): The ISA is an autonomous international organization established under UNCLOS. It is responsible for regulating activities related to deep sea mining in the international seabed area, which is beyond national jurisdiction.
Common Heritage of Mankind: UNCLOS declares that the seabed and its mineral resources in the international seabed area are the “common heritage of mankind.” This concept emphasizes that the resources should be managed for the benefit of all countries and future generations.
Licensing and Contracts: The ISA issues exploration licenses and contracts to interested entities for deep sea mining activities in the international seabed area. These licenses and contracts establish the rights and obligations of the parties involved and provide a legal framework for mining operations.
Environmental Protection: UNCLOS emphasizes the need to protect the marine environment and preserve the fragile ecosystems of the deep sea. The ISA is tasked with ensuring that mining activities in the international seabed area are conducted in a manner that minimizes environmental harm and adheres to strict environmental standards.
Development of Regulations: The ISA is in the process of developing regulations for deep sea mining. These regulations will cover various aspects, including environmental impact assessments, technology standards, financial obligations, and benefit-sharing arrangements.
Precautionary Approach: Given the limited scientific understanding of deep sea ecosystems, a precautionary approach is emphasized in the regulations. This approach entails taking proactive measures to avoid or minimize potential environmental harm, even in the absence of complete scientific certainty.
Environmental Concerns and Implications?
Ecosystem Damage: Deep-sea mining poses a significant risk of ecosystem damage, particularly in poorly understood deep-sea environments. The extraction of minerals can cause habitat destruction and disturbance, leading to potential loss of biodiversity and disruption of fragile ecosystems.
Noise, Vibration, and Light Pollution: Mining activities generate noise, vibration, and light pollution, which can have adverse effects on marine organisms. These disturbances may disrupt natural behaviors, communication, and feeding patterns of marine species, potentially leading to long-term ecological consequences.
Chemical Leaks and Spills: The mining process involves the use of fuels and chemicals that can potentially leak or spill into the marine environment. Such incidents can introduce toxic substances into the ecosystem, harming marine life and affecting the overall health of the ocean.
Sediment Plumes: Sediment plumes generated during mining operations can have detrimental effects on marine organisms. When valuable materials are extracted, slurry sediment plumes are sometimes pumped back into the sea. These plumes can smother filter-feeding species like corals and sponges and disrupt their feeding mechanisms.
Biodiversity Loss: Deep-sea ecosystems host a wide range of unique and often undiscovered species. The environmental impacts of mining activities can result in biodiversity loss, potentially leading to the extinction or decline of vulnerable and endemic species. Scientists have warned that the loss of biodiversity in deep sea ecosystems may be irreversible.
Insufficient Understanding: There is limited scientific knowledge about deep sea ecosystems, their biodiversity, and their ecological functions. The lack of understanding makes it challenging to predict the full extent of the environmental impacts caused by mining activities accurately. This uncertainty further raises concerns about the potential consequences of deep-sea mining.
Premature Mining: Some scientists and environmental activists argue that it is premature to engage in deep sea mining when there is still much to learn about deep sea biology, ecosystems, and their interdependencies. They advocate for a cautious approach and call for comprehensive research and assessment before any large-scale mining operations begin.
Conclusion
The resumption of negotiations on deep sea mining by the International Seabed Authority has sparked debates regarding the balance between resource extraction and environmental protection. While the need for critical materials drives the interest in mining the ocean floor, concerns over potential environmental damage and the limited understanding of deep-sea ecosystems necessitate caution. Establishing comprehensive regulations and environmental safeguards is crucial to mitigate the potential risks associated with deep sea mining
Mains level: Importance of Climate Finance, challenges and way forward
Central Idea
The recently concluded Bonn Climate Change Conference marked a significant milestone in global climate negotiations, setting the stage for the upcoming Global Stocktake at COP28 in Dubai. The outcomes of the Global Stocktake will guide countries in updating and enhancing their climate action plans
Relevance of the topic
Mobilizing climate finance is crucial to support climate mitigation and adaptation measures.
Developing countries, particularly those most vulnerable to climate impacts, require financial resources to implement projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, build resilience, and adapt to changing climatic conditions.
Questions on Climate change mitigation efforts, conferences and outcomes have been asked multiple times. Negotiations on Climate finance is often in the headlines.
What is The Global Stocktake?
The Global Stocktake mandated under Article 14(1) of the Paris Agreement, aims to assess collective progress towards long-term global climate goals, including greenhouse gas reduction, building climate resilience, and securing adequate finance.
key aspects of the Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement
Assessment of Progress: The primary purpose of the Global Stocktake is to assess collective progress made by countries in achieving the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. This includes evaluating the implementation of countries’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and assessing the overall effectiveness of global climate actions.
Review of Mitigation Efforts: The Stocktake examines the mitigation efforts undertaken by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It evaluates the adequacy and ambition of these efforts limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Assessment of Adaptation Measures: The Stocktake also considers the progress and effectiveness of adaptation measures implemented by countries to address the impacts of climate change. It assesses the extent to which countries are building resilience and adapting to the changing climate conditions.
Evaluation of Climate Finance: It examines the mobilization and allocation of financial resources to support climate actions, particularly from developed to developing countries. The Stocktake reviews progress towards the commitment of developed countries to jointly mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020 to support climate mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing nations.
Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: The Stocktake reviews the efforts made in technology transfer and capacity-building activities to support developing countries in their climate actions. It assesses the provision of technology, knowledge, and technical assistance to enhance the capabilities of developing nations in implementing climate solutions.
Transparency and Reporting: Transparency and accountability are integral components of the Stocktake process. The Stocktake ensures that countries provide accurate and reliable information to facilitate an objective assessment of global progress.
Informing Future Climate Action: It provides guidance for countries to set more ambitious targets in their subsequent rounds of NDCs. The Stocktake also identifies areas where additional efforts and support are required to bridge the emissions gap and accelerate progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
Outcomes of the Bonn Conference
Progress on Just Transition Pathways: Negotiators at the Bonn Conference made advancements in the development of ‘just transition pathways.’ The pathways will be further refined and finalized at COP28, with a focus on sectors such as energy and transport.
Emphasis on Ambitious Emission Reduction Efforts: The Bonn Conference highlighted the need for developing countries to enhance their emission reduction efforts. It emphasized that ambitious actions are crucial for achieving the goal of limiting global temperature rise.
Integration of Socio-economic Considerations: The conference underscored the importance of integrating socio-economic components into climate strategies. This approach recognizes the specific needs and priorities of each country, allowing for the alignment of low-carbon development pathways with broader sustainable development objectives.
Review of Climate Finance: The Bonn Conference brought attention to the issue of climate finance. The conference emphasized the need for improved accounting mechanisms and universal metrics to accurately track and allocate climate finance. It also highlighted the importance of involving institutions like the World Bank in climate finance discussions to enhance transparency and accountability.
Advancement of Mitigation Work Programme: The conference discussed the Mitigation Work Programme, which aims to scale up mitigation efforts in this decade. The work programme aligns with the goals of the Global Stocktake and aims to accelerate global mitigation actions
Challenges in Mobilizing Climate Finance
Insufficient Funds: One of the main challenges is the insufficiency of funds dedicated to climate finance. The commitment made by developed countries to mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020 for climate finance has not been fully met. Many observers argue that only a fraction of this target has been realized.
Accounting and Transparency: There is a need for improved accounting mechanisms and transparency in climate finance. Ensuring accurate tracking, reporting, and verification of financial flows for climate action is essential.
Adaptation Finance Gap: Adaptation finance, which supports efforts to adapt to the impacts of climate change, lags behind mitigation finance. While there is a growing recognition of the importance of adaptation, the provision of financial resources for adaptation projects and programs remains limited
Complexity of International Financial Flows: The complexity of international financial flows poses a challenge in effectively channeling climate finance to where it is needed most.
