Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RTI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Chief Justice of India acknowledged the concerns raised by political parties regarding the potential disclosure of internal decisions under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
- The case before the three-judge Bench seeks to determine whether national and regional political parties should be considered “public authorities” under the RTI Act.
- The court will delve into the matter further to strike a balance between transparency and the confidentiality of parties’ internal functions.
Facts for Prelims: Right to Information (RTI) Act
| Enactment |
June 15, 2005 |
| Objective |
Promote transparency and accountability |
| Applicability |
All public authorities at central, state, local levels |
| Scope |
Access to information on matters of public interest, government policies, budgets, etc. |
| RTI Application |
Filed in writing with the concerned public authority |
| Response Time |
Within 30 days (48 hours for life or liberty issues) |
| Exemptions |
Some information exempted to protect national security, privacy, etc.
Judiciary |
| Fees |
Nominal fee varies based on state and information requested |
| First Appellate Authority |
Filed if dissatisfied with the response |
| Second Appeal |
Filed with the relevant Information Commission |
| Whistleblower Protection |
Safeguards against victimization for exposing corruption |
| Impact |
Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance |
RTI Act and Political Parties
- Petitions Seeking Declaration: A batch of petitions has been filed, urging that political parties should be classified as “public authorities” under the RTI Act. The Congress, BJP, and other parties are respondents in this case.
- Concerns Raised: The Communist Party supports financial transparency but objects to revealing confidential information, such as candidate selection processes and internal discussions.
- Judicial Observation: CJI acknowledged the concerns, indicating that parties may have a point in not disclosing internal candidate selection processes.
Arguments Presented
- Benefits and Governance Role: Petitioners argue that political parties receive considerable benefits from the government, including bungalows, and play a role in governance through legislator control.
- CIC’s Ruling: The Central Information Commission (CIC) had previously declared political parties as public authorities in 2013 and 2015.
- Parties’ Response: Political parties have expressed reservations, stating that RTI disclosure may intrude on confidential discussions, affect their stance towards the government, and hinder their ability to organize protests against government policies.
- Union Government’s Stand: The government opposes the petitions, contending that parties’ internal functioning and financial information should not be compelled under the RTI Act, as this could be misused by political rivals.
CIC’s Interpretation
- Liberal Interpretation of RTI Act: The CIC’s interpretation of Section 2(h) of the RTI Act, classifying political parties as public authorities, has been disputed.
- Political Parties Not Government Bodies: The Centre argues that political parties are not government bodies established by the Constitution or any parliamentary law.
- Existing Transparency Provisions: The Income Tax Act and the Representation of the People Act already require necessary transparency regarding financial aspects of political parties.
Conclusion
- The case raises essential questions about transparency versus confidentiality in their internal operations of a political party.
- Striking a balance between citizens’ right to information and parties’ right to maintain confidentiality will be crucial in the court’s deliberation.
- The judgment could set a precedent for how political parties are held accountable to the public while safeguarding their internal processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Himachal Flood
Central Idea
- Himachal Pradesh has experienced devastating flash floods during the recent monsoon season, resulting in a significant loss of lives and assets.
- This article explores the factors contributing to the floods, including climate change and anthropogenic actions, and raises questions about the current development model’s sustainability.
Reasons for amplified Flood Impacts
[A] Climate Change and Floods
- IPCC’s Warning: The IPCC VI report predicts that the Himalayas and coastal regions of India will be the hardest hit by climate change. Increased precipitation in shorter periods is evident in the Himalayas, leading to heavy rains and floods.
- Abnormal Rainfall: Normal rainfall is expected to be between 720mm and 750mm, but instances of exceeding 888mm in 2010 and 926.9mm in 2018 have been observed. The current precipitation has been a result of the combined effect of the southwest monsoon and western disturbances.
[B] Impact of Development Model
- Dr. Parmar Model: Himachal Pradesh’s development model, initiated in 1971, transformed the state into a model of development for mountain regions. It focused on land reforms, social welfare investments, and human resource development.
- Shift in Development: Liberalization brought demands for fiscal reforms, forcing the state to generate its own resources. Exploitation of natural resources such as forests, water, tourism, and cement production became the focus of development efforts.
- Hydropower Projects: Dominant focus on hydropower projects led to uncontrolled construction, transforming mountain rivers into streams, and causing ecological damage.
- Tourism Expansion: Road expansion for tourism promotion resulted in bypassing geological studies, leading to landslides and destruction during rainfall.
- Cement Plants: Establishment of massive cement plants altered the landscape, reducing the land’s water absorption capacity and contributing to flash floods.
- Changing Crop Patterns: Shift from traditional cereal farming to cash crops increased the demand for hastily constructed roads without proper drainage, leading to rapid swelling of rivers during rainfall.
Way Forward
- Commission of Inquiry: Instituting a Commission of Inquiry involving major stakeholders can address policy framework failures and project aspects.
- Empowering Local Communities: A new architecture is needed to empower local communities over their assets. Insuring assets and involving local communities as custodians can expedite rebuilding efforts.
- Sustainable Infrastructure: With climate change as a reality, infrastructure planning should adapt to avert disasters and mitigate the impacts of heavy rainfall.
Conclusion
- The flash floods in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate the consequences of both climate change and human-induced development.
- It calls for a comprehensive approach that considers sustainable development practices, empowers local communities, and prioritizes environmental conservation to protect lives and assets in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Researchers from the University of Colorado conducted an experiment to study the electric dipole moment (EDM) of an electron.
- This EDM measurement could help solve the mystery of why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe, which goes against the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Understanding Electron’s EDM
- Electric Dipole Moment (EDM): The EDM of an electron is a measure of how its positive and negative electrical charges are distributed. Imagine it like a bar magnet: it shows how asymmetric the charge distribution is within the electron, as if the negative charge (electron) is not perfectly centered with respect to the positive charge (proton) within the particle.
- Elementary Particles: Electrons are the smallest, fundamental building blocks of matter. Their EDM is an important concept in particle physics because it helps scientists study violations of certain fundamental symmetries, such as time-reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry.
Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem
- Matter and Antimatter: Matter and antimatter are particles with opposite charges but similar properties. According to the Standard Model, equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been created during the Big Bang, but this is not what we observe in the Universe.
- Annihilation: When matter and antimatter come into contact, they annihilate each other, releasing energy. This raises the question of why there is still matter around us, as both should have completely annihilated each other after the Big Bang.
Measuring the EDM:
- EDM Measurement: By measuring the EDM of an electron, scientists can determine if the electron’s charge is perfectly centered or slightly off to one side, indicating a separation of charge.
- Time Symmetry Violation (TSV): If an electron’s EDM is non-zero, it suggests a violation of time symmetry, meaning the behavior of particles is different when time is reversed. This violation could be a clue to explaining the matter-antimatter asymmetry.
Thesis to this dichotomy: Sakharov’s Conditions
These are three conditions proposed by physicist Andrei Sakharov to explain why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe:
- Baryon Number Violation: Some processes violate the conservation of baryon number, leading to the creation of more matter than antimatter. Baryons are particles like protons and neutrons.
- C-Symmetry and CP-Symmetry Violation: Certain processes treat matter and antimatter differently due to violations of charge conjugation (C-symmetry) and combined charge conjugation with parity (CP-symmetry).
- Out-of-Equilibrium Processes: Certain processes happen out of thermal equilibrium, preventing the complete annihilation of particles and resulting in an excess of matter.
Experiment carried out
- Complex Experimental Setup: The researchers used advanced techniques involving magnetic fields, lasers, microwaves, and radiofrequency fields to control and measure the EDM of electrons confined inside molecular ions.
- EDM Bound: The experiment set a limit on the electron’s EDM, indicating that it is about 2.4 times higher than previously measured and roughly 1 billion times larger than predicted by the Standard Model.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Searching for New Physics: The measurement of the electron’s EDM opens up the possibility of discovering new physics beyond the Standard Model.
- Role in Explaining Asymmetry: The knowledge gained from EDM measurements could guide future high-energy particle colliders to produce particles that violate time symmetry, helping us understand why there is more matter than antimatter in the early Universe.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNESCO
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The US first lady held a flag-raising ceremony at UNESCO in Paris, marking Washington’s official re-entry.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
|
| Established |
November 16, 1945 |
| Headquarters |
Paris, France |
| Membership |
195 member states and 10 associate members |
| Mandate |
Promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication |
| Objectives |
- Ensuring an inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- Safeguarding cultural heritage
- Advancing scientific research and collaboration
- Promoting freedom of expression
- Fostering intercultural dialogue
|
| Notable Programs and Activities |
- World Heritage Program: Designates and preserves sites of outstanding universal value
- Education for All Program: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all
- International Hydrological Program: Promoting sustainable water management and cooperation
- Man and the Biosphere Program: Promoting sustainable development and Conservation of natural resources
- Intangible Cultural Heritage Program: Safeguarding and promoting intangible cultural heritage
|
A quick recap
- US and Israel’s withdrawal: Last December, the United States and Israel decided to leave UNESCO.
