Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H1B Visa
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Indian-American Republican presidential contender Vivek Ramaswamy vows to overhaul the H-1B visa program.
- The H-1B visa, highly sought-after among Indian IT professionals, permits US companies to employ foreign workers for specialized roles requiring theoretical or technical expertise.
Why discuss this?
- The H-1B visa are highly sought-after category used by Indian professionals in the US as many use them as a precursor for permanent residency.
- However, the waiting periods for the employment-based green card for Indians can stretch into decades.
- The US embassy in India has already processed over 9 lakh non-immigrant visa currently and is expected to pass the one million mark soon.
Understanding H-1B Visa Program
- The H-1B visa program is crafted to facilitate the entry of skilled foreign workers into the United States, enabling them to work for American companies.
- It is particularly sought after by Indian IT professionals as it permits U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized roles demanding theoretical or technical expertise.
- Despite its popularity, the H-1B visa program faces criticisms for extended waiting periods and the use of a lottery system for selection.
Ramaswamy’s Perspective
- Personal Experience: Ramaswamy acknowledged his own immigrant experience and contended that the H-1B system is detrimental to all parties involved.
- Merit-Based Reform: He advocated for replacing the lottery system with a meritocratic admission process, describing the current system as a form of indentured servitude that primarily benefits sponsoring companies.
- Eliminating Chain Migration: He also emphasized the need to eliminate chain-based migration, arguing that family members who join immigrants are not merit-based contributors to the country.
Historical Context and Comparisons
- Resonance with Trump: Ramaswamy’s stance on H-1B visas draws parallels with Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
- Hard stance: Despite hiring foreign workers under H-1B visas for his businesses, Trump initially adopted a hardline stance on these workers before later softening his rhetoric.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trends in Indian Parliament
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India’s parliamentary journey spanning 75 years reflects a dynamic and evolving landscape of political representation, legislative processes, and societal changes.
- From shifting demographics to parliamentary practices and electoral dynamics, this retrospective analysis sheds light on the fascinating facets of India’s parliamentary evolution.
Key Trends in Indian Parliament
| Youth Representation |
- Despite a growing youth population, the number of MPs aged 35 and below in the Lok Sabha is at a record low.
- In the First Lok Sabha, there were 82 such MPs, but in the 17th Lok Sabha, there are only 21.
- This decline contrasts with India’s youthful demographic, where around 66% of the population is under 35.
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| Women’s Turnout and Representation |
- Women’s voter turnout has consistently risen since 1962, even surpassing male turnout in 2019.
- Number of women candidates has increased, from 45 in 1957 to 726 in 2019.
- However, women’s representation in the Lok Sabha remains low, with just 14.36% of the total seats occupied by women in 2019.
- Women’s reservation Bill, aimed at increasing women’s representation to 33%, has faced hurdles in passing.
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| Missing Deputy Speaker |
- 17th Lok Sabha is set to become the first in independent India without a Deputy Speaker, breaking from tradition.
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| Declining Parliamentary Sittings |
- Between 1952 and 1974, the Lok Sabha consistently held over 100 sittings annually, but this trend has declined.
- Pandemic in 2020 led to a significant decrease in sittings.
- Average sitting time per day has also decreased over the years.
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| Bills Passed and Ordinances Issued |
- Both Houses of Parliament are passing fewer bills compared to earlier decades.
- Highest number of bills passed occurred during the Emergency in 1976, while the lowest was in 2004.
- An increase in ordinances issued by the Union government has coincided with fewer parliamentary sittings.
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| Voter Enrollment and Parties in the Fray |
- Number of voters has increased six-fold from 1951 to 2019, resulting in a higher number of polling stations.
- Nos. of parties participating in Lok Sabha polls has multiplied over the years, with 673 parties in 2019 compared to 53 in 1951.
- Number of contestants has also grown significantly.
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| Vote Share and Majority Trends |
- Out of 17 Lok Sabha elections held so far, 10 have resulted in clear majorities, while 7 have been fractured mandates.
- Recent trends show that the winning party typically receives a higher vote share than the runner-up since 2004.
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| Changing Focus on Questions |
- Time allocated for questions in the Lok Sabha has decreased over the years.
- First Lok Sabha dedicated 15% of its time to questions, whereas the 14th Lok Sabha allocated only 11.42%.
- Data for the 15th, 16th, and 17th Lok Sabhas is not available for comparison.
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Conclusion
- As India’s Parliament embarks on its journey of 75 years, these trends provide a fascinating glimpse into the evolving dynamics of the nation’s highest legislative body.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bima Sugam
Mains level: Bima Sugam, Benefits for customers
Central idea
- The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is poised to introduce Bima Sugam, a groundbreaking initiative set to transform the insurance landscape in India. IRDAI envisions Bima Sugam as the UPI moment for the insurance sector, aiming to establish it as the world’s largest online marketplace for insurance products and services.
What is Bima Sugam?
- Bima Sugam is an innovative online platform developed by This platform is designed to revolutionize the insurance sector in India by providing a comprehensive and user-friendly solution for insurance-related activities.
Key aspects and developments regarding Bima Sugam
- Comprehensive Insurance Marketplace: Bima Sugam serves as a comprehensive online marketplace where customers have access to a wide range of insurance options offered by various insurance companies. It covers all types of insurance requirements, including life insurance, health insurance, and general insurance, which encompasses policies such as motor and travel insurance.
- Efficient Claim Settlement: Bima Sugam focuses on enhancing the efficiency of claim settlements. Whether policyholders need to make claims related to health coverage or death benefits, the platform enables paperless claim processing based on policy numbers.
- Data Storage: Details and information about insurance schemes are expected to be stored within the platform through an insurance repository. This repository acts as a centralized database for insurance policies, making it convenient for customers to access and manage their policy information.
- Budget Increase: The overall budget allocated for the development and implementation of Bima Sugam has been increased to Rs 200 crore, a substantial increase from the initial budget of around Rs 85 crore. This increased budget reflects the significance and scale of the project.
- Committee Appointment: IRDAI has appointed a dedicated committee to oversee the creation and deployment of the Bima Sugam platform. The committee is tasked with ensuring that the platform is developed effectively and meets the objectives set by IRDAI.
- Request for Proposals (RFPs): IRDAI plans to issue requests for proposals (RFPs) soon to select a suitable service provider for the Bima Sugam platform. These service providers will serve as technological partners responsible for creating and operating the platform, offering a one-stop solution for all insurance-related services.
What is its role and utility for customers?
- Single Window for Insurance Needs: Bima Sugam serves as a single, centralized platform where customers can fulfill all their insurance needs. It offers a diverse range of insurance options, including life insurance, health insurance, and general insurance (such as motor and travel insurance). This eliminates the need for customers to visit multiple websites or deal with various agents to explore and purchase insurance policies.
- Streamlined Policy Selection: The platform simplifies the process of selecting the right insurance policy. Customers can easily compare and evaluate various insurance schemes from different insurers, helping them make informed decisions. This streamlined approach ensures that customers can identify policies that align with their specific requirements and preferences.
- Efficient Claim Settlement: Bima Sugam places a strong emphasis on efficient claim settlement processes. Customers can initiate and track claims related to health coverage or death benefits through the platform. The use of policy numbers and paperless processing speeds up the claim settlement process, reducing hassles for customers during critical times.
- Paperless Transactions: With the platform’s paperless transactions, customers can access, manage, and store their insurance policies electronically. This not only reduces the need for physical documentation but also contributes to environmental sustainability. Policyholders can view and retrieve their policy details conveniently online.
- Cost Savings: Bima Sugam is expected to lower the commissions associated with insurance policies, resulting in cost savings for customers. Additionally, the overall cost of purchasing insurance policies is likely to decrease, making insurance more affordable and accessible.
- Real-time Data Access: Insurance companies can access validated and authentic customer data in real-time through the platform. This enhances insurers’ ability to offer personalized services and respond promptly to customer inquiries and needs.
- User-Friendly Interface: The platform is designed with a user-friendly interface, making it accessible and easy to navigate for customers of varying levels of technological proficiency. This ensures that a wide range of users can benefit from its services.
What the IRDAI says about Bima Sugam?
- Electronic Marketplace Protocol: IRDAI describes Bima Sugam as an electronic marketplace protocol. It envisions this platform as a means to universalize and democratize insurance by providing a digital infrastructure for seamless service delivery.
- Integration with India Stack: The Bima Sugam will be connected with India Stack, which is a set of application programming interfaces (APIs). These APIs enable governments, businesses, startups, and others to utilize India’s unique digital infrastructure for delivering services efficiently.
- Empowering Insurance Stakeholders: The IRDAI Chairman, Debasish Panda, said that Bima Sugam will enable and empower all stakeholders across the insurance value chain. This suggests that the platform aims to benefit not only customers but also insurers, intermediaries, and agents by streamlining processes and improving access to data.
