Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women, Business and Law Index
Mains level: NA
In the news
- India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index saw a significant improvement, climbing to 113 out of 190 countries in the latest edition of the report.
- It is intriguing to know that none of the countries globally achieved a full score in the new index, indicating pervasive gender disparities in legal rights worldwide.
About Women, Business and Law Index
- The Women, Business and Law Index is a World Bank initiative aimed at measuring how laws and regulations impact women’s economic opportunity.
- The index provides objective and measurable benchmarks for evaluating global progress towards legal gender equality.
- Range from 0 to 100, where 100 denotes equal legal rights for men and women.
- The report assesses eight critical areas: mobility, workplace, pay, marriage, parenthood, entrepreneurship, assets, and pension.
- The 2024 edition marks the 10th iteration of the report.
India’s Performance
- Legal Rights Gap: Indian women now enjoy 60% of the legal rights granted to men, slightly below the global average of 64.2%.
- Regional Comparison: India outperformed its South Asian counterparts, where women typically have access to only 45.9% of the legal protections compared to men.
- Supportive Frameworks: India’s performance in establishing supportive frameworks fell short, with only 54.2% of the necessary frameworks in place.
- Policy Efforts: India aims to increase female labour force participation, which stood at 37% in 2022-23, significantly lower than many advanced economies.
- OECD Comparison: The female labour force participation rate in OECD countries exceeded 50% in 2022, highlighting the gap India seeks to bridge.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:
‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organisation?
(a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)
(b) World Economic Forum
(c) World Bank
(d) World trade Organization (WTO)
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS Jatayu, Eight Degree Channel
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The Naval Detachment Minicoy will transition into INS Jatayu, an upgraded naval base, symbolizing India’s commitment to bolstering security infrastructure in the strategic Lakshadweep Islands.
- This development underscores the Indian Navy’s strategic imperative to fortify its presence in the region.
About INS Jatayu
- Upgrade to Naval Base: INS Jatayu will be elevated to a fully-fledged naval base, equipped with essential infrastructure such as an airfield and housing facilities.
- Strategic Location: Situated amidst vital Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs), the Lakshadweep Islands hold immense strategic importance, serving as a gateway to the Indian Ocean.
- Enhanced Operational Capability: The transformation of Naval Detachment Minicoy into INS Jatayu signifies a significant augmentation of the Navy’s operational capabilities in the region.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: Against the backdrop of evolving geopolitical dynamics, particularly China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean Region, the establishment of INS Jatayu assumes greater significance.
A Strategic Asset: Lakshadweep Archipelago
- Geographical Context: Lakshadweep, comprising 36 islands, lies strategically between the Indian mainland and the Maldives, serving as a vital link in India’s maritime security architecture.
- Maritime Highways: Minicoy, in particular, is strategically positioned along key maritime highways, including the Eight Degree Channel and the Nine Degree Channel.
Future Prospects and Challenges
- Operational Implications: The establishment of INS Jatayu will bolster the Navy’s operational reach and responsiveness, enabling effective anti-piracy and anti-narcotics operations in the western Arabian Sea.
- Ecological Considerations: The fragile ecology of the island poses challenges for infrastructure development, necessitating meticulous planning and environmental clearances.
- Operational Expansion: The proposed airfield at INS Jatayu will facilitate operations for various aircraft, bolstering the Navy’s surveillance capabilities and extending its operational reach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ADITI Scheme, iDEX
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The recently launched ADITI scheme by the Union Minister of Defence marks a new era in promoting innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
About ADITI Scheme
- Scheme Objective: Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) is aimed at fostering innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
- Development Goals: The scheme targets the development of approximately 30 deep-tech critical and strategic technologies within the proposed timeframe.
- Eligibility Criteria: Start-ups can avail grant-in-aid of up to Rs 25 crore for their research, development, and innovation efforts in defence technology.
- Budget Allocation: ADITI is backed by a budget of Rs 750 crore spanning from 2023-24 to 2025-26.
- Framework: It operates within the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) framework under the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence.
Features of the Scheme
- Bridge-building Initiative: ADITI aims to establish a ‘Technology Watch Tool’ to bridge the gap between the modern Armed Forces’ expectations and requirements and the capabilities of the defence innovation ecosystem.
- Incentives for Innovators: iDEX has been expanded to iDEX Prime, offering increased assistance from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore, motivating young innovators to participate.
- National Transformation: Initiatives like ADITI, iDEX, and iDEX Prime are instrumental in propelling India towards becoming a knowledge society.
- Youth Empowerment: The scheme aims to nurture youth innovation, propelling the country forward in the realm of technology.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cavum, Altocumulus Clouds
Mains level: Not Much
In the news
- Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shared mesmerizing images of Cavum clouds, also known as “hole-punch clouds” or “fallstreak holes,” as observed from space.
What are Cavum Clouds?
- Formation Process: Cavum clouds are formed when airplanes traverse through layers of altocumulus clouds, which are mid-level clouds containing supercooled water droplets (water below freezing temperature but still in liquid form).
- Adiabatic Expansion: As the aircraft moves through, a phenomenon called adiabatic expansion can occur, causing the water droplets to freeze into ice crystals.
- Creation of Holes: These ice crystals eventually become too heavy and fall out of the cloud layer, resulting in the formation of a hole in the clouds.
- Steep Angle Formation: Cavum clouds are typically formed when planes pass through at a relatively steep angle.