- Historical trajectory of engagement: The decisions should be viewed within a longer historical context.
Reasons for Withdrawal
- Anti-Semitic resolutions: The US and Israel cited several resolutions that they perceived as biased against Israel.
- Disdain for multilateralism and ‘America First’ policy: The US demonstrated a lack of interest in multilateral organizations and prioritized its own interests.
- Mounting arrears: The decision was based on mounting arrears, the need for reform, and perceived anti-Israel bias.
- Lack of interest in paying UNESCO debts: The Trump administration had little incentive to pay off debts accumulated since the Obama administration froze contributions.
Implications of the withdrawal
- Impact on UNESCO’s daily workings: The departure of the US and Israel impaired the organization’s operations.
- Limited consequence for Palestinians: The diplomatic victory for the Palestinian Authority was of little political or economic significance for Palestinians living under occupation.
Why is the US now joining back?
- Counterbalance China’s influence: The US aims to counterbalance China’s growing influence in shaping global policies on artificial intelligence and technology education.
- Protect and promote US interests: Rejoining allows the US to protect and advance its interests in cultural heritage preservation, climate change initiatives, and girls’ education.
- Reforms and diplomatic efforts: UNESCO’s management reforms and efforts to address concerns have contributed to the US decision to rejoin.
- Bipartisan support for engagement: The decision to rejoin UNESCO has received bipartisan support within the US, ensuring long-term engagement regardless of future political changes.
- Financial considerations and commitment: The US plans to fulfill financial obligations to UNESCO, including paying dues and arrears, demonstrating a commitment to supporting key initiatives within the organization.
Conclusion
- The decision of the United States to rejoin UNESCO reflects a strategic effort to counterbalance China’s influence, protect and promote American interests, and engage in international efforts for cultural preservation, climate change, and education.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tax reforms in news
Mains level: Tax on online gaming, advantages and impact on industry, Need for balanced approach
What’s the news?
- The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council recently decided to impose the top 28% slab on online gaming, horse racing, and casinos.
- The government anticipates earning an additional Rs 20,000 crore per annum.
“Nothing in this world is certain but death and taxes.” -Benjamin Franklin
Central Idea
- The recent decision of the 50th GST Council to impose a staggering 28% tax on the total amount involved in online games has sparked concerns over the survival of an entire industry that employs a substantial workforce.
The Distinction between Games of Skill and Games of Chance
- For more than 150 years, the legal system has distinguished between games of skill and games of chance.
- While games of chance rely solely on luck and are akin to gambling, games of skill involve a level of competence, where the outcome is determined by the players’ abilities.
- The Public Gambling Act of 1867 recognizes games of skill as distinct from gambling, offering a legal shield to the former.
What is the Rationale Behind Levying a 28% Tax on Online Gaming?
- Revenue Generation: The primary objective is to generate additional revenue for the exchequer by taxing the booming online gaming industry, which has witnessed significant growth and popularity.
- Consistency in the Tax System: Applying a 28% GST on online gaming activities is aimed at ensuring equal treatment of various forms of entertainment and recreational activities in the tax system.
- Regulatory Control: The imposition of a higher tax rate may serve as a means of regulatory control over the online gaming industry, potentially influencing consumer behavior and promoting responsible gaming practices.
- Foreign Investment Considerations: Setting a tax rate comparable to global standards may attract foreign investments in the online gaming sector while ensuring tax compliance within the industry.
- Addressing Social Concerns: The government aims to address concerns related to excessive gaming and potential social issues by imposing a higher tax rate.
- Boosting Government Revenues: The estimated annual revenue boost of Rs 20,000 crore highlights the government’s view of the online gaming industry as a lucrative source of tax collection.
Impact of 28% GST on the Online Gaming Industry?
- Financial Burden on Players: The 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games may result in a higher financial burden on players, especially for those who do not win or participate frequently. This could discourage some players from engaging in online gaming activities.
- Viability of the Industry: The higher tax rate may impact the industry’s viability, particularly for gaming companies and startups. It could lead to reduced revenues for the companies, affecting their ability to invest in game development and innovation.
- Competitiveness: The increased tax rate may make Indian gaming platforms less competitive compared to international counterparts that might not be subject to such high taxation. This could lead to players shifting to offshore gaming platforms, impacting the domestic industry.
- Employment in the Sector: The online gaming industry in India is a significant employer, providing direct and indirect employment to thousands of people. The higher tax rate may put financial strain on companies, leading to potential job losses and reduced opportunities for growth in the sector.
- Impact on Foreign Investments: The higher tax rate could deter foreign investments in the Indian gaming industry, as investors may consider the tax burden and its potential effects on returns.
- Consumer Behavior: The higher GST rate might alter consumer behavior, with some players reducing their spending on online games or looking for alternative sources of entertainment.
- Potential Black Market: A high tax rate might incentivize some players to resort to black market or unregulated platforms to avoid the tax burden, leading to potential illegal activities and revenue losses for the government.
- Regulatory Challenges: The implementation of a 28% GST on online gaming might pose regulatory challenges for both gaming companies and the government, especially in ensuring compliance and proper tax collection.
- Innovation and Investment in the Sector: The higher tax rate may impact investments in research and development, innovation, and new game development within the industry.
- Growth of E-sports: The higher tax burden on gaming companies may affect the growth of e-sports and competitive gaming in India, as organizers and sponsors may face increased financial pressures
Way Forward: The Need for Balanced Taxation
- Engage Stakeholders: The government should engage in meaningful discussions with industry stakeholders, including gaming companies, players, and experts, to understand the unique challenges and opportunities in the sector.
- Review Taxation Structure: Consider revisiting the current tax structure and exploring alternatives such as focusing on service fees rather than taxing the entire pooled amount. Aligning with global practices can lead to more sustainable and equitable taxation.
- Promote Responsible Gaming: Allocate a portion of tax revenue to promote responsible gaming practices, player protection, and awareness programs to address potential social concerns.
- Encourage Domestic Investment: Provide incentives and tax breaks to encourage domestic gaming companies to invest in research, development, and innovation, fostering the growth of the industry.
- Support E-sports: Recognize the potential of e-sports and competitive gaming, and offer tax incentives to organizers and sponsors of e-sports’ events to stimulate the growth of the e-sport’s ecosystem.
- Continuous Monitoring: Regularly monitor the impact of taxation policies on the industry, employment, and overall revenue collection. Adjust the policies as necessary to maintain a balanced approach.
- International Collaboration: Collaborate with other countries and learn from their experiences in gaming taxation to refine and implement effective policies.
Conclusion
- The decision to impose a 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games could be catastrophic for the industry. A more balanced approach, considering the industry’s employment potential and overall economic impact, is essential. By focusing on reasonable taxation and fostering growth, policymakers can ensure the survival and prosperity of the online gaming industry while still collecting revenue for the government’s coffers.
Also read:
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key concepts such as EPR, circular bioeconomy and various government schemes
Mains level: Circular bioeconomy significance and India's efforts
What’s the news?
- India has prioritized Resource Efficiency and the Circular Economy as one of its core themes during its G-20 presidency.
Central idea
- In the pursuit of sustainable development and the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, decoupling resource utilization from economic growth is crucial. Recognizing the urgency to transition from the take-make-dispose model to the reduce-reuse-recycle approach.
What is the take-make-dispose model?
- The take-make-dispose model, also known as the linear economy model, refers to the traditional and linear approach to resource consumption and production in our economic system.
- In this model, resources are extracted from nature (take), processed into products (make), used by consumers, and then discarded as waste (dispose) after their useful life.
- It follows a one-way flow of resources from extraction to disposal without considering the long-term environmental and social impacts
What is the reduce-reuse-recycle approach?
- The reduce-reuse-recycle approach is a sustainable waste management strategy that aims to minimize the environmental impact of resource consumption and waste generation.
- It promotes a circular economy model by encouraging responsible resource use, extending the lifespan of products, and maximizing the recovery of materials to be used in new products.
What is meant by circular economy?
- A Circular economy is an economic model that aims to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste by promoting the reuse, recycling, and regeneration of materials and products. It is a departure from the traditional linear economy, where resources are extracted, processed, used, and disposed of as waste.