Implementation of the Bima Sugam
- Initial Target: Initially, IRDAI aimed to have Bima Sugam up and running by January 2023.
- First Postponement: The implementation timeline was postponed, and the platform’s launch was rescheduled for August 1. This delay indicated that more time was needed to develop and prepare the platform for public use.
- Latest Implementation Date: The implementation of Bima Sugam has been postponed once again, with the new target for its launch set for June 2024. This suggests that the platform is still under development, and IRDAI is working to ensure its readiness before its official release.
Conclusion
- Bima Sugam represents a significant leap forward in the Indian insurance sector, promising convenience, transparency, and cost-efficiency for customers while revolutionizing the way insurers conduct business. As its implementation date approaches, stakeholders eagerly anticipate the positive impact this transformative platform will have on the insurance industry and financial security for millions of Indians.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum computing and its applications
Mains level: Quantum computing
What’s the news?
- In a quantum leap, global investments in quantum computing soared to US$35.5 billion in 2022, with its game-changing potential across industries.
Central Idea
- Quantum computing is a rapidly advancing field that has garnered substantial investment from both the public and private sectors. The growth in this field has been driven by extensive international collaboration among governments and private sector entities, reflecting the novelty and complexity of quantum technology.
What is Quantum Technologies Flagship?
- The Quantum Technologies Flagship is a significant initiative established by the European Union (EU) in 2018. It is part of the EU’s Horizon 2020 (now Horizon Europe) program and has been allocated a budget of approximately 1 billion euros.
- The primary objective of this initiative is to consolidate European leadership in the field of quantum technologies over a period of ten years.
Key Objectives and Components of the Quantum Technologies Flagship
- Research and Development: The Quantum Technologies Flagship focuses on advancing research and development in the domain of quantum technologies. This includes quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and other quantum-related fields.
- Collaboration: The initiative aims to facilitate collaboration among various stakeholders, including research institutions, private sector companies, and public institutions. This collaborative approach is intended to accelerate progress in quantum technology.
- International Cooperation: The International Cooperation on Quantum Technologies (InCoQFlag) project, which is a crucial part of the Quantum Technologies Flagship. It seeks to establish partnerships and collaboration with countries that are significant investors in quantum technologies, such as the United States, Canada, and Japan.
- Technology Sharing: The Quantum Technologies Flagship promotes the sharing of quantum technologies, infrastructure, skills, and knowledge with international partners. This sharing is facilitated through various activities, including workshops and networking sessions.
- Long-Term Vision: The initiative has a long-term vision spanning a decade. It aims to position Europe as a leader in quantum technology research and development. This long-term commitment is designed to ensure that Europe remains at the forefront of quantum technology.
AUKUS Quantum Arrangement
- The AUKUS Quantum Arrangement is part of the broader AUKUS (Australia, United Kingdom, United States) agreement, which is a trilateral security arrangement established in September 2021.
Key Points About the AUKUS Quantum Arrangement:
- Quantum Technology Focus: The AUKUS Quantum Arrangement places a strong emphasis on the development and integration of quantum technologies. These technologies encompass a wide range of applications, including quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum cryptography.
- Advanced Military Capabilities: One of the key pillars of the broader AUKUS agreement is to enhance joint advanced military capabilities and interoperability among Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- Investment in Cutting-Edge Quantum Capabilities: The AUKUS Quantum Arrangement aims to accelerate investments in what is often referred to as generation-after-next quantum capabilities. This signifies a focus on cutting-edge and future-oriented quantum technologies that go beyond current developments.
- Strategic Competition and Technological Advantage: The arrangement acknowledges the importance of maintaining a strategic and technological advantage, especially in the fields of quantum computing and cryptography. It recognizes the competitive nature of the international landscape, particularly in relation to China, and seeks to stay ahead in quantum technology.
- National Security Implications: Quantum technologies have significant implications for national security, including secure communication, advanced encryption, and enhanced computational capabilities. Therefore, the AUKUS Quantum Arrangement aims to strengthen the three countries’ capabilities in these areas.
Quad’s commitment to emerging technologies
- Commitment to emerging technologies: The Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue), consisting of the United States, Japan, India, and Australia, has shown a commitment to emerging technologies, including quantum computing and other cutting-edge fields.
- Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group: In 2021, the Quad leaders established a Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group. The primary aim of this working group is to ensure that standards and frameworks for key technologies, including 5G, AI, and quantum computing, are governed by shared interests and values among the Quad countries.
- Quad Investors Network (QUIN): QUIN was launched in May 2023 as part of the Quad’s commitment to emerging technologies. While the article does not provide extensive details, QUIN comprises a network of investors who seek to encourage investments in novel technologies.
- Quad Centre of Excellence in Quantum Information Sciences: The Quad Centre of Excellence in Quantum Information Sciences was established in June 2023. This center’s primary objective is to facilitate collaboration among researchers and institutions across the Quad countries. It aims to drive greater technological cooperation, market access, and cross-border investments in the field of quantum information sciences.
CERN Quantum Technology Initiative
- The CERN Quantum Technology Initiative is a comprehensive R and D and academic program initiated by the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN). CERN, known for its contributions to particle physics and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is now expanding its focus to include quantum technologies.
key details about the CERN Quantum Technology Initiative:
- Initiation Year: The CERN Quantum Technology Initiative was initiated in the year 2020.
- Scope of the Initiative: This initiative aims to establish collaborations among CERN’s 23 member states and international initiatives in the field of quantum technologies. It encompasses a broad spectrum of quantum technology-related research and development activities.
- Research and Development Goals: The primary objectives of the CERN Quantum Technology Initiative are as follows:
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- Develop new computing, detector, and communication systems based on quantum technologies.
- Advance knowledge and understanding of quantum systems and information processing.
- Assess the potential impact of quantum technologies on future programs and research fields.
- Prepare the skills and resources required for future generations of researchers to further investigate the application of quantum technologies to specific research domains.
- Application Areas: The initiative’s activities extend to various research fields, including:
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- Computational chemistry
- Materials science
- High-energy physics
- Space applications
- Collaborations: The CERN Quantum Technology Initiative involves collaborations with international partners and initiatives in the quantum technology domain. Additionally, CERN is one of the partners of the Open Quantum Initiative, a global center for quantum technology.
Private sector initiatives
- IBM: IBM has committed to developing a 100,000-qubit quantum computer over the next decade through a US$100-million initiative in collaboration with the University of Tokyo and the University of Chicago. It also collaborates with Indian institutions and quantum startups.
- Google: Google, claiming quantum supremacy in 2019, partners with various quantum startups and invests in Australian infrastructure, research, and partnerships. It actively explores new quantum computing applications.
- D-Wave: Based in Canada, D-Wave is the world’s first company to commercially offer quantum computers. It works extensively with NASA and Google, launching its cloud service in India and collaborating with the Australian Department of Defence.
- Infosys: Infosys pioneers quantum computing and related technologies, collaborating with Australian quantum cybersecurity firm QuintessenceLabs and Amazon Web Services to establish Quantum Living Labs.
Significance of International cooperation in the field of quantum computing and related technologies
- Shared Knowledge and Expertise: Quantum technology is a highly complex and rapidly evolving field. International cooperation enables countries to pool their knowledge, expertise, and resources, fostering accelerated progress and innovation.
- Resource Sharing: By collaborating internationally, countries can share the financial burden and access shared resources, making it more cost-effective to undertake ambitious quantum projects.
- Addressing Global Challenges: Quantum technologies have the potential to address some of the world’s most pressing challenges, such as climate change, cybersecurity, and healthcare.
- Standardization and Compatibility: Collaborative efforts can lead to the development of common standards and protocols for quantum technologies.
- Security and Cybersecurity: Quantum technologies also pose security challenges, particularly in the context of cryptography. International cooperation is essential for devising quantum-resistant encryption methods and strengthening global cybersecurity efforts to protect sensitive information from quantum threats.
- Economic Benefits: Quantum technologies have the potential to drive economic growth and create high-tech jobs. International collaboration expands market opportunities, fosters economic synergies, and bolsters the quantum industry globally.
Impediments to international cooperation in the field of quantum computing
- Growing Dominance of China:
- China’s significant investment in quantum technologies and its Thousand Talents Plan have led to concerns about its growing dominance in the field.
- There have been allegations of scientists illicitly sharing technology and research findings with China, which has raised suspicions and contributed to a more cautious approach among countries regarding international collaboration.
- Intellectual Property Concerns: Intellectual property (IP) concerns are a major hurdle to international cooperation. Countries and companies are wary of sharing their quantum technology innovations due to fears of IP theft or loss of competitive advantage.
