Why in the News?
Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) has partnered with IIT Bombay to launch a pilot project on Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, integrating electric vehicles into the power grid.
About V2G Technology:
- V2G enables Electric Vehicles (EVs) to send power back to the grid when not in use, turning EV batteries into decentralized energy storage devices.
- It involves two key functions:
- Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V): Power is transferred from the grid to charge the EV.
- Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Power is sent from the EV back to the grid, making the vehicle a distributed energy source.
- Smart charging strategies optimize charging based on grid demand and renewable energy availability, enhancing grid stability and enabling renewable energy integration.
About the KSEB-IIT Bombay V2G Pilot Project:
- This pilot aims to assess EVs’ role in supporting the power grid, especially during peak demand periods when solar energy is unavailable.
- Kerala’s growth in EV adoption and rooftop solar installations has raised concerns about increased electricity demand, particularly in the evenings.
- The project will explore the feasibility of using EVs to reduce grid strain and optimize the use of renewable energy.
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Applications of V2G:
- Grid Support: EVs can supply power back to the grid during high-demand periods, improving grid stability.
- Solar Energy Integration: V2G encourages charging during the day when solar power is abundant, and storing excess energy to supply the grid at night.
- Emergency Power Source: EVs can act as backup power during crises or natural disasters, providing electricity to communities.
| [UPSC 2024] Which one of the following is the exhaust pipe emission from Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles powered by hydrogen?
(a) Hydrogen peroxide (b) Hydronium (c) Oxygen (d) Water vapour * |
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Why in the News?
Scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have found signs of possible life on exoplanet K2-18 b by detecting gases usually produced by Earth’s biological processes.
Key findings of the Recent Study:
- Scientists detected significant biosignatures in the atmosphere of K2-18 b, including dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS).
- These gases, on Earth, are primarily produced by marine phytoplankton.
- High concentrations of these gases suggest the possibility of microbial life, particularly in the planet’s oceans.
- However, researchers caution that this is not definitive proof of life but a potential biosignature indicating biological processes.
- Further studies and observations are needed to confirm whether these gases are biologically produced or the result of other processes.
About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):
- JWST is a joint venture between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) launched in December 2021.
- It is an orbiting infrared observatory that will complement and extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope, with longer wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity.
- Webb was formerly known as the “Next Generation Space Telescope” (NGST), and it was renamed in 2002 after a former NASA administrator, James Webb.
- It isa large infrared telescope with an approximately 6.5-meter primary mirror.
- JWST is positioned at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, 5 million km away.
- It consists of a mirror, spanning 6.5 meters in diameter compared to Hubble’s 2.4 meters, and its specialised instruments optimised for infrared observations.
- Key Objectives:
- JWST observes deeper into the universe than Hubble.
- Observes celestial objects from earlier epochs.
- Enables the detection of light from the universe’s earliest stars, dating back over 13.5 billion years.
| [UPSC 2020] The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:
Options: (a) Voyager-2 (b) New Horizons (c) LISA Pathfinder (d) Evolved LISA* |
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Why in the News?
The 6th edition of India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise DUSTLIK-6 commenced at the Foreign Training Node at Aundh in Pune, Maharashtra.
About Exercise DUSTLIK
- Exercise DUSTLIK is an annual event alternating between India and Uzbekistan.
- It is named after Dustlik, a town in the Jizzakh region of Uzbekistan.
- The first edition of the exercise was held in 2019 near Tashkent.
- The 5th edition was held in Termez District, Uzbekistan.
- 4th edition held in Pithoragarh, India, in February 2023.
Objectives and Focus Areas:
- Focus on physical fitness, joint planning, and tactical drills.
- Emphasis on special arms skills and multi-domain operations.
- Tactical drills include establishing command posts, intelligence centers, heliborne operations, and room intervention.
Back2Basics: India’s bilateral exercises with Central Asian Countries
| Country |
Exercise |
| Kazakhstan |
Ex PRABAL DOSTYK, Ex KAZIND |
| Kyrgyzstan |
Ex KHANJAR |
| Mongolia |
Ex NOMADIC ELEPHANT |
| Tajikistan |
Ex Farkhor |
| [UPSC 2008] Hand-in-Hand 2007’, a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries?
Options: (a) China * (b) Japan (c) Russia (d) USA |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India?
Linkage: A “trade war” means a situation where countries, like the U.S. and China, put extra taxes (tariffs) on each other’s products. In this article, we saw how Trump delayed these reciprocal tariffs for most countries but kept them in place for China. |
Mentor’s Comment: In the three months since U.S. President Donald Trump introduced his “America First” trade policy—using trade measures to pressure other countries into giving concessions—there are signs it could seriously harm the global economy. A key part of this plan was the introduction of “reciprocal tariffs” to counter what Trump saw as unfair trade practices by other nations. However, on April 9, the day these tariffs were supposed to begin, Trump changed his mind and delayed their implementation by 90 days for all 57 target countries—except China.
Today’s editorial discusses how Trump’s views on reciprocal tariffs have changed over time. This topic is useful for General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) and Paper 3 (Indian Economy).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, China’s unexpected response to Trump’s trade war showed its smart long-term planning. By preparing for risks from aggressive trade partners, it managed to handle one of the worst trade tensions ever.
What are the main features of Trump’s “America First” trade policy?
- Imposition of Reciprocal Tariffs: The U.S. aimed to impose tariffs on imports from countries that had higher duties on American goods. Eg: A 34% tariff was imposed on Chinese goods, leading to retaliation from China.
- Push for Bilateral Trade Deals: Trump preferred one-on-one negotiations over multilateral agreements to secure favorable terms. Eg: He delayed tariffs for 90 days to pressure 57 countries into bilateral deals.
- Targeting Trade Deficits: The policy aimed to reduce U.S. trade deficits by demanding more access to foreign markets. Eg: The U.S. demanded that India open its agricultural market and relax patent laws.
Why was the implementation of “reciprocal tariffs” postponed?
- Facilitating U.S.-India Trade Negotiations: The U.S. paused the tariffs to create a conducive environment for bilateral trade discussions with India. Both nations aim to finalize the first phase of a trade agreement by autumn 2025, targeting a bilateral trade volume of $500 billion by 2030. Eg: India is contemplating significant tariff reductions on over half of its $23 billion worth of U.S. imports, marking its most substantial tariff cut in years.
- Avoiding Economic Disruption for Indian Exporters: The tariff pause offers relief to Indian exporters, particularly in sectors like seafood, which would have been adversely affected by increased duties. Eg: Indian shrimp exporters, who rely heavily on the U.S. market, benefit from the temporary suspension, allowing continued access without additional tariffs.
- Strategic Focus on U.S.-China Trade Tensions: By postponing tariffs on India and other countries, the U.S. can concentrate its trade enforcement efforts on China, where it has imposed tariffs as high as 125%. Eg: The U.S. maintains a 10% reciprocal tariff on Indian goods, contrasting with the significantly higher tariffs on Chinese imports.
- Encouraging Indian Concessions in Trade Talks: The delay serves as an incentive for India to make concessions in ongoing trade negotiations, such as reducing tariffs and increasing imports of U.S. goods. Eg: India has agreed to lower tariffs on products like motorcycles and whiskey and to increase purchases of American defense and energy goods.
- Preventing Market Volatility and Economic Uncertainty: Immediate implementation of reciprocal tariffs could have led to market instability and economic uncertainty. The pause allows for a more measured approach to trade policy. Eg: Following the announcement of the tariff pause, Indian stock markets rebounded, with the Nifty 50 and BSE Sensex indices experiencing significant gains.
What hurdles does the U.S. face in negotiating trade deals with countries like India?
