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Type: Prelims Only

  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Jagannath Puri Temple

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Jagannath Puri Temple

    Why in the News?

    Odisha’s law minister recently clarified that there was no secret chamber inside the treasury of the Jagannath Temple in Puri.

    About Jagannath Puri Temple

    • The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
    • The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
    • The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.

    It’s Architecture:

    • With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
    • The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
    • This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
    • Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.

    The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:

    1. Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
    2. Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
    3. Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
    4. Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)

    PYQ:

    [2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:

    (a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent

    (b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified

    (c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture

    (d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    First Asian Buddhist Summit

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: First Asian Buddhist Summit

    Why in the News?

    The Government of India, in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), held the first Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi.

    About the Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)

    • ABS is a high-level conference organized to bring together Buddhist leaders, scholars, and practitioners from across Asia.
    • The theme of the first summit was ‘Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia’.
    • It aligns with India’s Act East Policy, aiming to deepen cultural and spiritual ties across Asian nations.
    • Key topics discussed at the summit include:
      • The role of Buddhist art, architecture, and heritage.
      • The dissemination of Buddha Dhamma and its cultural influence across Asia.
      • The significance of holy Buddhist relics and their societal impact.
      • The relevance of Buddhist philosophy and literature in the 21st century.
      • Exploring the relationship between Buddhism and scientific research for health and well-being.

     

    About Buddhism:

    Details
    Origin of Buddhism • Originated in India over 2,600 years ago.
    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) around 563 BCE.
    • Born into the royal family of the Sakya clan in Lumbini, near the Indo-Nepal border.
    • At age 29, Gautama renounced a life of luxury and embraced asceticism.
    • Attained Bodhi (enlightenment) after 49 days of meditation under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya, Bihar.
    • Delivered his first sermon in Sarnath, known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana.
    • Died at 80 in Kushinagara (Mahaparinirvana) in 483 BCE.
    Tenets of Buddhism • Advocated the Madhyam Marg (Middle Path) between indulgence and asceticism.
    • Emphasized individual responsibility for happiness.
    • Four Noble Truths (ariya-sachchani):
    1. Dukkha: Suffering is inherent.
    2. Samudya: Every suffering has a cause.
    3. Nirodha: Suffering could be extinguished.
    4. Atthanga Magga: Achieved through the Eightfold Path.
    • Eightfold Path (astangika marg): Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, mindfulness, effort, concentration.
    • Ultimate goal: Attaining Nirvana (Nibbana).
    • Five Precepts (Panchasil): Prohibitions against violence, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants.
    Major Buddhist Texts • Initially oral teachings, memorized by the Sangha.
    • Written down around 25 BCE in Pali.
    • Three Pitakas:
    1. Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic rules.
    2. Sutta Pitaka: Main teachings, divided into five Nikayas (Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka).
    3. Abhidamma Pitaka: Philosophical analysis of teachings.
    • Other important texts: Divyavadana, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Milind Panha.
    Role of the Buddhist Councils • Important turning points in early Buddhism, leading to sectarian clashes and the Great Schism.
    • Four Major Councils:
    1. First Council (483 BCE): Presided by Mahakasyapa, aimed to preserve teachings.
    2. Second Council (383 BCE): Addressed monastic discipline.
    3. Third Council (250 BCE): Under Ashoka, focusing on spreading Buddhism.
    4. Fourth Council (72 CE): Led to division into Mahayana and Hinayana.
    Different Schools of Buddhism • Mahayana: “Great Vehicle,” emphasizes Bodhisattva ideal and idol worship; spread to Central and East Asia.
    • Hinayana: “Lesser Vehicle,” focuses on individual salvation and original teachings; Theravada is a major branch.
    • Theravada: Closest to original teachings; dominant in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
    • Vajrayana: “Vehicle of the Thunderbolt,” complex rituals; developed around 900 CE.
    • Zen: Focuses on meditation, developed in China and Japan.
    Spread of Buddhism in Ancient India • Monastic organization through Sangha for spreading teachings.
    • Rapid growth during Buddha’s lifetime.
    • Ashoka’s influence post-Kalinga conquest; adopted Dhamma conquest, sending missions to various regions, including Gandhara, Kashmir, Greece, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Egypt, and Thailand.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:

    1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.

    2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.

    3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    Does the Sun rotate?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Sun’s Rotation

    sun

    Why in the News?

    Indian astronomers at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) have achieved a groundbreaking feat by mapping, for the first time, the variation in the Sun’s rotation speed from its equator to its poles.

    Sun’s Rotation: Key Facts

    • Unlike a solid body, the Sun exhibits differential rotation, meaning different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
    • The rotation speed varies depending on latitude, with faster rotation near the equator and slower rotation toward the poles.
    • This variation is primarily due to the Sun’s composition of gaseous plasma rather than solid material.

