Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gig economy
Mains level: Paper 3- Gig economy and issue it faces
3 min
The shockwave that pandemic sent through the economy has been reshaping the global job market. Gig economy would have to accommodate the new entrants. This article underlines the changes in the gig economy after the pandemic. Four areas that need attention are also discussed here.
What constitutes gig economy?
- The word “gig” includes in its current parlance all freelancers, disconnected from the workplace.
- Example: drivers of Uber, delivery boys of Zomato, plumbers and electricians of Urban Clap.
- The gig economy is not confined to low-skilled jobs. Skilled professionals are also part of it.
How pandemic is reshaping the gig economy
- Aviation, hospitality, automobile entertainment and retail are some of the hardest hit sectors.
- The classic gig anchors- Uber and AirBnB, have laid off thousands of people.
- In contrast to this, highly skilled professionals —laid off by employers — are joining the gig bandwagon.
- Surely, job demand will far outstrip supply, at least in the short-term.
What does the future hold?
- A Deloitte report from April notes that Indian organisations are considering to expand the share of gig workers.
- Declining full-time jobs will lead to increased assignment-based hiring.
- For instance, a graphic designer working from home could be in demand with a media house or Netflix may hire AI designer paid by an hour to personalize streaming.
- But, what is missing in picture? The national database is missing.
4 focus areas of gig economy
1. National database: A missing link
- National database of job seekers and job creators can connect firms with qualified candidates.
- A prospective employee would need access to a job database, sorted by skill, geography, duration and emoluments.
- Companies should be able to dip into the data pool of talent, experience, location, qualification and expectation.
- Currently, both data sets are fragmented and stored in silos.
- The government could play the role of a facilitator, in partnership with the private sector.
2. Regulatory protection to gig workforce
- The gig economy increases employee vulnerability.
- This segment of the economy so far has been outside the ambit of regulatory labour policies.
- Social protection like wage protection, health benefits and safety assurance should be made available to gig workers.
- The Karnataka government has considered introducing a new labour legislation focused on the gig economy.
3. Prepare college students for freelancing
- Apart from regular campus placements, the placement cells need to reorient and focus on preparing students for freelancing opportunities.
- For the educated youth, this could be the first step towards entrepreneurship.
4. Gender equality
- Gender is another crucial dimension of the digital labour markets.
- The low enrolment of girls for higher education in science, technology, engineering and math would constrict their opportunity in the gig world.
- Going ahead, this would need greater policy attention to ensure gender parity.
Consider the question “What is the gig economy? Suggest the policy measures to make it more resilient in the present economic context disrupted by the pandemic.”
Conclusion
The government and the private sector would need to collaborate along with academia to build adequate safeguards in the unfolding eco-system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Much
Mains level: India-China trade relations
After the Galwan Valley skirmish, the popular idea resonating in Indian streets is that Indians should boycott Chinese goods and thus “teach China a lesson”.
Practice question for mains:
Q. India’s quest for self-reliance is still a distant dream. Critically comment in light of the popular sentiment against the Chinese imports in India.
There are several reasons why the #Boycott_China is an ill-advised move:
A. Trade deficits are not necessarily bad
- Trade deficits/surpluses are just accounting exercises and having a trade deficit against a country doesn’t make the domestic economy weaker or worse off.
- Example: If one looks at the top 25 countries with whom India trades, it has a trade surplus with the US, the UK and the Netherlands. But this does not make Indian economy better than them.
What does this deficit indicate?
- Both Indian consumers and Chinese producers are gainer through trading.
- One gets the market other cheap price. Thus, both are better off than what they would have been without trade.
So, having a trade deficit is good?
- Of course, running persistent trade deficits across all countries raises two main issues.
- One, availability of foreign exchange reserves to “buy” the imports.
- Today, India has more than $500 billion of forex — good enough to cover imports for 12 months.
- Two, lack of domestic capacity to produce in the most efficient manner.
B. Will hurt the Indian poor the most
- This is because poor are more price-sensitive.
- For instance, if Chinese TVs were replaced by either costlier Indian TVs or less efficient ones, unlike poor, richer Indians may buy the costlier option.
- Similarly, the Chinese products that are in India are already paid for. By banning their sale or avoiding them, Indians will be hurting fellow Indian retailers.
- Again, this would hit poorest retailers more due to inability to cope with the unexpected losses.