- Tariff and Regulatory Differences: India maintains higher tariffs on several U.S. goods, and there are strict regulations in sectors like agriculture, dairy, and e-commerce that clash with U.S. interests. Eg: The U.S. has long pushed for greater market access for its dairy products, but India restricts imports based on religious and cultural norms around animal feed.
- Concerns Over Intellectual Property (IP) and Data Localization: The U.S. demands stronger IP protection and opposes India’s data localization rules that require storing data within Indian borders—citing it as a barrier to digital trade. Eg: U.S. tech giants like Amazon and Mastercard have raised concerns over India’s personal data protection policies impacting cross-border data flows.
- Divergent Strategic and Economic Priorities: India prioritizes strategic autonomy and developmental needs, which often conflict with U.S. demands for liberalized trade and investment norms. Eg: India walked out of the RCEP partly due to fears of opening up markets too quickly, showing its cautious stance in trade liberalization.
How can global economies respond to U.S. trade unilateralism?
- Strengthening Regional Trade Blocs and Multilateral Agreements: Countries can reduce dependence on the U.S. by forming or deepening trade alliances within regions to maintain economic stability. Eg: The EU signed trade agreements with Japan and Mercosur to diversify away from U.S.-centric trade after tariff tensions.
- Filing Disputes Through the WTO Framework: Nations can challenge unfair U.S. tariffs or trade actions at the World Trade Organization to uphold rules-based trade. Eg: The EU, China, and others filed WTO complaints against U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs imposed under national security grounds.
- Promoting Strategic Bilateral Partnerships: Economies can build stronger bilateral trade ties with other major players to counterbalance U.S. influence and create alternative economic hubs. Eg: China and ASEAN deepened trade through the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), enhancing trade flows in Asia-Pacific.
Way forward:
- Revitalise Multilateralism and WTO Reforms: Global economies should work together to strengthen the rules-based trading system and push for WTO reforms to address dispute resolution and emerging trade challenges.
- Promote Inclusive and Balanced Trade Partnerships: Encourage fair, equitable trade agreements that consider development concerns of the Global South, ensuring that trade fosters mutual growth rather than unilateral advantage.
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Why in the News?
During the ongoing U.S.-China tariff war, the Trump administration announced that smartphones, computers, and some electronics would be excluded from the 125% tariffs, easing concerns for firms like Apple.
What decision did the Trump administration make regarding smartphones and computers in the tariff war with China?
- Exemption from High Tariff Slab: The Trump administration decided that smartphones, computers, and certain other electronics would not be subjected to the 125% reciprocal tariffs on China. Eg: Apple products like iPhones and MacBooks were spared from the highest tariff bracket.
- Reclassification to Lower Tariff Bucket: These items were instead moved to a lower tariff category of 20%, which was presented as a strategic decision, not a full exemption. Eg: Laptops and other consumer electronics faced a reduced tariff rate instead of the originally proposed higher one.
Why are semiconductors considered critical for the United States’ national security and economy?
- Foundation of Modern Technology: Semiconductors power essential devices from smartphones and laptops to defense systems and AI tools, making them indispensable to both daily life and strategic operations. Eg: Military drones and radar systems rely on advanced microchips for data processing.
- Supply Chain Vulnerability: Heavy reliance on a few countries, especially Taiwan, for chip manufacturing exposes the U.S. to supply disruptions and geopolitical risks. Eg: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted global chip shortages, affecting car and electronics industries.
- Need for Technological Sovereignty: Boosting domestic semiconductor production ensures technological leadership, economic resilience, and reduces dependence on potentially hostile nations. Eg: New tariffs and subsidies aim to encourage U.S.-based chip manufacturing to reduce reliance on China.
Where is most of the world’s semiconductor manufacturing currently concentrated?
- Taiwan: Taiwan leads global semiconductor manufacturing, especially in advanced chips, due to companies like TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). Eg: TSMC produces over 50% of the world’s advanced semiconductors.
- South Korea: A major player in memory chip production, with giants like Samsung and SK Hynix dominating the market. Eg: Samsung is a global leader in DRAM and NAND flash memory chips.
- China: Rapidly expanding its semiconductor industry through state support, though still dependent on foreign technology for advanced manufacturing. Eg: SMIC (Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation) is China’s largest chipmaker but faces U.S. export restrictions.
When did the US’s share in global semiconductor manufacturing decline significantly?
- Since the 1990s: The U.S. share fell from 37% in 1990 to 12% by 2020, as production increasingly shifted to Asia due to lower costs and better infrastructure. Eg: Companies like TSMC (Taiwan) and Samsung (South Korea) became dominant players.
- Post-globalization era: With the rise of global supply chains and outsourcing, the U.S. focused more on chip design than manufacturing, leading to a production gap. Eg: Firms like Intel design chips in the U.S. but get them manufactured overseas.
Can India grab the semiconductor supply chain?
India has strong potential to become a major player in the global semiconductor supply chain.
- Government Push & Incentives: India has launched a ₹76,000 crore (US $10 billion) semiconductor incentive scheme to attract global chipmakers and boost domestic production. Eg: Micron is investing $2.75 billion in a chip assembly plant in Gujarat under this scheme.
- Strategic Location & Talent Pool: India offers a large, skilled workforce in electronics and IT, and is strategically located between key markets like Southeast Asia and Europe. Eg: Tata Group is setting up a semiconductor assembly and testing unit in Assam to tap both local and export markets.
- Global Diversification Needs: Countries and companies want to reduce reliance on Taiwan and China due to geopolitical tensions. India is being seen as a reliable alternative. Eg: U.S. firm Lam Research plans to train 60,000 Indian engineers and invest $1 billion to strengthen India’s semiconductor ecosystem.
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Way forward:
- Accelerate Ecosystem Development: Strengthen infrastructure for fabs, ensure reliable electricity and water supply, and support R&D and design capabilities to build a complete semiconductor ecosystem.
- Foster Global Collaborations: Partner with global semiconductor leaders for technology transfer, workforce training, and joint ventures to fast-track domestic capability and integration into the global supply chain.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
Linkage: The basic idea behind a tariff war is protectionism, where countries impose taxes on imports to shield their own industries from foreign competition. In this case, India’s manufacturing sector could benefit from the trade war between the USA and China.
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Why in the News?
On Wednesday, the Supreme Court raised concerns about certain parts of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.
What provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 are under Supreme Court scrutiny?
- Derecognition of “Waqf-by-user” Properties: The Act removes recognition of properties declared Waqf through long-standing community use without formal documentation. Eg: Jama Masjid in Delhi, built centuries ago without a registered deed, is a Waqf-by-user property that may lose its legal status.
- Inclusion of Non-Muslims in Waqf Bodies: The Act allows non-Muslims to be appointed as ex-officio members in the Central and State Waqf Boards. Eg: A Hindu bureaucrat could be appointed to a Waqf Board that oversees Islamic charitable endowments.
- State Power to Decide Waqf Status: The Act empowers a government officer to determine whether a property is Waqf or government-owned and restricts its use during inquiry. Eg: A dargah used by the community for generations may be prevented from religious use while the officer assesses its legal status.
- Religious Identity Condition for Creating Waqf: The Act requires an individual to be a practising Muslim for at least five years to dedicate property as Waqf. Eg: A recent Muslim convert wanting to donate land for a madrasa may be barred if they haven’t completed five years in the faith.
Why did CJI Khanna raise concerns over derecognising Waqf-by-user properties?
- Historical Origin Without Documentation: Many mosques and Waqf properties were established centuries ago, long before land registration laws existed, making it impossible to produce formal documents today. Eg: Jama Masjid, constructed in the 17th century, lacks a registered sale deed but has been in religious use for generations.
- Established Legal Recognition in Earlier Laws: Previous versions of the Waqf Act recognised Waqf-by-user, and removing this category retroactively undermines settled legal rights and community practices. Eg: Properties that were protected under earlier Waqf Acts may now be denotified, leading to legal uncertainty and community unrest.