    Rotation Period Variation by Latitude:

    • Equatorial Regions: The rotation period at the equator is the fastest, around 24.47 days (sidereal rotation).
    • Sunspot Zones (about 16 degrees latitude): Rotation slows slightly, with a period of about 27.3 days.
    • Higher Latitudes (up to 75 degrees): Rotation slows significantly; for example, at 75 degrees latitude, the rotation period is about 33.4 days.
    • Poles: The slowest rotation occurs at the poles, with a period around 31.1 days.

    Sidereal vs. Synodic Rotation Periods:

    • Sidereal Rotation Period: The time taken for the Sun to complete one full rotation relative to distant stars. It varies by latitude, from 24.47 days at the equator to around 33.4 days at higher latitudes.
    • Synodic Rotation Period: This is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to appear in the same position when observed from Earth. It is longer than the sidereal period due to Earth’s own movement around the Sun, averaging around 26.24 days.

    Why Differential Rotation Occur?

    • Gaseous Plasma Composition: The Sun is composed of plasma—a hot, ionized state of matter—which allows its different regions to rotate at different speeds.
    • Convective Zone Dynamics: The outer convective layer of the Sun contributes to differential rotation. Plasma circulates, rising and sinking, which influences the rotational speed at different latitudes.

    Scientific Implications

    • Solar Dynamo Theory: The differential rotation of the Sun is central to theories about the solar dynamo—the process that generates the Sun’s magnetic field.
    • Mystery of Differential Rotation: Despite extensive research, the exact mechanism behind the Sun’s differential rotation remains an active area of investigation in solar physics.

    PYQ:

    [2013] Consider the following phenomena

    1. Size of the sun at dusk

    2. Colure of the sun at dawn

    3. Moon being visible at dawn

    4. Twinkle of stars in the sky

    5. Polestar being visible in the sky

    Which of the above are optical illusions?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 3, 4 and 5

    (c) 1, 2 and 4

    (d) 2, 3 and 5

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  • Gravitational Wave Observations

    First ‘Black Hole Triple’ System Discovered

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Black Hole Triple and its formation

    Scientists have discovered a “black hole triple” in space, marking the first time such a system has been identified.

    Why in the News?

    Scientists have discovered a “black hole triple” in space, marking the first time such a system has been identified.

    Black Hole Triple: What does it mean?

    • Many black holes are found in binary systems with another star or black hole.
    • This triple system includes two stars orbiting a black hole:
      • The nearer star orbits the black hole every 6.5 days.
      • The distant star orbits approximately every 70,000 years.
    • The system, located in the constellation Cygnus, features V404 Cygni, one of the oldest black holes known, which is nine times larger than the Sun.
    • It is 8,000 light years away from Earth.

    What is a Black Hole?

    • A black hole is a space region with such strong gravity that no light or matter can escape.
    • Most black holes form from supernova explosions—the death of massive stars.
    • This triple system suggests an alternative, less violent formation process.

    How was it discovered?

    • Researchers from Caltech and MIT discovered the system while reviewing astronomical data from telescopes.
    • They described the stars as being gravitationally bound, indicating they form a triple system.
    • It is believed that  V404 Cygni did not form through a supernova explosion, which typically ejects outer stars.
    • Instead, it likely formed through direct collapse: the star collapsed inward without exploding.
    • Known as a “failed supernova”, this process causes an implosion without expelling matter, leading to a gentler black hole formation.

    Future of the Triple System

    • The triple system may not remain as such, as V404 Cygni is consuming the nearby star.
    • This discovery suggests that some existing binary systems may have originally been triple systems, where the black hole later consumed one of its members.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?

    (a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
    (b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
    (c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
    (d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’

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  • Railway Reforms

    Kalka-Shimla Heritage Railway Track

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Kalka-Shimla Heritage Railway

    Why in the News?

    • Himachal Pradesh CM has requested the Centre to consider running the Kalka-Shimla narrow-gauge railway—a UNESCO World Heritage Site—on green hydrogen to promote clean energy.
      • The CM emphasized that this initiative aligns with Himachal Pradesh’s goal of becoming a ‘green energy state’ by March 31, 2026.

    About the Kalka-Shimla Railway

    • The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway with a width of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm).
    • It was constructed in 1898 to link Shimla with the broader Indian rail system under the guidance of chief engineer H. S. Harington.
    • The total length of the railway is approximately 96.6 km.
    • This engineering marvel features 107 tunnels, of which 102 are still in use, along with 864 bridges along its route.
    • The railway has a ruling gradient of 1 in 33 (about 3%), making it quite a steep climb in places, and it includes 919 curves, with the sharpest curve being at 48 degrees.
    • The elevation of the railway starts at 656 meters (2,152 feet) in Kalka and rises to 2,076 meters (6,811 feet) in Shimla, resulting in a height difference of 1,420 meters (4,660 feet).
    • Diesel locomotives began operation on the railway in 1955, followed by diesel-hydraulic models introduced in 1970.
    • On 8 July 2008, it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Mountain Railways of India.