C. Will punish Indian producers and exporters
- Several businesses in India import intermediate goods and raw materials, which, in turn, are used to create final goods — both for the domestic Indian market as well as the global market (as Indian exports).
- An overwhelming proportion of Chinese imports are in the form of intermediate goods such as electrical machinery, nuclear reactors, fertilizers, optical and photographic measuring equipment organic chemicals etc.
- Such imports are used to produce final goods which are then either sold in India or exported.
- A blanket ban on Chinese imports will hurt all these businesses at a time when they are already struggling to survive, apart from hitting India’s ability to produce finished goods.
D. Will barely hurt China
- While China accounts for 5% of India’s exports and 14% of India’s imports — in US$ value terms — India’s imports from China are just 3% of China’s total exports.
- More importantly, China’s imports from India are less than 1% of its total imports.
- The point is that if India and China stop trading then — on the face of it — China would lose only 3% of its exports and less than 1% of its imports.
- However, India will lose 5% of its exports and 14% of its imports.
Issues
- On the whole, it is much easier for China to replace India than for India to replace China.
- Ban can also seize Chinese funding to many Indian businesses (the start-ups with billion-dollar valuations).
- In short term, replacing Chinese products with Japan or Germany, will only increase our total trade deficit.
- If on the other hand, we decide to use Indian products, that too would cost us more — albeit just internally.
E. India will lose policy credibility
- It has also been suggested that India should renege on existing contracts with China.
- This can be detrimental for India’s effort to attract foreign investment.
- As one of the first things an investor — especially foreign — tracks is the policy credibility and certainty.
- If policies can be changed overnight or if the government itself reneges on contracts, investor will either not invest or demand higher returns for the increased risk.
F. Raising tariffs is mutually assured destruction
- Many argue that India should just slap higher import duties on Chinese goods or apply prohibitive tariffs on final goods.
- By doing this, firstly India would be violating rules of the World Trade Organization.
- Secondly, it would make China and many others to reciprocate in the same way.
Equating border dispute with trade is no panacea
- The first thing to understand is that turning a border dispute into a trade war is unlikely to solve the border dispute.
- Worse, given India and China’s position in both global trade as well as relative to each other, this trade war will hurt India far more than China.
- Thirdly, these measures will be most poorly timed since the Indian economy is already at its weakest point ever — facing a sharp GDP contraction.
Way forward
- In long term, under the banner of self reliance, India must develop its domestic capabilities and acquire a higher share of global trade by raising its competitiveness.
- But no country is completely self-sufficient and that is why trade is such a fantastic idea.
- It allows countries to specialize in what they can do most efficiently and export that good while importing whatever some other country does more efficiently.
- Need of hour is well thought and balanced approach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parliamentary committees and its types
Mains level: Parliamentary committees
Amid the on-going India-China border tension, a Parliamentary Standing Committee report on Sino-India relations post the Doklam standoff has been released. It assumes significance as it is the only detailed report on the border issue that has been made available to the public.
Try this question from our AWE initiative:
Q.2) What are parliamentary committees? How do they ensure legislature’s and executive’s efficiency and accountability? (250 Words)
Report on Sino-Indian relations post Doklam
- Submitted by the Shashi Tharoor-led Standing Committee on External Affairs, the report on Sino-India relations including Doklam throws light on border situation and cooperation in international organisations,
- This Standing Committee report – a bipartisan one as the committee has members from ruling and opposition parties – is one of the very few documents available in which the defence and foreign secretaries.
- It clarified the government’s official position on India-China border issues including the reported transgressions by the Chinese in the region.
- It had cautioned the government that it needed to have “healthy scepticism” while dealing with China.
- The Committee has urged the Government not to let its vigil down in order to prevent any untoward incident in future.
What are the Parliamentary Committees?
- A good deal of Parliamentary business is transacted in the committees. Both Houses of Parliament have a similar committee structure, with a few exceptions.
- Their appointment, terms of office, functions and procedure of conducting business are also more or less similar and are regulated as per rules made by the two Houses under Article 118(1) of the Constitution.
- Broadly, Parliamentary Committees are of two kinds – Standing Committees and ad hoc Committees.
- The former are elected or appointed every year or periodically and their work goes on, more or less, on a continuous basis.
- The latter are appointed on an ad hoc basis as the need arises and they cease to exist as soon as they complete the task assigned to them.
Their significances
- Apart from debates on bills and issues discussed and debated on the floor of the House, more detailed and in-depth discussions take place on issues as well as legislation in the parliamentary standing committees.