- Exclusion from Initiatives: Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, Israel, and Switzerland, have reportedly been excluded from international quantum technology initiatives due to concerns about intellectual property rules.
- Competitive Race: The pursuit of developing practical quantum computers has created a competitive race among nations. Each country aims to outpace others in quantum technology development, leading to a reluctance to share information and collaborate.
- Need for Ethical and Legal Frameworks: While international cooperation is crucial, the article emphasizes the need for clear ethical and legal frameworks to govern the exchange of quantum technology-related information.
Way forward
- International Dialogue and Collaboration: Countries and organizations involved in quantum computing should continue to engage in open dialogue and collaboration. Building trust through sustained communication is essential to address concerns and foster cooperation.
- Establish Clear Ethical and Legal Frameworks: There is a need to develop clear ethical and legal frameworks that govern the exchange of quantum technology-related information. These frameworks should address intellectual property, data sharing, and cybersecurity concerns while promoting responsible conduct in the field.
- Inclusive Collaboration: Initiatives should aim for inclusivity, ensuring that countries with varying levels of technological development have opportunities to participate. Exclusionary practices should be avoided to promote a global approach to quantum technology development.
- Resource Allocation and Sharing: Collaborating nations should work together to allocate resources efficiently and fairly. Resource sharing can help balance the financial burden of quantum research and development.
- Emphasize Mutual Benefits: Emphasize the mutual benefits of international cooperation. Highlight how collaboration can lead to faster advancements, shared knowledge, and solutions to global challenges, such as climate change and cybersecurity.
Conclusion
- Quantum computing represents a transformative technological frontier with vast potential. Striking a balance between protecting intellectual property and fostering global cooperation is essential to maximize the benefits of quantum technology for humanity’s future.
Also read:
National Quantum Mission: Unlocking India’s Potential in Quantum Technology
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Khalistan movement, India-Canada relations
Central idea
- Relations between India and Canada have reached a new low, with allegations of Canadian leniency towards Khalistani supporters and accusations of India’s involvement in a recent killing. This isn’t a recent issue but a longstanding tension that dates back to the mid-20th century. The modern-day discord between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Khalistani extremism has exacerbated these historical strains.
Historical Roots of Khalistan Movement in Canada
- Establishment of Khalistan Office: Surjan Singh Gill established the ‘Khalistan government in exile’ office in Vancouver in 1982, issuing Khalistani passports and currency.
- Militancy’s Impact: The militancy in Punjab in the early 1980s had repercussions in Canada, leading to the emergence of organizations like the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), the Babbar Khalsa, and the World Sikh Organisation.
- Air India Kanishka Bombing: The Babbar Khalsa orchestrated the bombing of Air India Kanishka in 1985, resulting in 331 civilian deaths.
Recent Developments
- Strained Relations: Relations between India and Canada have deteriorated due to Canada’s alleged leniency toward Khalistani supporters. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, designated as a terrorist by India, in Surrey in June.
- Tensions Over Khalistan: Tensions related to Khalistan extremism have been ongoing for years, with Trudeau’s appointment of Sikh ministers in 2015 sparking controversy and accusations of his proximity to Khalistan sympathizers.
- Incidents Fueling Tensions: Various incidents, such as the refusal of meetings by Punjab Chief Minister Capt Amarinder Singh and Trudeau’s cool reception during his India visit, have exacerbated the India-Canada rift.
- Report on Sikh Extremism: Canada released a report in 2018 mentioning ‘Sikh extremism’ and Khalistan as threats, but later revised the report, removing these references, which caused further strain.
- Alliance with NDP: In March 2022, Trudeau’s Liberal Party formed an alliance with the New Democratic Party (NDP), led by Jagmeet Singh, who openly endorsed the Khalistan Referendum on Canadian soil.
- G20 Summit Concerns: During the recent G20 summit in New Delhi, PM Modi expressed strong concerns about continuing anti-India activities of extremist elements in Canada.
Sikh Community’s Influence
- Political Influence: Canada’s Sikh community, constituting approximately 2 percent of the population, has gained significant political influence. This is evident through the election of Sikh Members of Parliament and their active involvement in Canadian politics.
- Representation in Canadian Parliament: Sikh Canadians have been elected to important political positions, including Members of Parliament. In 2019, there were 18 Sikh MPs in the Canadian parliament, surpassing the number of Sikh MPs in India.
- Cultural Impact: Sikh festivals, notably Vaisakhi, are widely celebrated in Canada and have become integral to the country’s multicultural tapestry.
- Social Activism: Sikh organizations in Canada are known for their social and humanitarian initiatives, including providing free meals (langar) to those in need. This commitment to community welfare is a notable aspect of their influence.
- Business and Economic Contributions: Sikh Canadians have made significant contributions to Canada’s business and economic landscape, with many Sikh-owned businesses playing key roles in the country’s economy.
Changing Political Landscape
- Varied Responses: Canada’s stance on the Khalistan movement has shifted over the years, with some governments engaging with Khalistanis while others sought reconciliation with India.
- Strong Relations under Stephen Harper: During Stephen Harper’s tenure as Canadian PM, Canada and India enjoyed strong relations, marked by high-level visits and agreements.
- Efforts at Reconciliation: Both the Modi and Harper governments initially made efforts toward reconciliation, including removing individuals from blacklists and engaging with radicals.
Consequences and Perspectives
- Impact on Bilateral Relations: The tensions related to Khalistan have strained India-Canada bilateral relations, affecting diplomatic interactions and cooperation in various areas such as trade, counter-terrorism, and education.
- Security Concerns: Both countries have expressed concerns about the presence and activities of Khalistani extremists on their respective soils, which have led to heightened security measures and intelligence sharing.
- Asylum Claims: The increase in asylum claims by Indian nationals in Canada, particularly from Punjab, is seen as a consequence of the Khalistan-related tensions. This has created a complex immigration challenge for Canadian authorities.
- Shift in Focus: The article suggests that Canada’s focus on Khalistan has sometimes overshadowed other important aspects of the bilateral relationship, potentially hampering broader cooperation.
- Changing Perceptions: The research paper mentioned in the article indicates that interest in the Khalistan movement in Canada is waning, especially among younger generations. This shift in perceptions could impact the future of the movement.
Way Forward
- Diplomatic Engagement: The way forward in resolving the tensions related to Khalistan may involve sustained diplomatic engagement and dialogue between India and Canada to address each other’s concerns and find common ground.
- Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Both countries can enhance their cooperation on counter-terrorism measures, intelligence sharing, and law enforcement efforts to counter any extremist activities effectively.
- Community Outreach: Canadian authorities can engage with the Sikh community to better understand their concerns and perspectives while ensuring that Canada’s commitment to multiculturalism and diversity is respected.
- Balanced Foreign Policy: Canada can aim for a balanced foreign policy that addresses the aspirations of its Sikh community while maintaining strong diplomatic relations with India, a significant global partner.
- Promotion of Dialogue: Encouraging dialogue and understanding among different communities and advocacy groups within Canada can contribute to peaceful coexistence and reduce tensions related to Khalistan.
- Addressing Root Causes: Exploring the root causes of extremism and radicalization within the Sikh community and working together to address them can be a proactive step toward preventing future tensions.
Conclusion
- The enduring strain in India-Canada relations over Khalistan remains a complex issue rooted in historical events and contemporary political dynamics. Resolving these tensions will require nuanced diplomacy and a deeper understanding of the evolving nature of the Khalistan movement within Canada.
Also read:
Khalistani Movement in Canada
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Liptako-Gourma , Sahel Region
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Military leaders from Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger signed a significant mutual defense pact known as the Liptako-Gourma Charter, marking a crucial step in addressing the security challenges plaguing the Sahel region.
Liptako-Gourma Charter
- This pact establishes the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) and aims to create a framework for collective defense and mutual assistance among these nations.
- The Liptako-Gourma region, where the borders of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger converge, has been severely affected by jihadist activities and instability in recent years.
- The AES seeks to combine military and economic efforts to confront common security threats and advance the well-being of their populations.
Liptako-Gourma Charter: Key Provisions
- Mutual Assistance: The charter binds signatory nations to provide mutual assistance, including military support, in the event of an attack on any one of them.
- Security Restoration: It specifically allows the use of armed force to restore and ensure security in the face of aggression.
- Rebellion Prevention: The agreement also commits the 3 countries to collaborate on preventing or resolving armed rebellions within their borders.
Need for such alliance
- Shared Objective: The primary focus of the alliance is to combat terrorism within the three member countries.
- Jihadist Insurgency: The Sahel region has grappled with a jihadist insurgency that initially emerged in northern Mali in 2012 and later spread to Burkina Faso and Niger in 2015.
Back2Basics: Sahel Region
- The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south.
- Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea.
- The name is derived from the Arabic term for “coast, shore”; this is explained as being used in a figurative sense in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara.
- The Sahel part includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal, southern Mauritania, central Mali, northern Burkina Faso, the extreme south of Algeria, Niger, the extreme north of Nigeria, the extreme north of Cameroon and the Central African Republic, central Chad, central and southern Sudan, the extreme north of South Sudan, Eritrea and the extreme north of Ethiopia.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaja Dwar (Elephant Gate)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar raised the national flag at the Gaja Dwar (elephant gate) of India’s new Parliament building just days before its first session.
- This event sheds light on the symbolic importance of the Gaja Dwar and the other entrances in the new Parliament.
Gaja Dwar (Elephant Gate)
- Wisdom and Wealth: The new Parliament building features six entrances, each representing a distinct role. The Gaja Dwar, adorned with a sculpture of an elephant, guards the northern entrance. The elephant is a symbol of wisdom, wealth, intellect, memory, and embodies the aspirations of elected representatives in the democracy.
- Vastu Shastra: According to Vastu shastra, the northern direction is associated with planet Mercury, the source of higher intellect, and is presided over by Kubera, the god of wealth. Hence, the Gaja is placed at the northern entrance.
Cultural Symbolism
- Guardian Statues: All six entrances of the New Parliament Building feature red sandstone sculptures of auspicious animals known as “guardian statues.” These selections were made based on their significance in Indian culture, aesthetic appeal, positive qualities, and Vaastu Shastra principles.
- Asva (Horse): Positioned at the southern entrance, the vigilant horse symbolizes endurance, strength, power, and speed, reflecting the quality of governance.
- Garuda (Eagle-like Bird): The Garuda stands at the eastern ceremonial entrance, representing the aspirations of the people and the country’s administrators. In Vastu shastra, the east is associated with the rising sun, symbolizing hope, victory, and success.
- Makara (Mythological Aquatic Creature): Combining features of different animals, the Makara signifies unity in diversity among the nation’s people.
- Shardula (Mythological Creature): Regarded as the most powerful among all living beings, the Shardula symbolizes the strength of the country’s people.
- Hamsa (Swan): Located at the public entrance to the northeast, the Hamsa highlights the essential quality of discernment and self-realization, born of wisdom, in the nation’s people.
Ceremonial Entrances
- Three of these entrances are designed as ceremonial entrances, meant to welcome special guests and mark significant events.
- These entrances showcase Indian art, culture, ethos, and patriotism.
- They are named Gyan, Shakti, and Karma, representing the Indian knowledge system, patriotism, and artistic traditions, respectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lampedusa Island
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Italy’s Lampedusa Island witnessed an influx of migrants after around 7,000 people arrived from North Africa in two days.
- Nearly 1,26,000 migrants have arrived in Italy so far this year.
About Lampedusa Island
- Lampedusa is the largest of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea.
- It is located approximately 205 km southwest of Sicily, 113 km east of Tunisia, and about 176 kmnorth of Libya.
- It is part of the Sicilian region of Italy and is situated in the southern Mediterranean Sea.
- It covers an area of approximately 20.2 square km (7.8 square miles).
- It has a rich history, with influences from various civilizations, including the Phoenicians, Romans, Arabs, and Normans.
- During World War II, the island was of strategic importance and saw military activity.
- It has been part of Italy since 1860.
Migration and Humanitarian Issues
- Lampedusa has been a focal point for migration from Africa to Europe, with many migrants and refugees attempting to reach the island by boat.
- This has led to humanitarian challenges and efforts to manage immigration.
- The island has received international attention for its role in rescue operations and the reception of migrants and asylum seekers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basmati Rice
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- While scientific research often seems distant from practical outcomes, some less-celebrated success stories stand out.
- One such triumph is the transformation of India’s basmati rice industry, driven by scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi.
About Basmati Rice
- Basmati rice is a fragrant, long-grain rice variety primarily cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.
- It is native to the foothills of the Himalayas in India and Pakistan.
- Basmati rice is characterized by its long, slender grains that elongate further when cooked.
- Basmati rice is renowned for its natural aromatic fragrance, often described as nutty or floral.
- There are different Basmati rice varieties, each with its unique characteristics. Some popular varieties include Basmati 370, Basmati 386, and Basmati 1121.
- Basmati rice from certain regions, particularly Indian Basmati, has received Geographical Indication (GI) tags, indicating its specific geographical origin and quality.
[a] First Revolution
- Traditional Basmati Varieties: Until the late 1980s, Indian farmers primarily cultivated traditional basmati varieties with tall plants prone to lodging, resulting in low yields and long cultivation periods.
- Breakthrough with PB-1: In 1989, the IARI introduced Pusa Basmati-1 (PB-1), a crossbreed that combined traditional basmati grain attributes with high-yielding traits. PB-1 was more compact, sturdy, and offered improved yields and maturity times.
[b] The Second Revolution
- PB-1121’s Quality: The real revolution came in 2003 with the release of Pusa Basmati-1121 (PB-1121), which offered a different advantage. While yielding slightly less, it boasted exceptional grain quality, with elongated kernels that expanded impressively upon cooking.
- Market Impact: PB-1121’s grain quality allowed companies like KRBL Ltd. to create a lucrative export brand, making it a global favourite. This variety significantly contributed to India’s basmati rice exports.
[c] Third Revolution
- PB-1509: In 2013, the IARI introduced Pusa Basmati-1509 (PB-1509), a high-yielding variety with a shorter maturity period. This innovation allowed farmers to cultivate an extra crop, enhancing their economic prospects.
- Diverse Crop Combinations: PB-1509’s early maturity has enabled farmers to explore crop diversification, including potatoes, sunflowers, sweet corn, and onions, in addition to basmati rice.
Breeding for Disease Resistance
- Protecting Gains: IARI scientists have recently focused on preserving yield gains by incorporating disease-resistant genes into their improved basmati varieties.
- Marker-Assisted Selection: Genes for bacterial leaf blight and rice blast fungal disease resistance have been identified through marker-assisted selection techniques.
- New Varieties: The release of Pusa Basmati-1885 and Pusa Basmati-1847 in 2021 marked the introduction of varieties with “in-built resistance” against these diseases, reducing the need for chemical crop protection.
Risk Factors
- Market Dependency: Basmati rice lacks a minimum support price (MSP) and relies heavily on exports, with limited domestic consumption.
- Market Vulnerability: Despite its profitability, basmati farming is exposed to market fluctuations and government export policies. Recent restrictions highlight this vulnerability, affecting basmati farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moonquakes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A research utilized seismic data collected between 1976 and 1977, showcasing how the lunar lander left by the Apollo 17 astronauts might be causing seismic activity on the moon.
- The study emphasizes that these moonquakes are not the result of natural processes but stem from vibrations generated by the lunar module descent vehicle, which was placed on the moon’s surface in 1972.
About Apollo 17 Mission
- Apollo 17 was the final Apollo mission to the Moon, marking the sixth lunar landing.
- It was launched by December 6, 1972, with a night launch, which was unique in the Apollo program.
- This mission had specific scientific objectives, differentiating it from previous missions, and aimed to collect ancient highlands crustal material and investigate the possibility of recent lunar volcanic activity.
- Neil Armstrong, the first person to set foot on the lunar surface, went under the Apollo 11 mission in July 20, 1969.
Understanding Moonquakes
- Similarities to Earthquakes: Moonquakes share similarities with earthquakes as both involve seismological vibrations.
- Researchers have identified four types of moonquakes, three of which are relatively benign. Shallow moonquakes, the closest to the surface, are the most destructive.
- Deep Moonquakes: Occur approximately 700 kilometers below the lunar surface.
- Shallow Moonquakes: Take place at depths of only 20 to 30 kilometers, lasting up to 10 minutes.
- Vibrational Moonquakes: Typically result from meteorite impacts.
- Thermal Quakes: Caused by the moon’s crust expanding as it warms following subzero temperatures during the night.
- Moonquakes occur as often as every 27 days, primarily due to temperature fluctuations between lunar day and night, totalling approximately 7,000 moonquakes in a decade.
Moonquakes vs. Earthquakes
- Moonquakes are generally smaller in magnitude than earthquakes but are known for their extended duration.
- Shallow moonquakes recorded by Apollo astronauts have reached up to a magnitude of 5.5.
Human Lunar Landings
- Multiple countries have embarked on lunar missions, with India being the most recent in 2023, following the United States, Russia, and China.
- India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission included a seismometer, which detected a moonquake, providing valuable data for future analysis.
Significance of Monitoring Moonquakes
- Understanding moonquakes holds potential significance for future lunar missions, particularly if NASA establishes a permanent lunar outpost.