- Risk of Large-Scale Disputes and Displacement: The derecognition could lead to widespread property disputes, potential communal tensions, and loss of religious spaces vital to Muslim communities. Eg: In states like West Bengal, such provisions have already triggered protests and violence over fears of losing religious sites.
Who can be ex-officio members in Waqf bodies as per the CJI’s interim proposal?
- Non-Muslims Permitted as Ex-Officio Members: CJI Khanna suggested that while all appointed members of Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council should be Muslims, non-Muslims could serve as ex-officio members. Eg: A non-Muslim District Collector could be included in a State Waqf Board as an ex-officio member due to their administrative role.
- Maintaining Muslim Majority in Waqf Bodies: The proposal aims to ensure that the religious character of Waqf institutions is preserved by maintaining a Muslim majority among members, with non-Muslims participating only in an ex-officio capacity. This approach seeks to balance administrative inclusivity with religious autonomy. Eg: In a 22-member Central Waqf Council, if 8 members are Muslims and 2 are non-Muslim judges serving ex-officio, the inclusion of additional non-Muslim members could shift the majority, raising concerns about the council’s religious representation.
How did the petitioners argue that the Act violates Article 26 of the Constitution?
- State Cannot Restrict Religious Institutions or Charitable Intentions: The petitioners argued that Article 26 guarantees the right to establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions. The new Act mandates a person to prove they have been a practising Muslim for five years before declaring a Waqf, which interferes with this right. Eg: If a devout Muslim wishes to dedicate their land for charitable Islamic purposes but cannot prove five years of religious practice, their right under Article 26 is restricted.
- Disrupts Traditional Waqf Practices: Recognizing Waqf-by-user dismisses historical Waqfs without documents, disrupting long-standing religious practices. Eg: A 17th-century mosque used by the community could be denotified despite its religious use.
- Enables Excessive State Interference: Giving the state power over Waqf status and allowing non-Muslims in Waqf bodies undermines community autonomy. Eg: A religious property may be declared government-owned without judicial review, violating institutional independence.
Way forward:
- Preserve Historical Waqf Rights: Legal provisions should be revised to recognize and protect Waqf-by-user properties, ensuring that historically significant religious sites are not unduly denotified, thereby maintaining continuity with longstanding community practices.
- Ensure Religious Autonomy in Waqf Management: The state should limit its interference in Waqf management by maintaining Muslim-majority representation on Waqf bodies while allowing non-Muslims to serve in an ex-officio capacity, balancing inclusivity with respect for religious autonomy.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution.
Linkage: Secular nature of the Indian state and its interaction with religious institutions and laws governing them, such as the Waqf Act. The debate over the amendment and the Supreme Court’s intervention highlight the complexities of the state’s role in religious matters within a secular framework.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Evolution of the Office of Governor
Why in the News?
The recent Supreme Court verdict on the powers of the President and Governors regarding assent to Bills under Articles 201 and 200 highlights the evolution of the office of the Governor and its changing role in India’s federal structure.
Evolution of the Office of Governor:
- Formal Establishment (1858): The office of the Governor was established under the Government of India Act of 1858, which transitioned administration from the East India Company to the British Crown. Governors acted as agents of the Crown and had significant powers in provincial administration.
- Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): The GoI Act of 1919, under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, aimed to increase Indian participation but kept the Governor central to governance, including vetoing Bills passed by legislative councils.
- GoI Act of 1935: The GoI Act of 1935 gave provincial autonomy but retained the Governor’s discretionary powers, including vetoing Bills and withholding assent, signalling a transition toward more autonomy while maintaining significant Governor authority.
- Post-Independence Transition (1947): As India moved toward independence, the India (Provisional Constitution) Order of 1947 modified the 1935 Act. It removed the phrase “in his discretion,” reducing the Governor’s discretionary powers and signalling a shift to a more symbolic and constitutional role.
- Constituent Assembly Debates: It debated whether Governors should be elected or nominated. Concerns over separatism led to the decision that Governors would be nominated by the President to maintain unity and strengthen ties with the Centre, especially after the partition.
- Post-Independence Framework: Before Independence, various documents and political proposals, including the Commonwealth India Bill (1925) and the Nehru Report (1928), supported retaining the office of the Governor, inspired by the Westminster model of governance.
Constitutional Role of the Governor:
- Article 163: The Governor acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, except in certain discretionary situations.
- Ambedkar’s Views: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar advocated for limited use of discretionary powers, ensuring the Governor’s actions align with the advice of the ministers.
- Article 200: The Governor must grant assent to Bills, but may withhold assent, reserve the Bill for the President, or return it for reconsideration. Ambedkar amended this in 1949 to ensure the Governor acts in alignment with the elected government.
- Symbolic and Impartial Role: The Governor is expected to represent the Union, support democratic functioning, and remain non-interfering in day-to-day state affairs.
- Discretionary Powers: The Governor’s discretion is limited to constitutional guidelines and should be used sparingly, ensuring the Governor’s role remains constitutional, not political.
| [UPSC 2017] In the context of Indian history, the-principle of ‘Dyarchy (diarchy)’ refers to:
(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.
(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.
(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.
(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories. * |
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Why in the News?
A 21-year-long study has resulted in the discovery of a new frog species, Leptobrachium aryatium, named after Arya Vidyapeeth College in Assam.
About the frog ‘Leptobrachium aryatium’
- Leptobrachium aryatium, a newly discovered species of frog, was found in the Garbhanga Reserve Forest, located on the southwestern edge of Guwahati, Assam, near the Meghalaya border.
- The species was identified through a re-analysis of past research and new studies on the Leptobrachium genus.
- Key Features:
- Distinctive Eyes: The frog has fiery orange-and-black eyes, setting it apart from other species in the genus.
- Reticulated Throat Pattern: A unique reticulated pattern on its throat adds to its distinct appearance.
- Smooth, Rhythmic Call: Emits a smooth, rhythmic call at dusk, a feature unique to this species in the genus.
- Molecular and Morphological Distinctiveness: DNA analysis and physical studies confirmed it as a new species, distinguished by its unique call and appearance.
| [UPSC 2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?
(a) Andaman Islands* (b) Anaimalai Forests (c) Maikala Hills (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast |
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Why in the News?
On April 16, 2025, the Ecological Restoration Alliance-India (ERA-I) has released a first-of-its-kind seed germination database aimed at enhancing the success of growing native plants for ecological restoration.
About the Seed Germination Database:
- It was launched by the Ecological Restoration Alliance-India (ERA-I). ERA was formed in July 2021, as an informal collective between practitioners, ecologists and individuals.
- ERA-I collaborated with organizations like Auroville Botanical Gardens, NCF, and Wildlife Trust of India.
- It features over 1,000 germination techniques for 465 native plant species found across India.
- It aims to help restoration practitioners, nursery managers, and native plant enthusiasts improve success rates in growing plants for ecological restoration.
- It is a free-access database and offers valuable information on germinating native plants crucial for restoration projects.
- Native Plants Included:
- The database features a diverse array of native plant species. These species are key to restoring balance in degraded ecosystems.
- They are – Aegle marmelos (Wood apple), Bauhinia racemosa (Beedi leaf tree), Ficus benghalensis (Banyan), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian jujube), Knema attenuata (Wild nutmeg), Lawsonia inermis (Henna), Madhuca longifolia (Mahua), Vachellia nilotica (Babool).
Significance:
- Native plants are essential for creating climate-resilient ecosystems.
- Such database plays a vital role in ecological restoration.
- It provides 1,000+ techniques for growing native plants, enhancing the success of restoration projects.