    Note:

    • Three of the lines, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the Kalka–Shimla Railway, are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name “Mountain Railways of India”.
    • Two more, the Matheran Hill Railway and the Kangra Valley Railway, are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
    • The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is also the only rack and pinion railway in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:

    1. The decomposition of human waste in the bio toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.

    2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Tribes in News

    Manipur’s non-Naga Thadou community lends support to NRC

    Prelims Only | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Thadou Tribe

    Why in the News?

    The Thadou tribe, one of the oldest and largest non-Naga tribes in Manipur, has expressed support to implement the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in the state.

    About the Thadou Community

    Details
    Overview
    • One of the oldest indigenous tribes in Manipur, recognized as a distinct community.
    • One of 29 officially recognized indigenous tribes in Manipur with rich cultural practices and folklore.
    Historical Background Recognized as the largest tribe in Manipur since the First Census of India (1881), with a distinct historical narrative from Kukis.
    ST Recognition Acknowledged as an independent Scheduled Tribe under the 1956 Presidential Order.
    Population  As per the 2011 Census, the Thadou population stands at 2,15,913;
    Identity Asserts a distinct identity from the Kuki community, emphasizing unique language, culture, and history.
    Language Belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family, with a distinct dialect from other nearby tribes.
    Geographic Distribution Primarily located in Manipur; also present in Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram, inhabiting hilly regions.
    Socioeconomic Status Engaged in agriculture (particularly jhum cultivation) and knowledgeable about medicinal plants; faces challenges in infrastructure and education.
    Religious Practices Traditionally practiced animism; many have converted to Christianity, blending traditional and Christian customs.
    Position Amid Ethnic Conflict Affected by the ethnic conflict between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 3, 2023; asserts their distinct identity.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Consider the following pairs :

    Tribe: State

    1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim

    2. Karbi : Himachal

    3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha

    4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu

    Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 and 4 only

    (c) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    The Gompertz Model

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Gompertz Model

    Why in the News?

    Indian researchers have developed a predictive model based on the Gompertz Model to estimate a newborn’s birth weight using routine pregnancy scans.

    What is the Gompertz Model?

    • It is a mathematical model developed by English mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 19th century.
      • It was originally designed to model population growth in a constrained environment, such as a specific geographic region.
      • The model uses an S-shaped (sigmoid) curve to represent growth patterns that start slowly, accelerate, and then slow again as they approach a plateau.
    • Applications:
      • Biology: The Gompertz Model is used to study tumor growth and cell population dynamics, reflecting constrained growth in biological systems.
      • Epidemiology: Applied in predicting the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, capturing how transmission rates slow with interventions.
      • Ecology: Useful for modelling species population growth in habitats with limited resources, aiding conservation and ecosystem management.
      • Healthcare: Recently adapted to predict foetal birth weight, helping identify potential risks associated with low or high birth weight.
      • Aging Research: Employed to analyze mortality rates and lifespan patterns, contributing to studies on aging and longevity.

    Recent Research and Significance

    • Recent research has applied the Gompertz Model in predicting foetal birth weight using routine scans, as shown by researchers from IISER Pune and IMSc Chennai, offering a non-invasive alternative for maternal health.
    • The model is used in tumor growth studies, allowing researchers to understand and predict cancer progression.
    • Its predictive accuracy under constrained conditions makes it useful for biological systems, including population growth and cell dynamics.
    • In healthcare, it supports early detection and intervention for conditions impacted by growth patterns, such as low or high birth weight risks.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Glacial Lakes rise as glaciers retreat

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Glacial Lakes

    Why in the News?

    Since 1977, the South Lhonak Lake, a glacial lake in Sikkim has expanded significantly, growing from 17 hectares to 167 hectares by 2023.