About Altocumulus Clouds
|
Details |
| Appearance |
Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds characterized by white or gray patches or layers. |
| Formation |
They form between 2,000 to 7,000 meters (6,500 to 23,000 feet) above sea level. |
| Composition |
Composed of water droplets and occasionally ice crystals. |
| Shape |
Usually appear as rounded masses or rolls. |
| Weather Patterns |
Often indicate fair weather, but can also precede thunderstorms or cold fronts. |
| Optical Effects |
They can create a halo effect around the sun or moon when thin enough. |
| Classification |
Altocumulus clouds are classified as “middle-level clouds” (based on their altitude in the atmosphere). |
| Associated Types |
Altocumulus castellanus: Towering altocumulus clouds indicating instability and potential storminess. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tags, Products mentioned
Mains level: NA
In the news
- In the past week, many Geographical Indications (GI) Tags were awarded across the states of India.
About GI Tag
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
Recently Awarded GI Tags
[1] Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft:
|
Details |
| Technique |
Handcrafted crochet lace-making using fine threads |
| Design |
Intricate patterns and motifs inspired by nature and traditional motifs |
| Uniqueness |
Known for delicate and intricate designs, used in sarees, dress materials, and home decor |
| Economic Impact |
Provides livelihood to local artisans, enhances market value, protects against imitation |
| Recognition |
GI tag promotes cultural heritage, supports economic empowerment of artisans |
[2] Mukha Shilpa of Majuli:
|
Details |
| Origin |
Majuli, Assam, the world’s largest river island |
| Artform |
Traditional mask-making, also known as Mukha Shilpa |
| Material |
Made from eco-friendly materials like bamboo, clay, and cloth |
| Uniqueness |
Masks depict mythological characters, deities, and animals, preserving Assamese culture |
| Cultural Significance |
Used in traditional Sattriya dance forms, rituals, and festivals |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag promotes tourism, empowers local artisans, supports conservation efforts |
| Conservation Efforts |
Recognition boosts efforts to preserve and promote this ancient art form |
[3] Traditional Tribal Attire ‘Risa’:
|
Details |
| Origin |
Tripura, northeastern state known for rich tribal culture |
| Attire |
Traditional attire worn by Tripuri tribal women |
| Fabric |
Handwoven cotton fabric with vibrant colors and intricate designs |
| Uniqueness |
Unique weaving techniques and motifs representing tribal identity |
| Cultural Heritage |
Integral part of Tripuri culture, worn during festivals and ceremonies |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag enhances market visibility, supports livelihoods of weavers |
| Preservation Efforts |
Recognition promotes preservation and revival of traditional weaving techniques |
[4] Riyawan Garlic (Madhya Pradesh):
|
Details |
| Origin |
Riyawan village in Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh |
| Variety |
Special type of garlic known for unique taste, aroma, and medicinal properties |
| Cultivation |
Grown organically in fertile soil and favorable climate |
| Uniqueness |
Distinct flavor and pungency, popular in culinary uses and Ayurvedic medicine |
| Health Benefits |
Rich in antioxidants, believed to have medicinal properties for various ailments |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag boosts local agriculture, provides economic opportunities to farmers |
| Quality Assurance |
Recognition ensures authenticity and quality, protects against imitation |
[5] ‘Chandi Tarakasi’ or Silver Filigree:
|
Details |
| Origin |
Cuttack, Odisha, renowned for centuries-old silver filigree craftsmanship |
| Craftsmanship |
Intricate art of twisting and curling thin silver wires to create delicate patterns and designs |
| Utility |
Used in jewelry, utensils, decorative items, and souvenirs |
| Uniqueness |
Unique designs reflecting Odia culture and heritage, passed down through generations |
| Artistic Value |
Prized for craftsmanship and artistic appeal |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag enhances market value, supports local artisans, promotes preservation of cultural heritage |
| Cultural Heritage |
Recognition promotes preservation and continuation of traditional art form |
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:
Q.India enacted The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in order to comply with the obligations to-
(a) ILO
(b) IMF
(c) UNCTAD
(d) WTO
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shanan Hydropower Project , Its Location
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- A longstanding dispute between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh over the ownership of the Shanan hydropower project has escalated, leading to legal intervention by both parties.
- As the 99-year-old lease of the project expired on March 2, the Centre has issued orders to maintain status quo until a final decision is reached.
Shanan Hydropower Project and the Dispute
- Location: It is located on the Uhl River, a tributary of the Beas River, in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India.
- British-era Lease: The 110-MW Shanan hydel project was leased to Punjab in 1925 by the then-ruler of Mandi, Raja Joginder Bahadur, under a 99-year lease agreement.
- Competing Claims: Himachal Pradesh contends that the project should revert to its control upon the expiry of the lease, citing historical and legal grounds for its claim.
- Economic Significance: The project has significant economic implications for both states, contributing to their power generation capacities and regional development.
Punjab’s Claims over the Project
- Historical Ownership: The project historically supplied power to undivided Punjab and Delhi before Independence, and it was allocated to Punjab during the reorganization of states in 1966.
- Legal Basis: Punjab asserts its legal control over the project under the provisions of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, reinforced by a central notification issued in 1967.
- Utilization of Resources: Punjab argues that it has invested in the maintenance and operation of the project, making it a vital component of its energy infrastructure.
Legal Proceedings and Centre’s Intervention
- Supreme Court Petition: Punjab has filed a suit in the Supreme Court, seeking a permanent injunction against Himachal Pradesh from disturbing its lawful possession of the project.
- Interim Status Quo Order: The Centre, invoking its powers under relevant laws, has ordered the status quo on the project’s functioning until a final decision is made, emphasizing the public interest in maintaining stability.
- Legal Interpretation: The interpretation of historical agreements and legislative acts will be pivotal in determining the rightful ownership of the project.
Implications and Future Course of Action
- Interim Measure: The Centre’s order is an interim measure to prevent disruption in the functioning of the Shanan Power House until the dispute is resolved.