- Seismometers, like those used on the moon, are vital for comprehending lunar geology and ensuring the safety of future lunar explorers.
- Monitoring lunar seismic activity is crucial for designing experiments and missions aimed at unravelling the mysteries of Earth’s closest celestial neighbor.
- The moon presents a unique opportunity for in-depth planetary study beyond Earth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Santiniketan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Situated in West Bengal’s Birbhum district, the small town of Santiniketan has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- This is the place where Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore spent much of his life.
About Santiniketan
- Santiniketan, situated in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India, is an iconic cultural and heritage destination with a rich historical legacy.
- Its prominence is attributed to its association with Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.
Significance of Santiniketan
- Rabindranath Tagore’s Home: Santiniketan served as the residence of Rabindranath Tagore, where he not only lived but also composed numerous literary works, encompassing songs, poems, and novels.
- Artistic Abode: The Santiniketan campus is adorned with magnificent sculptures, frescoes, murals, and paintings created by eminent artists like Rabindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar, Binodbehari Mukhopadhyay, and others.
- Cultural Festivals: The broader Birbhum District, where Santiniketan is nestled, is renowned for its vibrant fairs and festivals. Notable celebrations include Poush Mela (December), Joydev Mela (January), Basanta Utsav (Holi) in March and the renowned mystic Baul Singers.
- Unique Events: Santiniketan hosts special cultural festivities during Bengali New Year and Rabindra Janmotsav (Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary) in the Bengali month of Boisakh, marked with great enthusiasm.
- Distinctive Festivals: The region observes distinctive festivals such as Briksharopan (festival of Planting Saplings) and Halakarshan (festival of Plowing the Fields) on the 22nd and 23rd days of Sravana (August), respectively. Additionally, Varshamangal, the festival of rains, is celebrated in August/September.
- Poush Mela: Santiniketan hosts the annual Poush Mela, commencing on the 7th day of the Poush month. While officially spanning three days, vendors may extend their stay throughout the month. The festival is renowned for live performances of Bengali folk music, particularly by bauls (traditional wandering minstrels), and showcases tribal dances like Santali.
West Bengal’s Presence on the World Heritage List
- Santiniketan is the second cultural symbol from West Bengal to join the prestigious UNESCO list.
- In 2021, UNESCO added ‘Durga Puja in Kolkata’ to its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list, highlighting West Bengal’s rich cultural heritage.
Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
|
Description |
| UNESCO World Heritage Sites |
Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties. |
| Importance |
World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history. |
| Selection Criteria |
Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc. |
| Conservation |
World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence. |
| World Heritage Committee |
Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term. |
| Membership |
India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee. |
Note: “States parties” refer to the countries that have ratified the World Heritage Convention and participate in the decision-making process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CEC and Other ECs Bill, 2023
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- After being passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 10, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, has now moved to the Lok Sabha for approval.
CEC and Other EC Bill, 2023
- Objective: To amend constitutional provisions that currently equate Election Commissioners with Supreme Court judges, as well as addressing recent judicial rulings.
Key Provisions of the Bill
- Salary and Service Conditions: The Bill proposes to align the salary, allowances, and service conditions of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and the two Election Commissioners with those of a Cabinet Secretary.
- Repealing the 1991 Act: The Bill’s passage would lead to the repeal of the Election Commission Act of 1991, where Election Commissioners enjoyed parity with Supreme Court judges in terms of remuneration.
- Potential Impact: While the stipulated salaries for Supreme Court judges and Cabinet Secretaries are similar, Supreme Court judges receive additional post-retirement benefits, raising concerns about the increased bureaucracy’s potential impact on the authority and independence of Election Commissioners.
Challenges to Independence
- Shifting Authority: The Election Commission’s primary role involves overseeing, directing, and controlling elections, as defined in Article 324 of the Constitution. Concerns arise that this control may shift if Election Commissioners, now equivalent in rank to Cabinet Secretaries, attempt to discipline Union Ministers for electoral violations.
- Current Status: Presently, when commissioners summon government officials, their orders are perceived as carrying the authority of a Supreme Court Judge, a status that may change if they are seen as equals to Cabinet Secretaries.
Preserving Independence and Equivalence to SC Judges
- Constitutional Safeguards: Article 324 (5) of the Constitution specifies that a CEC can only be removed in a manner similar to that of a Supreme Court judge, safeguarding the independence and equivalence of Election Commissioners to Supreme Court judges.
- Previous SC Ruling: The Bill also seeks to constitute a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM to select Election Commission members. Notably, this committee excludes the CJI, in contrast to a top court ruling from March 2023.
Background: The SC Ruling
- Committee Formation: In March 2023, a five-judge Supreme Court bench unanimously ruled that a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI) should select the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- Founding Principles: The ruling emphasized that India’s founding fathers did not intend for the executive to exclusively dictate appointments to the Election Commission, striving for a more balanced selection process.
- PIL Origins: The case originated from a PIL filed in 2015, challenging the constitutionality of the President appointing ECI members based on the PM’s advice.
Impact on the 1991 Act
- Bill’s Amendment: The Bill aims to repeal the 1991 Act, which previously ensured that the CEC and ECs received salaries equivalent to Supreme Court judges.
- Revised Equality: Section 10 of the Bill specifies that the salary, allowances, and service conditions of the CEC and ECs will match those of the Cabinet Secretary, marking a departure from the 1991 Act’s provisions.
Various Concerns Raised
- Autonomy of the Election Commission: Concerns exist due to the selection panel’s composition, which includes a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister instead of the CJI.
- Unanimous Decisions: Suggestions for unanimous committee decisions aim to address one-sided decision-making concerns.
- Constitutional Validity: Critics argue the Bill violates democratic principles.
- Conflicting SC Judgment: The Bill diverges from the Supreme Court’s ruling on the importance of an independent committee in selecting Election Commissioners.
- Past Electoral Integrity: Some believe Indian elections have been generally fair despite government involvement in Election Commissioner appointments.
- Consistency in Decision-Making: Concerns have been raised about the Commission’s decision consistency regarding Model Code of Conduct violations.
- Timing of Election Announcements: Questions surround election announcement timing in relation to government programs, raising concerns about political influence.
Conclusion
- Balancing Reforms: The Bill reflects efforts to reform election administration but raises concerns about preserving the Election Commission’s independence and its equivalence to Supreme Court judges.
- Evolution of Selection Process: The ongoing debate highlights the evolving process of selecting Election Commissioners, aiming to ensure fair and transparent appointments while safeguarding the institution’s autonomy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM Vishwakarma scheme and its provisions
Mains level: key challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills and significance of PM Vishwakarma scheme,
What’s the news?
- On September 17, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the PM Vishwakarma scheme in New Delhi on the occasion of Vishwakarma Jayanti.
Central idea
- Recently launched, the PM Vishwakarma scheme, introduced during his Independence Day speech a month earlier, aims to support traditional craftsmen and economically marginalized communities, especially the OBC, while also serving as a strategic move ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.
About Vishwakarma
- Vishwakarma, a revered figure in Hindu mythology, is regarded as the divine architect of the gods, a master craftsman, and a divine carpenter.
- He is celebrated as the patron deity of workers, artisans, and artists, responsible for crafting the gods’ weapons, cities, and chariots.
- The scheme takes its name from this emblematic figure, symbolizing the recognition and empowerment of skilled laborers.
What is the Vishwakarma scheme?
- The Vishwakarma scheme is a new government initiative fully funded by the central government and has a budgetary allocation of Rs 13,000 crore.
- The scheme is designed to address the challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills, often passed down through generations within their families.
- This includes artisans such as carpenters, goldsmiths, masons, laundry workers, barbers, and others engaged in traditional crafts and skills.
- The scheme has ambitious coverage goals, aiming to support five lakh families in the first year and eventually reaching 30 lakh families over five years.
- It also seeks to integrate Vishwakarmas into both domestic and global value chains.
Eligibility Criteria
- Workers engaged in traditional crafts and skills are eligible.
- Emphasis is placed on individuals facing specific challenges, such as:
-
- Lack of access to modern tools and equipment.
- Absence of professional training for their work.
- Geographical distance from markets relevant to their craft.
- Limited availability of capital for investment in their trade.
- The scheme particularly targets marginalized and socially backward communities, including the Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups.
- Eligible individuals may include those who have acquired their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships. Top of Form
Benefits offered by the Vishwakarma Scheme
- Free Registration: Vishwakarma workers can register for free through Common Services Centers using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal.
- Recognition: Workers will receive recognition through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card.
- Skill Upgradation: The scheme offers both basic and advanced training to improve the skills of artisans.
- Toolkit Incentive: Artists will receive a toolkit incentive of ₹15,000
- Collateral-Free Credit: Workers can avail of collateral-free credit support up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%.