    Formation of Glacial Lakes:

    • When a glacier melts and retreats, the hollow left behind often fills with water, creating a glacial lake.
    • The rocky moraine at the glacier’s end can act as a natural dam, holding the water to form the lake.
    • Glacial lakes act as hydrological buffers, regulating water flow from melting ice, which can sometimes pose challenges to downstream communities.
    • Glacial lakes often have a vivid blue color, similar to swimming pools, due to the scattering of light by fine rock particles (rock flour) in the water.
    • There are several types of glacial lakes, each formed by specific processes and glacier dynamics:
      • Moraine-Dammed Lakes: Formed when moraine debris piles up at the end of a glacier and traps meltwater behind it. These are common and pose risks of outburst flooding.
      • Kettle Lakes: This was created when a chunk of glacier ice is buried in the moraine and eventually melts, leaving a depression filled with water.
      • Cirque Lakes: Formed in circular basins (cirques) carved by glaciers at high elevations. These lakes are often small and located at the glacier’s original head.
      • Pro-glacial Lakes: Situated in front of the glacier, between the ice and the moraine dam. These lakes are sometimes formed when the glacier’s snout melts and deposits water in the valley.
      • Tarn Lakes: Formed in depressions left behind in the cirques or basins after the glacier has completely melted.

    Major Glacial Lakes in India

    India’s Himalayan region is home to numerous glacial lakes, each with unique characteristics:

    • Gurudongmar Lake (Sikkim): One of the highest lakes in the world at 5,430 meters above sea level, fed by glacial melt and known for its religious significance.
    • Chandra Taal (Himachal Pradesh): A stunning crescent-shaped lake in the Lahaul-Spiti region at 4,300 meters. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and fed by glacier melt.
    • Samiti Lake (Sikkim): Located along the trek to Kanchenjunga and known for its clear blue waters and reflective quality.
    • Satopanth Tal (Uttarakhand): Found in the Garhwal Himalayas, this lake lies close to Satopanth Glacier and is considered sacred by locals.
    • South Lhonak Lake (Sikkim): A growing lake fed by three glaciers, expanding rapidly due to climate change and posing risks of glacial lake outburst floods.

    PYQ:

    [2019]  Consider the following pairs:

    Glacier: River

    1. Bandarpunch: Yamuna
    2. Bara Shigri: Chenab
    3. Milam: Mandakini
    4. Siachen: Nubra
    5. Zemu: Manas

    Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    (a) 1, 2 and 4 only
    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 2 and 5 only
    (d) 3 and 5 only

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Sleep Apnea contributes to Dementia in older adults

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

    Why in the News?

    A recent study from Michigan Medicine found that Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a common sleep disorder, increases the risk of dementia (loss of cognitive functioning) in adults, especially in women.

    What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    • OSA is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep due to blocked airways.
    • It is marked by episodes of disrupted or restricted breathing, leading to brief awakenings throughout the night.
    • Symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air, morning headaches, and daytime drowsiness.
    • Risk Factors: Common in individuals who are overweight, have large tonsils or suffer from nasal congestion.
      • In India, approximately 10.4 lakh people are reported to suffer from OSA, as per government data.
      • Untreated OSA is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and cognitive decline.

    Recent Findings on OSA and Dementia Risk

    • A study from Michigan Medicine found a link between OSA and increased dementia risk, especially in older adults over 50.
      • Women with known or suspected OSA were found to have a higher likelihood of developing dementia compared to men, with dementia diagnoses increasing as women age.
    • Another study by NIMHANS focused on the link between stroke and OSA.
      • 105 stroke patients over the age of 50 were studied using polysomnography (PSG), which tracks brain waves and sleep breathing patterns.
      • Results showed that 88% of stroke patients had sleep apnea soon after their stroke, with 38% having severe OSA.

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)

    Why in the news?

    Employees of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) institutions have expressed concerns over the delay in revising their pay scales.

    About the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR):

    Details
    Establishment It was established as an Autonomous organization, in 1969 on the recommendation of Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao Committee (National Income Committee).
    Nodal Ministry Operates under the Ministry of Education.
    Function Promote, fund, and support social science research in India.
    Objectives • Encourage social science research
    • Fund and coordinate research in various branches
    • Collaborate with international research organizations
    • Provide policy recommendations based on research
    Organizational Structure It is governed by a Council of eminent scholars and policymakers, supported by 24 research institutes and 6 regional centers.
    Research Institutes Funds institutes such as:
    • Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Thiruvananthapuram
    • Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru
    • Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (CSSS), Kolkata
    • Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune
    Key Programs and Initiatives • ICSSR Data Service: National repository for social science data
    • NASSDOC: Documentation and library services
    • Workshops and conferences to enhance research capabilities
    International Collaboration Collaborates with organizations like UNESCO and the Indian Council of World Affairs for joint projects and scholar exchanges.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

    1. National Development Council

    2. Planning Commission

    3. Zonal Councils

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Indian Army Updates

    [pib] Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Army contingent has departed for Cijantung, Jakarta, Indonesia to take part in the 9th edition of India-Indonesia Joint Special Forces Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24.

    Note: 

    • Exercise Garuda is a bilateral air force exercise between the Indian Air Force and the French Air and Space Force.
    • Exercise Shakti is a biennial training event conducted alternatively in India and France.