- Legal Framework: Both parties are expected to proceed further within the legal framework to settle the dispute, ensuring adherence to due process and fairness.
- Regional Cooperation: A collaborative approach between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, facilitated by federal authorities, could lead to a mutually beneficial resolution and promote inter-state harmony.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gangetic Dolphin, Project Dolphin
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The inauguration of the National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) in Patna marks a significant step towards the conservation of the Gangetic Dolphin.
- The NDRC aims to facilitate in-depth studies on various aspects of Gangetic dolphins, including behavior, survival skills, food habits, and mortality factors.
- Led by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, this pioneering institute promises to advance scientific understanding and foster conservation efforts for this iconic species.
Key Facts about Gangetic Dolphin
|
Details |
| Discovery |
Platanista gangetica also known as the “Tiger of the Ganges,” was officially discovered in 1801. |
| Habitat |
Historically distributed in major river systems of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, including the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu. |
| Features |
- Essentially blind, hunts by emitting ultrasonic sounds.
- Frequently found alone or in small groups, usually with a calf.
- Females larger, give birth once every 2-3 years.
|
| Importance |
- Indicator of river ecosystem health.
- Designated National Aquatic Animal (2009) and State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
|
| Major Threats |
- Unintentional killing in fishing gear.
- Poaching for dolphin oil.
- Habitat destruction due to development and pollution.
|
| Protection Status |
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- CMS: Appendix I
- Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I
|
| Government Initiatives |
|
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:
Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Venice Biennale
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Venice Biennale, revered as “the Olympics of the art world,” is set to unveil its 60th edition on April 20.
- Under the theme “Stranieri Ovunque” or “Foreigners Everywhere,” curated by Adriano Pedrosa, the exhibition will feature 333 artists from around the world.
What is the Venice Biennale?
- Inception: Proposed by Venice’s city government in 1893, the Biennale aimed to commemorate the silver jubilee of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Italy.
- Early Exhibitions: The inaugural exhibition in 1895 attracted over two lakh visitors, showcasing works by foreign and Italian artists without specific thematic constraints.
Structure of the Venice Biennale
- Central Pavilion: Serving as the focal point, the central pavilion hosts the main exhibition curated by the appointed curator, highlighting selected artworks.
- National Pavilions: Representing individual countries, these pavilions feature curated exhibitions managed by respective ministries of culture, with India having participated officially since 1954.
- Collateral Events: Independent exhibitions and events across Venice complement the Biennale, enriching the cultural landscape.
India’s Journey at the Venice Biennale
- Debut in 1954: India made its inaugural appearance with an exhibition organized by the Embassy of India in Rome, featuring eminent artists like M F Husain and Amrita Sher-Gil.
- Subsequent Engagements: Indian artists have participated in various editions, with official pavilions organized in 2011 and 2019, showcasing diverse artistic expressions.
- Continued Representation: In 2024, Indian artists will feature prominently in the central exhibition, alongside the Aravani Art Project, symbolizing India’s enduring presence on the global art stage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chakshu Platform purpose
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) introduced Chakshu, a new platform aimed at enabling telecom users to report fraud or spam callers.
Chakshu Platform
- Chakshu (meaning eyes), accessible at sancharsaathi.gov.in/sfc, empowers citizens to proactively report suspicious communications, as announced by the DoT.
- The government will collaborate with private firms like Truecaller to improve the functionality of the platform.
- The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is also working on building an app for the ‘Chakshu’ platform.
Features of the platform
- Reporting Options: Users can report various types of frauds, including those related to bank accounts, payment wallets, SIM cards, gas and electricity connections, KYC updates, impersonation, and sextortion.
- Enhanced Reporting Mechanism: Chakshu offers a comprehensive mechanism for reporting fraudulent activities, ensuring that telecom users can address a wide range of concerns.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Kashmir’s Hangul, a shy and endangered species of deer, has exhibited a robust breeding season, suggesting a hopeful future for its population in the Dachigam National Park.
- The Hanguls population could surpass 300 this spring, marking the first time in over 30 years.
About Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
|
Details |
| Scientific Name |
Cervus hanglu |
| Habitat |
Dense riverine forests in high valleys and mountains of Jammu and Kashmir, northern Himachal Pradesh |
| Geographic Range |
Endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas |
| Distribution |
- Primarily found in Dachigam National Park;
- Small population in Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary
|
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN: Critically Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest level of protection)
|
Threats to Hanguls
- Predator Concerns: Hangul faces threats from predators like leopards and Asiatic Black Bears, necessitating further research and monitoring.
- Environmental Challenges: Drying drainages and snowless glacial areas in Dachigam raise concerns about habitat sustainability, highlighting the impact of climate change.
About Dachigam National Park
- DNP boasts diverse flora and fauna, encompassing deep valleys, rocky outcrops, wooded slopes, and alpine pastures.
- Spanning altitudes from 1600 m to 4200 m above sea level, the park is divided into upper and lower regions, each harboring unique ecosystems.
- The park is home to a plethora of plant species, including wild cherry, pear, plum, walnut, oak, pine, and elm, fostering a biodiverse ecosystem.
- Apart from hangul, the park supports a variety of wildlife, including musk deer, brown bears, leopards, Himalayan black bears, jungle cats, and species of wild goats like markhor and ibex.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NUCFDC, Urban Cooperative Banks and their regulations, NBFCs
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation officially inaugurated the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC), marking a significant milestone in the development of urban cooperative banking.
About NUCFDC
- Regulatory Approval: NUCFDC has obtained approval from the RBI, authorizing it to function as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) and serve as the apex body for the urban cooperative banking sector.