- Digital Transactions Incentive: The scheme provides incentives for digital transactions and offers marketing support.
- Toolkit Booklet: To keep artisans informed about new technologies in their field, a toolkit booklet has been released in 12 Indian languages, accompanied by video elements.
- Additional benefits: Other benefits include a stipend of Rs 500 for skill training and Rs 1,500 to purchase modern tools.
Common challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills
- Lack of Access to Modern Tools and Equipment: Many professionals in traditional crafts may not have access to modern tools and equipment, limiting the efficiency and quality of their work.
- Limited Professional Training: Traditional artisans often learn their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships, which may not provide formal professional training, potentially resulting in outdated techniques.
- Limited Capital for Investment: Traditional craftsmen may face difficulties in securing capital for purchasing materials, tools, or expanding their businesses, which can constrain their growth.
- Inadequate Recognition and Marketing: Traditional artisans may struggle with marketing and promoting their products effectively, leading to challenges in reaching a broader customer base.
- Competition from Mass Production: The rise of mass-produced goods can threaten traditional artisans who produce handcrafted items, impacting their livelihoods.
- Skills Preservation and Succession: Ensuring the preservation of traditional skills and passing them on to the next generation can be a challenge, as younger generations may not always be interested in pursuing these crafts.
- Financial Insecurity: Irregular income patterns common in traditional crafts can lead to financial instability, especially due to seasonal demand or market fluctuations.
Significance of the Vishwakarma Scheme
- Empowering Traditional Artisans: The Vishwakarma Scheme is significant as it aims to empower and uplift traditional artisans and craftsmen engaged in various trades. It recognizes their importance in India’s cultural and economic fabric.
- Social and Economic Inclusion: The scheme targets marginalized communities, especially the OBC groups, and provides them with opportunities for skill development and financial support, thereby promoting social and economic inclusion.
- Preserving Cultural Heritage: By supporting traditional crafts and skills, the scheme contributes to the preservation of India’s rich cultural heritage. It ensures that age-old craftsmanship is not lost to modernization.
- Recognition and Certification: The scheme provides recognition to artisans through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card, boosting their status and recognition in society.
- Financial Security: By offering collateral-free credit support and financial incentives, the scheme provides financial security to artisans, helping them invest in their crafts and improve their livelihoods.
- Digital Integration: Encouraging digital transactions and offering incentives for digital business practices promotes financial literacy and inclusion among traditional artisans.
- Integration with Global Value Chains: By aiming to integrate Vishwakarmas with domestic and global value chains, the scheme opens up opportunities for artisans to access broader markets and participate in the global economy.
Conclusion
- The PM Vishwakarma scheme represents a significant step toward empowering traditional craftsmen by providing them with the tools, training, and financial support they need to thrive in an ever-changing world. As this scheme unfolds, it holds the potential to transform the lives of countless skilled workers and contribute to the nation’s growth and development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Burden of Non-communicable diseases
Mains level: India's progress in healthcare progress, NCD challenges and potential of AI
What’s the news?
- India, with its emerging leadership in global issues, faces the challenge of rising NCDs, including diabetes and heart diseases. The healthcare industry calls for collaboration to address this crisis, highlighting India’s progress in healthcare, its role as a Medical Value Travel hub, and its potential in AI-driven healthcare innovations.
Central idea
- In recent years, India has emerged as a prominent voice on the global stage, leading the way in critical areas such as climate change, electrification, manufacturing, and space exploration. India’s achievements include successfully landing a mission near the moon’s south pole and a successful G-20 presidency. However, as India aims to become a global leader, it must confront a looming health crisis of NCDs.
What are Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)?
- NCDs are also known as chronic diseases, which are not caused by infectious agents and are not transmissible from person to person.
- NCDs are long-lasting and progress slowly, typically taking years to manifest symptoms.
- Examples of NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes.
- These diseases are often caused by modifiable risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, a lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, and environmental factors.
- NCDs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for around 70% of all deaths.
India’s NCD challenge
- Diabetes and Hypertension Prevalence: India is facing a high prevalence of NCDs, particularly diabetes and hypertension, which affect millions of people.
- Youth Health Issues: The burden of NCDs is increasingly affecting India’s youth, leading to heart attacks, cancer, respiratory problems, depression, and more.
- Economic Consequences: If unchecked, India’s NCD burden could lead to an economic cost of nearly $4 trillion by 2030. This poses a significant roadblock to India’s development and is compared to an age tax on the country’s demographic dividend.
India’s healthcare progress
- Improved Health Metrics: India has witnessed notable improvements in key health metrics.
- Infant Mortality: India has witnessed a remarkable improvement in infant mortality rates, which have decreased by four times from previous levels.
- Maternal Mortality: Maternal mortality rates have shown remarkable progress as well, decreasing by seven times from earlier rates.
- Average Life Expectancy: The average life expectancy of an Indian has increased by nearly 30%, rising from 55 years to over 70 years, reflecting the overall improvement in healthcare and quality of life in the country.
- World-Class Healthcare Infrastructure: India is described as having world-class healthcare infrastructure. Investments have been made in modern hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities to provide high-quality healthcare services.
- Clinical Excellence: India is noted for its pool of highly skilled clinical talent. These healthcare professionals are capable of delivering best-in-class clinical outcomes and providing healthcare services at a scale and cost that are favorable compared to the global average.
India as a Medical Value Travel (MVT) hub
- Global MVT Hub: India has emerged as a prominent global destination for MVT, attracting patients from around the world, particularly in specialized medical fields such as oncology, orthopedics, and robotic surgery.
- Advanced Medical Technology: India has invested in state-of-the-art medical technology and facilities, including the introduction of proton beam therapy for cancer treatment, positioning itself as a regional leader in cancer care.
- Highly Skilled Healthcare Professionals: India has a highly skilled and trained workforce of healthcare professionals known for their expertise in complex procedures, including joint replacements, spinal surgeries, and robotic-assisted surgeries.
- Minimally Invasive Techniques: Many medical procedures in India are conducted using minimally invasive techniques, attracting patients seeking precise and less invasive treatments.
- Cost-Effective Care: India offers cost-effective healthcare services, making it an attractive destination for patients seeking high-quality medical care at competitive prices.
- Growth Potential: India’s MVT sector has significant growth potential, capable of creating employment opportunities and contributing to foreign exchange earnings.
India’s potential for harnessing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to transform the healthcare sector
- AI in Healthcare Transformation: AI is rapidly reshaping healthcare worldwide, and India is poised to play a leading role in this transformation. India has a wealth of talented data scientists, engineers, and healthcare professionals capable of driving innovation in AI-driven healthcare solutions.
- Diagnostic Advancements: AI can significantly impact diagnostics by enhancing accuracy and efficiency in medical diagnoses. AI-powered tools can lead to faster treatment decisions and improved patient outcomes. Moreover, AI can aid in predicting disease outbreaks, analyzing healthcare data, optimizing treatment plans, expediting healthcare procedures, and revolutionizing drug discovery.
- India’s Progress in AI: India has already made strides in the application of AI in healthcare. However, to maintain and strengthen its leadership position, India must continue to invest in research and development, encourage collaborations between academia and industry, and create an ecosystem that fosters innovation.
- Economic Potential: The AI expenditure in the country is expected to reach $11.78 billion by 2025 and could contribute $1 trillion to India’s economy by 2035.
Way forward
- AI-Driven Healthcare Transformation: India should fully embrace the transformative potential of AI in healthcare. This involves integrating AI-powered solutions for diagnostics, treatment optimization, and healthcare procedures.
- Investment in R&D: India should continue and increase investment in research and development to drive healthcare innovation. Funding and supporting research initiatives will be crucial for advancements in healthcare technology.
- Collaboration Between Academia and Industry: Strengthening partnerships between academic institutions and the healthcare industry is essential. These collaborations can expedite the application of research findings to practical healthcare solutions.
- Nurturing an Innovation Ecosystem: India should create an ecosystem conducive to healthcare innovation. This includes supporting healthcare startups, offering incentives for innovation, and facilitating the growth of healthcare technology companies.
- Economic Potential of AI: Recognizing the economic potential of AI in healthcare, India should actively invest in AI-driven healthcare solutions. The expected growth in AI expenditure presents an opportunity to contribute significantly to the country’s economy.
- Community Health Focus: Prioritizing community health is essential. Initiatives aimed at improving public health, creating awareness about preventive measures, and addressing healthcare disparities should be emphasized.
- Public-Private Collaboration: Collaboration between the public and private sectors is critical. Joint efforts can lead to infrastructure development, the promotion of medical tourism, and the establishment of international healthcare accreditation bodies.
- Leadership in NCD Prevention: India should take a leading role in addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Comprehensive strategies, including prevention, early detection, and effective management, should be at the forefront of healthcare efforts.