What is meant by circular bioeconomy?
- Circular bioeconomy is an approach that seeks to combine the principles of circular economy with the use of renewable biological resources.
- The Circular bioeconomy adopts a closed-loop system, where biological resources, such as organic waste and agricultural by-products, are managed in a way that maximizes their value and minimizes their impact on the environment.
What is Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)?
- EPR is a policy approach that holds producers accountable for the entire life cycle of their products, including their post-consumer stage.
- The concept of EPR shifts the responsibility for the management of products, especially waste and recycling, from the end-user or consumer to the manufacturer or producer.
India’s exemplary approach to EPR
- Centralized EPR Portal: India has established a centralized EPR portal, where over 20,000 registered Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs) are actively participating in EPR initiatives. This centralization streamlines waste collection efforts and facilitates better coordination in managing waste materials.
- Robust Framework: With over 1,900 plastic waste processors registered on the EPR portal, India boasts one of the largest frameworks for EPR implementation. This extensive network of processors contributes to efficient plastic waste management and recycling.
- Significant EPR Obligation: The combined EPR obligation of registered PIBOs amounts to a substantial 3.07 million tons. This indicates a substantial commitment by producers to manage and recycle the waste generated from their products, contributing to sustainable waste management practices.
- Comprehensive Rules for E-Waste and Battery Waste: In addition to plastic waste, India has also notified comprehensive rules for e-waste and battery waste management. This indicates a comprehensive approach to addressing various waste streams and promoting responsible waste management across different sectors.
Why is moving towards a circular Steel sector crucial?
- Commitment to Net Zero Ambitions: Most G-20 member countries have pledged to achieve net-zero emissions, indicating a collective determination to address climate change and promote sustainability.
- Improving Recycling Rates: To ensure environmentally responsible resource consumption, there is a need to raise the current recycling rates of steel, which currently range from 15% to 25%. Increased recycling can reduce the demand for new raw materials and lower the industry’s environmental impact.
- Vital Role of Steel in Infrastructure: Given its crucial role in infrastructure development, the efficient utilization of steel is of utmost importance. A circular steel sector can optimize resource use and minimize waste generation.
- Growing Steel Demand: With the global economy growing, the demand for steel, especially in developing economies like India, is expected to rise. Transitioning to a circular model becomes even more significant in managing this increased demand sustainably.
- Tackling Steel Sector Emissions: About 7% of energy sector emissions globally are attributed to iron and steel production. A circular steel sector is a key strategy to address these emissions and reduce the industry’s overall carbon footprint.
- Blueprint for a Net Zero Pathway: The presidential document on the Circular Economy in the Steel Sector serves as a potential blueprint to achieve a net-zero pathway for the steel industry.
- Sharing Best Practices: As different countries have implemented various EPR models, sharing best practices among G-20 member countries becomes crucial to accelerate the transition to a circular economy in the steel sector.
India’s efforts towards a circular bioeconomy and Biofuels
- Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana:
- This initiative provides financial support to integrated bioethanol projects that aim to set up Second Generation (2G) ethanol projects.
- 2G bioethanol technology allows for the production of bioethanol from waste feedstock, including crop residues and municipal solid waste, which would otherwise have no value.
- Enhancing Value from Waste:
- With 2G bioethanol technology, India maximizes the value derived from agricultural and urban waste, contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy.
- By converting waste materials into bioethanol, the country promotes efficient resource utilization and minimizes waste disposal challenges.
- Biomass Blending in Thermal Power Plants:
- India has taken significant steps to promote the use of biomass in the energy sector.
- It has made it mandatory for coal-burning thermal power plants to blend 5% of biomass pellets with coal.
- This measure reduces carbon emissions and encourages the adoption of cleaner and renewable energy sources.
- Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources (GOBAR) Dhan Scheme:
- The GOBAR Dhan scheme plays a vital role in promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing pollution.
- It involves the conversion of cattle dung and other organic waste into compost, biogas, and biofuels.
- The scheme has led to the establishment of over 500 functional biogas plants, creating rural livelihood opportunities and ensuring improved sanitation.
- Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) Scheme:
- Launched in 2018, the SATAT Scheme is a crucial step towards promoting greener transportation.
- It aims to popularize Compressed BioGas (CBG) as an alternative green transportation fuel.
- The scheme accelerates the development of infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of CBG, further supporting the bioenergy sector’s growth
- Industry-Led Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Coalition:
- Industries play a pivotal role in advancing resource efficiency and circular economy practices.
- India’s vision of an industry-led coalition aims to foster technological collaboration, build advanced capabilities across sectors, mobilize de-risked finance, and encourage proactive private sector engagement.
The role of the G-20 in promoting a circular bioeconomy
- Policy Coherence and Harmonization: By aligning policies related to bio-based products, waste management, and sustainable agriculture, the G-20 can promote consistent practices globally.
- Knowledge Sharing and Best Practices: Members can learn from successful initiatives in other countries, accelerating the adoption of sustainable practices and technologies.
- Technology Transfer: The G-20 can facilitate technology transfer between advanced and developing economies, enabling the adoption of advanced bio-based technologies in countries with fewer resources.
- Collaboration with International Organizations: The G-20 can collaborate with international organizations like the UN and OECD to align circular bioeconomy strategies with broader global development goals, such as the SDGs.
- Circular Agriculture and Food Systems: The G-20 can promote sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroecology and regenerative agriculture, to enhance food security, preserve biodiversity, and reduce agricultural waste
Conclusion
- Global platforms like the G-20 are instrumental in addressing critical challenges and finding sustainable solutions through collaborative efforts. By prioritizing circularity in the steel sector, implementing effective EPR policies, fostering a circular bioeconomy, and forming industry-led coalitions, India sets a commendable example for other nations to follow in the journey towards a greener and more sustainable world.
Also read:
E-waste sector and Gender Justice
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Recent high court orders related to consent and the age of consent, issues, impact and measures
What’s the news?
- The recent High Court decisions have brought to the forefront the complexities surrounding consent and the age of consent under POCSO.
Central Idea
- In recent months, several High Courts have either quashed FIRs or acquitted accused persons under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, citing consensual sex as the reason. These decisions raise critical questions about the interpretation of consent and the age of consent, necessitating a thorough examination to ensure the best interests of the child.
Defining consent and the age of consent
- Consent:
- In the context of sexual relationships, consent is an explicit and voluntary agreement between individuals to engage in sexual activity. It must be given without any form of coercion, manipulation, or pressure.
- The concept of consent is crucial in promoting healthy and respectful relationships and preventing sexual misconduct.
- Age of Consent:
- The age of consent is a legal designation that specifies the minimum age at which an individual is considered capable of providing informed and lawful consent to engage in sexual activities.
- In the case of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, a child is defined as any person below the age of 18 years.
- Acts of penetrative sexual assault committed on children are considered criminal offenses under this act, regardless of their consent.
Recent High Court decisions regarding cases related to the POCSO Act
- Delhi High Court (July 12): The court granted bail to a 25-year-old accused, reasoning that the 15-year-old girl had eloped with him on her own and did not support the prosecution’s claim of sexual assault.
- Bombay High Court (July 10): The court quashed the conviction of a 25-year-old man under POCSO, stating that he had engaged in consensual sex with a 17-year-old girl. The girl had terminated her pregnancy after the accused was arrested.
- Madras High Court (July 7): The court quashed an FIR registered under POCSO and all related criminal proceedings. Furthermore, it directed the Director General of Police to produce reports of all such pending cases before the Court.
- Madhya Pradesh High Court (June 27): The court quashed an FIR registered under POCSO and all criminal proceedings, stating that the sexual relationship was consensual. The judgment did not mention the age of the accused, who happened to be the coach of the victim. Additionally, the Court recommended that the Indian government consider reducing the age of consent of the prosecutrix from 18 to 16 years.
Challenges and concerns over the recent High Court decisions
- Interpretation of Consent: One of the significant challenges lies in the interpretation of consent in cases involving minors. While the age of consent is legally defined as 18 years in India under POCSO, some High Courts acquitted accused individuals based on the premise of consensual sex, even when the victims were below the age of 18.
- Age Disparity: In some of the cases, there was a considerable age difference between the prosecutrix (the victim) and the accused. Despite this age disparity, the courts did not take it into account while delivering their judgments.
- Deterrence Factor: The harsh minimum imprisonment terms under POCSO for sexual offenses against minors, such as 10 years and 20 years for penetrative sexual assault and aggravated penetrative sexual assault, respectively, may have influenced the reluctance of courts to convict accused individuals in consensual sex cases.