- Self-Regulatory Status: Additionally, NUCFDC has been granted the status of a Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for the sector, empowering it to oversee and regulate various aspects of urban cooperative banking operations.
- Capital Enhancement: NUCFDC aims to augment its capital base, with ambitions to achieve a capitalization level of Rs. 300 crores, facilitating its mission to support and strengthen Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).
Functions of NUCFDC
- Utilization of Funds: The organization intends to deploy its capital resources towards bolstering the financial capabilities of UCBs, including the development of a shared technology infrastructure to enhance service delivery and reduce operational costs.
- Comprehensive Support: Apart from providing financial liquidity and capital assistance, NUCFDC will establish a collaborative technology platform accessible to all UCBs, enabling them to expand their service offerings efficiently and affordably.
- Advisory Services: NUCFDC will also extend advisory and consultancy services to UCBs, assisting them in areas such as fund management, regulatory compliance, and strategic planning.
About Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)
- Origins: UCBs trace their roots to cooperative credit societies, offering financial services to members within specific community groups.
- Regulations: Regulated by the RBI under the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, UCBs adhere to stringent prudential norms and guidelines to ensure financial stability.
- Operational Classification: UCBs are categorized into urban and rural cooperative banks based on their geographic scope. They operate under the governance of State Registrars of Cooperative Societies (RCS) or the Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS) and the RBI.
- Historical Evolution: The journey of UCBs dates back to the establishment of the first Cooperative Credit Society of Haryana in 1904, evolving over time with regulatory amendments and institutional reforms.
Reforming the UCBs
- Narasimham Committee Report (1998): It suggest subsequent regulatory interventions aimed at enhancing the governance, capitalization, and operational efficiency of UCBs.
- Structural Recommendations Committee (2021): The formation of a 4-tier structure for UCBs, proposed by a committee appointed by the RBI in 2021, seeks to streamline their operations and ensure effective regulatory oversight based on deposit size tiers:
- Tier 1 with all unit UCBs and salary earner’s UCBs (irrespective of deposit size) and all other UCBs having deposits up to Rs 100 crore.
- Tier 2 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 100 crore and Rs 1,000 crore,
- Tier 3 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 1,000 crore and Rs 10,000 crore, and
- Tier 4 with UCBs of deposits more than Rs 10,000 crore.
Challenges Faced by UCBs
- Capital Constraints: UCBs encounter limitations in capital mobilization due to regulatory restrictions on dividend payouts and limited avenues for raising external funds.
- Diversification Hurdles: The lack of operational diversification and dependence on member contributions for capital infusion pose challenges to UCBs’ financial resilience and expansion prospects.
- Funding Alternatives: Access to alternative funding sources remains constrained for UCBs, necessitating innovative approaches to address liquidity requirements.
- Profit Distribution Dynamics: Incentives for profit distribution are subdued in UCBs, impacting their attractiveness to investors and hindering their growth trajectory.
- Solvency Pressures: Expansion initiatives and acquisitions can strain UCBs’ solvency and liquidity positions, necessitating prudent risk management practices and strategic planning.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2021:
With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements:
- They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments.
- They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
- They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project, Godavari River
Mains level: Issue of Dam Safety in India
In the news
- The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been under scrutiny following concerns over the sinking of piers at the Medigadda barrage.
- To address these issues, National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) will conduct a thorough examination of the project.
What is Kaleshwaram Project?
|
Details |
| Location |
Kaleshwaram village, Telangana, India
Earlier called as Pranahita-Chevella Lift Irrigation Project |
| Confluence Point |
Pranhita-Godavari River confluence |
| Project Size |
Claimed to be the world’s largest multi-stage and multi-purpose lift irrigation project |
| Key Features |
Series of underground and surface water pumping stations, stretching over 300 km |
| Purpose |
Supply water to 45 lakh acres in Telangana |
| Commencement |
Started in 2016, utilizing approximately 283 TMC of water from the Godavari River |
| Components |
Divided into 7 links and 28 packages through 13 districts
Aims to source a total of 240 TMC of water
Construction of barrage at Medigadda, with water reverse-pumped into the Godavari River |
| Major Pumping Facilities |
Ramadugu (largest), Medaram, Annaram, and Sundilla |
About Godavari River
- The Godavari River, also known as Dakshin Ganga, is the largest peninsular river system in the region.
- Its basin is bordered by the Satmala hills to the north, the Ajanta range and Mahadeo hills to the south, the Eastern Ghats to the east, and the Western Ghats to the west.
- Originating from Trimbakeshwar near Nasik in Maharashtra, the Godavari River flows for approximately 1465 km before reaching the Bay of Bengal.
- The Godavari basin spans across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, with smaller portions in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and the UT of Puducherry.
- Right bank tributaries include the Pravara, Manjira, and Maner.
- Left bank tributaries comprise the Purna, Pranhita, Indravati, and Sabari rivers.
|
About National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): Ensuring Dam Safety in India
The NDSA plays a crucial role in maintaining the safety standards of dams across the country.
- Constitutional Basis: Although water management falls under the State List, the Union government has the authority to enact laws related to dam safety under Article 246 of the Constitution. (Parliament holds the power to make laws for any part of India not included within a State, irrespective of whether the subject falls under the State List.)
- Dam Safety Act, 2021: Parliament has passed the Dam Safety Act to establish an institutional mechanism for ensuring dam safety in India.
Objectives and Functions
- Institutional Mechanism: The NDSA is tasked with maintaining standards for dam safety, preventing dam-related disasters, and addressing interstate concerns regarding dams.
- Leadership Structure: The authority is headed by a chairman and supported by five members with expertise in various domains, including policy and research, technical aspects, regulation, disaster management, resilience, and administration and finance.