    About Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24

    Details
    What is it? A bilateral joint special forces exercise between India and Indonesia aimed at enhancing military cooperation.

    Held alternatively in India and Indonesia.
    History Initiated in 2012 as part of defense cooperation between India and Indonesia.
    Objectives • Enhance mutual understanding and cooperation between special forces
    • Share best practices and experiences in counter-terrorism
    • Conduct joint operations and drills to improve interoperability
    Activities • Joint planning and execution of special operations
    • Orientation on advanced special forces skills
    • Sharing information on weapons, tactics, and techniques
    • Operations practice in diverse terrains
    • Cultural exchanges between troops
    Significance • Strengthens bilateral relations
    • Fosters trust between India and Indonesia
    • Contributes to regional security and addresses terrorism challenges
    • Enhances operational capabilities of both armies
    Recent Edition Ninth Edition (2024): Scheduled from November 1 to 12, focusing on enhancing understanding, cooperation, and interoperability.

     

    PYQ:

    [2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?

    1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

    Select the answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1 and 4

    (c) 1 and 4

    (d) 2, 3 and 4

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  • Indian Army Updates

    [pib] Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Army contingent departed today for the 15th edition of VAJRA PRAHAR, a joint Special Forces exercise with the US Army.

    About Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR:

    Details
    What is it? A joint Special Forces exercise between India and the US aimed at enhancing military cooperation.
    Inception
    • Started in 2010 as part of bilateral defense cooperation between India and the US.
    • No exercises held between 2012 and 2015 and in 2020.
    Frequency Conducted annually, alternately in India and the United States.
    15th Edition Dates Scheduled from 2nd to 22nd November 2024 at the Orchard Combat Training Centre, Idaho, USA.
    Participants 45 personnel from each country; Indian Army’s Special Forces and US Army’s Green Berets.
    Objectives • Enhance military cooperation
    • Promote interoperability and tactical exchange
    • Improve combined capabilities in joint operations
    Key Focus Areas • High physical fitness standards
    • Joint planning and tactical drills
    Significance • Joint Team Mission Planning
    • Reconnaissance Missions
    • Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
    • Execution of Special Operations
    • Roles of Joint Terminal Attack Controllers
    • Psychological Warfare

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    What is Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) and its spread

    What is Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)?

    Why in the News?

    A case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was confirmed in the US.

    About Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

    • CWD is a fatal, transmissible disease that affects the brain and central nervous system of deer, elk, and moose.
    • First identified in 1967, CWD is a prion disease where normal proteins misfold, leading to symptoms that eventually cause death.
    • Transmission occurs through animal-to-animal contact or contamination of feed or water by infected saliva or bodily waste.
    • Environmental contamination can occur through soil exposure from infected carcasses or bodily fluids.
    • High-risk areas include places where deer and elk gather closely, like feeding or watering sites.
    • Species affected: CWD does not naturally infect cows, other livestock, or pets.
    • Although no strong evidence exists that it can spread to humans, officials advise against eating meat from infected animals.

    Symptoms of CWD:

    • Symptoms: Drastic weight loss, lack of coordination, drooling, listlessness, and excessive thirst. Infected animals may also show drooping ears and lose their fear of humans.
      • Prevention: To prevent the spread of CWD, avoid handling or eating sick animals, use synthetic lures, dispose of carcass waste in landfills, and report any sick or unusual deer to local wildlife authorities.

    PYQ:

    [2012] Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to:

    (a) The destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species

    (b) A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle

    (c) Scarcity of food available to them

    (d) A widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Mount Fuji

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Mount Fuji

    Mount Fuji

    Why in the News?

    Japan’s iconic Mount Fuji has set a new record for the longest delay in snowfall since records began in 1894.

    Why delay in snowfall at Mount Fuji? 

    • Higher Temperatures: Japan’s hottest summer on record and above-average October temperatures have delayed the cooling needed for snow.
    • Heatwave: Japan experienced numerous “extremely hot” days with temperatures exceeding 35°C, even into September.
    • Jet Stream Shift: A northerly shift in the sub-tropical jet stream brought warmer air over Japan, further hindering snow formation.

    About Mount Fuji:

    Details
    Location Honshu Island, Japan, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) southwest of Tokyo.
    Height 3,776 meters (12,389 feet), making it the tallest mountain in Japan.
    Type of Volcano Stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape formed from alternating layers of lava flow, ash, and tephra.
    Eruptions Last major eruption occurred in 1707 (Hoei eruption), causing ash to fall on Edo (now Tokyo).
    Geological Formation Formed through volcanic eruptions over thousands of years; current shape solidified around 300,000 years ago.
    Climate Varied climate with decreasing temperatures at higher altitudes; snow caps the summit from November to May.
    Surrounding Area Part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park; surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Shoji, and Lake Motosu.
    Cultural Significance • National symbol of Japan
    • Sacred in Shintoism, associated with the deity Konohanasakuya-hime
    • Known as one of Japan’s Three Holy Mountains
    Art and Literature A popular subject in traditional Japanese art (e.g., Hokusai’s Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji), referenced in poetry and literature.
    UNESCO World Heritage Site Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013 for its cultural significance and beauty.
    Cultural Festivals Hosts various festivals, such as the Fuji Shiba-sakura Festival, celebrating local flora.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Who were Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal?