- The database supports India’s Bonn Challenge commitment to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.
| [UPSC 2016] In the context of food and nutritional security of India, enhancing the ‘Seed Replacement Rates’ of various crops helps in achieving the food production targets of the future. But what is/are the constraint/constraints in its wider/greater implementation?
1. There is no National Seeds Policy in place.
2. There is no participation of private sector seed companies in the supply of quality seeds of vegetables and planting materials of horticultural crops.
3. There is a demand-supply gap regarding quality seeds in case of low value and high volume crops. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only * (c) 2 and 3 only (d) None of the above |
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Why in the News?
The PM Vidyalaxmi scheme, aimed at supporting meritorious students, is facing slow uptake due to technical issues, including login failures and frequent auto logouts
About the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme:
|
Details |
| Objective |
A Central Sector Scheme to provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education in quality institutions. |
| Eligible Students |
Students gaining admission to the top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs), including government and private institutions. |
| Annual Family Income Criteria |
Up to ₹8 lakh for students who do not qualify for other government scholarships or interest subsidies. |
| Eligibility Based on NIRF Rankings |
• Top 100 institutions in overall, category-specific, and domain-specific NIRF lists.
• State government-run institutions ranked 101-200.
• All Central government-governed institutions. |
| Loan Amounts |
• Loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a 75% credit guarantee.
• For loans up to ₹10 lakh, 3% interest subvention during the moratorium period. |
| Target Beneficiaries |
Approximately 1 lakh students each year, with preference for students in technical or professional courses from government institutions. |
| Financial Outlay |
₹3,600 crore for the period from 2024-25 to 2030-31. |
| Expected Impact |
Benefit for 7 lakh new students through interest subvention during the scheme’s duration. |
| Application Process |
Applications can be submitted via the PM-Vidyalaxmi portal for loans and interest benefits. |
| Payment Processing |
Interest support payments through e-vouchers and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets. |
| [UPSC 2017] What is the purpose of Vidyanjali Yojana’?
1. To enable the famous foreign campuses in India.
2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.
3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 only* (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.
Linkage: India growing energy needs and the role of a specific low-carbon source, which is relevant in the broader context of exploring other low-carbon alternatives like hydrogen for industrial use. |
Mentor’s Comment: To achieve a net-zero economy, we need to significantly increase the use of electricity in various sectors. Currently, fossil fuels are used not only to generate electricity but also to provide heat and raw materials for industries. For example, carbon from coal is used in steel production, and hydrogen from natural gas is used to make ammonia for fertilizers. In the steel industry, hydrogen can replace carbon. So, a net-zero economy would involve using more electricity and hydrogen in industrial processes.
Today’s editorial discusses the important role of hydrogen fuel in industries to help achieve a net-zero economy. This content is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
To achieve a net-zero economy, which requires more use of hydrogen, hydrogen production and electricity storage need to work together efficiently.
What is hydrogen’s role in achieving net-zero emissions, particularly in industry?
- Replacement for Carbon in Steel-making: Hydrogen can replace carbon (from coal) to reduce iron ore in the steel industry, enabling low-emission steel production. Eg: Jindal Steel is implementing hydrogen-based Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) processes in its steel plants in Angul, India.
- Feedstock for Fertilizer Industry: Hydrogen is used to produce ammonia, a key input for fertilizers. Currently sourced from natural gas, it can be replaced with green hydrogen to cut emissions. Eg: Green hydrogen is being utilized in ammonia plants to decarbonize agricultural inputs.
- Energy Carrier for Hard-to-Electrify Sectors: Hydrogen provides high-temperature heat and energy where direct electrification is not feasible, such as in cement and chemical industries. Eg: Hydrogen-powered kilns are being explored in cement production to reduce carbon emissions.
- Storage and Use of Surplus Renewable Energy: Surplus electricity from solar and wind can produce hydrogen via electrolysis, storing energy for industrial use. Eg: Electrolysers operating during solar peak hours produce hydrogen for later industrial use, aiding in grid balancing.
- Enabler of Circular and Low-Carbon Economy: Hydrogen supports closed-loop industrial systems and enables the transition to a low-carbon industrial ecosystem. Eg: Industrial parks are utilizing shared hydrogen infrastructure for multiple processes, promoting sustainability.
Why is nuclear vital for meeting India’s future power needs?
| Reason |
Explanation |
Example |
| Reliable Base Load Power |
Provides continuous, 24/7 electricity, unlike intermittent solar and wind. |
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station in Gujarat supplies stable power, reducing reliance on coal. |
| Low-Carbon Energy Source |
Emits very low greenhouse gases, essential for India’s net-zero targets. |
One nuclear plant avoids millions of tonnes of CO₂ compared to coal-fired plants of similar capacity. |
| High Energy Density & Land Efficiency |
Produces large energy output from a small land area, ideal for land-scarce regions. |
A 700 MW PHWR needs far less space than an equivalent-capacity solar farm. |
| Energy Security & Indigenous Capability |
Indigenous PHWR tech reduces import dependency, boosting self-reliance. |
Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) initiative supports local nuclear plants for industrial use. |
| Supports Industrial & Developmental Goals |
Meets growing electricity demand from industries, EVs, and digital infrastructure. |
Indian Railways is exploring nuclear power to sustainably meet part of its future electricity requirements. |
How do electrolysers help avoid flexing nuclear plants?
- Utilize Surplus Electricity: Electrolysers consume excess electricity (especially during low demand or high renewable generation), preventing wastage. Eg: During off-peak hours, nuclear plants continue running at full power, and electrolysers convert surplus electricity into hydrogen.
- Avoids Technical Challenges of Flexing Nuclear: Flexing (ramping up/down) nuclear plants is technically complex and not cost-effective. Electrolysers provide a flexible load instead. Eg: Countries like France prefer operating electrolysers over reducing nuclear output to balance grid load.
- Reduces Need for Electricity Storage: By producing hydrogen instead of storing electricity in batteries, electrolysers lower reliance on expensive energy storage systems. Eg: A hybrid system with electrolysers and minimal battery backup is more economical than large-scale battery-only setups.
- Creates Industrial Value from Surplus Power: Hydrogen produced by electrolysers can be used directly in industries like steel and fertilizer, giving value to otherwise curtailed energy. Eg: Surplus nuclear power at night is used to produce hydrogen for ammonia production, supporting the fertilizer sector.
- Maintains Economic Efficiency of Nuclear Plants: Electrolysers help nuclear plants operate at full capacity, maximizing their economic return by avoiding part-load inefficiencies. Eg: Operating a 700 MW PHWR continuously at full load ensures lower per-unit cost and higher return on investment.
Which policy changes improve the synergy between hydrogen generation and electricity storage?
- Redefining Green Hydrogen as Low-Carbon Hydrogen: Broaden the definition to include hydrogen from nuclear and other low-carbon sources, not just solar/wind. Eg: If hydrogen from nuclear is included under “low-carbon,” it becomes eligible for government incentives and boosts its adoption.
- Integrated Planning for Hydrogen and Storage Infrastructure: Encourage policies that promote co-location of electrolysers and battery storage to optimize power use. Eg: A hybrid facility that stores electricity when prices are low and runs electrolysers when solar/wind generation is high.
- Incentives for Grid-connected Electrolyser Projects: Offer financial and regulatory support to industries that install grid-responsive electrolysers. Eg: Time-of-use electricity pricing policies that make hydrogen production cheaper during surplus power hours.
- Mandating Industrial Use of Green/Low-Carbon Hydrogen: Introduce mandates for sectors like steel and fertilizers to shift partially to low-carbon hydrogen. Eg: A policy requiring steel plants to use 10% green hydrogen by 2030 encourages investment in electrolysers.