Accountability and Conditionality: The conditionality of climate finance can also be a challenge, as the terms and conditions attached to financial assistance may not always align with the priorities and circumstances of the receiving countries.
Way forward
Fulfilling Financial Commitments: Developed countries must fulfill their commitment to jointly mobilize $100 billion annually for climate finance, as agreed upon at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference. Efforts should be made to ensure that the committed funds are effectively mobilized and channeled.
Improving Accounting and Transparency: There is a need for improved accounting mechanisms and transparency in climate finance. Developing universally agreed-upon metrics for tracking climate finance will enhance transparency and ensure that financial resources are allocated and utilized effectively.
Bridging the Finance Gap: While mitigation finance has received significant attention, adaptation finance needs to be prioritized. Developing countries, particularly those vulnerable to climate impacts, require increased financial support to build resilience and adapt to changing climate conditions.
Mobilizing Public and Private Finance: Mobilizing climate finance requires a combination of public and private sector involvement. Governments should create an enabling environment for private investment in climate-friendly projects by providing policy certainty, risk reduction mechanisms, and incentives.
Enhancing Technology Transfer: Facilitating the transfer of climate-friendly technologies from developed to developing countries is essential. Developed countries should support technology transfer through financial and technical assistance, capacity building, and knowledge sharing.
Strengthening International Cooperation: Strengthening international cooperation and collaboration is crucial to mobilize climate finance effectively. Collaboration between governments, international financial institutions, and stakeholders is essential for scaling up climate finance.
Prioritizing Climate Finance in Global Agendas: Climate finance should be prioritized in global agendas and discussions. Ensuring adequate financial resources for climate action should be a key consideration in international negotiations, such as the Global Stocktake and COP meetings.
Conclusion
The Bonn Climate Change Conference served as a critical milestone in climate negotiations, setting the stage for the Global Stocktake at COP28. The integration of socio-economic components in climate strategies and the involvement of the World Bank were also highlighted as essential elements in addressing the climate crisis. Moving forward, it is imperative to prioritize equity, justice, and fairness in climate action to ensure a sustainable and resilient future for all
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Greedflation
Mains level: NA
Central Idea: Greedflation
The concept of “Greedflation” has emerged, suggesting that corporate greed for higher profits is a significant cause of the high inflation experienced in the United States since the pandemic.
Proponents of this theory argue that increased corporate profit margins have contributed to rising prices.
However, many economists question the validity of this narrative and offer alternative explanations for inflation.
Inflation and Business Pricing
Pricing Dynamics: Businesses set prices based on consumer willingness to pay, aiming to maximize profits.
Consumer Influence: Consumers ultimately determine the market price through their buying decisions.
Market Competition: Businesses unable to sell products at high prices must lower prices to clear their stock.
Inflation as a Macro-Level Phenomenon
Widespread Price Rise: Inflation refers to a general increase in the price level across the economy.
Corporate Influence on Prices: Corporations can impact overall prices by reducing supply, but there is no evidence of deliberate output reduction.
Monetary Policy and Inflation: The expansionary monetary policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve, combined with supply-chain disruptions, explains recent inflation.
Rising Corporate Profit Margins
Rising Costs vs. Consumer Prices: Input costs have risen faster than consumer goods prices, leading to unexpected profit margin growth.
Corporate Profits vs. Wider Economy: Large corporations may have benefited from smaller business closures during the pandemic, but they represent a small portion of the overall economy.
Profit Margins and Inflation: Rising profit margins do not directly cause high inflation; prices are determined by buyers, not sellers.
Critique of “Greedflation” as Cost-Push Inflation
Cost-Push Inflation Comparison: Greedflation is likened to cost-push inflation theories that attribute price increases to rising input costs.
Consumer Influence on Costs: The cost of inputs is indirectly determined by consumers through competitive bidding in the market.
Conclusion
The notion of greedflation, attributing high inflation to corporate greed, lacks support from economists who emphasize the influence of consumer behaviour and macroeconomic factors.
While rising profit margins of corporations may indicate market dominance, they do not directly drive inflation.
Instead, factors such as monetary policy and supply disruptions better explain the recent inflationary pressures experienced in the United States.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CH3+
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The recent discovery of the CH3+ molecule, also known as methyl cation, by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has provided significant insights into the building blocks of life.
This simple organic molecule, consisting of one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms, has been found in the Orion Nebula.
This reveals the potential for the formation of complex organic molecules necessary for life.
What is CH3+?
The methyl cation, also known as the carbocation CH3^+, is an organic molecular ion consisting of a positively charged carbon atom (C+) with three hydrogen atoms (H) attached to it.
It is the simplest carbocation and belongs to the alkyl cation family.
The methyl cation is highly reactive due to its positive charge and the electron-deficient nature of the carbon atom.
Due to its reactivity, the methyl cation tends to undergo reactions to achieve greater stability by accepting a pair of electrons.
It can react with nucleophiles, which are electron-rich species, to form new chemical bonds.
How does it support life?
Carbon-Based Organic Molecules: In biological processes, carbon atoms typically exist in stable organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are essential for life.
Importance of CH3+: The detection of the CH3+ molecule in space indicates the presence of basic building blocks for life beyond Earth.
Significance of discovering CH3+ in Space
Molecular Fingerprints: Scientists analyze light emitted or absorbed by atoms and molecules to identify their unique spectroscopic signatures.
Spectroscopy with JWST: The JWST observed the Orion Nebula, a swirling disk of dust and gas surrounding a young star, and detected the distinctive fingerprints of CH3+ in its light.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mission Vatsalya
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Centre has introduced a special scheme to provide medical, financial, and infrastructural support to minor rape victims who become pregnant as a result of sexual assault.
Supporting Minor Rape Victims
The scheme, operating under the Nirbhaya Fund, aims to address the needs of minor victims and has been allocated ₹74.1 crore in funding.
The Ministry of Women and Child Development has collaborated with State governments and Child Care Institutions (CCIs) to implement this initiative.
It leverages the existing administrative structure of Mission Vatsalya, which focuses on child protection and welfare.
Objectives of the Scheme
Integrated Support: The scheme aims to provide comprehensive assistance and support to girl child victims in a single framework.
Range of Services: Immediate and non-emergency services include access to education, police assistance, healthcare (including maternity, neo-natal, and infant care), psychological support, and legal aid.
Insurance Coverage: The scheme offers insurance coverage for the minor victim and her newborn,
Eligibility and Coverage
Criteria: Victims eligible for support under the scheme are girls below 18 years of age who become pregnant due to rape under the provisions of the POCSO Act and are either orphans or abandoned by their families.
No Mandatory FIR Requirement: Victims do not need to possess a copy of the First Information Report (FIR) to avail benefits under the scheme.
Other initiatives
Establishment of POCSO Fast-Track Courts: The government has set up 415 fast-track courts across the country to expedite the legal proceedings for minor victims of rape.
Additional Support: The new scheme complements the judicial measures by providing comprehensive support to minor victims.
Need for Support
High Incidence of Cases: The National Crime Records Bureau reported 51,863 cases under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act in 2021.
Predominantly Girls as Victims: Analysis reveals that 99% of the cases involved girls, many of whom experience physical and mental health concerns when they become pregnant as a result of the assault.
Vulnerable Situations: Some victims are disowned or abandoned by their families, while others are orphans, exacerbating their challenges.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gravitational Wave
Mains level: Not Much
PC: Hindustan Times
Central Idea
Scientists have recently presented compelling evidence suggesting the existence of low-frequency gravitational waves throughout the universe.