Conclusion
- India stands at a critical juncture in its healthcare journey. By reimagining its healthcare model, India can position itself as a global leader in medical value travel, a powerhouse in AI-driven healthcare solutions, and a trailblazer in combating NCDs. With concerted efforts and a commitment to excellence, India can forge a healthier and more prosperous future for generations to come, truly realizing its destiny as a global leader.
Also read:
India’s Rising Burden of Diabetes: Urgent Actions Needed
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: British and Indian Parliamentary model
Mains level: Indian Parliamentary model, increasing leniency towards disruption, consequences and solutions
What’s the news?
- Disruptive behavior within India’s Parliament is on the rise, leading to concerns about declining decorum and public perception, as well as its impact on governance.
Central idea
- India’s Parliament faces a decorum crisis with growing disruptive behavior during special sessions, raising concerns of impending chaos. Lawmakers from various parties resort to disruption instead of constructive debate. It’s high time to address this issue and seek inspiration from the British parliamentary model, which once inspired our nation’s leaders.
Initial Pride in the Parliamentary System
- Britain’s Westminster model: In the early years following India’s independence, Indian politicians took great pride in the parliamentary system they had adopted. This system was modeled after Britain’s Westminster model.
- Longing for Denied Benefits: India’s nationalists were determined to experience the democracy they had long been denied under British colonial rule. They believed that the British parliamentary system was the best model, and its adoption was a significant step toward achieving democratic governance.
- Attlee’s Proposal: When Clement Attlee, a future British Prime Minister, visited India as part of a constitutional commission, he suggested the merits of a presidential system over a parliamentary one. However, this proposal was met with shock and horror by his Indian interlocutors, who strongly favored the parliamentary system.
- Admiration for British Parliamentary Traditions: Many of India’s first-generation parliamentarians had received their education in England and held a deep admiration for British parliamentary traditions. They found authenticity in emulating these traditions.
- Continuation of British Practices: India’s parliamentary practices continued to mirror British traditions. For example, Indian MPs still thump their desks in approbation, a practice similar to desk-thumping in the British Parliament. When voting on bills, the affirmative call is typically aye rather than yes, although hanh is gaining popularity on some Treasury benches.
- A Compliment from a British Prime Minister: In an instance where an Anglophile Communist MP, Professor Hirendranath Mukherjee, proudly recounted how a visiting British Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, had remarked that the Indian Parliament was in every respect like the British one, This comment was regarded as a compliment, even by a Communist, and it emphasized the authenticity with which India had adopted British parliamentary traditions.
Departure from British parliamentary traditions and increasing leniency towards disruption
- Change Over Decades: Over the course of seven and a half decades since India gained independence, significant changes have occurred in the functioning of its parliamentary system.
- Emergence of Boisterous Behavior: India’s natural inclination towards boisterousness and assertiveness has reemerged in its legislative proceedings. This shift marks a departure from the decorum and traditions of the British parliamentary system.
- Disruptions in State Assemblies: Some state assemblies have already experienced chaotic scenes, including instances where furniture was overturned, microphones were ripped out, and legislators threw slippers. Fisticuffs and torn garments have also been observed during scuffles among politicians in these assemblies.
- Code of Conduct Violations: In the national legislature, the code of conduct, which is imparted to all newly-elected MPs, is frequently breached. This includes violations such as speaking out of turn, shouting slogans, waving placards, and marching into the well of the house.
- Pepper Spray Incident: The situation reached an extreme point when a protesting MP released pepper spray within the parliamentary chamber. This act resulted in the hospitalization of some MPs and caused discomfort for the then-Speaker.
- Impunity for Rule-Breaking: Lawmakers have exhibited a remarkable level of impunity in flouting the rules they are elected to uphold. Despite instances of MPs charging up to the presiding officer’s desk, wrenching his microphone, and tearing up his papers, they have often been quietly reinstated to their positions after a few months, accompanied by muted apologies.
Concerns and consequences of disruptive behavior in India’s Parliament
- Obstruction of Meaningful Debate: Disruptive behavior obstructs meaningful debate on important issues, preventing critical legislation from being discussed and passed.
- Weakening of Governance: Prolonged disruptions impede the government’s ability to implement policies and address the needs of the population, leading to weakened governance.
- Erosion of Parliamentary Decorum: Disruptive behavior has led to a noticeable erosion of parliamentary decorum and traditional standards of conduct.
- Negative Public Perception: Disruptions have contributed to a negative public perception of the Parliament, potentially leading to disillusionment with the democratic process.
- Decline in Accountability: Leniency towards disruptive behavior has undermined the accountability of elected representatives.
- Loss of Legislative Productivity: Frequent disruptions have resulted in a loss of valuable legislative time and productivity.
- Threat to Democracy: The disruptive behavior poses a threat to India’s democratic system by hindering the functioning of democratic institutions and diminishing their credibility.
British parliamentary techniques that the Indian parliament must learn and implement
- In the British parliamentary system, Opposition Day allows the opposition parties to select specific policy areas or issues they want to bring to the floor of the House for debate.
- This practice provides the opposition with a designated platform to express their views, criticize government policies, and propose alternatives.
- It promotes constructive debate on matters of political significance and ensures that the government must address issues raised by the opposition.
- Prime Minister’s Question Time (PMQs):
- PMQs is a significant and widely watched parliamentary event in the United Kingdom.
- During PMQs, MPs have the opportunity to question the Prime Minister about various issues.
- This practice enhances transparency, accountability, and scrutiny of the government’s actions and decisions.
- It is known for spirited exchanges and serves as a key aspect of the British parliamentary system’s tradition of executive accountability.
What else?
- Speaker’s Role: The Speaker should reconsider the frequent rejection of adjournment motions and the practice of grouping proposed amendments to bills for voice votes without discussion.
Conclusion
- India’s Parliament stands at a crossroads, with its credibility and functionality at stake due to persistent disruptions. By adopting some of the practices of the British parliamentary system and ensuring a more inclusive and accountable parliamentary culture, India can reinvigorate its democratic institutions and preserve the sanctity of its democracy. It is imperative for the government and the opposition to come together on these fundamental matters to salvage the integrity of the Parliament and the nation’s democracy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Judicial Data Grid
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On September 14th, the Supreme Court of India took a monumental stride by incorporating its case data into the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG).
What is the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)?
- Comprehensive Repository: NJDG stands as a comprehensive online repository, housing orders, judgments, and case particulars from a vast network of 18,735 District and subordinate Courts and High Courts.
- Real-time Access: This platform is an integral component of the eCourts Project, providing real-time updates and in-depth data down to the Taluka level.
Administration of NJDG
- E-Courts Initiative: NJDG was conceived as part of Phase II of the e-Courts project, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme designed to modernize the Indian judiciary.
- Collaborative Effort: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) collaborated closely with the in-house software development team of the Computer Cell at the Supreme Court to bring NJDG to fruition.
- User-Friendly Interface: NJDG boasts an interactive interface and an analytics dashboard, ensuring accessibility for legal professionals and the general public.
The Power of Data
- Monitoring and Management: NJDG serves as a potent tool for monitoring and managing case backlogs, ultimately alleviating the burden of pending cases.
- Supreme Court’s Example: Analyzing data from the Supreme Court in 2023, it reveals a total pendency of 64,854 registered cases, with 5,412 new cases received and 5,033 cases disposed of in the last month. This underscores that the backlog primarily consists of legacy cases, managed at a rate comparable to the annual influx of new cases.
- Identifying Bottlenecks: NJDG aids in identifying specific bottlenecks in the judicial process. For instance, a surge in land dispute cases in a particular state prompts policymakers to consider strengthening relevant laws.
- Insights from the Chief Justice: Chief Justice Chandrachud noted that year-wise pendency data indicates the Supreme Court has less than a hundred cases pending from before 2000, allowing the Chief Justice to prioritize the resolution of the oldest cases.
- Specialized Insights: NJDG also facilitates the generation of insights into specific areas of law. For instance, it links Land Records data from 26 States with NJDG to track land dispute cases effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GST Appellate Tribunal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Finance Ministry has formally established 31 Appellate Tribunals spanning 28 States and eight Union Territories for the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
- This significant move aims to address the increasing number of taxpayer disputes with the Revenue Department.
What is GST Appellate Tribunal?
- The GST Appellate Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body proposed to be established to resolve disputes related to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India.
- It will function as an independent body to hear appeals against orders passed by the GST authorities or the Appellate Authority.
- The tribunal will be composed of a national bench and various regional benches, headed by a chairperson appointed by the central government.
- The proposed tribunal is expected to help expedite the resolution of disputes related to GST and reduce the burden on the judiciary.