- Surveillance and Inspection: Special provisions are in place for the surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of all large dams in the country to prevent dam failure-related disasters.
- Penal Provisions: The Dam Safety Act includes penal provisions and a list of offenses along with corresponding penalties to ensure compliance.
Organizational Setup
- Headquarters: The headquarters of the NDSA is located in the National Capital Region (NCR).
- Regional Offices: The authority is supported by four regional offices strategically positioned across the country to facilitate efficient oversight and management of dam safety.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following rivers:
- Vamsadhara
- Indravati
- Pranahita
- Pennar
Which of the rivers given above are the tributaries of Godavari?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 2 and 3 only
Post your responses here.
Also Read:
[Sansad TV] Perspective: Concerns over Dam Safety
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Applications of AI
Mains level: River Inter-Linking
In the news
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal tool in addressing various challenges, including India’s pressing water crisis.
- While the public’s perception of AI remains mixed, its potential to revolutionize water management cannot be overstated.
River Inter-Linking
- Background: As India grapples with the challenges of climate change and unpredictable weather patterns, the need to mitigate water deficits has become a critical priority for policymakers. One proposed solution is the ambitious river-linking project, aimed at connecting flood-prone rivers with those facing water deficits.
- Objective: The goal of the river-linking initiative is to optimize water distribution across regions, ensuring maximum benefits for the most people while minimizing environmental impact and resource depletion.
Assessing River Inter-Linking using AI
- Computational Modeling: Researchers from institutions such as IIT-ISM, Dhanbad, and NITs in Tripura and Goa have leveraged AI tools to develop computational models for analyzing the proposed Pennar-Palar-Cauvery link canal.
- Multi-Objective Optimization: The AI models employ a multi-objective approach, aiming to achieve multiple objectives simultaneously. For example, optimizing crop yield while minimizing water usage and environmental impact.
- Data Utilization: These models utilize extensive datasets, including water level measurements, crop-sowing patterns, and economic factors such as minimum support price and cost-benefit analysis for farmers.
- Predictive Analysis: By analyzing historical data and making predictions based on AI algorithms, researchers can identify optimal strategies for crop selection and water management, ultimately maximizing agricultural productivity while conserving water resources.
Key Findings and Recommendations
- Optimizing Farm Returns: The AI-based models suggest that by making adjustments to crop selection and water management practices, it is possible to improve farm returns without depleting groundwater or wasting water resources.
- Need for Detailed Data: Collecting more detailed and accurate data will enhance the effectiveness of AI-based models, enabling more focused and accurate predictions for optimizing water usage and agricultural productivity.
Way Forward
- Improved Data Collection: Enhanced data collection efforts will further refine AI-based predictions, enabling more precise and focused solutions to water management challenges.
- Collaborative Efforts: Collaboration between academia, government agencies, and technology experts is crucial in harnessing AI’s full potential for sustainable water management.
- Public Awareness: Educating the public about the benefits of AI-driven water management solutions can garner support and facilitate implementation at scale.
Conclusion
- The integration of AI into the river-linking initiative holds immense potential for addressing water scarcity challenges in India.
- By harnessing the power of AI-driven predictive modelling, policymakers can make informed decisions to optimize water distribution, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources.
- As India’s development journey progresses, leveraging AI technologies will be instrumental in achieving sustainable water management practices and ensuring water security for future generations.
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[Burning Issue] Interlinking of Rivers in India
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lahore Resolution (1940)
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Pakistan’s decision to resume its National Day (March 23) celebrations in New Delhi after a four-year gap due to the pandemic and strained bilateral relations reflects a significant diplomatic gesture.
- Let’s delve into the historical significance of Pakistan National Day, centered around the Lahore Resolution, and understand how it is observed in New Delhi.
Observance of Pakistan National Day in New Delhi
- Diplomatic Event: The Pakistan National Day is observed at the Pakistan embassy complex in New Delhi, typically attended by foreign diplomats and Indian dignitaries.
- Symbolic Gestures: The event features the playing of national anthems of both countries and addresses by the Pakistan high commissioner and invited guests, fostering diplomatic ties.
About the Lahore Resolution (1940)
- Historical Context: The Lahore Resolution was adopted by the All-India Muslim League during its session in Lahore from March 22 to March 24, 1940.
- Core Objective: It formally called for an independent state for India’s Muslims, laying the groundwork for the creation of Pakistan.
- Constitutional Transformation (1956): Pakistan officially adopted its first Constitution on March 23, coinciding with the Lahore Resolution, signifying the transition from the Dominion of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
- Symbolic Structure: The Minar-e-Pakistan, erected at the site of the Lahore Resolution, commemorates this historic event, with the resolution’s text inscribed at its base.
Key Elements of the Lahore Resolution
- Geographical Division: The resolution emphasized the formation of “Independent States” in regions where Muslims were in a majority, particularly in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India.
- Safeguarding Minority Rights: It called for the protection of religious, cultural, economic, and political rights of Muslims and other minorities throughout India.
Historical Context and Lead-up to the Lahore Resolution
- Growing Dissent: The resolution reflected the culmination of growing demands for Muslim autonomy within India, amid concerns over representation and safeguarding of rights.
- Impactful Events: The session coincided with the Khaksar tragedy and featured a pivotal address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, solidifying his leadership role in the movement for a separate Muslim state.
- Government of India Act, 1935: The Lahore Resolution emerged against the backdrop of the GoI Act, 1935, which granted separate electorates to Muslims and served as a catalyst for the demand for Muslim autonomy.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Q.The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very important in history, because-
- The Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence
- The rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that Session
- A resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that Session
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None of the above
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Sub-nationalism, Statehood issues among Tribals
In the news
- A Tripartite agreement was signed between the Government of India, the government of Tripura, and the Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance (TIPRA).