These waves, ripples in the fabric of space-time, are created by the movement, collision, and merging of massive objects.
What are Gravitational Waves?
Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity: In 1915, Einstein proposed a revolutionary theory of gravity, describing it as the curvature of space-time caused by massive objects. According to this theory, objects with mass deform the surrounding space-time, creating a gravitational field.
Ripples in the Fabric of Space-time: When massive objects accelerate or experience gravitational forces, they create disturbances in the space-time continuum, propagating as waves. These waves carry energy away from the source and cause a stretching and squeezing effect in space-time.
Similarities to Electromagnetic Waves: While gravitational waves differ in nature from electromagnetic waves, they share some fundamental characteristics. Like electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves have properties such as wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
Detection and Significance
Advancements in Technology: Detecting gravitational waves is an intricate scientific endeavor requiring sensitive instruments and precise measurements.
Groundbreaking Observations: The first direct detection of gravitational waves occurred in 2015 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors. This discovery confirmed the existence of gravitational waves and earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017.
Expanding Scientific Frontiers: Gravitational waves provide a new way to study the universe, offering insights into the behavior and properties of massive objects, as well as the nature of space and time itself.
Unveiling Cosmic Events: The detection of gravitational waves has opened a new window to observe cataclysmic events, such as the collision of black holes, the merger of neutron stars, and potentially unknown phenomena.
Testing General Relativity: Gravitational waves allow scientists to test and refine Einstein’s theory of gravity, probing its limits and providing opportunities for further scientific exploration.
Recent Breakthrough:
Ans. Detection of Low-Frequency Gravitational Waves
Radio Astronomy Studies: The research involved the collaboration of five international teams, including the Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA), utilizing six large radio telescopes worldwide, including one in Pune.
New Approach: To discover low-frequency gravitational waves, scientists employed a different technology compared to previous studies.
Observing Pulsars: Pulsars, rapidly-rotating neutron stars emitting bursts of radiation, were studied as they serve as precise cosmic clocks.
Anomalies in Pulsar Signals: Over a period of 15 years, researchers observed 25 pulsars and identified slight variations in the arrival time of their signals. These deviations were attributed to deformities in space-time caused by low-frequency gravitational waves.
Large Monster Black Holes: Unlike previously detected ripples, these low-frequency gravitational waves were likely generated by the collision of enormous black holes, millions of times larger than our Sun, typically found at the centers of galaxies.
Significance of the Discovery
Long-Awaited Confirmation: Scientists have been searching for low-frequency gravitational waves for decades, considering them to be a perpetual background noise within the universe.
Understanding the Universe: The discovery expands our knowledge of the nature and evolution of the universe, shedding light on the environment surrounding massive black holes.
Implications for Astrophysics: Gravitational waves offer a new window into the cosmos, enabling scientists to explore phenomena that were previously inaccessible through electromagnetic waves.
Cosmic Background Hum: The detection of these waves provides evidence of the large-scale motion of objects in the universe, offering insights into the dynamics and interactions at play.
Solving the mystery
Unveiling the Invisible: Gravitational waves allow scientists to perceive previously unobservable phenomena, such as black holes, dark matter, and dark energy.
Expanding our Understanding: Analyzing gravitational waves provides insights into the origin, evolution, and structure of galaxies and the universe as a whole.
Implications for Spacetime and General Relativity: Einstein’s theory revolutionized our perception of space and time, intertwining them into the concept of spacetime, a flexible and interactive fabric influenced by matter.
Answers to Fundamental Questions: Gravitational waves offer a means to explore the mysteries of the cosmos, addressing questions about the formation of galaxies, the nature of gravitational interactions, and the origin of the universe itself.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Seabed Authority (ISA) , UNCLOS
Mains level: Deep Sea Mining
Central Idea
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is preparing to resume negotiations on deep sea mining, a process that involves extracting mineral deposits and metals from the ocean’s seabed.
These negotiations have raised concerns over potential impacts on marine ecosystems and habitats, highlighting the need for regulations and environmental safeguards.
About International Seabed Authority
ISA is a Jamaica-based organization established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The authority holds jurisdiction over the ocean floors outside of the Exclusive Economic Zones of its 167 member states.
What is Deep Sea Mining?
Deep sea mining is a process that involves extracting mineral deposits and metals from the seabed.
These deposits are rich in materials such as nickel, rare earths, and cobalt, which are crucial for renewable energy technologies and everyday devices like cellphones and computers.
Types of such Mining include-
Polymetallic Nodule Collection: Harvesting deposit-rich nodules from the ocean floor.
Seafloor Sulphide Mining: Extracting minerals from massive seafloor sulphide deposits.
Cobalt Crust Stripping: Removing cobalt crusts from rocks on the seabed.
Evolution of Mining Technology
Vacuum Extraction: Companies exploring the use of massive pumps to vacuum materials from the seafloor.
AI-Based Robotics: Developing artificial intelligence-based technology to teach deep-sea robots how to collect nodules.
Advanced Machinery: Utilizing advanced machines to mine materials from underwater mountains and volcanoes.
Strategic Importance
Depletion of Onshore Reserves: Deep sea mining offers access to strategically important resources as onshore reserves diminish.
Growing Demand: Crucial minerals are in high demand due to the increasing reliance on renewable energy and technological advancements.
Regulating Deep Sea Mining: Balancing Interests and Environmental Concerns
Regulating Deep Sea Mining: Balancing Interests and Environmental Concerns
The governance of deep sea mining is currently guided by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
This framework aims to protect marine environments, facilitate economic benefits sharing, and support scientific research.
UNCLOS and Exploration Licenses
Maritime Territory Management: Countries govern their exclusive economic zones, while the high seas fall under UNCLOS jurisdiction.
“Common Heritage of Mankind”: The seabed and its mineral resources are considered global assets, requiring responsible management.
Exploration Partnerships: Mining companies collaborate with countries to secure exploration licenses, with focus in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone.
Pressure to Establish Regulations
Nauru’s Application: In 2021, Nauru and Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. applied to exploit minerals, triggering a clause that requires the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to establish regulations by July 2023.
Environmental Concerns: Urgency to address potential ecosystem impacts and safeguard marine habitats fuels the need for comprehensive regulations.
Environmental Concerns
Limited Knowledge: Only a small portion of the deep seabed has been explored, raising concerns about the potential damage to poorly understood marine ecosystems.
Impacts on marine ecosystem: Noise, vibration, and light pollution, as well as leaks and spills of chemicals, pose risks to marine life.
Sediment Plumes: Pumping slurry sediment back into the sea after extracting valuable materials can harm filter-feeding species and disrupt ecosystems.
Way Forward
Calls for Moratorium: More than a dozen countries, including France, Germany, and Pacific Island nations, advocate for a ban or moratorium until environmental safeguards are in place.
Research and Responsible Mining: Comprehensive research on deep-sea ecosystems is crucial to understand the potential implications of mining.
Sustainable Practices: Encouraging responsible mining practices, including minimizing pollution, reducing ecosystem disturbance, and implementing proper waste management.
Conclusion
Deep sea mining holds the potential to unlock valuable minerals critical for renewable energy and technological advancements.
However, the process raises significant environmental concerns and requires robust regulations to balance resource extraction with the protection of fragile marine ecosystems.
Continued research, responsible practices, and international cooperation are essential to ensure sustainable and environmentally conscious deep-sea mining operations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: West Bank, Gaza
Mains level: Israel-Palestine Issue
Central Idea
Israel conducted a military operation in the occupied West Bank, resembling past large-scale operations.
This strike has resulted in casualties among Palestinians.
West Bank and Its Significance
The West Bank: A landlocked territory in Western Asia, forming the main part of the Palestinian territories.