Under GST, if a person is not satisfied with the decision passed by any lower court, an appeal can be raised to a higher court, the hierarchy for the same is as follows (from low to high):
- Adjudicating Authority
- Appellate Authority
- Appellate Tribunal
- High Court
- Supreme Court
Need for such Tribunal
- Unburden judiciary: GST Appellate Tribunal will help resolve the rising number of disputes under the 68-month-old indirect tax regime that are now clogging High Courts and other judicial fora.
- Improve efficiency of GST System: Overall, the establishment of the GST Appellate Tribunal is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the GST system in India.
- Independent mechanism: The proposed Tribunal will provide an independent and efficient mechanism for resolving disputes related to GST.
- Avoid tax evasion: It will help to expedite the resolution of disputes, reduce the burden on the judiciary, and promote greater certainty and predictability in the GST system.
Issues with present litigation
- Compliance issues: The GST system is relatively new in India, having been implemented in 2017, and there have been several issues with compliance and interpretation of rules and regulations.
- Complex adjudication hierarchy: The current dispute resolution mechanism involves multiple layers of adjudication, starting with the GST officer and as mentioned above.
- Time consuming process: This process can be time-consuming, costly, and burdensome for taxpayers, especially small and medium-sized enterprises.
Significance
- The creation of these tribunals had been in the pipeline since the implementation of the GST regime on July 1, 2017.
- The number of pending appeals by taxpayers related to central GST levies had surged to over 14,000 (June 2023).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: M Visvesvaraya
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- September 15 marks the birthday of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (1861-1962), celebrated for his pivotal role as a civil engineer and administrator during colonial India.
About M. Visvesvaraya
- Early life: Born on September 15, 1861, in the village of Muddenahalli, Karnataka, Visvesvaraya commenced his educational journey in his hometown.
- Academic Pursuits: He pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Madras and later embarked on a diploma course in civil engineering at the College of Science in Pune.
Career Achievements
- Engineering Pioneer: After completing his engineering studies at Poona College of Science, Visvesvaraya commenced his career as an Assistant Engineer in the Public Works Department (PWD) of the Government of Bombay at the age of 22.
- Notable Projects: Among his initial projects was the construction of a pipe syphon across one of Panjra river’s channels.
- Dewan of Mysore: In 1909, he assumed the role of Chief Engineer in the Mysore service, eventually becoming the 19th Dewan of Mysore.
- Voluntary Retirement: In 1918, Visvesvaraya took voluntary retirement due to his disagreement with the proposal to allocate state jobs based on caste.
- Committees and Contributions: Following retirement, he chaired or participated in various committees, including the Bombay Technical and Industrial Education Committee, Bombay University Committee for Promoting Chemical Industries, and the Cauvery Canal Committee.
Significant Works
- Block System of Irrigation: In 1899, he introduced the block system of irrigation in the Deccan canals, enhancing the equitable distribution of irrigation benefits among numerous villages.
- Water Quality Improvement: Visvesvaraya tackled the issue of “muddy and discolored” water in Sukkur, a city on the banks of the Indus River.
- Invention of Automatic Gates: He invented automatic gates for regulating water flow in reservoirs, securing a patent for this innovation.
- Implementation at Krishnaraja Sagar Dam: The Krishnaraja Sagar Dam in Karnataka became the first to adopt these gates in the 1920s.
Global Perspective
- International Learning: Visvesvaraya travelled abroad to study various aspects of other countries’ systems. During a visit to Italy, he examined soil erosion problems and irrigation and drainage works.
- Advocating for Indian Contributions: He challenged the perception that only British officers were capable of overseeing advanced engineering works, emphasizing that Indian expertise was valuable when supported by qualifications and dedication.
Vision for Progress
- Inspirational Speech: In a speech delivered on March 16, 1912, at Central College Bangalore, Visvesvaraya emphasized the need for India to adopt modern practices, scientific precision, inventiveness, discipline, and economic fundamentals for progress.
- Promoting Self-Examination: He encouraged a secular self-examination, comparing local conditions in India with global counterparts.
- Authorship: Visvesvaraya authored two influential books, “Reconstructing India” (1920) and “Planned Economy of India” (1934).
Impact on Education
- Education as a Catalyst: Visvesvaraya recognized the critical role of education in shaping an economy during his visit to Japan in 1898.
- Founding the University of Mysore: As the Dewan of Mysore in 1916, he played a pivotal role in establishing the University of Mysore, emphasizing that educational institutions should mirror real-life conditions.
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Central Idea
- A Maratha activist has been on a 17-day hunger strike demanding reservation for the Maratha community in jobs and education.
- The demand for a Maratha quota is expected to gain momentum as Lok Sabha and Assembly elections approach.
Historical Context of Maratha Reservation Demand
- Maratha Background: The Marathas, historically identified as a “warrior” caste, comprise mainly peasant and landowning groups, constituting nearly one-third of Maharashtra’s population. They have been a politically dominant community in the state.
- Demand for Reservation: The demand for Maratha reservation dates back to the early 1980s when Mathadi Labour Union leader Annasaheb Patil led the first protest rally in Mumbai.
Recent Developments
- OBC Status: The Marathas seek to be identified as Kunbis (Farmers), which would entitle them to benefits under the quota for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This demand arose after the Supreme Court, in May 2021, struck down the quota for Marathas under the state’s Socially and Educationally Backward Class (SEBC) Act, 2018.
- Bombay High Court Decision: In June 2019, the Bombay High Court upheld the Maratha quota under the SEBC Act but reduced it to 12% in education and 13% in government jobs, in compliance with the 50% reservation limit set by the court.
- Supreme Court Ruling: In May 2021, the Supreme Court declared the Maharashtra law providing reservation to Marathas unconstitutional, citing it breached the 50% reservation cap set in the Indra Sawhney (Mandal) judgment of 1992.
- Impact on EWS Quota: Following the SC’s decision on the 10% quota for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), the Maharashtra government stated that poor Marathas could not benefit from the EWS quota until the Maratha reservation issue was resolved.
- Government Response: In response to protests and clashes, the government issued a Government Resolution (GR) promising Kunbi caste certificates to certain Maratha community members and referred to an older GR from 2004 pledging reservation for eligible Maratha-Kunbis and Kunbi-Marathas.
OBC Opposition to Maratha Demand
- OBC Organizations: OBC organizations have opposed the Maratha demand for OBC reservations due to quota shrink. They argue that Marathas, as a dominant community, should not share the OBC quota, which is already limited in Maharashtra compared to the national quota.
- Reservation Distribution: Currently, reservations in the state are divided among various categories, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, OBCs, Special Backward Classes, and others.
Political Impact
- Polarization: The Maratha reservation issue has led to a sharp Maratha-OBC polarization in politics. Traditionally, Marathas leaned towards the Congress and NCP, while the BJP and Shiv Sena garnered OBC support.
- Changing Dynamics: Recent political developments, including splits within parties and alliances, have complicated the political landscape, making the issue even more complex.
Conclusion
- The Maratha reservation issue remains a highly contentious and politically charged topic in Maharashtra, with implications for both social and political dynamics in the state.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India has reached out to Australia in its efforts to procure monoclonal antibody doses for combating the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala.
- The monoclonal antibody has successfully passed phase-one trials and has been administered to 14 individuals globally.
Why use it for Nipah?
- Currently, there is no effective treatment for Nipah virus infection apart from symptom relief.
- The virus carries a high mortality rate ranging from 40% to 75%, making it a formidable threat.
- In comparison, even during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the case fatality ratio (CFR) remained at around three percent.
What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)?
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a class of therapeutic proteins that have revolutionized medicine and healthcare.
- They are used in a wide range of applications, from treating diseases to diagnosing conditions and conducting scientific research.
Structure of mAbs
- Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced by a single type of immune cell, known as a B cell.
- They are called “monoclonal” because they are derived from a single, cloned parent cell.
- These antibodies have a specific Y-shaped structure consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
- The variable region of the antibody binds to a specific antigen with high precision.
Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal antibodies have a wide range of applications in medicine, science, and diagnostics:
- MAbs are used to treat various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and more.
- They are used in diagnostic tests, such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), to detect specific molecules like antigens or antibodies.
- Scientists use mAbs to study and manipulate biological processes. They can be labeled with fluorescent markers for imaging and are crucial tools in cell biology and molecular biology research.
- Monoclonal antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent markers can be used for diagnostic imaging techniques like PET (positron emission tomography) scans.
- They can target specific molecules on cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy cells during cancer treatment.
Challenges and Advancements
- Despite their significant benefits, monoclonal antibodies can have limitations, such as high production costs and the potential for immune responses.
- Advances in technology, such as the development of humanized antibodies (antibodies with human components to reduce immune reactions), have addressed some of these challenges.
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