- This marks a significant step towards addressing the longstanding issues faced by the indigenous population of Tripura.
Ethno-Political Demands in Tripura: Historical Context
- Demographic Shifts: Tripura has witnessed significant demographic changes, with indigenous tribes facing marginalization due to influxes of refugees from East Pakistan.
- Marginalization of the Locals: This demographic shift has eroded the indigenous population’s socio-political influence and land rights over time.
- Ethnic Tensions: Ethnic conflicts and insurgency have further exacerbated tensions between indigenous tribes and non-tribal communities, leading to demands for greater autonomy and recognition of tribal rights.
- Revival of Ethnic Nationalism: In recent years, ethnic nationalism has been resurgent, particularly through the demand of Greater Tipraland, which seeks to unite indigenous tribes under a common identity and advocate for their collective interests.
Demand for Greater Tipraland
- Enhanced Autonomy: The core objective of Greater Tipraland is to secure greater autonomy for indigenous tribes within Tripura, allowing them to govern their affairs and preserve their cultural heritage.
- Recognition of Tribal Rights: TIPRA’s demands include linguistic recognition, economic empowerment, and political representation for indigenous communities, ensuring their rights are safeguarded and respected.
- Geographical Extent: The proposed Greater Tipraland encompasses not only the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) but also extends to tribal populations residing outside designated tribal areas, including those in neighboring states and Bangladesh.
Constitutional Framework for Such Demands
- Constitutional Provisions: Articles 2 and 3 of the Indian Constitution provide the legal framework for the creation of new states and the alteration of state boundaries. TIPRA seeks to leverage these provisions to advocate for the establishment of Greater Tipraland.
- Regional Representation: Through political advocacy and grassroots mobilization, TIPRA aims to garner support for its demands within the legislative and executive branches of government, both at the state and national levels.
- Challenges and Opportunities: While constitutional avenues exist for pursuing Greater Tipraland, navigating political complexities and addressing competing interests pose significant challenges. However, TIPRA sees these challenges as opportunities to engage in dialogue and build consensus around its agenda.
Socio-Political Dynamics
- Coalition Building: TIPRA’s emergence as a major political force has reshaped Tripura’s political landscape, with alliances and partnerships forming to advance shared objectives, including the pursuit of Greater Tipraland.
- Opposition Criticism: Opposition parties, such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist), have criticized TIPRA’s demands as politically motivated, highlighting broader ideological divisions and electoral dynamics.
- Public Support: TIPRA’s demands have garnered widespread public support, particularly among indigenous communities, who see Greater Tipraland as a pathway to empowerment and self-determination.
Conclusion
- The demand for Greater Tipraland encapsulates the aspirations of Tripura’s indigenous tribes for self-governance, cultural preservation, and socio-economic empowerment.
- While challenges remain, the pursuit reflects a broader movement towards inclusive governance and recognition of indigenous rights in India’s northeastern region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Grey Zone Warfare
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- In contemporary international relations, the concept of grey zone warfare has gained prominence, reflecting a complex space between overt conflict and peace.
- This nuanced form of warfare encompasses a spectrum of activities aimed at advancing national objectives while avoiding direct confrontation.
What is Grey Zone Warfare?
- Middle Ground: Grey zone warfare denotes an ambiguous space where activities blur the distinction between peace and war.
- Diverse Tactics: It encompasses a wide array of activities, including economic coercion, cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, proxy warfare, and territorial assertiveness, among others.
Historical Context and Rationale
- Cold War Legacy: The conditions of the Cold War era, marked by nuclear deterrence between superpowers, spurred the adoption of grey zone tactics to avoid catastrophic escalation.
- Resourceful Adversaries: Nations resort to grey zone tactics to advance their interests without triggering a full-scale conflict, particularly when faced with superior adversaries.
- Examples of Grey Zone Warfare:
- South China Sea Disputes: China’s assertive actions in the South China Sea, including maritime militia presence and territorial claims, exemplify grey zone warfare. Confrontations with countries like the Philippines underscore the contentious nature of these tactics.
- Taiwan Strait Tensions: Chinese military maneuvers near Taiwan and Taiwan’s complaints of increased Chinese military activity highlight the use of grey zone strategies to pressure without provoking outright conflict.
- US-China Economic Rivalry: Economic sanctions, trade tariffs, and maritime reconnaissance efforts by the United States against China illustrate grey zone competition beyond military realms.
Motivations and Objectives
- Covert Intentions: Grey zone tactics serve to advance strategic interests while maintaining plausible deniability and avoiding direct confrontation.
- Escalation Management: Adversaries seek to exploit vulnerabilities and escalate tensions across multiple dimensions, complicating crisis management efforts.
Challenges and Responses
- Complexity of Response: Grey zone warfare poses challenges in crafting appropriate responses, as actions are often covert and multifaceted.
- Risk of Over-Escalation: Tactics such as baiting adversaries into escalation can lead to unintended consequences and heightened tensions, necessitating cautious crisis management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalbeliya Dance
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recently performers from Rajasthan showcased the Kalbeliya dance in Hyderabad.
What is Kalbeliya Dance?
- Kalbeliya Dance is a traditional Indian dance form that originated in the state of Rajasthan.
- It is a vibrant, energetic dance that is performed by members of the Kalbeliya, a nomadic tribe of snake charmers in Rajasthan.
- It is a highly sensuous dance, with the dancers performing intricate footwork and swaying movements of their arms and body.
- In 2010, the Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan were declared a part of its Intangible Heritage List by UNESCO.
Performance Details
- The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and twirl, replicating the movements of a serpent.