- Legal Presumption: POCSO includes a mandatory legal presumption in favor of the victims. However, in some of the recent judgments, the High Courts did not consider this presumption, leading to questions about the application of the law in protecting the interests of the child victims.
- Child Welfare: The primary objective of POCSO is to safeguard children from sexual offenses, irrespective of consent. The recent decisions have sparked debates about whether these judgments truly serve the best interests of the child, or if they may unintentionally undermine the protective intent of the law.
- Need for Judicial Consistency: Inconsistencies in judgments by different High Courts create uncertainty in the legal system. Ensuring consistency in interpreting the law is essential for upholding the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ and maintaining public trust in the justice system.
Role of the Supreme Court in resolving the discrepancies
- As reducing the age of consent falls under the jurisdiction of Parliament, the Supreme Court must play a crucial role in resolving the discrepancies between the laid-down law and the various interpretations by different High Courts.
- This is particularly relevant given the Supreme Court’s previous judgment in Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) wherein it held that even sexual intercourse with a minor wife is rape
Steps to address these gaps quickly
- Analyze Cases: The Bureau of Police Research and Development should analyze cases of consensual sex, age-wise, across different states. This analysis can help the Central government make informed decisions regarding the age of consent and its potential reduction.
- Reduce Harsh Minimum Imprisonment: The minimum imprisonment terms for sexual offenses under POCSO should be re-evaluated. Instead of acting as a benefit to the accused, the punishment should act as a deterrent and ensure justice for child victims.
- Judicial Leeway in Age of Consent: Consider granting some leeway to the judiciary in interpreting consent in cases where the victim is of lower age based on the child’s understanding of consequences. This would allow for a more nuanced approach to cases involving minors.
- Uphold the Best Interest of the Child: The ‘Best Interests of the Child’ principle should be a guiding factor in all decisions related to POCSO cases. The welfare and well-being of the child victims should be the paramount consideration.
- Supreme Court Intervention: The Supreme Court must intervene promptly to address the gap between the laid down law and the different interpretations by the High Courts. Its role is crucial in ensuring consistency and uniformity in the application of the law.
- Legislative Review: The Parliament should consider reviewing the age of consent in light of the recent High Court decisions and expert analyses. Any potential reduction in the age of consent should be done thoughtfully, with the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ as the primary concern.
- Public Awareness: Launch public awareness campaigns to educate the public about the importance of protecting children from sexual offenses and the legal rights of child victims.
- Specialized Training: Provide specialized training to judges, prosecutors, and lawyers on child protection laws and the Best Interests of the Child principle to enhance their understanding of the unique needs and vulnerabilities of child victims
Conclusion
- Striking a balance between protecting children from sexual assault and considering their understanding of consent is essential. It is imperative for the Supreme Court and the legislature to address this issue promptly to ensure the welfare and safety of children across the country.
Also read:
Reviewing the Age of Consent Under POCSO Act
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBFC, Film Certification Process
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Union Information & Broadcasting Minister has expressed displeasure with the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) over its approval of the Hollywood film “Oppenheimer.”
- The Minister has reportedly asked officials to remove a particular scene from the movie that has generated controversy on social media.
Understanding the CBFC
- Role: The Central Board of Film Certification is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, responsible for regulating the public exhibition of films in India under the Cinematograph Act, 1952.
- Certification Requirement: Films can be screened in India only after receiving certification from the Board.
- Composition: The CBFC comprises a Chairperson and members appointed by the Central Government. There are nine Regional Offices with Advisory Panels to assist in the examination of films.
Film Certification Process
- Examining Committee: After submitting all film materials and requisite fees, a regional officer forms an Examining Committee to view the film. For short films (shorter than 72 minutes), the committee includes a CBFC officer and one advisory panel member, with at least one being a woman. For long films (longer than 72 minutes), at least two committee members must be women.
- Certification Recommendations: Each committee member provides a written report with their recommendations for modifications and classification of the film.
- CBFC Decision: The Chairperson reviews the committee’s reports and initiates further procedures based on their recommendations.
Types of Certifications:
- Unrestricted Public Exhibition (U)
- Parental Guidance for children below age 12 (U/A)
- Adult (A)
- Viewing by specialized groups (S)
Controversies and Appeals
- Suggested Changes: CBFC may suggest modifications or excisions in the film before granting certification. Applicants dissatisfied with the certification or suggested changes can apply to the Revising Committee.
- Revising Committee: The Revising Committee consists of the Chairperson and up to nine members from the board and advisory panel.
- Appellate Tribunal: If disagreements persist, the Appellate Tribunal, an independent body, can be approached.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Meri Maati Mera Desh Initiative
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Union government has launched the ‘Meri Maati Mera Desh’ campaign as a grand culmination of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav,’ celebrating 75 years of Indian Independence.
Meri Maati Mera Desh
- This initiative aims to honor and commemorate the sacrifices of martyrs.
- It includes freedom fighters, defense personnel, and members of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and State Police, who laid down their lives in the line of duty.
Five-Point Agenda
- Shilaphalakam Installation: Memorials will be erected, adorned with the names of those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation. The veers (bravehearts) will be remembered and respected for their immense contribution to the country’s freedom, unity, and integrity.
- Pledge of Commitment: A solemn pledge will be taken by people at the memorial sites, reaffirming their unwavering commitment to the nation and its values.
- Vasudha Vandhan: Every gram panchayat or village will participate in ‘Vasudha Vandhan’ by planting 75 saplings of indigenous species, rejuvenating Mother Earth, and developing Amrit Vatikas (Eternal Gardens).
- Veeron Ka Vandan: Freedom fighters and the families of deceased freedom fighters will be honored and felicitated. Retired defense personnel, CAPF, and State Police personnel, along with the families of those who lost their lives in the line of duty, will also receive recognition for their invaluable service to the nation.
- National Flag Hoisting: The National Flag will be proudly hoisted, and the National Anthem will resonate in unison, filling the air with patriotism and pride.
Implementation and Events
- Events will be organized at various levels, from panchayat and village to block, urban local bodies, state, and national levels.
- Soil from every panchayat/village will be collected by young volunteers and brought to the block, from where ‘Mitti Kalash’ (pots of soil) will be ceremoniously transported to Delhi.
- The collected soil will be utilized to create a unique garden, the Amrit Vatika, at the Kartavya Path in Delhi, honoring the heroes of Indian freedom struggle and national integrity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cantonments
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has put forward a proposal to excise civil areas in 58 cantonments across the country, intending to merge them with State municipalities.
- Earlier in May, the centre kicked off a plan to abolish the 62 cantonments around the country as “archaic colonial legacies”.
What are Cantonments?
- Definition: Cantonments are permanent military stations where a group of military personnel are stationed for administrative purposes. They are governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006, which provides for municipal administration and control of these areas.
- Number and Locations: India currently has 62 cantonments spread across various states, with some areas known for their better infrastructure and facilities compared to other parts of the country.
- Cantonment Boards: Cantonments are managed by Cantonment Boards, which are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members. The Station Commander of the Cantonment serves as the ex-officio President of the Board.
Historical Background
- The Cantonments Act, 1924, was enacted by the British to regulate the municipal administration of cantonments.
- After India’s independence, the Cantonments Act was modified to suit the democratic setup of the country.
- The current Cantonments Act, 2006, replaced the previous version, aiming to provide greater autonomy and accountability to the Cantonment Boards.
Categories of the erstwhile Cantonments
Cantonments are categorized based on the population size residing within them:
- Category I: Cantonments with a population of over 50,000.
- Category II: Cantonments with a population of 10,000 to 50,000.
- Category III: Cantonments with a population of less than 10,000.
- Category IV: Industrial or training Cantonments, irrespective of their population size.
Broader plan
- Conversion to Exclusive Military Stations: Under the plan, military areas within all cantonments will be carved out and designated as “exclusive military stations.” The Army will exercise “absolute control” over these areas, streamlining their administration and operations.
- Merger with Local Municipalities: The civilian areas of cantonments will be integrated with the respective local municipalities. These municipalities will take up the responsibility of maintaining these areas, along with providing essential services and infrastructure.
- Move Away from Traditional Cantonment Concept: Post-independence, the Indian Army moved away from the traditional cantonment concept, primarily due to friction between military and civilian authorities. However, certain major cantonments continued to exist, such as Pune Cantonment and Agra Cantonment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semiconductors
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Despite recent setbacks, including the withdrawal of Foxconn Technology Group from a joint venture with Vedanta, Ltd., India remains committed to its semiconductor ambitions.