Geographical Borders: Bordered by Jordan, the Dead Sea, Israel (south, west, and north), and the Mediterranean coast.
Anti-Semitism as Official Policy: Several theocratic countries, including the Arab world, the self-proclaimed caliphate ‘Turkiye,’ and even Pakistan, have officially expressed hatred against Jews.
Denial of Access: Jews, as a micro-minority of the world, have been denied access to their homeland.
Understanding Israel-Palestine Conflict
Historical Background: The land of contention was under the Ottoman Empire and later the British Empire.
Palestinian Aspirations: Palestinians, Arab people from the area, seek a state named Palestine in the region.
Conflict over Land and Control: Dispute over territorial ownership and governance between Israelis and Palestinians.
Jewish Aspiration for Homeland: Jews fleeing persecution in Europe sought to establish a Jewish state on what they believed to be their ancient homeland.
Arab Resistance: Arabs resisted, claiming the land as their own, known as Palestine at the time.
Balfour Declaration: In 1917, the United Kingdom expressed support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Violent Resistance: Arab resistance to the declaration led to violence and further tensions.
Jewish Immigration to West Bank
Migration Statistics: Thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine during the 1920s and 1930s.
Arab Opposition: Palestinian Arabs demanded the UK to halt Jewish emigration, leading to violent incidents.
The British Mandate for Palestine: Issued in 1923 by the League of Nations, giving the UK the responsibility to create a Jewish national homeland.
Partition Proposal: In 1936, the UK recommended the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.
Escalation of the Conflict
Involvement of the UN: In 1947, the issue of Palestine was referred to the UN, resulting in a partition plan.
Peace Proposals: The UN suggested two separate states with economic cooperation or a single bi-national state with autonomous Jewish and Palestinian areas.
Arab Invasion and Israeli Independence: In 1948, Israel declared independence, leading to immediate invasions by Arab countries.
Territory Changes: Israel gained some territory designated for Palestinian Arabs under the UN resolution, including the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Resolving the Conflict: Two-State Solution
Idea: The two-state solution aims to establish Israeli and Palestinian states coexisting in the region.
Elusiveness of the Solution: Over the decades, the two-state solution has not been realized.
Importance: Establishing separate states for Israelis and Palestinians addresses the root cause of the conflict.
Challenges to the Two-State Solution
(1) Borders:
Drawing the Lines: No consensus exists on how to define the borders.
Pre-1967 Lines: Some argue for using the borders before the Israeli-Arab war in 1967.
Israeli Settlements: The presence of Israeli settlements in the West Bank complicates the border issue.
(2) Question of Jerusalem:
Capital Claims: Both Israel and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital.
Complex Division: Dividing Jerusalem into Israeli and Palestinian sectors proves challenging due to the overlapping of holy sites.
(3) Refugee Issue:
Palestinian Refugees: Large numbers of Palestinians became refugees during the 1948 War.
Right of Return: Palestinians and their descendants, numbering around 5 million, demand the right to return, which Israel rejects.
(4) Security Concerns:
Harassment by Hamas: Israel faces security threats from Hamas, a terrorist group controlling the Gaza Strip.
Palestinian Attacks: Palestinians also face security concerns, seeking an end to foreign military occupation.
Importance of the Two-State Solution
Fulfilling Aspirations: The two-state solution provides both Jews and Arabs with their respective states.
Alternative Limitations: Other solutions, such as a single state, would lead to a minority status for Jews or an unhappy Arab majority.
Moral Reasoning for a Two-State Solution
Balancing Aspirations: Advocates argue against subordinating one group’s aspirations to another’s vision.
Jewish Minority: A single state would diminish Jews to a minority, potentially compromising their aspirations.
Way Forward
India’s Perspective: India believes that a negotiated two-state solution is essential for long-term peace in Israel and Palestine.
Establishment of a Palestinian State: India supports the establishment of a sovereign, independent, and viable State of Palestine within recognized borders.
Conclusion
Understanding the Israel-Palestine conflict and the significance of a two-state solution is crucial for achieving lasting peace in the region.
By addressing the challenges and considering the aspirations of both Israelis and Palestinians, a negotiated settlement can lead to a sovereign and independent Palestine living alongside Israel.
op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 44
Mains level: Uniform Civil Code analysis
Central Idea
The constitutional provision for a uniform civil code (UCC) necessitates careful deliberation due to its intricate nature and prevailing misgivings. Regrettably, it is often discussed superficially and without regard for its underlying logic and rationale. Hence, a reality check is imperative to comprehend the true intentions of this constitutional mandate.
Relevance of the topic
The debate around UCC has gained momentum. Discussion over its impact on socioeconomic dynamics of the country is crucial.
Also Recently, The 22nd Law Commission of India has sought fresh suggestions from various stakeholders, including public and religiousorganisations, on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
Background
Constitutional Provision: The constitutional provision for a uniform civil code (UCC) is outlined in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution. It falls under Part IV, which comprises the Directive Principles of State Policy. These principles serve as guiding principles for the governance of the country.
Directive Principles of State Policy: The Directive Principles of State Policy are not enforceable by the courts but hold significant importance in shaping legislation and government policies. Article 37 of the Constitution states that although these principles are not legally binding, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
Gradual Implementation: Article 44 emphasizes the gradual implementation of a uniform civil code. It directs the State to endeavour to secure a uniform civil code, indicating that the goal is to be pursued over time through suitable amendments to existing laws and the enactment of new ones.
Amendments and Enactments: Over the years, several laws of general applicability have been enacted to address specific issues and promote uniformity to some extent. Examples include the Special Marriage Act 1954, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Foreign Marriage Act 1969, and laws related to maintenance, domestic violence, child marriage, and the welfare of parents and senior citizens.
How the implementation of UCC will impact the society?
Equality and Justice: One of the primary objectives of the UCC is to establish equality and justice in matters of personal laws. By ensuring a uniform set of laws applicable to all citizens, irrespective of their religious affiliations, the UCC can eliminate discrimination based on religion and promote equal rights and opportunities for all individuals.
Gender Empowerment: Many personal laws in India exhibit gender biases and inequalities. The UCC aims to address these disparities and promote gender justice. By providing equal rights and protections to individuals of all genders, the UCC can contribute to empowering women and ensuring their social, economic, and legal equality.
Social Cohesion: The UCC can foster social cohesion by promoting a sense of unity and commonality among diverse religious communities. By removing the perceived preferential treatment of one religious’ community over another in personal laws, the UCC can bridge religious divides and strengthen social harmony.
Simplification and Certainty: The existence of multiple personal laws can lead to legal complexities and confusion. Implementing the UCC streamlines and harmonizes various family laws, providing legal certainty and simplifying legal procedures. This simplification can benefit individuals and families by reducing ambiguity and ensuring consistent application of laws across the country.
Modernization and Adaptation: Personal laws in India are often rooted in traditional customs and practices that may no longer align with modern societal values and needs. The UCC provides an opportunity to modernize and adapt family laws to reflect contemporary realities. It allows for the incorporation of progressive principles and practices that are more in line with the aspirations of individuals and families in today’s society.
Secularism and National Identity: The UCC aligns with the secular fabric of India, emphasizing equal treatment under the law irrespective of religious beliefs. Its implementation reinforces the secular principles of the Indian Constitution and promotes a sense of national identity that transcends religious divisions.
Legal Uniformity: The UCC establishes legal uniformity by bringing all citizens under the same set of laws for personal matters. This can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the legal system, as well as facilitate ease of understanding and compliance for individuals and legal professionals.