- They wear an upper body cloth called an angrakhi and a headcloth known as the odhani; the lower body cloth is called a lehenga.
- All these clothes are of mixed red and black hues and embroidered.
- The male participants play musical instruments, such as the ‘pungi’, the dufli, been, the khanjari – a percussion instrument, morchang, khuralio and the dholak to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform.
- The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewellery and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver threads.
- As the performance progresses, the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so dances.
Features of the Kalbeliya Dance
- Rapid footwork: The fast, intricate footwork of the Kalbeliya dance is the highlight of this folk dance. The dancers move their feet in quick, sharp movements that form intricate patterns on the floor.
- Swirling skirts: The colorful skirts of the female dancers swirl gracefully as they move, adding to the beauty of the dance.
- Hand and arm movements: The dancers use their hands and arms to create graceful, fluid movements that are integral to the dance.
- Singing: Kalbeliya dancers often sing along to the music as they dance, adding to the atmosphere of the performance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Defamation, Free Speech
Mains level: Defamation in the Digital Realm, Tweets, Videos
In the news
Try this question from CS Mains 2014:
What do understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. |
What is the Right to Free Speech?
- Freedom: Article 19(1) (a) guarantees the freedom of speech and expression to all citizens. It is the first condition of liberty and plays an important role in forming public opinion.
- Restrictions: As per Article 19(2), restrictions can be imposed upon the freedom of speech and expression in the interests of:
- Sovereignty and integrity of India,
- Security of the state,
- Friendly relations with foreign states,
- Public order, decency or morality, or
- In relation to contempt of court,
- Defamation, or
- Incitement to an offense
- Online Discourse: The proliferation of social media platforms necessitates a nuanced understanding of free speech rights in the digital realm, balancing individual liberties with societal interests.
- Immunity for Politicians: For politicians, while they enjoy the right to free speech, they are also subject to certain limitations. Criticism of the government or its policies is generally allowed as long as it does not incite violence or hatred.
Legal Conundrum over Digital Defamation
- Background: Kejriwal faced defamation charges for retweeting a video by a YouTuber Dhruv Rathee, alleging defamatory statements against the BJP’s IT cell.
- Legal Proceedings: The Delhi High Court upheld the summons issued to Kejriwal, citing the widespread impact of retweets by public figures.
- Constitutional Considerations: The right to free speech, protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, is subject to reasonable restrictions, including defamation laws under Article 19(2).
- Retweeting vs. Endorsement: The court’s intervention underscores the distinction between retweeting and endorsing content. While retweeting may not always signify endorsement, public figures are held to a higher standard of responsibility for their online actions.
- Defamation Laws: Indian law, as delineated in Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code, criminalizes statements intended to harm an individual’s reputation. However, applying these laws to online communication poses unique challenges.
Legal Precedents and Interpretations
- Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015): Section 66A of The IT Act, 2000, had criminalised sending “offensive messages” utilizing “a computer resource or a communication device”. This provision was quashed by the SC given the ambiguity in the definition of the term “offensive”.
- Subramanian Swamy vs. Union of India (2016): The Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of criminal defamation laws, balancing the right to reputation with freedom of expression.
- Kaushal Kishore vs. Union of India (2017): The Court clarified that additional restrictions on free speech must align with Article 19(2) and cannot be arbitrarily imposed.
Implications for Online Discourse
- Scope of Defamation: Online retweets amplify the dissemination of allegedly defamatory content, raising questions about liability and accountability.
- Responsibility of Public Figures: Public figures like Kejriwal face heightened scrutiny for their online activities, given their influence and reach on social media platforms.
Conclusion
- This defamation case underscores the evolving dynamics of communication in the digital age.
- As online discourse continues to shape public opinion, striking a balance between freedom of expression and legal safeguards against defamation remains a pressing challenge.
- The Supreme Court’s intervention provides an opportunity to reassess existing laws and norms governing online speech, ensuring that rights and responsibilities are harmonized in the digital realm.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fiscal Deficit, Capital Expenditure
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Capital Expenditure Decline: In January, the Centre’s capital expenditure saw a significant decline of 40.5%, totaling ₹47,600 crore compared to ₹80,000 crore in the previous year.
- Fiscal Deficit Widening: By the end of January, the fiscal deficit reached 64% of the revised estimates for 2023-24. Despite challenges in expenditure, the government seems poised to meet the revised deficit target of 5.8% of GDP for the year.
What is Fiscal Deficit?
- Definition: Fiscal deficit is the excess of total disbursements from the Consolidated Fund of India over total receipts, excluding debt repayment, within a financial year.
- Formula: Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure of the government (capital and revenue expenditure) – Total income of the government (Revenue receipts + recovery of loans + other receipts).
Government Income
- Revenue receipts: This includes tax revenues collected by the government from various sources such as income tax, corporate tax, and indirect taxes like GST.
- Capital receipts: This encompasses borrowings, disinvestments, and other sources of income.
- Tax revenues: Income from GST and other taxes.
- Non-tax revenues: Including interest receipts, dividends and profits, external grants, and receipts from union territories.
- Other non-tax revenues: Revenue from fiscal, social, and economic services.
Government Expenditure
- Revenue Expenditure: Spending on day-to-day operations including salaries, subsidies, and interest payments.
- Capital Expenditure: Investment in infrastructure, acquisition of assets, and long-term projects.
- Interest Payments: Amount paid by the government as interest on its borrowings.
- Grants-in-aid for the creation of capital assets: Funds provided for the creation of capital assets such as roads, bridges, and public buildings.
|
Reasons behind Fiscal Deficit
[1] Fall in Income
- Lower tax collection: Economic slowdown, tax evasion, and GST implementation issues.