What are Semiconductors?
- Semiconductors are a class of materials that exhibit a unique property of electrical conductivity, lying between conductors and insulators.
- Unlike conductors, which allow electricity to flow freely through them, and insulators, which do not conduct electricity at all, semiconductors have an intermediate level of electrical conductivity.
Key characteristics of semiconductors include:
- Electrical Conductivity: Semiconductors conduct electricity better than insulators but not as effectively as conductors. Their conductivity can be controlled and modified.
- Band Gap: Semiconductors have an energy band gap that separates the valence band, where electrons are tightly bound, from the conduction band, where electrons can move more freely. This band gap is smaller than that of insulators but larger than that of conductors.
- Temperature Dependency: The conductivity of semiconductors is highly temperature-dependent. As the temperature increases, their electrical conductivity also increases.
- Doping: Semiconductors can be intentionally doped with impurities to alter their electrical properties. Doping introduces additional charge carriers, either electrons or holes, which can enhance or diminish conductivity.
Semiconductors and Transistors
- Semiconductor Chip Composition: At its core, a semiconductor chip consists of transistors crafted from materials like silicon. Transistors encode information as 0s and 1s and manipulate them to create new data.
- Three Parts of a Transistor: A transistor comprises the source, the gate, and the drain. By manipulating the gate to open or close, data is stored and manipulated in the semiconductor chip.
- Metal Layers and Connectivity: Transistors are connected to multiple metal layers on top, forming a complex network of electrical connections that enable the chip to execute multiple tasks.
Understanding Semiconductor Nodes
- Naming Convention: Semiconductor nodes were historically based on two numbers: gate length and metal pitch. As transistors shrunk, this naming convention evolved.
- Discrepancy and Progress: With advancing miniaturization, both gate length and metal pitch ceased to contribute to node names. Today’s cutting-edge 7 nm node has no physical parameter close to 7 nm.
Importance of Legacy Nodes
- Advantages of Legacy Nodes: While advanced nodes range from 10 nm to 5 nm, India’s current focus is around 28 nm or higher. Starting with legacy nodes offers advantages for cost-effective applications in robotics, defence, aerospace, industry automation, automobiles, IoT, and image sensors.
- Revenue Source: Commercial fabs maintain the production of legacy nodes alongside advanced nodes, catering to various demands. The revenue from legacy nodes is still significant in the semiconductor market.
India’s Semiconductor Journey
- Sensible Approach: India’s choice to start with legacy nodes is strategic. It equips the country for long-term success, as demand for legacy nodes in applications like electric cars and infotainment systems increases.
- Future Potential: With continuous improvement and development, India’s semiconductor industry has the potential to grow and become a global hub for semiconductor technology.
Conclusion
- India’s focus on legacy nodes lays a solid foundation for its semiconductor ambitions.
- Embracing these nodes equips the nation for growth and positions it as a player in the global semiconductor landscape.
- With a commitment to innovation and advancement, India has the potential to become a key player in the semiconductor world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DNA
Mains level: Genetic Profiling, Issues
Central Idea
- The Union government recently withdrew the DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019, from the Lok Sabha.
DNA Bill, 2019: Highlights
- The Bill, first proposed in 2003, aims to establish a regulatory framework for obtaining, storing, and testing DNA samples of individuals, primarily for criminal investigations and establishing identity.
- Over the years, the Bill has undergone changes and was referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee in 2019.
- The committee raised concerns about potential misuse based on religion, caste, or political views.
Key Features
- Objective: The Bill sought to create a regulatory framework for DNA sample collection, testing, and storage, primarily for criminal investigations and establishing a person’s identity.
- Existing Uses of DNA Technology: DNA testing is already employed for criminal investigations, parentage establishment, and locating missing individuals.
- Proposed Institutional Structures: The Bill aimed to establish a DNA regulatory board and a DNA data bank at the national level, with the possibility of regional centers at the state level.
- Role of the DNA Regulatory Board: The board would frame guidelines and rules for DNA collection, testing, and storage.
- DNA Data Bank: The data bank would store all DNA samples collected under specified rules.
- Restricted Testing: DNA sample testing would be allowed only at laboratories authorized by the regulatory board.
- Handling of DNA Samples: The Bill specified the circumstances under which individuals could be asked to submit DNA samples, the purposes for such requests, and the exact procedures for handling, storing, and accessing these samples.
Controversies and Objections against the Bill:
- Reliability of DNA Technology: Critics raised concerns about the foolproof nature of DNA technology and its potential for error.
- Risk of Misuse: The main debate centered on the possibility of abuse of DNA information. Detractors feared that intrusive DNA data collection and storage could lead to misuse and violations of individual privacy.
- Privacy Concerns: DNA information reveals not only a person’s identity but also physical and biological attributes such as eye, hair, or skin color, susceptibility to diseases, and possible medical history. Critics argued that storing such personal information could compromise privacy rights.
Standing Committee’s Concerns
- Technical and Sensitive Nature: The Standing Committee’s report acknowledged that the Bill was technical, complex, and sensitive.
- Addressing Fears: The report recognized and addressed concerns expressed by several members about the potential misuse of DNA technology based on factors like religion, caste, or political views.
Government’s Defense of the Bill
- International Precedents: The government argued that nearly 60 countries have enacted similar legislation, justifying the need for such a law in India.
- Limited Information Storage: The government contended that only a limited set of numbers, just 17 out of the billions that DNA samples can reveal, would be stored in the indices. This information would act as a unique identifier and not reveal any personal details.
Conclusion
- The withdrawal of the Bill marks a pause in the government’s efforts to create a regulatory framework for DNA technology usage.
- The controversies and objections raised highlight the need for a balanced approach.
- The Centre must address concerns over misuse and privacy while harnessing the potential benefits of DNA technology for criminal investigations and other purposes.
Back2Basics: DNA
- DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
- It is often referred to as the “building blocks of life.”
Key features of DNA include:
- Molecular Structure: DNA is a double-stranded molecule, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides that form a double helix. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
- Base Pairing: The two DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G).
- Genetic Code: The sequence of nucleotide bases along the DNA strand constitutes the genetic code, which determines the specific traits and characteristics of an organism.
- Genes: DNA is organized into specific segments called genes, which are responsible for encoding proteins or functional RNA molecules. Proteins play a crucial role in various biological processes, while RNA molecules contribute to gene expression and protein synthesis.
- Replication: DNA has the unique ability to replicate itself through a process called DNA replication. During cell division, the DNA unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.
- Inheritance: DNA is passed from one generation to the next through reproduction, ensuring the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring.
- Role in Protein Synthesis: DNA provides the instructions for protein synthesis through a two-step process. First, the information in a gene is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Then, the mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cell to produce specific proteins.
- Genetic Variation: Mutations, or changes in the DNA sequence, can lead to genetic variation within a species. These variations are essential for evolution and adaptation to changing environments.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India has taken its first step towards introducing Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), a research model widely used in other countries for vaccine and treatment development.
- The Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) Bioethics Unit has prepared a consensus policy statement open for public comment, addressing the need, benefits, and ethical challenges associated with CHIS.
What is Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)?
- CHIS also known as human challenge trials, are scientific studies conducted to deliberately expose healthy human volunteers to infectious agents under controlled conditions.
- The primary objective of these studies is to gain a better understanding of the pathogens’ behavior, human immune response, and to test potential vaccines, treatments, or preventive measures against the infection.
Key points about Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS) include:
- Informed Consent: Volunteers participating in CHIS must provide informed consent, fully understanding the potential risks and benefits associated with their participation.
- Types of Pathogens: CHIS can be used to study various infectious agents, such as viruses (e.g., influenza, dengue, Zika), bacteria (e.g., cholera, typhoid), and parasites (e.g., malaria).
- Vaccine Development: CHIS plays a crucial role in vaccine development by providing controlled environments to assess the efficacy of candidate vaccines and their ability to induce protective immune responses.
- Controversy: The use of CHIS has sparked ethical debates about balancing potential risks to participants against potential benefits to public health.
Ethical Concerns Surrounding CHIS in India
- Delicate Ethical Balance: CHIS is considered ethically sensitive due to concerns about deliberate harm to participants, fair compensation, third-party risks, and withdrawal from the study, and involving vulnerable participants.
- Streamlined Ethics Review: ICMR acknowledges the need for a specialized ethics review process with additional oversight and safeguards to protect study participants.
- Deterrents and Unique Context: Technical, clinical, ethical, and legal challenges deterred India from adopting CHIS earlier, partly influenced by the nation’s unique socio-cultural context.