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal

    Who were Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal?

    Why in the News?

    Superstar Thalapathy Vijay launched his new party with speech highlighting his inspirations from Rani Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal.

    Contributions of Velu Nachiyar (1730-1796)

    • Born in 1730 to King Chellamuthu Sethupathy and Queen Sakandhimuthal of the Ramnad kingdom (now Tamil Nadu).
    • Trained in horse riding, archery, kalaripayattu, and silambam (South Indian martial arts).
    • Educated as a polyglot, fluent in Tamil, Urdu, English, and French, with a strong grasp of military strategy.
    • Married Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar in 1746, supporting him as Queen of Sivagangai.
    • In 1772, Sivagangai was invaded by the British East India Company in alliance with the Nawab of Arcot; her husband was killed in battle.
    • Fled with her daughter Vellachi to Dindigul under the protection of Hyder Ali of Mysore.
    • Formed alliances with Hyder Ali and Gopala Naicker of the Marudu brothers to reclaim her kingdom.
    • Successfully fought against the British and reclaimed Sivagangai in 1780.
    • Ruled for a decade before passing the throne to her daughter in 1790.
    • Known as Tamil Nadu’s ‘Veeramangai’ (Brave Lady) and celebrated as an early Indian queen who resisted British colonialism.

    Significant role played by Anjalai Ammal (1890-1961)

    • Born in 1890 in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, to a weaver family.
    • Married Murugappan in 1908, and both joined the freedom struggle inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s principles.
    • Became active in the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921, marking the beginning of her political involvement.
    • Played a significant role in:
      • Neil Statue Satyagraha, protesting a statue of Colonel James Neil.
      • Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and the Quit India Movement in 1942.
    • Served as President of the All India Women’s Congress in Madras in 1931.
    • Arrested multiple times for her activism; gave birth to her youngest son while serving a six-month prison term.
    • Prevented by the British from meeting Gandhi in 1934; met him in disguise, and he called her “South India’s Rani of Jhansi”.
    • First woman elected to the Madras legislature as a Congress representative.
    • Remained politically active until her death in 1961, remembered as a pioneer for women’s rights and freedom.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase.

    [2015] Consider the following statements:

    1. The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu.

    2. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    What is DANA?

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: DANA

    Why in the News?

    The extreme conditions in eastern Spain which saw Valencia get a year’s worth of rain in just 8 hours can be blamed on an event locally known as Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA).

    What is DANA?

    • Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos (DANA), is commonly referred to as the “cold drop” in English.
    • It is a meteorological phenomenon in the western Mediterranean region that brings intense rainfall and flooding.
    • The term “DANA” was coined by Spanish meteorologists to specifically describe this weather phenomenon.

    Features and Location:

    • DANA occurs when cold air from the Polar Regions separates from the polar jet stream and descends over the warmer Mediterranean Sea.
    • The contrast between cold air aloft and warm, moist air near the surface causes atmospheric instability, leading to the rapid formation of cumulonimbus clouds and intense thunderstorms.
    • It primarily affects Spain and Portugal but can also impact Italy, France, and other areas around the Mediterranean Sea.
    • This occurs in autumn and spring, as temperature variations are more pronounced during these seasons.

    PYQ:

    [2014] The seasonal reversal of winds is the typical characteristic of:

    (a) Equatorial climate

    (b) Mediterranean climate

    (c) Monsoon climate

    (d) All of the above climates

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    [pib] Four replicas of Konark Wheels at Rashtrapati Bhavan

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Konark Wheels, Sun Temple, Kalinga Architecture

    konark
    PC: konark.in

    Why in the News?

    Four replicas of the Konark wheels, made of sandstone, have been installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre and Amrit Udyan. 