Existing Flaws in personal laws
Gender Inequalities: Many personal laws exhibit gender biases and inequalities. For example, in certain inheritance laws, the rights of women are limited based on their gender, resulting in unequal distribution of property. Similarly, provisions related to marriage, divorce, maintenance, and guardianship often have discriminatory aspects that disadvantage women.
Religious Biases: Personal laws are specific to different religious communities and are influenced by religious customs and traditions. While these laws aim to protect the religious rights of individuals, they can also perpetuate biases based on religious identity. This can lead to differential treatment and unequal rights for individuals belonging to different religious communities.
Complex and Contradictory Provisions: With multiple personal laws in existence, there is a lack of uniformity and consistency in family law matters. The presence of contradictory provisions across different laws creates confusion and legal complexities. Individuals and families often face challenges in navigating the legal system due to these inconsistencies.
Outdated Practices: Some personal laws still incorporate outdated practices and customs that may not align with contemporary societal values and principles of equality. These practices can perpetuate inequality and hinder progress towards a more equitable and inclusive society.
Lack of Uniformity: The absence of a uniform civil code results in different personal laws being applicable to individuals based on their religious identity. This lack of uniformity can lead to differential treatment and unequal rights, undermining the principles of equality and justice.
Inconsistencies in Adoption Laws: Adoption laws can vary based on religious personal laws. For example, in certain personal laws, a man may require his wife’s consent for adoption, while in others, this requirement may not exist. Such inconsistencies create confusion and challenges in the adoption process.
Misconceptions surrounding UCC
Targeting Muslim Law: One common misconception is that the UCC is solely aimed at doing away with Muslim personal law. This perception has created a misbelief that the UCC is intended to undermine or replace Islamic practices. However, the article clarifies that the objective of the UCC is to establish uniformity in family laws across all communities, not just Muslim law.
Archaic and Anti-Women Perception: Another misconception is that Muslim personal law is seen as archaic and anti-women. This misperception overlooks the fact that Islamic law, in its authentic form, recognizes the sanctity of family life and provides grounds for divorce based on irretrievable breakdown. The article points out that distortions and misinterpretations have obscured the true essence of Islamic law.
Exclusively Hindu Law Acts: Some proponents of the UCC view the four Hindu law Acts of 1955-56 as the ideal model. However, this perception disregards the fact that these Acts initially contained provisions conflicting with constitutional ideals of religious equality and gender justice. Recent amendments have improved the situation, but there is still room for further progress.
Neglecting Local Laws: There are misconception that the UCC ignores certain local laws protected by parliamentary legislation or constitutional safeguards. This perception arises from a lack of consideration for the closing words of Article 44, which state that the UCC should be applicable “throughout the territory of India.” It is important to acknowledge and address the diversity of customary and local laws in the process of implementing a uniform code.
Lack of Progress: There is a misconception that there has been no progress towards a uniform civil code. However, the article highlights the enactment of several laws of general application, amendments to personal laws, and the ongoing efforts to bring about gradual uniformity in family laws. These advancements demonstrate progress in the direction of a UCC.
Way Forward
Inclusive and Consultative Approach: The process of formulating a UCC should involve an inclusive and consultative approach. It is important to engage with a diverse range of stakeholders, including legal experts, social reformers, religious leaders, community representatives, and the public at large. This ensures that multiple perspectives are considered and the concerns of different communities are addressed.
Drafting a Comprehensive Code: A representative group of acclaimed social reformers and legal academics should collaborate to draft a comprehensive UCC. This draft should be free from religious discrimination and gender inequality, encompassing the principles of equality, justice, and modern societal values.
Addressing Concerns and Misconceptions: There should be efforts to address the concerns and misconceptions surrounding the UCC. Clear communication and public discourse can help dispel misconceptions and create a better understanding of the objectives and benefits of a uniform civil code. Engaging with religious leaders and communities in a respectful manner can also help alleviate apprehensions.
Gradual Implementation: Given the complexity of personal laws and the diversity of the Indian society, the implementation of the UCC should be gradual. It should involve phased reforms, allowing for a smooth transition and ensuring that the necessary legal infrastructure and awareness are in place. This approach acknowledges the need for careful consideration and adaptation to specific social and cultural contexts.
Legislative Process: The draft of the UCC should be presented to the legislature for discussion, debate, and refinement. The involvement of lawmakers in the legislative process ensures democratic scrutiny and allows for amendments based on the inputs and recommendations of various stakeholders.
Sensitization and Awareness: Public awareness campaigns and sensitization programs should be conducted to educate the public about the UCC, its objectives, and its potential benefits. This can help build a consensus and generate support among the masses, promoting a smooth implementation process.
Judicial Review: The UCC, once enacted, may face legal challenges. The judiciary’s role is crucial in interpreting and upholding the constitutionality of the UCC. Judicial review ensures that the code is consistent with the fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution and maintains a fair balance between personal freedom and societal interests.
Conclusion
Given the intricacies surrounding the constitutional provision for a uniform civil code, it is crucial to exercise caution and clarity while discussing its aims, objects, and means of implementation. The progress made thus far, as well as the existing flaws in family laws, indicate the need for gradual reforms.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Related provisions and important Judgements
Mains level: Channing prospects of freedom of speech and expression
Central idea
The recent judgment by the Karnataka High Court dismissing Twitter’s challenge to blocking orders issued by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) raises serious concerns about the erosion of free speech and unchecked state power. By imposing an exorbitant cost on Twitter and disregarding established procedural safeguards, the judgment sets a worrisome precedent for content takedowns and hampers the exercise of digital rights.
*Relevance of the topic
The concerns raised in the Karnataka High Court judgment are in contrast to the principles established in the Shreya Singhal case.
Highly relevant with the principles of natural justice and expanded scope of online speech and expression
Concerns raised over the judgement
Ignorance of Procedural Safeguards: The court’s interpretation undermines the procedural safeguards established under the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Blocking Rules of 2009. By disregarding the requirement to provide notice to users and convey reasons for blocking, the judgment enables the state to restrict free speech without proper oversight, leading to potential abuse of power.
Unchecked State Power: The judgment grants the state unchecked power in taking down content without following established procedures. This lack of oversight raises concerns about potential misuse and arbitrary blocking of content, which could lead to the suppression of dissenting voices and curtailment of free speech rights.
Expansion of Grounds for Restricting Speech: The court’s reliance on combating “fake news” and “misinformation” as grounds for blocking content goes beyond the permissible restrictions on free speech under Article 19(2) of the Constitution. This expansion of grounds for blocking content raises concerns about subjective interpretations and the potential for suppressing diverse viewpoints and dissent.
Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The acceptance of wholesale blocking of Twitter accounts without specific justification creates a chilling effect on free speech. This can deter individuals from expressing their opinions openly and engaging in meaningful discussions, ultimately inhibiting democratic discourse and stifling freedom of expression.
Deviation from Judicial Precedent: The judgment deviates from the precedent set by the Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal case, which upheld the constitutionality of Section 69A while emphasizing the importance of procedural safeguards.
Shreya Singhal case for example
The Shreya Singhal case is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that has significant implications for freedom of speech and expression online.
In this case, the Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, as unconstitutional on grounds of violating the right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
The judgment in the Shreya Singhal case is significant in the context of freedom of speech and expression because it reinforces several principles:
Overbreadth and Vagueness: The court emphasized that vague and overly broad provisions that can be interpreted subjectively may lead to a chilling effect on free speech. Section 66A, which allowed for the punishment of online speech that caused annoyance, inconvenience, or insult, was considered vague and prone to misuse, leading to the restriction of legitimate expression.
Requirement of Procedural Safeguards: The Supreme Court highlighted the importance of procedural safeguards to protect freedom of speech. It stated that any restriction on speech must be based on clear and defined grounds and must be accompanied by adequate procedural safeguards, including the provision of notice to the affected party and the opportunity to be heard.