Potential Benefits of CHIS in India
- High Disease Burden: India faces a significant burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, contributing about 30% of the disease burden in the country.
- Novel Insights and Efficiency: CHIS offers unique insights into disease pathogenesis and enables accelerated and cost-effective outcomes with smaller sample sizes compared to large clinical trials.
- Social Value: CHIS can contribute to public health response, healthcare decision-making, policies, economic benefits, improved pandemic preparedness, and community empowerment.
Encouraging Collaboration and Expertise
- Complex Nature of CHIS: ICMR highlights the complexity of CHIS and suggests that collaborations between researchers, institutions, organizations, and countries may be necessary to ensure the right expertise is available.
- Crucial Role in Advancing Scientific Understanding: The ICMR Bioethics Unit’s consensus policy statement aims to address ethical concerns associated with CHIS, acknowledging its potential role in advancing the scientific understanding of infectious diseases and accelerating treatment strategies.
Public Consultation and Future Directions
- Open for Public Consultation: The ICMR’s consensus policy statement on CHIS is open for public consultation until August 16 to gather input from stakeholders and experts.
- Striving for Ethical Research: ICMR emphasizes its commitment to conduct CHIS in India while ensuring ethical principles are upheld and human participants are protected.
Conclusion
- The introduction of CHIS in India is a significant step towards advancing medical research and finding cost-effective solutions for infectious diseases.
- Public consultation and expert collaborations will help shape the future direction of CHIS research in India and contribute to scientific progress and improved healthcare outcomes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 13th Amendment Provisions
Mains level: Tamil Minority issue in Sri Lanka
Central Idea
- PM Modi’s recent call for Sri Lanka to fulfill its commitment to implement the 13th Amendment has stirred controversy within the political landscape.
- The ruling party led by President Wickremesinghe, rejected the prospect, arguing that the President lacked the mandate for it.
- Not much earlier, President Wickremesinghe had promised that the Sri Lankan government will “fully implement” the 13th Amendment.
Tamil issue in Sri Lanka
- Violent persecution against the Tamil population erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981, and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms in Sri Lanka.
- Over 13 years since the end of Sri Lanka’s civil war, in which tens of thousands of civilians were killed and disappeared, survivors continue demanding justice and accountability for war-time crimes.
- In the post-war years, Sri Lanka’s human rights defenders have frequently flagged concerns over persisting militarisation, especially in the Tamil-majority north and east; repression, and the shrinking space for dissent.
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What is the 13th Amendment?
- It is an outcome of the Indo-Lanka Accord of July 1987, signed by the then PM Rajiv Gandhi and President J.R. Jayawardene, in an attempt to resolve the ethnic conflict and civil war.
- The 13th Amendment led to the creation of Provincial Councils and assured a power-sharing arrangement to enable all nine provinces in the country, including Sinhala majority areas, to self-govern.
- Subjects such as education, health, agriculture, housing, land and police are devolved to the provincial administrations.
- Sinhala nationalists have resisted the full implementation of the 13th Amendment since its inception over 35 years ago.
Challenges to Full Implementation
- Historic Demand: Sri Lanka’s Tamil polity maintains that even full implementation of the 13th Amendment falls short of addressing the historic demand for the right to self-determination.
- Unfulfilled Promises: Successive governments have promised to implement the 13th Amendment fully but have failed to do so, further deepening the contentious issue.
- UN Human Rights Council Resolution: The UNHRC resolution adopted in October 2022 urged Sri Lanka to fulfill its commitments on devolving political authority for reconciliation and the enjoyment of human rights for all citizens.
Why is it contentious?
- The 13th Amendment carries considerable baggage from the country’s civil war years.
- It was opposed vociferously by both Sinhala nationalist parties and the LTTE.
- The opposition within Sri Lanka saw the Accord and the consequent legislation as an imprint of Indian intervention.
- It was widely perceived as an imposition by a neighbour wielding hegemonic influence.
- The Tamil polity, especially its dominant nationalist strain, does not find the 13th Amendment sufficient in its ambit or substance.
- However, some find it an important starting point, something to build upon.
India’s reservations
- Because of restrictions on financial powers and overriding powers given to the President, the provincial administrations have not made much headway.
- In particular, the provisions relating to police and land have never been implemented.
Significance of 13A
- To date, the Amendment represents the only constitutional provision on the settlement of the long-pending Tamil question.
- In addition to assuring a measure of devolution, it is considered part of the few significant gains since the 1980s, in the face of growing Sinhala-Buddhist majoritarianism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Statistical Organisation (NSO)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre has appointed a panel to review the methodology of the National Statistical Organisation (NSO).
- This step comes amid discussions regarding the accuracy of national surveys such as the National Sample Survey (NSS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
About National Statistical Office (NSO)
Historical Background:
- The NSO was established in 1950 as the Central Statistical Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Planning.
- It was later renamed the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 1970 and subsequently became the NSO in 2019.
- Over the years, it has evolved to become the primary statistical agency in India.
Organizational Structure:
- The NSO consists of several divisions and units responsible for different statistical functions.
- These include the Survey Design and Research Division, Field Operations Division, Data Processing Division, National Accounts Division, Price Statistics Division, and Social Statistics Division, among others.
Key organizations under NSO: Central Statistical Office (CSO)
- The CSO is a part of the NSO and focuses on macroeconomic statistics and national income accounting.
- It is responsible for producing key economic indicators such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Index of Industrial Production (IIP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), and Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
Important Surveys Conducted:
- Population Census: The NSO conducts a decennial Population Census in collaboration with the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. The census collects data on population size, composition, and other demographic characteristics.
- National Sample Survey (NSS): The NSS is a large-scale household survey conducted by the NSO to collect data on various socio-economic aspects. It provides valuable information on employment, consumer expenditure, poverty, education, health, and other important indicators.
- Economic Census: The NSO conducts the Economic Census periodically to collect data on the number of business establishments, their distribution across sectors and regions, employment, and other relevant economic variables.
- Annual Survey of Industries (ASI): The ASI is conducted by the NSO to collect data on the performance and structure of the industrial sector in India. It covers various aspects such as employment, wages, production, and financial indicators.
- Agricultural Census: The NSO conducts the Agricultural Census periodically to collect comprehensive data on agricultural holdings, cropping patterns, land use, irrigation, livestock, and other relevant agricultural variables.
- Health and Morbidity Survey: The NSO conducts surveys on health and morbidity to gather data on healthcare utilization, access to healthcare services, prevalence of diseases, and other health-related indicators.
Why under review?
- Concerns about Methodology: Experts argue that the usage of outdated survey methodology in national surveys may have systematically underestimated India’s development.
- Narrower capture of data: The dynamic nature of the Indian economy over the last 30 years might not be adequately captured.
- Different Perspectives: While some experts believe there is no systematic underestimation of development by these surveys, they acknowledge the presence of errors that should be minimized.
- Role of National Data: Accurate national-level data is crucial for research, policymaking, and development planning.
Focus on NFHS Data
- Crucial development data: The National Family Health Survey provides vital data on health and family welfare indicators.
- Claims of Bias: Some experts suggest that national surveys, including NFHS, may exhibit a “rural bias” in representation, leading to an underestimation of India’s development.
- Issue of Error and Random Bias: While errors in population estimations have occurred in some rounds, they appear to be random rather than systematic.
Minimizing Errors in Data Collection
- Improving Response Rates: Efforts to increase response rates in both rural and urban areas can lead to more accurate data.
- Importance of Sample Weights: Proper assignment of sample weights can significantly improve the accuracy of estimations and correct any underrepresentation of rural or urban populations.
Recommendations for the Review Panel:
- Addressing Concerns: The review panel should focus on ensuring that the samples are adequately representative rather than proposing a complete overhaul of survey methodologies.
- Correcting Bias Where It Exists: While addressing any perceived biases, the panel should aim to eliminate bias where it genuinely exists without introducing new biases in policymaking and planning.
Conclusion
- Accurate data serves as the bedrock of progress and development in the country.
- Reviewing the methodology of national surveys is vital to ensure accurate and representative data for India’s development.
- Striking the right balance between addressing concerns and minimizing errors will lead to more informed decision-making and policy formulation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Present status of forests in India, Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023, key provisions
Mains level: Importance of preserving forests, Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023,concerns and way forward
What’s the news?
- Recently, a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) gave its endorsement to the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, which seeks to amend the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The proposed amendments have attracted objections and controversy, raising concerns.