- Support for Hybrid Hydrogen-Storage Business Models: Develop regulations that allow joint operation and revenue models for battery storage and hydrogen production. Eg: A private power developer earns incentives both for stabilizing the grid (via battery) and producing green hydrogen.
Where has the NPCIL planned the deployment of new 700 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) in India?
- Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat: KAPS is already home to two operational 700 MW PHWR units (KAPS-3 and KAPS-4), with plans for further expansion. The successful commissioning of these units has demonstrated the robustness of the 700 MW PHWR design.
- Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan: RAPS-7, India’s third indigenously designed 700 MW PHWR, achieved first criticality in September 2024. RAPS-8 is under construction and is expected to be operational by 2026.
- Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (GHAVP), Haryana: GHAVP is set to host four 700 MW PHWR units, with GHAVP-1 and GHAVP-2 under construction and expected to be operational by 2028 and 2029, respectively.
|
Way forward:
- Accelerating Infrastructure Development: India should fast-track the construction of 700 MW PHWR units across key sites like KAPS, RAPS, and GHAVP, ensuring timely completion to meet future energy demands and reduce reliance on coal.
- Policy Support for Hydrogen and Nuclear Synergy: Government policies should incentivize the integration of nuclear power with hydrogen production, promoting hybrid systems that can utilize surplus nuclear energy for green hydrogen generation and enhance industrial decarbonization efforts.
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Why in the News?
The decline in food prices is seen as a major reason for the drop in inflation. After two rate cuts by the RBI, inflation is expected to stay below 4% in the coming months, which might lead to another rate cut of 50 basis points.
What was India’s retail inflation rate in March?
- March 2025 Retail Inflation Rate: India’s retail inflation eased to 3.34% in March 2025, marking the lowest rate since August 2019.
- Comparison to Previous Month: This rate represents a decrease from February’s 3.61%, indicating a continued downward trend in inflation.
- Primary Contributors to the Decline: The significant drop in food prices, particularly vegetables, eggs, and pulses, contributed to the decline. Eg, vegetable prices fell by 7.04% year-on-year in March.
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Why have food prices been a major factor in the decline of retail inflation?
- Sharp Decline in Vegetable Prices: Vegetable prices saw a significant drop of 7.04% year-on-year in March 2025, compared to a small increase of 1.07% in February. This sharp fall in vegetable prices helped lower overall food inflation.
- Lower Pulses Prices: Pulses prices fell by 2.73% in March, after a smaller 0.35% decrease in February, contributing to reduced food inflation.
- Moderation in Overall Food Inflation: Food inflation in March 2025 decreased to 2.69% from 3.75% in February. This marked the lowest food inflation since November 2021, indicating a significant reduction in food price pressures.
- Improved Farm Output: The moderation in food prices is partly due to better farm output, which led to a more stable supply of food items, especially vegetables and pulses, easing inflationary pressures.
- Government and Central Bank Support: The government’s expectations for above-average monsoon rains in 2025 are likely to boost farm output further, maintaining lower food prices, which will continue to moderate overall inflation.
How did the Reserve Bank of India respond to the easing inflation trend?
- Second Consecutive Rate Cut: On April 9, 2025, the RBI reduced the key policy repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.00%, marking its second consecutive rate cut aimed at stimulating economic growth amid moderating inflation.
- Shift to Accommodative Stance: The RBI changed its monetary policy stance from “neutral” to “accommodative,” signaling a more supportive approach to economic growth while maintaining vigilance over inflation.
- Revised Inflation Forecast: The central bank projected the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation to average 4% for the fiscal year 2025–26, down from the previous forecast of 4.2%, reflecting improved inflation dynamics.
- Lowered GDP Growth Estimate: The RBI revised its GDP growth forecast for the fiscal year to 6.5%, down from 6.7%, acknowledging the challenges posed by global uncertainties and trade tensions.
What risks did the RBI highlight that could impact the inflation outlook?
- Global Market Uncertainties: The RBI noted that ongoing global uncertainties, such as trade tensions (like the U.S.-China trade war), could disrupt supply chains and impact inflationary pressures in India. Eg, any further escalation in global trade disputes could lead to higher import costs.
- Adverse Weather Conditions: The RBI pointed out that unpredictable weather events, such as unseasonal rains or droughts, could lead to food supply disruptions and push up food prices, affecting overall inflation. Eg, a poor monsoon could lead to shortages in key agricultural products.
- Rising Global Commodity Prices: The central bank warned that fluctuations in global commodity prices, including oil and metals, could lead to higher domestic prices, contributing to inflation. Eg, a rise in global crude oil prices could increase transportation and fuel costs in India.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: The RBI highlighted the risk of supply-side bottlenecks, especially due to external factors like geopolitical conflicts or supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These could raise prices for imported goods and affect domestic inflation. Eg, disruptions in global electronics supply chains could lead to higher prices for tech products.
- Core Inflation Pressures: The RBI also noted that core inflation, which excludes volatile items like food and fuel, remained persistently high at 4.1%, signaling that inflationary pressures could be more entrenched in the economy, which poses a risk to the inflation outlook. Eg, rising demand for services could contribute to sustained core inflation.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Supply Chain Resilience: The government and RBI should work together to improve supply chain infrastructure and reduce vulnerabilities to global disruptions. This includes addressing logistical bottlenecks, improving domestic production capabilities, and diversifying import sources to mitigate the impact of geopolitical tensions and climate events.
- Focus on Sustainable Agricultural Practices: To ensure stable food prices, long-term investments in sustainable farming techniques, irrigation systems, and better farm management practices are crucial. This will not only help stabilize food prices but also contribute to higher farm output and lower volatility in food inflation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Linkage: Food inflation and the RBI’s role in controlling it, which is a key aspect of the scenario described in the article.
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Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court said that hospitals will lose their licences if newborn babies go missing. It also directed High Courts to make sure all pending child trafficking case trials are finished within six months.
What did the Supreme Court warn parents about regarding child trafficking?
- Vigilance Against Child Trafficking: The Supreme Court warned parents to be “extremely vigilant” to protect their children from trafficking for purposes such as sexual exploitation, forced labour, and begging. A slight negligence or carelessness could lead to severe consequences.
- Consequences of Negligence: The court highlighted that the pain parents experience when losing a child to trafficking is different and more agonising than the loss of a child due to death. The court emphasised that negligence could lead to the lifetime agony of not knowing the whereabouts or fate of the child.
- Exploitation of Poor and Vulnerable Families: The court pointed out that traffickers often prey on families from poor sections of society, exploiting their helplessness. This issue is compounded by well-organized trafficking networks that use technology to track victims.
Why does the court believe child trafficking for forced crime is on the rise?
- Exploitation of Juvenile Justice Laws: Criminal gangs exploit the legal protection offered to minors under the Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act, using trafficked children for illegal activities like theft, drug peddling, and begging, knowing the penalties are lenient. Eg: According to NCRB 2022, over 5,000 children were apprehended for petty crimes, many suspected to be victims of trafficking and coercion by organized gangs who remain untouched by law.
- Demand-Supply Gap in Adoption System: Long waiting periods and a complex legal framework for adoption in India create a black market for child adoption, encouraging trafficking. Eg: As per Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA), while more than 29,000 parents were registered for adoption in 2023, only 3,596 adoptions took place—leading to illegal demand and fueling child trafficking networks.
- Weak State Response and Enforcement: The court criticized state governments like Uttar Pradesh for lack of seriousness in tracking trafficking cases and failing to appeal against bail orders granted to traffickers. Eg: In the case heard, 13 accused granted bail by the Allahabad High Court absconded, and their whereabouts remained unknown for months, showing systemic gaps in enforcement.
How did the Supreme Court respond to the bail granted by the Allahabad High Court in the child trafficking case?