Need for a Direct Nexus to Public Order: The judgment reiterated that restrictions on speech should be based on specific grounds outlined in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. It emphasized that there must be a direct nexus between the speech and the threat to public order, and mere annoyance or inconvenience should not be a ground for restriction.
Its impact on freedom of speech and expression
Undermining Freedom of Speech: The judgment undermines freedom of speech and expression by allowing the state to exercise unchecked power in taking down content without following established procedures. This grants the state the ability to curtail speech and expression without proper justification or recourse for affected parties.
Prior Restraint: The judgment’s acceptance of wholesale blocking of Twitter accounts, without targeting specific tweets, amounts to prior restraint on freedom of speech. This restricts future speech and expression, contrary to the principles established by the Supreme Court.
Lack of Procedural Safeguards: The judgment disregards procedural safeguards established in previous court rulings, such as the requirement for recording a reasoned order and providing notice to affected parties. This lack of procedural safeguards undermines transparency, accountability, and the protection of freedom of speech and expression.
Unchecked State Power: Granting the state unfettered power in content takedowns without proper oversight or recourse raises concerns about abuse and arbitrary censorship. It allows the state to remove content without clear justifications, potentially stifling dissenting voices and limiting the diversity of opinions.
Restricting Online Discourse: By restricting the ability of users and intermediaries to challenge content takedowns, the judgment curtails the online discourse and hampers the democratic values of open discussion and exchange of ideas on digital platforms.
Disproportionate Impact on Digital Rights: The judgment’s disregard for procedural safeguards and expanded grounds for content takedowns disproportionately affect digital rights. It impedes individuals’ ability to freely express themselves online, limiting their participation in public discourse and impacting the vibrancy of the digital space.
Way forward
Strengthen Procedural Safeguards: It is essential to reinforce procedural safeguards in the process of blocking content. Clear guidelines should be established, including the provision of notice to affected users and conveying reasons for blocking. This ensures transparency, accountability, and the opportunity for affected parties to challenge the blocking orders.
Uphold Judicial Precedents: It is crucial to adhere to established judicial precedents, such as the principles outlined in the Shreya Singhal case. Courts should interpret laws relating to freedom of speech and expression in a manner consistent with constitutional values, protecting individual rights and ensuring a robust and inclusive public discourse.
Review and Amend Legislation: There may be a need to review and amend relevant legislation, such as Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, to address the concerns raised by the judgment. The legislation should clearly define the grounds for blocking content and ensure that restrictions are based on constitutionally permissible grounds, protecting freedom of speech while addressing legitimate concerns.
Promote Digital Literacy: Enhancing digital literacy among citizens can empower individuals to navigate online platforms responsibly, critically evaluate information, and exercise their freedom of speech effectively. Educational initiatives can focus on teaching digital literacy skills, media literacy, and responsible online behavior.
Encourage Public Discourse and Open Dialogue: It is important to foster an environment that encourages open discourse and dialogue on matters of public interest. Platforms for discussion and debate should be facilitated, providing individuals with opportunities to express their opinions, share diverse perspectives, and engage in constructive conversations.
International Collaboration: Collaboration with international stakeholders and organizations can contribute to promoting and protecting freedom of speech and expression in the digital realm. Sharing best practices, lessons learned, and cooperating on global norms and standards can strengthen the protection of these rights across borders
Conclusion
The Karnataka High Court’s judgment undermines procedural safeguards, erodes the principles of natural justice, and grants unchecked power to the state in removing content it deems unfavorable. This ruling, coupled with the recently amended IT Rules on fact-checking, endangers free speech and digital rights. It is crucial to protect and uphold the right to free speech while ensuring that restrictions are justified within the confines of the Constitution
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various Economic indicators
Mains level: India's economic position compared to China and the Lessons learned from China
Central Idea
The Indian economy has reached a milestone, surpassing $3.5 trillion in size, reminiscent of China’s position in 2007. While India shows similarities with China, such as comparable per capita income, the two countries diverge significantly in their growth drivers. This divergence has implications for India’s growth trajectory and its ability to achieve upper middle-income status.
Relevance of the topic
India lags behind China on multiple fronts such as investment ratios, export performance, labor force participation, and manufacturing employment. For instance, Female Labor Force Participation of China is 61% (2022) whereas in India it stands at 24% (2022).
The stark disparities provide valuable insights to analyze and propose strategies for India’s future development in areas like investment promotion, export competitiveness, and inclusive growth.
India’s positive growth
Economic Size: The Indian economy has recently crossed $3.5 trillion in size, according to Moody’s. This indicates a significant expansion of the economy and reflects positive growth.
Per Capita Income: India’s per capita income is projected to rise from $2,379 in 2022 to $2,601 in 2023, as estimated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This upward trend indicates an improvement in individual income levels and suggests positive growth in the economy.
Exports: India’s exports of goods and services exceeded $770 billion in 2022-23. This demonstrates the country’s ability to compete in the global market and generate revenue through international trade.
Investment Momentum: While India’s investment ratio has been lower than China’s, there are signs of activity picking up in certain sectors after a slowdown induced by the twin balance sheet problem. This indicates positive momentum in investment and the potential for future growth.
Services Sector: India has witnessed a growth in the services sector, particularly in areas such as IT and business process outsourcing (BPO). The expansion of the services sector contributes to economic growth and job creation.
Increase in Formal Manufacturing: India aims to boost formal manufacturing, which has higher productivity compared to other sectors. The focus on manufacturing can lead to increased employment opportunities and overall economic growth.
Rise in Female Labor Force Participation: Although India’s female labor force participation rate remains lower than China’s, there have been efforts to increase women’s participation in the workforce. This can contribute to enhanced productivity, economic empowerment, and overall growth
Comparison: India’s economic position with China
Aspect
China (2007)
India (2023)
GDP Size
Comparable to India
$3.5 trillion
Per Capita Income
$2,694
$2,601 (estimated)
Investment-to-GDP Ratio
Average 40%
Average around 33%
Exports
$1.2 trillion (goods)
$770 billion (goods and services)
Tariff Rate
10.69% (2003) to 5.32% (2020)
25.63% (2003) to 8.88% (2017)
Labor Force Participation Rate
Almost 73%
Estimated around 50% (2022)
Female Labor Force Participation
66% (2007) to 61% (2022)
30% (2007) to 24% (2022)
Passenger Car Sales
6.3 million
3.8 million
Manufacturing Productivity
Twice as productive as transport
Less productive than industry and construction
The disparities between India and China
Investment Ratio: China’s investment-to-GDP ratio averaged 40% between 2003 and 2011, while India’s investment ratio during the same period averaged around 33%. This indicates that China had a higher level of investment, which contributed to its rapid economic growth.
Export Performance: In 2022-23, India’s exports of goods and services surpassed $770 billion, while China’s exports had already crossed $1.2 trillion in 2007. China’s deeper integration with the global economy and higher export volumes indicate a more robust export-driven growth model compared to India.
Tariff Rates: China experienced a decline in tariff rates, with the simple mean falling from 10.69% in 2003 to 5.32% in 2020. In contrast, India’s tariff rate decreased from 25.63% in 2003 to 8.88% in 2017 but has risen thereafter. China’s lower tariff rates have facilitated its emergence as a global supply chain hub.
Labor Force Participation: China had a considerably higher labor force participation rate, with almost 73% in 2007, while India’s rate stood at around 50% in 2022. The disparity, primarily driven by female labor force participation, impacts spending capacity and economic growth potential.
Sectoral Employment: Both countries have similar sectoral distribution, but China experienced a faster decline in agricultural employment compared to India. India’s challenge lies in finding alternative employment opportunities for its declining agricultural workforce, with the construction and service sectors historically providing more jobs than formal manufacturing.