    About Konark Wheels

    Details
    Design The temple is designed in the shape of a huge chariot drawn by 7 horses and features 24 wheels.
    Dimensions of Wheels Each wheel has a diameter of 9 feet 9 inches with 8 wider spokes and 8 thinner spokes.
    Symbolism of Wheels The wheels represent various time-related aspects:
    • 7 horses symbolize the days of the week.
    • 12 pairs of wheels signify 12 months.
    • 24 wheels represent 24 hours in a day.
    • 8 spokes symbolize prahars (three-hour periods).
    Architectural Features • The wheels are intricately carved, showcasing designs of foliage, animals, and figures of women in various poses.
    • Rims of the wheels have decorative carvings.
    Sun Dial Functionality Two of the wheels function as a sundial, accurately indicating time from sunrise to sunset using the shadow cast by the axel.
    Modern Representation
    • Featured in Indian currency, specifically in the old Rs. 20 and new Rs. 10 notes, representing Odisha’s rich cultural heritage.
    • Rs. 10 note released by the RBI on January 5, 2018, features the Konark Wheel on its reverse side.

    Its significance

    • The Konark Wheel, serving as an ancient sundial, symbolizes the advanced understanding of timekeeping and astronomy in 13th-century India.
    • Its intricate carvings reflect exceptional craftsmanship and cultural significance, embodying the cycle of life and the worship of Surya, the Sun God.
    • Its depiction on Indian currency highlights its enduring legacy and significance in promoting national identity and tourism in Odisha.

    Back2Basics: Konark Sun Temple

    konark

    • Approximately 64 km from Bhubaneswar.
    • Built in the 13th century (around 1250 CE) during the reign of King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
    • Dedicated to Surya, the Sun God.
    • Exemplifies Kalinga architecture, known for its intricate stone carvings and elaborate sculptures.
    • Constructed from Khondalite stone, which is durable and intricately carved.
    • Designed as a chariot with 7 horses and 24 wheels.
    • Structure originally included a sanctum (deul) and a jagamohan (assembly hall) that have largely collapsed but were once adorned with exquisite carvings.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples?

    1. Arasavalli

    2. Amarakantak

    3. Omkareshwar

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Languages and Eighth Schedule

    Maithili missed out on Classical Status

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Maithili; Eighth Schedule

    Why in the News?

    While five languages were granted classical status earlier this month, Maithili was not considered as the Bihar government had not officially forwarded the proposal, despite ongoing demands for its inclusion.

    Maithili missed out on Classical Status

    About Maithili Language

    • Maithili belongs to the eastern sub-group of the Indo-Aryan branch of languages.
      • It is believed to have evolved from Magadhan Prakrit.
      • The poet Vidyapati (14th century) popularized Maithili, establishing its importance in literature and folk culture.
    • It was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2003, making it one of the 22 officially recognized languages of India.
      • It is an optional subject in the UPSC exams, providing an opportunity for candidates to take it as a paper.
      • It was granted second official language status in Jharkhand in 2018.
    • It is spoken primarily in Bihar and Jharkhand in India, with a significant presence in Nepal.
      • According to the 2011 Census, there are around 12 million Maithili speakers in India.
      • It is the second most spoken language in Nepal, especially in the Terai region.
    • Mithilakshar, also known as Tirhuta, is the original script used for writing Maithili.
      • It belongs to the same family as Bangla, Assamese, Odia, Tibetan, and Nepali scripts.
      • The script’s oldest records date back to 950 AD, found in Sahodara stone inscriptions.

    About Eighth Schedule:

    Details
    Purpose Lists the official languages of India as recognized by the Constitution.
    Relevant Articles Part XVII (Articles 343 to 351) of the Constitution outlines provisions for official languages.
    Key Constitutional Provisions • Article 344(1): Mandates the formation of a Commission by the President to recommend steps to promote Hindi after five years of the Constitution’s commencement.
    • Article 351: Promotes the development of Hindi as a medium to represent India’s composite culture.
    Languages in the Eighth Schedule Currently includes 22 languages:
    Initially Included (14 languages): Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
    Later Additions: Sindhi (21st Amendment, 1967), Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (71st Amendment, 1992), Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (92nd Amendment, 2003).
    Official Language Status Hindi (in Devanagari script) is the official language of India, with English as an additional official language for administrative purposes.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] Consider the following languages:

    1. Gujarati
    2. Kannada
    3. Telugu

    Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • The Crisis In The Middle East

    United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)

    Why in the News?

    Israel’s Knesset has banned the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) from operating within its borders, citing alleged ties between UNRWA staff and Hamas.

    What is Israel’s Knesset?

    • The Knesset is Israel’s unicameral parliament, established in 1949.
    • It consists of 120 members, elected every four years through proportional representation, and is responsible for legislation, government oversight, and electing the president.