- Criticized the High Court’s Decision as Callous: The Supreme Court strongly condemned the Allahabad High Court’s decision to grant bail, calling it “very callous” and insensitive given the gravity of the crime. Eg: The bail allowed 13 accused in an inter-State child trafficking racket to go free, most of whom later absconded, frustrating the investigation.
- Cancelled the Bail of the Accused: The apex court revoked the bail orders and directed that the accused be taken into custody without delay. Eg: The accused included a nurse at a primary health centre in Chhattisgarh who played a key role in illegal infant sales under the guise of adoption.
- Ordered Speedy Trial: The court directed that the trial be completed within six months to ensure justice is not delayed. Eg: This was aimed at avoiding procedural delays and ensuring accountability in crimes involving vulnerable children.
What actions did the Supreme Court direct hospitals to take in cases of missing newborns?
- Ensure Complete Protection of Newborns: Hospitals must take full responsibility to safeguard infants immediately after birth, ensuring no unauthorized person can access them. Eg: If a newborn goes missing from a maternity ward, the hospital administration will be held accountable for negligence.
- Strict Monitoring and Accountability Measures: Hospitals were warned that if newborns are found trafficked, they could face suspension of license and legal action. Eg: A nurse involved in an infant trafficking racket from a Primary Health Centre in Chhattisgarh was among the accused in the case.
- Implement Protocols for Birth and Discharge: The court emphasized the need for strict procedures during childbirth and discharge, including documentation and identity verification. Eg: Hospitals must verify the identity of guardians or parents before handing over the baby, to prevent impersonation or baby-swapping.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Surveillance and Inter-agency Coordination: Establish a centralized digital monitoring system linking hospitals, child welfare committees, and law enforcement to track births, adoptions, and missing children in real time.
- Community Awareness and Legal Safeguards: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns on child trafficking risks and ensure strict enforcement of child protection laws with fast-track courts for trafficking cases.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Linkage: Child victims of trafficking are undoubtedly among the most vulnerable. This PYQ examines the nature of welfare schemes for vulnerable populations, which is relevant to the effectiveness of state interventions aimed at preventing child trafficking and rescuing victims.
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Why in the News?
Recent studies reveal that the Indian Plate is splitting into two, with the lower part detaching and sinking into the Earth’s mantle, a process called delamination, as published by the American Geophysical Union.
About Delamination:
- Delamination in tectonic plates refers to the process where the lower part of a continental plate, including the lower crust and/or lithospheric mantle, splits and sinks into the Asthenosphere.
- This process is driven by density differences and can lead to rapid uplift, changes in stress regimes, and altered magmatism.
- It can occur in various tectonic settings, including compressional zones, subduction zones, and intraplate regions.
- The denser lower part of the plate, including the lower crust and/or lithospheric mantle, is less buoyant than the less dense asthenosphere, leading to sinking.
- High temperatures can also weaken the lithosphere and facilitate delamination.
Indian Plate and Its Splitting:
- The Indian Plate has been colliding with the Eurasian Plate for about 60 million years, causing the formation of the Himalayas and influencing regional seismic activity.
- It is shifting northward at a rate of approximately 5 cm per year..
- The lower, denser part of the Indian Plate is detaching and sinking into the Earth’s mantle.
- This may lead to increased seismic activity due to shifts in tectonic stress.
- In regions like the Himalayan collision zone, delamination results in fractures that increase stress in the Earth’s crust, raising the likelihood of seismic events.
| [UPSC 2004] Consider the following geological phenomena:
1. Development of a fault 2. Movement along a fault 3. Impact produced by a volcanic eruption 4. Folding of rocks Which of the above cause earthquakes?
Options:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Why in the News?
Recently Google introduced its seventh-generation TPU (Tensor Processing Unit), named Ironwood.
About Ironwood
- Ironwood is Google’s seventh-generation Tensor Processing Unit (TPU), designed to accelerate AI model training and inference with improved performance and efficiency.
- It builds on previous TPUs, enhancing speed and efficiency for AI workloads.
- It has been optimized for complex AI tasks, especially those requiring high-speed data processing for neural networks and deep learning models.
- Initially used internally, Ironwood is now available via Google Cloud Platform, allowing businesses to harness its power without investing in dedicated hardware.
What is a TPU?
- A TPU is a specialized processor developed by Google to accelerate machine learning tasks, particularly those involving TensorFlow.
- TPUs are optimized for tensor operations, crucial for training deep learning models, enabling faster data processing and high efficiency.
How is TPU Different from GPU and CPU?
|
CPU |
GPU |
TPU |
| What is it? |
Central Processing Unit – General-purpose processor for various computing tasks. |
Graphics Processing Unit – Specialized for parallel processing, initially for graphics rendering. |
Tensor Processing Unit – Specialized processor designed by Google for accelerating machine learning tasks, particularly for AI and deep learning. |
| Specialization |
General-purpose tasks (sequential processing) |
Parallel processing (graphics, machine learning) |
Specialized for AI tasks (tensor computations) |
| Performance |
Slower for AI tasks due to sequential processing |
Faster than CPU for parallel tasks |
Fastest for AI tasks like matrix multiplication |
| Efficiency |
Versatile but less efficient for AI operations |
Energy-efficient for parallel tasks |
Highly energy-efficient for machine learning |
| Best for |
Running applications, managing systems |
Graphics rendering, machine learning |
Deep learning, neural network training |
| [UPSC 2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
(1) Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units (2) Create meaningful short stories and songs (3) Disease diagnosis (4) Text-to-Speech Conversion (5) Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Why in the News?
PM recently remembered Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair, a nationalist and jurist who famously fought a courtroom battle against British officials involved in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.
Nair’s stand in the courtroom is now a subject of a forthcoming film, Kesari Chapter 2.
About Sir Sankaran Nair:
- Born in 1857 in Mankara village, Kerala, Nair came from an aristocratic family.
- He was educated at Presidency College in Madras and pursued a law degree.
- Nair began his legal career with Sir Horatio Shepherd, Chief Justice of Madras High Court.
- In 1897, Nair became the youngest president of the Indian National Congress (Amravati (Mh) Session) and was appointed as a permanent judge of the Madras High Court in 1908.
Role in the Jallianwala Bagh Case:
- Nair challenged Michael O’Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, for his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919), accusing him of following policies that led to the massacre.
- O’Dwyer sued Nair in England for defamation. Despite biased British courts, Nair refused to apologize, even when O’Dwyer offered to forgo the £500 penalty.
- The trial highlighted the bias in the British judicial system and fuelled Indian resentment against British rule.
Other Contributions:
- Nair made progressive rulings, like supporting inter-caste and inter-religious marriages and ruling against treating converts to Hinduism as outcasts.
- He supported India’s self-government and played a key role in expanding the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919).
- In 1922, Nair critiqued Gandhi‘s methods in his work “Gandhi and Anarchy”.
- He helped draft the 1919 constitutional reforms, pointing out flaws in British rule, with many of his suggestions accepted.
| [UPSC 2007] Which one of the following aroused a wave of popular indignation that led to the massacre by the British at Jallianwala Bagh?
(a) The Arms Act (b) The Public Safety Act (c) The Rowlatt Act (d) The Vernacular Press Act |
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Why in the News?
China has suspended exports of a wide range of critical minerals and magnets after US’s tariff embargo.
What Are Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and RE Magnets?
- REEs are a group of 17 elements in the periodic table, including Lanthanum (La), Neodymium (Nd), Europium (Eu), and Ytterbium (Yb).
- Though not rare, they are found in low concentrations, making extraction challenging and costly.
-
- Light REEs (LREEs): Elements 57-63, such as La, Ce, Nd, and Sm.
- Heavy REEs (HREEs): Elements 64-71, like Gd, Tb, Dy, and Er.
- Scandium and Yttrium: Classified with HREEs due to similar chemical properties.