Implications of these disparities for future development of India
Growth Trajectory: The disparities in investment ratios indicate that India may face challenges in achieving rapid economic growth and reaching its developmental goals without increasing investment levels.
Export Competitiveness: The disparities in export performance suggest that India needs to enhance its global competitiveness to expand its export base and capitalize on international trade opportunities.
Job Creation: The disparities in labor force participation rates, particularly the low female participation rate, have implications for employment generation and inclusive growth in India.
Sectoral Shift: The slower decline in agricultural employment compared to other sectors raises concerns about the need for alternative employment opportunities for the declining agricultural workforce
Investment Climate: The disparities in investment ratios underscore the importance of creating a favourable investment climate in India to attract domestic and foreign investments necessary for sustained economic growth.
Lessons learned from China
Emphasis on Investment: China’s high investment-to-GDP ratio played a crucial role in its rapid economic growth. India can benefit from prioritizing investments in infrastructure, industries, and human capital development to drive economic expansion and productivity.
Export-Led Growth: China’s success in becoming a global manufacturing and exporting powerhouse highlights the importance of export-led growth. India can focus on enhancing its export competitiveness, diversifying export markets, and promoting value-added exports to boost economic growth and job creation.
Trade Liberalization: China’s gradual reduction of tariffs and its efforts to integrate into global supply chains helped it become a major player in international trade. India can learn from this and work towards reducing trade barriers, improving trade infrastructure, and actively participating in regional and global trade agreements to enhance its integration into the global economy.
Manufacturing Development: China’s strategic focus on developing its manufacturing sector contributed significantly to its economic growth and job creation. India can prioritize the growth of formal manufacturing, foster a business-friendly environment, and provide targeted support to enhance manufacturing capabilities and competitiveness.
Infrastructure Development: China’s investments in infrastructure, such as transportation networks, energy systems, and telecommunications, played a vital role in supporting its economic growth. India can invest in modernizing and expanding its infrastructure to create a solid foundation for economic development and attract further investments.
Human Capital Development: China’s emphasis on education, skills training, and research and development (R&D) has contributed to its technological advancement and innovation capabilities. India can focus on improving the quality of education, enhancing vocational training programs, and promoting research and development to nurture a skilled workforce and foster innovation.
Long-Term Planning: China’s long-term development plans, such as its Five-Year Plans, provided a roadmap for sustained economic growth and policy continuity. India can develop comprehensive and strategic plans that align with its development goals and ensure consistent implementation of economic policies.
Infrastructure for Special Economic Zones (SEZs): China’s establishment of SEZs played a pivotal role in attracting foreign direct investment and promoting export-oriented manufacturing. India can learn from this model and develop specialized zones with the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and supportive policies to attract investments and promote targeted sectors.
Conclusion
In the coming years, India’s growth may continue at a moderate pace, even if low- and semi-skilled job creation in manufacturing falls short. However, achieving the explosive growth witnessed by China between 2007 and 2021 would require increased investment activity, a resurgence in exports (particularly goods), a rise in female labor force participation, and greater employment opportunities in formal manufacturing. India must strive to replicate the success story of its neighbor if it aims to achieve rapid economic advancement.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: D4R Tool
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Diversity for Restoration (D4R) tool, has been modified to adapt to the Indian context by researchers from Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE).
The tool aims to support restoration programs in India by improving decision-making and promoting sustainable development.
What is D4R tool?
The Diversity for Restoration (D4R) tool is a tool developed by Bioversity International.
It is designed to assist in promoting effective agroforestry and ecosystem restoration.
The tool aims to improve decision-making in restoration programs by providing information on tree species selection and their ecological benefits.
Key features and functions of the D4R
Species Identification: Helping users identify tree species that align with their restoration objectives.
Geographic Suitability: Assisting in determining which plant species are best suited for specific geographic locations.
Resilience and Adaptation: Identifying species that can withstand local stresses and adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Seed Procurement: Providing information on areas and regions to obtain seeds for the required species.
Plant Functional Traits: Incorporating information on economic and ecological uses of tree species to guide selection.
Habitat Suitability Modeling: Predicting suitable habitats for specific tree species based on present and future climate scenarios.
Comprehensive Information: Providing details on commercial benefits, physiological resilience, windbreaking capabilities, nitrogen-fixing, and pollinator support of tree species.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PRISM Hotline
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Lok Sabha Speaker has established ‘PRISM’ a 24-hour research reference telephone hotline for Members of Parliament (MPs) to provide assistance with policy issues.
What is PRISM?
The Parliamentary Research and Information Support for Members of Parliament (PRISM) offers round-the-clock services, including weekends during Parliament Sessions.
It aims to support first-term MPs and those without extensive secretarial teams who may find it daunting to speak in Parliament on policy matters.
A team of 30-32 officers serves on the hotline on a rotational basis to provide research and reference support.
Usage and Enquiries
Between 2019 and 2023, 87% of MPs have utilized either online or offline reference services, which are also shared through WhatsApp and email.
Enquiries mainly focused on bills such as the Juvenile Justice Bill, Wildlife Protection Bill, and short-duration discussions on topics like climate change, drug abuse, and price rise.
Need for PRISM
First-term MPs often face challenges when asked to speak on bills without extensive research support.
The hotline and reference services have proven invaluable in assisting MPs, allowing them to contribute effectively to debates and discussions.
The initiative has particularly aided MPs who may not be proficient in English or Hindi, enabling them to raise pertinent issues in Parliament.
Significance
Parliament can be a fragmented environment, with various cliques and clubs forming over the years.
Backbenchers, in particular, often spend much time in obscurity.
The research and reference services provided by PRISM can make these years on the backbench more productive by facilitating informed participation in policy debates.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Har Ghar Jal Initiative
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Har Ghar Jal initiative, part of the Jal Jeevan Mission, aims to provide potable water connections to all rural households in India by 2024.
However, multiple sources and data analysis indicate that the initiative is likely to fall short of its target, with only 75% of village homes expected to have drinking water taps by April 2024.
Har Ghar Jal Initiative: A quick recap
Har Ghar Jal (translation: Water to Every Household) is a scheme initiated by the Ministry of Jal Shakti under Jal Jeevan Mission in 2019.
It aimed to provide tap water to every rural household by 2024.
Finance Minister announced the scheme in 2019 Union budget.
In August 2022, Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu became the first ‘Har Ghar Jal’ certified State and UT respectively with 100% tap-water access.
As of January 2023, other states and UTs Gujarat, Puducherry and Telangana have also achieved 100% tap-water access.
Since its inception, the scheme has significantly improved household clean tap water availability in India.
Challenges Faced by the Initiative
Delayed Progress: The COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of qualified manpower in states have contributed to the delayed implementation of the scheme.
Shortages of Essential Materials: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war resulted in major shortages of steel and cement, crucial for manufacturing and connecting metal pipes, leading to delays and price revisions.
Manpower Shortage: Some states faced challenges in finding skilled workers to construct tanks, cisterns, and water connections of acceptable quality.
State-Specific Issues: Certain states, such as Rajasthan, face challenges in ensuring the availability of water, while West Bengal and Kerala struggle with water contamination issues.
Certification Gap: While the states report high coverage figures, there is a significant gap between reported and verified connections.
Expectations and Progress
Revised Expectations: The officials now expect about 75% of households to be covered by March 2024 and 80% by December 2024.
Work Yet to Begin: Around one crore households (5% of the total) have not even begun work under the scheme.
Timeframe Challenges: Connecting all households in villages that already have access to water sources takes an average of eight months, making it unlikely to finish in some places before 2025-26.