Central idea
- Since the early 1970s, growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by human activities has led to an understanding of its impact on our lives. Disastrous events, such as wildfires, extreme weather conditions and the loss of biodiversity, have adversely affected billions of people worldwide. In response, numerous multilateral environmental agreements and policies have been established to reverse these trends.
What is the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023?
- The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill is a proposed legislation aimed at amending the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 in India.
- The proposed amendments seek to address certain issues and introduce changes to enhance forest conservation efforts and promote sustainable development.
Background: Forest Conservation Act, 1980
- The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, was enacted to protect the country’s forests and empower the central government to regulate the extraction of forest resources, including timber, bamboo, coal, and minerals, by industries and forest-dwelling communities.
- Prior to the implementation of the Forest Conservation Act, extensive deforestation and diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes were prevalent.
- From 1951 to 1975, approximately four million hectares of forest land were diverted. However, since the Act came into effect, from 1980 to 2023, only around one million hectares have been diverted.
Analysis: Proposed Amendments and Their Implications
- Reclassification of Forest Areas:
- The proposed amendment restricts the Forest Conservation Act’s application to only areas officially declared as forest after October 25, 1980, which may invalidate the expansive interpretation provided by the Supreme Court’s 1996 judgment.
- Potentially, this could lead to thousands of square kilometers of forests losing legal protection, putting 27.62 percent of India’s forest cover at risk.
- Exemptions for Projects Near Border Areas and Security Purposes:
- The amendment proposes to eliminate the requirement of forest clearances for security-related infrastructure within 100 km of international borders.
- While national security is important, ecological security plays an equally critical role in safeguarding citizens’ well-being. Fast-tracking without environmental appraisal could lead to irreversible damage to ecologically significant ecosystems in these regions.
- Exemptions for Zoos, Safari Parks, and Ecotourism Activities:
- Granting exemptions for zoos, safari parks, and ecotourism activities may result in the destruction of natural ecosystems, which are vital in buffering against climate change-induced weather patterns.
- Instead, conservation centers should be established away from forested areas, and ecotourism projects should undergo thorough environmental assessments to prevent adverse impacts.
- Disempowering Local Communities:
- The proposal to exempt a vast number of projects from the clearance process would deprive forest-dwelling communities of their right to be consulted.
- The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, mandates obtaining free, prior, and informed consent from local communities through gram sabhas.
- By bypassing this process, the proposed amendment undermines the rights of forest-dwelling tribal people and others.
Challenges in forest conservation in India
- Inadequate Forest Cover: With only 21 percent of India’s land area having forest cover and a mere 12.37 percent being intact natural forest, meeting the target of 33 percent forest cover poses a significant challenge.
- Decline in Northeastern Forests: The northeastern states, known for their biodiversity richness, have experienced a net decline of 3,199 sq km of forest cover from 2009 to 2019, further exacerbating the forest conservation challenge.
Why should protecting India’s forests be a part of national security?
- Ecological Security: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and stability, providing essential ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, water regulation, and biodiversity conservation.
- Climate Change Mitigation: By safeguarding forests, India can contribute significantly to global efforts in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Water Security: Forests act as natural watersheds, regulating water flow and ensuring the replenishment of groundwater, thereby securing a sustainable water supply.
- Biodiversity Conservation: Protecting forests is vital for maintaining ecological resilience and preserving unique plant and animal species.
- Livelihoods and Food Security: Millions of people, especially tribal communities, depend on forests for their livelihoods, food, and cultural practices.
- Prevention of Conflict: Protecting forests near international borders can help prevent conflicts related to resource disputes and cross-border activities.
- National Economy and Resources: Forests contribute significantly to the national economy through industries like timber and non-timber forest products.
- Health and Well-being: Access to green spaces and forests promotes healthier lifestyles and reduces stress, benefiting public health.
Way forward: key steps and strategies to consider
- Strengthen Implementation of Existing Laws: Rather than introducing new amendments, focus on enhancing the implementation of existing laws, such as the Forest Act, 1980, and the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006. Effective enforcement and monitoring of these laws can lead to better protection of forests and the rights of local communities.
- Maintain a Broader Interpretation of Forest: Uphold the Supreme Court’s interpretation of forest as encompassing all forests, regardless of official declarations. This will ensure the continued legal protection of ecologically sensitive areas, preventing the loss of forests due to reclassification.
- Preserve Ecologically Important Areas: Avoid exempting projects near border areas and for security purposes from forest clearances, especially in ecologically significant regions like the northeastern states. Maintain a balance between national security concerns and ecological security.
- Review Exemptions for Development Projects: Reassess the exemptions for zoos, safari parks, and ecotourism activities. Develop guidelines and criteria for ecotourism projects that prioritize environmental conservation and minimize negative impacts.
- Ensure Transparent Decision-Making: Eliminate the provision allowing the central government to exempt clearances for any other purposes to avoid potential misuse, and ensure transparent and accountable decision-making in all projects.
- Empower Local Communities: Uphold the rights of forest-dwelling communities by actively involving them in decision-making processes. Obtain free, prior, and informed consent through gram sabhas before implementing any projects on forest lands.
- Raise Public Awareness: Educate the public about the importance of forests, biodiversity, and environmental conservation. Create awareness campaigns to garner public support for sustainable forest management and protection.
- Research and Science-Based Conservation: Support scientific research on forest ecosystems and their functions. Utilize scientific evidence to inform conservation policies and strategies.
Conclusion
- While the preamble of the Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023, outlines commendable goals, the proposed amendments themselves appear to contradict these objectives. It is essential to prioritize environmental protection and consider the long-term consequences of such amendments on India’s natural ecosystems and the well-being of its citizens. To safeguard our environment for future generations, it is crucial to avoid any changes that weaken existing protective measures.
Also read:
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill and the Forests rights
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Concepts of gig economy, gig workers and Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill,
Mains level: Gig economy, Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, significance, concerns a way forward
What’s the news?
- The Rajasthan Assembly on Monday passed the Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, without a debate amid uproar by the opposition members in the House.
Central Idea
- The Rajasthan government has taken a significant stride towards safeguarding the interests of gig workers with the passage of the Rajasthan Gig Workers Bill, 2023. This groundbreaking legislation, the first of its kind, seeks to establish a Welfare Board and a dedicated welfare fund, ensuring social security measures for platform-based gig workers in the state.
Definition of gig Workers?
- The bill defines gig workers as individuals who perform work or participate in work arrangements outside the traditional employer-employee relationship. These workers earn from such activities and typically work on a contract that outlines specific terms and conditions, including piece-rate work.
- Gig workers are often associated with the gig economy, which is characterized by a flexible and on-demand labor market. They may work in various sectors, including ride-hailing, food delivery, online freelancing, home services, and other platform-based services.
Key features of the bill
- Applicability: The bill applies to both aggregators, which are digital intermediaries connecting buyers and sellers, and primary employers, encompassing individuals or organizations that engage platform-based workers.
- Formation of Welfare Board: A crucial aspect of the legislation is the establishment of a Welfare Board, chaired by the minister in charge of the Labour Department. The Board will consist of nominated members, with at least one-third representing women. It will be responsible for overseeing and implementing welfare measures for platform-based gig workers in the state.
- Registration and Unique ID: The Welfare Board will ensure the registration of both platform-based gig workers and aggregators operating within the state. Each gig worker will receive a Unique ID applicable across all platforms, streamlining access to various welfare schemes and benefits.
- Social Security and Welfare Fund: To support registered gig workers, the state government will create The Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers Social Security and Welfare Fund. This dedicated fund will be utilized to provide social security benefits to gig workers, enhancing their financial protection.
- Welfare Fee Deduction Mechanism: Aggregators will be responsible for contributing to the welfare fund by deducting a welfare fee from each transaction related to platform-based gig workers. The fee will be based on a percentage of the transaction value, ensuring a sustainable funding mechanism for gig workers welfare.
- Access to Social Security Benefits: The Bill guarantees gig workers access to various social security benefits formulated by the state government. These benefits are intended to offer financial protection and support to gig workers during times of need, such as accidental insurance and health insurance.
- Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Gig workers will have the right to present grievances related to entitlements, payments, and benefits offered under the Act. A robust grievance redressal mechanism will be put in place to address these concerns and ensure timely resolutions.
- Representation in Decision-Making: Gig workers will have a voice in decisions impacting their welfare through representation on the Welfare Board. This provision ensures that the interests of gig workers are taken into account when formulating policies and programs.
- Compliance and Fines: Aggregators are mandated to comply with the provisions of the Act and the rules set forth by the Welfare Board. Failure to adhere to these regulations may lead to fines imposed by the state government. For the first contravention, a fine of up to Rs 5 lakh may be imposed, and for subsequent contraventions, the fine may extend up to Rs 50 lakh.