- Rare Earth Magnets are powerful permanent magnets made from elements like Neodymium (Nd), Samarium (Sm), and Dysprosium (Dy).
- They are far stronger and more efficient than traditional magnets, crucial for high-tech electronic applications.
Global Supply Chain of REEs:
- REEs are abundant but difficult to extract economically.
- China alone dominates, producing 70% of the global supply and controlling 80% of the refining capacity. REEs are primarily mined from China’s Bayan Obo mine.
- Australia, USA, Brazil, and Russia also contribute, though less significantly.
- Refining also is largely controlled by China, though other nations are working to build their own refining capabilities to reduce dependency.
| [UPSC 2022] Consider the following statements:
1. Monazite is a source of rare earths. 2. Monazite contains thorium. 3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. 4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only* (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.
Linkage: India’s historical role as a voice for the “Global South” and how its current global positioning might be perceived differently. This article argues for the Global South to take a leading role, which resonates with India’s past image. |
Mentor’s Comment: While current talks on delimitation focus on its effect on power-sharing between states and the Centre, another key change depends on it — the rollout of the Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023. The Bill brought gender equality to the forefront of politics. However, this widespread acceptance has, in some ways, made open and critical discussion more difficult. A compassionate, inclusive feminism recognizes both structural and interpersonal challenges women face. It avoids oversimplifying gender struggles, respects men’s societal pressures, and promotes solidarity.
Today’s editorial discusses issues related to feminism. This content will be useful for GS Paper I in the Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
A more compassionate approach to feminism could be the right strategy right now, as it helps gain support rather than create resistance.
Why is there a caution against applying a heavy structural lens to interpersonal relationships?
- Complexity of Relationships: Interpersonal relationships are multifaceted and often not reducible to power dynamics or oppression. Eg: A husband may expect dinner but also contribute financially, which shows mutual care rather than domination.
- Risk of Oversimplification: Applying the structural lens too heavily risks oversimplifying relationships, reducing them to battles for power. Eg: A disagreement over household chores might be seen as oppressive when it could be a negotiation of responsibilities.
- Love and Care Are Often Present: Many relationships are underpinned by love, care, and mutual respect, which should not be ignored in the analysis. Eg: A father who supports his daughter’s education despite societal barriers demonstrates care beyond structural oppression.
- Men’s Experiences and Contributions: Men also face societal pressures, including financial and emotional burdens, which can reshape family dynamics. Eg: A man who works long hours in difficult conditions to support his family might experience public humiliation, while his wife remains insulated from such public pressures.
- Potential for Alienation: Focusing solely on structural analysis may alienate people, particularly those who feel embattled, like many men. Eg: Men who feel misunderstood in feminist discourse, especially those at the margins, may disengage from efforts for equality.
How can feminist discourse become more inclusive and compassionate?
- Acknowledge Multiple Forms of Suffering: Feminism should recognize the varied experiences of suffering and responsibility faced by both women and men, especially from marginalized communities. Eg: Recognizing that men, particularly in low-income families, endure public humiliation due to financial pressures, while women often carry unpaid domestic responsibilities.
- Avoid Oversimplifying Complex Dynamics: Instead of reducing all issues to power struggles, feminist discourse should appreciate the complexity of human relationships, where love, care, and duty often coexist with structural inequality. Eg: A couple might have disagreements over housework, but these can be opportunities for negotiation rather than a sign of patriarchal oppression.
- Promote Solidarity, Not Antagonism: Feminist discourse should focus on creating solidarity, especially by addressing the emotional and economic pressures that shape men’s lives, inviting them to participate in gender equity efforts. Eg: Instead of criticizing men for their limitations, feminist discourse can encourage mutual understanding and support for gender equality.
- Recognize the Interconnection of Personal and Political: Feminism should find a balance between the structural and the interpersonal, understanding that both need attention without conflating them. Eg: In rural areas, a woman may face different challenges from a financially independent urban woman, and addressing these separately helps focus on their unique struggles.
Which aspects of current feminist narratives risk alienating both men and women, especially from marginalised backgrounds?
- Oversimplification of Gender Struggles: Current feminist narratives often reduce complex interpersonal relationships to mere power struggles, ignoring the nuanced and varied experiences of individuals. This can alienate those who may not fit neatly into these narratives, particularly men from marginalized backgrounds who feel misunderstood. Eg: Depicting all men as perpetrators of patriarchy can alienate men who are struggling with their own economic and social pressures, leading to defensiveness rather than solidarity.
- Blurring of Inequities: By merging vastly different forms of inequality, such as the struggles of financially independent urban women with those of rural women fearing violence, feminist discourse risks obscuring the real, context-specific challenges faced by each group. This can alienate individuals who feel their unique struggles are being overlooked. Eg: An urban woman’s struggles with household responsibilities may be portrayed in the same light as a rural woman’s safety concerns, which can cause friction and hinder support for both groups.
- Antagonistic Tone Towards Men: A feminist narrative that is too focused on antagonism between the sexes, without acknowledging the emotional and economic pressures men face, can alienate men and prevent productive dialogue. This risks creating an “us versus them” mentality, undermining the potential for cross-gender solidarity. Eg: Men in low-income families, facing public humiliation due to financial hardship, may feel blamed for perpetuating patriarchal structures, even when they are also victims of societal pressures. This makes it harder for them to support feminist goals.
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What has steps taken by Indian Government?
- Legislative Reforms for Women’s Safety and Empowerment: The government has enacted laws to improve women’s safety and protect their rights. Eg: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) was enacted to provide legal protection to women facing violence within the home. Additionally, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (2013) expanded the definition of sexual offenses and introduced stricter punishments for crimes like rape and acid attacks, in response to the Nirbhaya case.
- Schemes for Economic Empowerment: The government has introduced various schemes aimed at economically empowering women, especially in rural and marginalized communities. Eg: The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (2016) provides free LPG connections to women from below-poverty-line families, reducing their dependency on traditional cooking methods that often expose them to health hazards. Similarly, schemes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao focus on improving education and access to opportunities for girls.
- Reservation and Affirmative Action in Education and Employment: The government has implemented affirmative action measures to enhance women’s participation in education and employment. Eg: The Reservation for Women in Local Governance mandates one-third of seats in Panchayats (local governing bodies) be reserved for women, encouraging their participation in political processes and decision-making. Furthermore, policies like the Maternity Benefit Act (2017) aim to protect women’s rights in the workplace by providing paid maternity leave.
Way forward:
- Promote Intersectional Feminism: The government and society should adopt an intersectional approach to feminism, addressing the unique challenges faced by women from diverse backgrounds, including rural, urban, and marginalized communities. Eg: Tailoring policies like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao to address region-specific challenges, such as safety concerns in rural areas and educational disparities in urban areas, can create more inclusive support for all women.
- Engage Men in Gender Equality Efforts: Foster dialogue and understanding by engaging men in discussions around gender equality, recognizing their societal pressures, and encouraging shared responsibility in family and community roles. Eg: Programs like #HeForShe can be expanded to include more men, emphasizing their role in supporting gender equity at home and in the workplace, helping to bridge the gap between feminist discourse and broader societal change.
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Why in the News?
The Right to Information (RTI) Act has clearly helped make those in power more accountable in India. However, in recent years, there have been efforts to weaken some of its important provisions, even though the Act — a major reform — was passed 20 years ago.
What is the role of Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act in promoting transparency?
- Balances Privacy and Public Interest: Section 8(1)(j) permits denial of personal information only if it has no relationship to public activity or interest or causes an unwarranted invasion of privacy. Eg: An officer’s medical records may be withheld, but details of their salary or qualifications can be disclosed if it serves public interest.
- Includes a Public Interest Override: Even if information is personal, it must be disclosed if larger public interest is involved. Eg: A bureaucrat’s caste certificate was disclosed in public interest when he was accused of using a fake caste certificate to secure a reserved post.