Political Factors and Connection Status
Political Angle: Some states, like Bihar and Telangana, did not rely on central funds and did not certify their connection status due to political considerations.
Significance of Certification: “Har Ghar Jal” villages certified as 100% compliant prominently display the images of the Prime Minister and Chief Minister, especially if Central funds were used.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hul Diwas, Santhal Revolt
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Prime Minister commemorated Hul Diwas, honoring the sacrifice of Santhals in their fight against British colonial authorities.
What is Hul Divas?
The Santhal rebellion, known as the ‘Hul,’ was an organized war against colonialism led by the Santhals, who stood against various forms of oppression inflicted upon them by the British.
This article explores the significance of the Santhal rebellion, their identity, the reasons behind the Hul, its organization, and its lasting impact.
Santhals and their Migration
The Santhal people, or Santhalis, migrated from the Birbhum and Manbhum regions of Bengal to modern-day Santhal Pargana.
The British relocated the Santhals to the forested area of Damin-i-Koh, dislodging the indigenous Pahariya community, as part of their revenue collection strategy.
However, the Santhals faced severe colonial oppression, including exploitative moneylenders and the police.
Reasons behind the Hul
The Santhals rebelled against the British due to extortions, oppressive extractions, dispossession of property, false measurements, and other illegalities.
Tribal councils and meetings discussed the possibility of rebellion, leading to a massive assembly of over 6,000 Santhals on June 30, 1855, marking the beginning of the rebellion.
Led by Sidhu and Kanhu, the Santhals rose against the British, attacking symbols of colonial rule and executing moneylenders and zamindars.
Organization of the Hul
Contrary to popular belief, the Hul was a well-planned and organized political war.
Evidence from documents and historical accounts reveals preparations such as guerrilla formations, military teams, detectives, secret bases, logistics, and a network of message carriers for coordination.
Non-Adivasi Hindu castes also participated in the rebellion, highlighting the diverse nature of the movement.
Lesser-Known Facts about the Hul
The rebellion saw participation from 32 communities, both tribals and non-tribals, challenging the notion that it was solely a Santhal rebellion.
Phulo-Jhano, two sisters, led an army of 1,000 women, playing crucial roles in providing food supply, gathering information, and attacking British camps.
The East India Company’s army was defeated twice during the rebellion, debunking the belief that they were invincible.
British Narratives and Accounts
British reports and personal narratives provide insights into the causes of the Santhal rebellion, including excessive taxation, falsehood, and negligence of British officials, extortion by moneylenders, corruption, and oppression.
The sufferings inflicted by moneylenders or ‘mahajans’ on the Santhals were a primary cause of the uprising.
Accounts from Prisoners and Divine Intervention
Similar to other tribal uprisings, accounts exist of deities appearing in dreams or before the rebels.
Judicial proceedings of captured Santhals revealed instances where deities instructed rebellion leaders to fight against the British and oppressors.
Lasting Impact of the Hul
The Santhal rebellion did not end with its suppression in 1855; it continued to inspire future uprisings, such as the Santhal involvement in the 1857 mutiny.
The Hul rebellion symbolized resistance against British colonialism and laid the foundation for subsequent movements in Jharkhand.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New Species and New Records 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
India’s faunal database expands with the addition of 664 animal species in 2022.
The database also includes 339 new plant taxa, comprising new species and distributional records.
Report- New Species and New Records 2023
The faunal discoveries have been compiled in a publication by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) titled “Animal Discoveries – New Species and New Records 2023.”
[A] Faunal Discoveries
Major discoveries include new species and records of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Mammals: Three new species and one new record, including two species of bats from Meghalaya.
Birds: Two new records, such as the yellow-rumped flycatcher in the Andaman archipelago.
Reptiles: Thirty new species and two new records.
Amphibians: Six new species and one new record.
Fish: Twenty-eight new species and eight new records.
Invertebrates constitute the majority of new faunal discoveries, with insects comprising 384 species.
Vertebrates account for 81 species, with fish being the most dominant group.
Notable species
Sela macaque (Macaca selai): A new macaque species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh.
Macaca leucogenys: A white-cheeked macaque sighted in India for the first time.
Glischropus meghalayanus: A bamboo-dwelling bat species from Meghalaya.
Ficedula zanthopygia: The yellow-rumped flycatcher recorded in the Andaman archipelago.
Distribution of New Faunal Discoveries
The fauna diversity of the country increased to 1,03,922 species.
Kerala: Recorded the maximum number of new species, accounting for 14.6% of all new discoveries.
Karnataka: Followed with 13.2% of new species and records.
Tamil Nadu: Contributed 12.6% of all new discoveries and records.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Accounted for about 8.4% of the discoveries.
West Bengal: Represented 7.6% of the new discoveries.
Arunachal Pradesh: Contributes 5.7% of the new discoveries.
[B] Floral Discoveries
The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) published “Plant Discoveries 2022,” which includes 339 new plant taxa.
These discoveries consist of new species and distributional records.
The discoveries encompass seed plants, fungi, lichen, algae, bryophytes, microbes, and pteridophytes.
Seed plants comprise the majority, with dicotyledons contributing 73% and monocotyledons 27%.
Western Himalayas and Western Ghats are prominent regions for plant discoveries.
Kerala recorded the highest number of plant discoveries (57), accounting for 16.8% of all discoveries.
The plant discoveries include wild relatives of potential horticultural, agricultural, medicinal, and ornamental plants.
Notable Floral Discoveries
Nandadevia Pusalkar: A genus common in the Uttarakhand Himalayas.
Nilgiriella Pusalkar: An endemic genus found in the southern Western Ghats.
Calanthe lamellosa: An orchid species recorded for the first time in India, found in Nagaland.
Conclusion
By compiling these new discoveries and records, India continues to expand its knowledge of its faunal and floral diversity, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Criminalization of Politicians
Central Idea
The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an electoral watchdog, has written to the Election Commission seeking action against political parties that fail to disclose details of candidates’ criminal cases as mandated by the Supreme Court.
The ADR highlights the non-compliance of parties in publishing such information and urges strict action to be taken against defaulting parties.
About ADR
ADR is an electoral watchdog established in 1999 by professors from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad.
Alarming Statistics: It revealed 43% of newly-elected MPs in 2019 had pending criminal cases.
Non-Compliance: ADR reveals political parties flouting Supreme Court’s orders and ECI’s directions.
Shortcomings in Forms: ADR identifies shortcomings in the prescribed forms (C2 and C7) used by parties.
Inaccessible Information: Many parties lack functional websites or fail to provide accessible links.
Improper Justifications: Parties cite “winnability” and popularity as reasons for selecting candidates with criminal records, contrary to the Supreme Court’s ruling.
Supreme Court’s Mandate (2018)
Disclosure Directive: Supreme Court has mandated parties to disclose candidates’ criminal cases on their websites.
Prescribed Format: Election Commission of India (ECI) specifies the format for publishing this information.
Bold Publication: Supreme Court ordered parties to publish criminal case details prominently.
Candidate Obligation: Candidates with pending cases must inform the party about their criminal antecedents.
Multiple Publications: Parties and candidates must publish the information multiple times after filing nominations.
ADR’s Action and Demands
Adherence Supreme Court’s Directive: ADR directed to pursue remedies with the ECI.
Demanding Strict Action: ADR urges the ECI to take strict action against defaulting parties, including possible de-registration.
Transparency and Accountability: ADR calls for the publication of a list of defaulting parties and the imposition of fines.
Conclusion
Urgent Action Needed: ADR’s letter emphasizes the need for action against parties failing to disclose candidates’ criminal cases as mandated by the Supreme Court.
Upholding Transparency: Strict enforcement of these orders is essential to maintain transparency and prevent the criminalization of politics.