- Here, MPs belonging to all major parties put forward their views without much consideration to the political differences they have.
- A considerable amount of legislative work gets done in these smaller units of MPs from both Houses, across political parties.
- Their reports are tabled in both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. The Houses do not hold a specific debate on the report, but it is often referred to during the discussions on the bills and the key issues.
- Committee meetings also provide a forum where members can engage with domain experts as well as senior-most officials of the concerned ministries.
Additional readings: https://knowindia.gov.in/profile/the-union/parliamentary-committees.php
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FATF
Mains level: Money laundering and terror financing
Indian officials attended the virtual 32nd special Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) plenary meeting, under the aegis of the FATF.
Practice question for mains:
Q. What is FATF? Discuss its role in combating global financial crimes and terror financing.
What is the FATF?
- FATF is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering.
- The FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD headquarters in Paris.
- It holds three Plenary meetings in the course of each of its 12-month rotating presidencies.
- As of 2019, FATF consisted of 37 member jurisdictions.
- India became an Observer at FATF in 2006. Since then, it had been working towards full-fledged membership. On June 25, 2010, India was taken in as the 34th country member of FATF.
EAG of FATF
- The EAG is a regional body comprising nine countries: India, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Belarus.
- It is an associate member of the FATF.
What is the role of FATF?
- The rise of the global economy and international trade has given rise to financial crimes such as money laundering.
- The FATF makes recommendations for combating financial crime, reviews members’ policies and procedures, and seeks to increase acceptance of anti-money laundering regulations across the globe.
- Because money launderers and others alter their techniques to avoid apprehension, the FATF updates its recommendations every few years.
What is the Black List and the Grey List?
- Black List: The blacklist, now called the “Call for action” was the common shorthand description for the FATF list of “Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories” (NCCTs).
- Grey List: Countries that are considered safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering are put in the FATF grey list. This inclusion serves as a warning to the country that it may enter the blacklist.
Consequences of being in the FATF grey list:
- Economic sanctions from IMF, World Bank, ADB
- Problem in getting loans from IMF, World Bank, ADB and other countries
- Reduction in international trade
- International boycott
Pakistan and FATF
- Pakistan, which continues to remain on the “grey list” of FATF, had earlier been given the deadline till the June to ensure compliance with the 27-point action plan against terror funding networks.
- It has been under the FATF’s scanner since June 2018, when it was put on the Grey List for terror financing and money laundering risks.
- FATF and its partners such as the Asia Pacific Group (APG) are reviewing Pakistan’s processes, systems, and weaknesses on the basis of a standard matrix for anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) regime.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AIIB, ADB
Mains level: Not Much
The Government of India and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has signed a $750 million agreement for “COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Programme”.
Try this question from CSP 2019
Q.With reference to Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), consider the following statements
- AIIB has more than 80 member nations.
- India is the largest shareholder in AIIB.
- AIIB does not have any members from outside Asia.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
What’s so special about this assistance?
- This is the first-ever budgetary support programme from the AIIB to India.
- The project is being financed by the AIIB and Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the amount of $2.250 billion, of which $750 million will be provided by AIIB and $1.5 billion will be provided by ADB.
- The package aims to assist India to strengthen its response to the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on poor and vulnerable households.
- The current loan will be the second to India from AIIB under its COVID-19 crisis recovery facility apart from the earlier approved $500 million loans.
- The primary beneficiaries would be families below the poverty line, farmers, healthcare workers, women, women’s SHGs, widows, PWDs, senior citizens, low wage earners etc.
About AIIB
- The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia, began operations in January 2016.
- AIIB has now grown to 102 approved members worldwide.
- AIIB is a brainchild of China. The prime aim of the AIIB is infrastructure development.
- By establishing interconnectivity across Asia through advancement in the construction of infrastructure and other productive services, the AIIB can stimulate growth and economic development in the Asian Region.
Must read:
International Economic Institution’s: ADB, BRICS Bank, AIIB
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Solar Eclipse and related terms, Summer Solstice
Mains level: Not Much
A rare celestial event, an annular solar eclipse popularly called as the ‘ring of fire’ eclipse, will be visible on June 21, 2020 from some parts of Northern India. The first solar eclipse of this year takes place on the summer solstice, which is the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere.
Try this question from CSP 2019:
Q. On 21st June, the Sun
(a) Does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle
(b) Does not set below the horizon at Antarctic Circle
(c) Shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator
(d) Shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn
What is the Solar Eclipse?