Concerns raised over the bill
- Vague Terminologies: Labor unions have objected to the use of vague terminologies in the bill, fearing that they may create loopholes for companies and aggregators. The lack of clarity in definitions and language could potentially weaken the protection provided to gig workers.
- Funding Mechanism: Labor unions have expressed concerns about gig workers being required to contribute to the welfare fund. They argue that the funding burden should primarily fall on aggregator companies and State funds due to the fluctuating and inadequate nature of gig workers’ pay.
- Scope of Social Security Benefits: The bill’s limited mention of social security benefits, primarily focusing on accidental insurance and health insurance, has been criticized. Labor unions recommend a comprehensive list of benefits to ensure adequate coverage for gig workers.
- Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Concerns have been raised about the effectiveness and responsiveness of the grievance redressal mechanism outlined in the bill. Reports of ineffective redressal mechanisms for gig workers have raised doubts about their efficacy.
- Definition of Gig Workers: Some stakeholders have questioned the scope of the bill’s definition of gig workers, as there may be other forms of gig workers not covered under the defined criteria.
- Rights Recognition: While the bill improves on the eligibility criteria compared to existing labor laws, critics argue that gig workers may not be fully recognized as employees entitled to certain labor rights.
- Implementation Challenges: The successful implementation of the bill relies on the effectiveness of the Welfare Board and State government in ensuring seamless registration, representation, and benefit distribution to gig workers.
Way forward
- Addressing Concerns: Hold consultations with labor unions and stakeholders to clarify ambiguous terms and ensure a more equitable funding mechanism for the welfare fund.
- Comprehensive Social Security Benefits: Expand benefits to include disability coverage, maternity benefits, and retirement benefits, in addition to accidental and health insurance.
- Strengthening Grievance Redressal: Establish a responsive mechanism for prompt resolution of disputes between gig workers and aggregators.
- Empowering the Welfare Board: Provide adequate resources and authority to the Welfare Board for effective implementation and decision-making.
- Periodic Review and Feedback: Conduct regular evaluations to assess the bill’s impact and seek feedback from gig workers, labor unions, and aggregators.
- Awareness and Outreach: Organize awareness campaigns to educate gig workers about their rights and entitlements.
- Transparent Implementation: Ensure transparency in registration, benefit distribution, and fund utilization.
- Collaborative Approach: Foster collaboration among government departments, labor unions, aggregators, and gig worker representatives for an inclusive framework.
Conclusion
- The Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, sets a notable precedent for acknowledging the significance of gig workers and their rights in the Indian workforce. While the legislation addresses various aspects related to the welfare and social security of gig workers, there remains room for refinement and further expansion of benefits to ensure their overall well-being and empowerment.
Also read:
Rajasthan minimum income Bill: provisions, what makes it unique
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Broadcasting Day , AIR, Usha Mehta
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- This July 23, commemorated 100 years of radio broadcast in India.
- All India Radio (AIR) started broadcasting in 1923 via 2 private stations called the Radio Club of Bombay and Calcutta Radio Club.
Facts for Prelims: Usha Mehta’s Secret Radio
- On August 8, 1942, the historic Quit India Resolution was passed during the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay.
- In this response, the idea of an underground radio station, known by various names such as the Freedom Radio, the Ghost Radio, or the Congress Radio, was conceived to counter the British-controlled AIR.
- Usha Mehta, a 22 YO master’s student at Wilson College, became the voice of the Congress Radio.
- The radio was an expensive endeavour, but funds were procured through various means, including contributions from Mehta’s colleague, Babubhai Khakhar.
- Radio engineering expert Nariman Abarbad Printer constructed the Congress Radio transmission set.
- Their first broadcast was on 14 August 1942.
- Welcome line in her voice: “This is the Congress Radio calling on 42.34 from somewhere in India.”
- In the beginning, they were broadcasting twice a day, in Hindi and English. But they reduced it to just once in the evening between 7.30 and 8.30 pm.
- On 12th November 1942, the police raided the radio while Vande Mataram was being played and arrested Mehta and others.
- Mehta was conferred the Padma Vibhushan, one of India’s highest civilian honours in 1998.
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About All India Radio
- On July 23, 1927, the Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was formed, but it faced liquidation within three years.
- To revive the IBC, Lionel Fielden, a BBC producer, was appointed as the first Controller of Broadcasting in August 1935.
- In June 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) transformed into All India Radio.
- In August 1937, it became the Central News Organisation (CNO) under the Department of Information and Broadcasting.
Expansion and Name Change
- In 1947, India had six radio stations, covering 2.5% of the area and 11% of the population. Pakistan had three radio stations.
- In 1956, the name “AKASHVANI” was adopted as the National Broadcaster, used interchangeably with AIR, primarily for Hindi broadcasting.
- The famous jingle of AIR was composed by Walter Kaufmann, who joined AIR in 1937 and significantly contributed to Indian music.
Current Status of AIR
- Today, AIR has a network of around 260 radio stations, covering nearly 92% of the country’s total area and serving almost the entire population.
- It broadcasts in 23 languages and 146 dialects, making it a broadcasting giant in India.
Controversies
- Vividh Bharati Service: Launched in 1957, it included popular film music as a major component.
- BV Keskar’s Ban on Film Music: In 1952, AIR imposed a ban on film music, causing Radio Ceylon to gain popularity among Hindi film music enthusiasts with shows like Geetmala.
- Film Industry’s Response: The film industry withdrew music rights from AIR, leading to the absence of film music on the radio.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Donanemab
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Donanemab, a drug in trials has shown significant potential in slowing cognitive decline in individuals with early Alzheimer’s.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
- Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder.
- Beta-amyloid, a protein that is crucial for brain function, turns toxic in Alzheimer’s patients, forming clumps that disrupt brain cell connections, leading to cognitive issues like memory loss.
- These protein deposits disrupt communication between neurons, leading to their deterioration and death.
- Early signs include forgetfulness, difficulty finding words, problem-solving challenges, confusion, and disorientation.
- The exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not fully understood but is believed to involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
- Family history, genetic mutations, head injuries, cardiovascular disease, and certain lifestyle factors are also risk factors.
Donanemab: An antedote
- Development: Donanemab is a drug developed by Eli Lilly and aims to treat individuals with early Alzheimer’s disease.
- Targeting Amyloid Plaques: The drug targets a common hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid plaques in the brain.
Breakthrough in Slowing Cognitive Decline
- Alarming Burden: With an estimated 14 million cases of dementia, including Alzheimer’s, expected in India by 2050, the need for effective treatments is urgent.
- Phase III Trial: In a phase III trial, Donanemab demonstrated promising results, slowing cognitive decline by 35% compared to a placebo.
- Significance: This marks a significant milestone in Alzheimer’s research, as it is the second drug, within a year, to show effectiveness in checking cognitive decline in early-stage Alzheimer’s patients.
- Limitations: It is essential to note that Donanemab and the previous drug do not stop or reverse Alzheimer’s disease. However, slowing cognitive decline can significantly improve the quality of life for affected individuals and their families.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adjournment motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- During the monsoon Session of Parliament, Opposition parties demanded discussions on alleged sexual assaults in Manipur and ongoing ethnic violence.
- Many MPs moved adjournment motions, leading to the Lok Sabha’s adjournment.
Let’s explore the various motions raised in Indian Parliament and their significance.
(A) Short Duration Discussion (Rule 193)
- Applicability: This procedure is available in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
- Description: A short-duration discussion can take place when the Chairman or Speaker believes that a matter is urgent and of sufficient public importance. The discussion can last for a maximum of two and a half hours.
(B) Motion with a Vote (Rule 184)
- Applicability: This motion is relevant in Lok Sabha.
- Description: If a motion meets certain conditions, such as not containing defamatory statements, being on a matter of recent occurrence, and not being pending before any statutory authority or court of enquiry, it can be admitted. The Speaker can then allocate a time period for the discussion. This type of motion involves a vote to determine Parliament’s position on the issue and requires the government to follow Parliament’s decision.
(C) Adjournment Motion
- Applicability: The adjournment motion is relevant only in Lok Sabha and is not available in Rajya Sabha.
- Description: An adjournment motion is moved to discuss a “definite matter of urgent public importance” with the Speaker’s consent. The notice for this motion must be given before 10 AM on a given day to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General. The motion must meet specific criteria to be admitted. The passage of an adjournment motion does not require the government to resign but is seen as a strong censure of the government.
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