- Enhances Accountability of Public Officials: Prevents misuse of power by allowing scrutiny of officials’ actions, qualifications, and benefits. Eg: RTI queries have uncovered cases of bogus educational degrees among elected representatives and civil servants.
- Empowers Citizens to Seek Information: It strengthens democratic participation by giving citizens access to relevant information on public functionaries. Eg: Citizens have used RTI to access asset declarations of elected representatives and government officers.
- Prevents Blanket Denial of Information: Ensures that authorities cannot reject RTI requests merely by labeling the information as ‘personal’; they must justify how it affects privacy and weigh it against public interest. Eg: Information about government employees’ attendance records or transfers can be accessed to detect nepotism or irregularities.
Why does Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act, 2023 worry transparency advocates?
- Removes Public Interest Safeguard: Section 44(3) amends Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act by eliminating the provision that allowed disclosure of personal information in public interest. Eg: A fake caste certificate case could now be shielded from scrutiny as the information might be denied without evaluating public interest.
- Enables Blanket Denial Through Vague Definition: The term “personal information” is broad and undefined, enabling authorities to classify many types of public-relevant data as private. Eg: Details like educational qualifications or property disclosures of public servants could be denied under the label of “personal”.
- Undermines RTI as a Transparency Tool: It weakens the RTI Act’s core intent by restricting access to information that previously helped expose corruption and misconduct. Eg: RTI requests that once revealed official misconduct or nepotism in postings may now be rejected citing privacy under the DPDP Act.
How does the DPDP amendment deviate from the intent of the K.S. Puttaswamy judgment?
- Ignores the Balancing Principle of Privacy and Transparency: The K.S. Puttaswamy judgment (2017) upheld the right to privacy but emphasized that it must be balanced with other fundamental rights, including the right to information and public interest. Eg: The DPDP amendment removes the RTI Act’s public interest test, allowing personal information to be withheld even when it reveals corruption or fraud.
- Undermines Democratic Accountability: The judgment did not suggest overriding transparency laws like RTI but stressed minimum and necessary restrictions on information access. Eg: Instead of proportionate safeguards, the DPDP Act allows authorities to blanket-deny RTI requests without assessing public relevance.
- Distorts the Spirit of “Informed Citizenry”: Puttaswamy emphasized that transparency is essential for democracy, and privacy cannot be used to shield public officials from scrutiny. Eg: Information such as public officials’ property details or caste certificates may now be refused, limiting citizens’ ability to hold them accountable.
What information could now be denied under the amended RTI provisions as ‘personal’?
- Educational Qualifications and Certificates: Details about the academic background or degrees of public servants could be withheld as “personal information” under the amended provision. Eg: RTI queries that previously revealed fake degrees of elected representatives may now be denied.
- Caste and Community Certificates: Information related to caste status, often crucial in verifying eligibility for reservation benefits, may be deemed private. Eg: In cases where a public official allegedly used a fake caste certificate, such details could be denied under the privacy shield.
- Property, Assets, and Financial Disclosures: Disclosures regarding property holdings, assets, and liabilities of government employees might be refused by classifying them as personal. Eg: RTI applications that earlier exposed disproportionate assets could now be blocked.
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Way forward:
- Restore Public Interest Safeguard: Amend the DPDP Act to reinstate the public interest clause from Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, ensuring transparency is not overridden by vague privacy claims.
- Define ‘Personal Information’ Clearly: Provide a narrow and precise definition of “personal information” to prevent misuse and ensure critical public accountability data remains accessible.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss.
Linkage: The discussion from 2020 highlights the ongoing attention on potential changes to the RTI Act. It shows that the issue of amending the RTI Act and its effects has been a concern for some time.
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Why in the News?
A new study by researchers Sujit Raghunathrao Jagadale and Javed M. Shaikh from IIM Amritsar looks at the issue of stubble burning by examining how government policies and market systems are failing to manage the problem effectively.
Why do farmers continue stubble burning despite its harm to air quality?
- Cost-Effective Method: Stubble burning is the cheapest way for farmers to clear their fields after harvesting. Eg: Farmers burn stubble to quickly prepare their land for the next crop, especially for wheat, without incurring high labor or machinery costs.
- Lack of Affordable Alternatives: There are limited affordable and efficient alternatives to stubble burning. Eg: Farmers often do not have access to technology or subsidies for machines that can manage stubble, such as Happy Seeder or bio-decomposers.
- Government’s Focus on High-Yield Crops: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) policy incentivizes the cultivation of wheat and rice, leading to monocropping. Eg: Farmers are encouraged to grow rice continuously, which results in an abundance of stubble that needs to be disposed of quickly.
- Debt and Economic Pressure: Many farmers face financial pressures, including debt and low returns on their crops, which makes burning stubble a way to save time and money. Eg: Farmers often sell their crops to middlemen at low prices, leaving them with insufficient income to invest in sustainable farming practices.
- Lack of Strong Enforcement or Support: Although stubble burning is penalized, enforcement of laws is weak, and farmers often feel the state does not provide adequate support for eco-friendly methods. Eg: Despite penalties, farmers feel little pressure to change practices when there is insufficient governmental support or infrastructure for alternatives.
How does India’s MSP policy influence stubble burning?
- Encourages Monocropping: The MSP policy promotes the cultivation of high-yield crops like rice and wheat, leading to monocropping, which results in a large amount of stubble that must be cleared. Eg: Farmers in Punjab often grow rice followed by wheat, creating a cycle where large quantities of rice stubble need to be burned to prepare the soil for the next crop.
- Limits Crop Diversification: The MSP system prioritizes wheat and rice over other crops, making it economically unfeasible for farmers to switch to more sustainable practices or crops that would reduce stubble burning. Eg: Despite the potential for growing other crops, farmers focus on rice and wheat to benefit from MSP, leaving them with stubble that they have no economically viable option to manage.
- Financial Constraints: The MSP rates for crops like rice and wheat have remained stagnant, making it harder for farmers to invest in alternatives to stubble burning, such as machinery or composting. Eg: With wheat MSP seeing only minimal increases, farmers struggle to cover costs for labor and inputs, leading them to resort to stubble burning as the most cost-effective option to clear fields.
What has the government done in this situation?
- Implemented Subsidies for Machinery: The government has provided subsidies for the purchase of machinery like the Happy Seeder to help farmers manage stubble without burning. Eg: The Punjab government has distributed equipment like straw management machines under the Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization to reduce stubble burning.
- Awareness Campaigns: The government has conducted awareness programs to educate farmers about the harmful effects of stubble burning and encourage them to adopt alternative practices. Eg: The Ministry of Agriculture and local bodies in states like Punjab and Haryana have launched campaigns to raise awareness about the environmental and health risks of stubble burning.
- Legal Measures and Penalties: Various state governments, including Punjab, have imposed fines and penalties on farmers found burning stubble, aiming to deter the practice. Eg: The Punjab government introduced a fine for stubble burning, with penalties reaching up to Rs 2,500 for each violation, although enforcement remains challenging.
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Way forward:
- Promote Crop Diversification: Encourage farmers to shift from paddy to less water-intensive and non-stubble-generating crops through assured procurement and better MSP for alternative crops. Eg: Incentivize crops like millets and pulses to reduce stubble generation.
- Strengthen Support and Infrastructure: Scale up access to sustainable stubble management technologies and ensure timely financial and logistic support to small and marginal farmers. Eg: Expand reach of Happy Seeder and bio-decomposer solutions through local cooperatives and custom hiring centers.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious probelm in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?
Linkage: Delhi’s severe air pollution, especially at certain times of the year, is caused by a combination of its location in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, nearby states burning crop stubble, and weather conditions that trap pollutants.
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