- A Solar Eclipse happens when the moon while orbiting the Earth comes in between the sun and the Earth, due to which the moon blocks the sun’s light from reaching the Earth, causing an eclipse of the sun or a solar eclipse.
- According to NASA, people who are able to view the total solar eclipse are in the centre of the moon’s shadow as and when it hits the Earth.
- There are three types of eclipses: one is a total solar eclipse, which is visible only from a small area on Earth. A total solar eclipse happens when the sun, moon and Earth are in a direct line.
- The second type of a solar eclipse is a partial solar, in which the shadow of the moon appears on a small part of the sun.
Annular Solar Eclipse
- The third kind is an annular solar eclipse, which happens when the moon is farthest from the Earth, which is why it seems smaller.
- In this type of an eclipse, the moon does not block the sun completely, but looks like a “dark disk on top of a larger sun-coloured disk” forming a “ring of fire”.
- Furthermore, during a solar eclipse, the moon casts two shadows on the Earth; the first one is called the umbra, which gets smaller as it reaches the Earth.
- The second one is called the penumbra, which gets larger as it reaches the Earth.
- According to NASA, people standing in the umbra see a total eclipse and those standing in the penumbra see a partial eclipse.
Why the study of solar eclipse is crucial?
- One of the reasons that NASA studies solar eclipses is to study the top layer of the sun called the corona.
- During an annular eclipse, NASA uses ground and space instruments to view this top layer when the sun’s glare is blocked by the moon.
Back2Basics: Summer Solstice
- The summer solstice occurs when one of the Earth’s poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun.
- It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern).
- For that hemisphere, the summer solstice is when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky and is the day with the longest period of daylight.
- Within the Arctic circle (for the northern hemisphere) or Antarctic circle (for the southern hemisphere), there is continuous daylight around the summer solstice.
- On the summer solstice, Earth’s maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.44°. Likewise, the Sun’s declination from the celestial equator is 23.44°.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Horseshoe Crab
Mains level: NA
Horseshoe crabs face an uncertain future in Odisha, their largest habitat in India, even as the world gets ready to celebrate the first-ever ‘International Horseshoe Crab Day’ on June 20, 2020.
Try this question from CSP 2012:
Q. Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal
Horseshoe Crabs
IUCN status: (Data insufficient for the Indian variant)
- Horseshoe crabs are marine and brackish water arthropods. They are not true crabs, which are crustaceans.
- The crabs are represented by four extant species in the world. Out of the four, two species are distributed along the northeast coast of India.
- Only T gigas species of the horseshoe crab is found along Balasore coast of Odisha.
- The crab was included on September 9, 2009, in the Schedule IV of the Wild (Life) Protection Act, 1972, under which, the catching and killing of a horseshoe crab is an offence.
Their significance
- The horseshoe crab is one of the oldest marine living fossils whose origin date back to 445 million years before the dinosaurs existed.
- One of their ecological functions is to lay millions of eggs on beaches to feed shorebirds, fish and other wildlife.
Threats
- Poachers kill them for their meat that is popularly believed to have aphrodisiac qualities.
- The blood of horseshoe crabs, which is blue in colour, is used for detection of bacterial endotoxins in medical applications.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Galwan valley.
Mains level: Paper 2- India-China relations
The article suggests the approach that India should adopt in its policy toward China. Long term view of the situation is crucial. But some short term steps is also necessary.
Prelude to 1962 War
- Revolt in Tibet and granting asylum to the Dalai Lama in March 1959 can be seen as start of tensions in relations.
- In October 1959, there was a face-off between Indian and Chinese troops at Kongka La.
- With the conflict in 1962, there was very little room for a reasoned, negotiated settlement on the boundary question between the two countries.
2020 is not same as 1959 for both India and China
- Both nations have grown immensely in strength and stature on the world stage – even military wise.
- Their relations have substance and a diversity of content in a manner absent in the 1950s – like the economic relations.
- Hence, there is a need to not blame each other and find solutions instead of descent towards a full-blown conflict with China.
Weighing the options carefully
- India at present is struggling at multiple fronts:
- 1) COVID-19 crisis demands the full attention of the government.
- 2) Economy is stagnant and needs recovery.
- 3) Tensions on other fronts – Pakistan persist and Nepal dispute in the Lipulekh/Kalapani area.
- Thus, the call by warmongers should be evaluated, that too critically.