    About UNRWA:

    Details
    Full Name United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
    Establishment Established by the UN General Assembly in 1949.
    Primary Purpose To provide relief, healthcare, and education for Palestinian refugees displaced after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
    Headquarters Originally in Beirut, moved to Vienna in 1978, and relocated to Gaza in 1996.
    Mandate Renewal The mandate has been renewed repeatedly, currently extended until June 30, 2026.
    Fields of Operation Operates in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.
    Beneficiaries Supports over five million Palestinian refugees and their descendants displaced in 1948 and 1967.
    Services Provided • Education
    • Healthcare
    • Social services
    • Infrastructure improvement
    • Microfinance
    • Emergency assistance
    Funding Sources Primarily funded by voluntary contributions from UN member states, with limited funding from the UN Regular Budget for staffing costs.
    Leadership Led by a Commissioner-General, appointed by the UN Secretary-General with General Assembly approval.
    Controversies • Disputed mandate regarding descendants of original refugees.
    • Allegations of staff affiliations with militant groups.
    Global Response Condemned by the international community regarding bans and criticisms, with calls to support UNRWA’s humanitarian role.

    Its role and significance:

    • Humanitarian Aid: UNRWA provides essential support, including food, shelter, healthcare, and education to over five million Palestinian refugees.
    • Education and Empowerment: Operates schools for 500,000 children and supports microfinance programs to promote economic self-sufficiency.
    • Crisis Response: Plays a vital role in emergency situations and advocates for the rights of Palestinian refugees on an international level.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Amnesty International is:

    (a) an agency of the United Nations to help refugees of civil wars

    (b) a global Human Rights Movement

    (c) a non-governmental voluntary organization to help very poor people

    (d) an inter-governmental agency to cater to medical emergencies in war-ravaged regions

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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    TN declares Heatwaves a State-specific Disaster

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Heatwaves, State-specific Disasters

    Why in the News?

    • The Tamil Nadu government has officially declared heatwaves a State-specific disaster.
      • It announced an ex-gratia payment of ₹4 lakh for families of individuals who die from heat-related causes, including those involved in relief operations.

    Key Details of the Declaration

    • Purpose: This declaration allows the government to provide immediate relief to those affected by extreme heat, especially during the severe temperatures of April and May 2024.
    • Funding: Relief efforts will be supported by the State Disaster Response Fund.
    • Other State-specific disasters in TN: Sea erosion, lightning, thunder, whirlwinds, and gale winds as State-specific disasters to ensure relief assistance for those impacted by these events.

    Note: 

    • Kerala in March this year, declared man-animal conflict as a state-specific disaster, becoming the first state in the country to do so.
    • Once an issue is declared a state-specific disaster, the onus to deal with it shifts to the state disaster management authority, which, powered by the Disaster Management Act, can take quicker and more decisive action.
    • Also, district collectors can directly intervene in their capacity as the chairman of the district disaster body.

     

    heatwave

    About Heatwaves:

    Details
    Definition A heatwave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, relative to the usual climate of a region.
    Occurrence Typically occurs in India between March and June.
    Declaration by IMD
    • Plains: The maximum temperature is at least 45°C
    • Hills: The maximum temperature is at least 30°C
    • Coastal regions: The maximum temperature is at least 37°C and the departure from normal is at least 4.5°C
    Formation • High-Pressure Systems: Develop when high pressure settles over a region for days or weeks.
    • Air Sinking: Forces air to sink, warming and drying it.
    • Increased Radiation: Fewer clouds lead to higher surface temperatures.
    • Surface Winds: Warm air from lower latitudes or continental winds intensify heat.
    Criteria for Declaring a Heatwave At least two stations in a meteorological subdivision must meet one of the following criteria for two consecutive days (declared on the second day):
    Based on Departure from Normal:
    – Heat Wave: Temperature departure of 4.5°C to 6.4°C above normal.
    – Severe Heat Wave: Temperature departure of >6.4°C above normal.
    Based on Actual Maximum Temperature (plains only):
    – Heat Wave: Maximum temperature reaches 45°C or higher.
    – Severe Heat Wave: Maximum temperature reaches 47°C or higher.
    Duration Typically lasts a minimum of four days but can extend to seven or ten days.
    Longest Recorded Spell: May 2015, lasting from 18 to 31 May.
    Impact of Heatwaves • Heat Strokes: Increased risk, especially for the elderly and those with chronic illnesses.
    • Increased Healthcare Costs: Higher hospital visits and death rates from related illnesses.
    • Reduced Productivity: Extreme heat affects the output of over 1 billion workers.
    • Risk of Wildfires: Heat domes can lead to wildfires.
    • Effect on Vegetation: Prolonged heat damages crops and leads to droughts.
    • Increased Energy Demands: Higher electricity usage for cooling, driving up rates.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world.

    [2013] The annual range of temperature in the interior of the continents is high as compared to coastal areas. What is / are the reason / reasons?

    1. Thermal difference between land and water

    2. Variation in altitude between continents and oceans

    3. Presence of strong winds in the interior

    4. Heavy rains in the interior as compared to coasts

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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