- Impact of economic sectors shut during the pandemic: Closure of economic activities leading to decreased tax revenues.
- Government’s missed disinvestment targets: Failure to achieve disinvestment targets resulting in lower capital receipts.
[2] Rise in Expenditure
- Factors contributing to high inflation: High inflation rates increasing import and borrowing costs.
- Importance of social infrastructure investment: Emphasis on social infrastructure for inclusive growth and employment.
- External market volatilities affecting Indian expenditure: Dependency on imports exposing India to external market fluctuations.
- Unproductive expenditures like subsidies: Essential but unproductive expenditures adding to fiscal pressure.
[3] Rise in Borrowings
- Need for market borrowing for policy implementations: Borrowing for policy measures such as bank recapitalization, farm loan waivers, and UDAY.
Implications of Fiscal Deficit
- Vicious circle of borrowing and repayment: Continuous borrowing to repay loans leading to a debt trap.
- Inflation: Increased borrowing leading to higher interest rates and inflation.
- Reduced private sector borrowing: Government borrowing reducing borrowing opportunities for the private sector.
- Discouragement of private investment: Inflation and limited financing discouraging private investment.
- Risk of credit rating downgrade: High borrowing increasing the risk of credit rating downgrade.
- Limits Revenue Spending: Rising fiscal deficit affecting government allowances like dearness allowance and dearness relief.
- Foreign Dependence: Borrowing from foreign sources increasing dependence and exposure to external fiscal policies.
Measures for Control: FRBM Act, 2003
- The FRBM Act aims to instil fiscal discipline and ensure inter-generational equity in fiscal management, promoting long-term macro-economic stability.
- Targets:
- Limit fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31, 2009.
- Completely eliminate revenue deficit.
- Reduce liabilities to 50% of estimated GDP by 2011.
- Prohibit direct borrowing from RBI to monetize the deficit.
- Escape Clause: Section 4(2) of the Act allows the Centre to exceed annual fiscal deficit targets under specific circumstances, such as national security, calamity, agricultural collapse, or structural reforms.
- Review Committee: In May 2016, a committee under NK Singh was formed to review the FRBM Act. Recommendations included targeting a fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP until March 31, 2020, reducing it to 2.8% in 2020-21, and further to 2.5% by 2023.
- Current Targets:
- The latest provisions of the FRBM Act mandate limiting fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31, 2021.
- Central government debt should not exceed 40% of GDP by 2024-25, among other stipulations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Social behaviours of elephant, Project Elephant
Mains level: NA
In the news
- A recent study aims to delve into the peri-mortem and post-mortem strategies of Asian elephants, offering insights into their behavior in shared human spaces amid environmental changes.
- The study area covered fragmented forests, tea estates, agricultural lands, and military establishments in the vicinity of the Gorumara Wildlife Division and Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal.
Elephants in India
|
Details |
| Population Estimate |
India hosts the largest population of wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus), with around 29,964 individuals,
Approximately 60% of the global population (2017 census). |
| Leading States |
Karnataka holds the highest number of elephants, followed by Assam and Kerala. |
| Conservation Status |
IUCN Red List: Endangered.
CMS: Appendix I.
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I,
CITES: Appendix I. |
| Conservation Initiatives |
Project Elephant launched in 1992, covering 23 states across India.
Contributed to the increase in wild elephant population from around 25,000 in 1992 to about 30,000 in 2021.
Establishment of Elephant Reserves. Total 33 in numbers covering approximately 80,777 Sq.km. |
Recent findings
- Peri-Mortem Strategies: Asian elephants were found to carry carcasses by trunks and legs before burying them in a ‘legs upright’ position.
- Herding Behavior: Elephant herds exhibit avoidance behavior, choosing parallel routes to bypass paths where calf carcasses were buried.
- Burial Locations: Calves were buried in irrigation drains of tea estates, indicating a preference for specific locations.
- Herding Dynamics: The unique positioning of carcasses suggests careful handling by herd members, highlighting their care and affection toward deceased calves.
- Space Constraints: Prioritizing the burial of the head before the feet indicates strategic decision-making in situations of spatial limitations.
Environmental Context and Elephant Behavior
- Impact of Environmental Changes: Rapid environmental transformations and habitat destruction push elephants to explore human-dominated areas, resulting in the emergence of novel behaviors.
- Limited Documentation: While similar behaviors are documented in African contexts, elephant calf burial in the Asian context remains largely undocumented.
General Social Behaviour of Elephants
Elephants exhibit a wide range of social behaviors that highlight their complex and intelligent nature.
- Matrilineal Social Structure: Elephants live in multi-tiered societies, starting with family units consisting of related females and their calves. These family units form bonds with other families, creating clans and sub-populations. The herds are led by a senior matriarch who makes decisions on movement and resources.
- Communication: Elephants communicate through various calls, gestures, and physical contact. They have a sophisticated communication system involving over sixty different calls, including trumpets and rumbles that convey information across long distances.
- Empathy and Mourning: Elephants display empathy by comforting distressed companions through physical contact and vocal sounds. They have been observed mourning their dead, showing behaviors akin to mourning seen in humans.
- Cooperative Behavior: Elephant herds cooperate in raising their young, with adolescent females assisting in caring for calves. They also engage in cooperative actions like adopting an infant tormented by predators or helping wounded elephants by stopping bleeding and providing support.
- Individual Personalities: Elephants have distinct personalities that influence their interactions within the group. Some elephants show strong leadership qualities, while others are more introverted. These individual traits impact how they interact with other elephants.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
Q. With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
- The leader of an elephant group is a female.
- The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
- An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
- Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
Post your responses here.
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