Evolving comprehensive China policy
- Strong political direction, mature deliberation and coherence are keys to handling the situation.
- Army’s role can involve tactical adjustments and manoeuvres to deter the Chinese.
- But comprehensive China strategy should be left to those tasked with national security policy.
- Chinese transgressions in Sikkim and Ladakh can provide learning lessons for our future strategy.
- A complete strategy would involve military, diplomatic and political levels.
Future plan of action – Defence
- India should take the initiative on a timely and early clarification of the LAC.
- Identify areas of conflict and mark such areas as demilitarized by both sides through joint agreement.
- At the same time, India must stand resolute and firm in the defence of territory in all four sectors of the border.
- Contacts between the two militaries — joint exercises and exchanges of visits of senior Commanders — should be scaled down for short term future.
- Diplomatic channels must continue to be open and should not be restricted in any way as they are essential in the current situation.
- A border settlement is part of long term strategy.
Future of business, trade and investment between two countries
- Indian businesses in China and Chinese business operations in India can expect tougher future.
- The scenario on trade and investments could encounter similar obstacles.
- Areas of on national security, as in the cyber field and in telecommunications (5G) should take necessary reduction in import of Chinese items.
India should strengthen alliances
- The events in Galwan Valley should be a wake-up call to re invent it’s South and east Asia policy.
- This is an opportunity for India to align its interests much more strongly with the U.S. as a principal strategic partner.
- India should also infuse more energy into its relations with Japan, Australia, and the ASEAN.
- The time has also come for India to reconsider its stand on joining the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
- To disengage from economic involvement with China, and build the capacities and capabilities it needs in manufacturing, and in supply chains networks closer home, India has to think in the long terms.
Consider the question “The context of changing relations with China has forced India to reconsider the depth of its engagement with other countries. In light of this examine the changes India’s foreign policy adopt in dealing with other countries.”
Conclusion
Galwan incident is a wake up call for us. In every aspect, engagement with China needs a re look. And that also includes an increased level of engagement in South Asian neighborhood.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Icesat 2, Cryosat 2
Mains level: Paper 1- Arctic ice and how it influence climate change
This article is about Polarstern, is an icebreaker, which traversed the Arctic Ocean to study the aspects related to ice there. Here, we will look at some of these aspects. These aspects are-monitoring of the ice, difficulty in measuring the thickness, rate of melting of ice and relations with cloud formation.
Arctic: A recorder and driver of climate change
How is it a recorder of climate change?
- It is a recorder because of two co-related factors, these are-
- 1) The visible difference between ice and water.
- 2) The obvious relationship between global temperatures and the amount of ice around.
- Two factors together shows in an easily graspable way how things are changing.
- The extent of the Arctic sea ice in summer has declined by 30% in the past 30 years, and that loss is accelerating (see chart).
How is it a driver of climate change?
- The Arctic is also a driver of climate change, because the whiteness of ice means it reflects sunlight back into space, thus cooling Earth.
- Whereas the darkness of open water means it absorbs that light.
- The less of the reflection of sunlight and the more absorption of light will result in a faster rise in global temperatures.
Monitoring the Arctic’s ice
- At the moment this is monitored mainly by satellite.
- Measuring the extent of the Arctic’s ice from space is easy.
- Measuring its thickness is trickier.
- From orbit, this is done by a mixture of radar and laser beam.
- Icesat 2, an American craft, provides laser-altimeter data that record the height above sea level of the top of the snow that overlies the ice.
- Cryosat 2, a European one, uses radar to penetrate the snow and measure the height of the top of the ice itself.
- The thickness of the ice in a particular place can then be calculated by applying Archimedes’ principle of floating bodies to the mixture of ice and snow, and subtracting the thickness of the snow.
- But there is a view that the data collected by these two satellites may be inaccurate, leading to an overestimation of the ice’s thickness.
Let’s understand why the data about thickness could be inaccurate
- When all is working perfectly, the return signal for Cryosat 2 comes exactly from the boundary between the ice and any overlying snow.
- But, that this is not always what happens.
- Variables such as layering within the snow, along with its temperature and salinity, might affect the returning radar signal by changing the snow’s structure and density.
- This could cause the signal to be reflected from inside the snow layer, rather than from the boundary where it meets the ice.
- If that were happening, it would create the illusion that the ice beneath the snow is thicker than is actually the case.
How topography of Arctic ice matters
- Though sea ice is solid, it is not rigid.
- It forms but a thin skin on the ocean—varying in depth from around 30cm in summer to a couple of metres in winter—so is readily moved by wind and current.
- As the ice moves it stretches and cracks in some places.
- Large cracks formed in this way are called leads, because they are wide enough to “lead” a ship.
- In other places, by contrast, movement makes the ice thicker.
- As individual panes of ice butt up against each other, they create ridges that can be metres high.
- But even from the ship’s deck one can watch leads opening and ridges forming around the vessel.
- Observations suggest that winter the ice has been particularly mobile—and has thus become particularly rough, with a surprising number of ridges.
So, how these ridges affect the rate at which ice melts?
- These ridges may affect the rate at which the ice melts—but to complicate matters, this could happen in two opposing ways.
- Ridges make ice thicker, and thicker ice melts more slowly.
- On the other hand, a ridge projects down into the sea as well as up into the air (Archimedes, again), so it may stir up water from below the surface.
- Deep water is warmer than the surface layer, so this stirring would serve to increase melt rates.
- Moreover, to add to the confusion, ridges are prone to having pieces of ice fall off them into the sea, to form small blocks known as brash.
- This brash, having more surface area per unit volume than unbroken ice, melts faster.
How cloud formation is affected by cracks in Arctic ice
- On most parts of Earth clouds form as droplets of water condense around “seeds” of dust or organic molecules.
- In the Arctic, there is little dust.
- Biological activity, too, is in short supply compared with elsewhere—and is, moreover, conducted mainly below the barrier of the sea ice.
- It might, therefore, be expected that there would be few seeds present for clouds to form around.
- And yet, clouds are present.
- Cloud seeds there tended to be compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
- Presence of these molecules suggests their link with cracks in the ice sheets.
- This means that more cracks in the ice sheet could lead to more clouds in the Arctic.
- What overall effect that might have on the climate is unclear.
- Summer clouds would reflect sunlight back into space, cooling the planet.
- Those formed in winter, when the sun is below the horizon, would serve as insulation, warming it.
- Two opposite outcomes are possible—or perhaps the net effect will be that they cancel each other out.
Conclusion
Properly disentangling the interactions between Arctic ice, atmosphere and ocean life will require data collected across a full year—for the contrast between winter and summer at the poles is greater than anywhere else on the planet.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 3- Issues of inclusive growth
The sight of thousands of migrant workers walking thousands of kms back home after lockdown has been the watershed moment for the collective conscience of our country. This made us think about the present economic model and policies we have been adopting. So, the answer to the problems created by the present model lies in building “nurturing economy”. What is nurturing economy? Read to know…
Broadly, we can summarise the impact of pandemic as-
- Unemployment is shooting up.
- Supply chains of food and essentials have been disrupted.
- Dark clouds of economic recession are on the horizon.
Invisible cost of pandemic
- The visible cost of the pandemic in terms of the lives lost are being counted by the day.
- But the invisible cost of hunger and impoverishment of the most vulnerable sections is yet to be effectively addressed.
- Vulnerable section- our workers, the poor and the migrants, particularly women, are at receiving end of these invisible cost.
Health of economy before pandemic
- The pandemic came at one of the worst possible times.
- India’s economy has been in deep trouble since 2016.
- In 2019-20, even before the pandemic happened, our GDP growth had dropped to 4.2 per cent, lowest growth seen in the last 11 years.
- Even the oil prices dropped at their historic low.
- Non-food bank credit is a good indicator of overall economic robustness.
- By December 2019, the growth of non-food bank credit had dropped to below 7 per cent. ( lowest in the last 50 years.)
What happened to economy after the pandemic?
- After the pandemic arrived, matters, of course, got worse.
- In March, $16 billion of foreign capital exited the country, which is an all-time record for India.
- India’s unemployment rate shot up to a record high of 23.8 per cent in April.
- In the same month, Indian exports dropped by 60 per cent.
- This was one of the biggest drops seen in any emerging market economy in the world.
- There is a genuine risk that this year our growth will drop to an all-time low, beating the record plunge of 1979-80.
So, the pandemic has forced us to think about the building a nurturing economy, one in which Gandhiji’s Talisman is followed in word and spirit, one in which John Rawls ideas are implemented.
So, What building a nurturing economy involves?
- Our economic and political policies must not be ends in themselves.
- Instead, these policies should involve instruments for building a society that is secular, inclusive and nurturing.
- It should be a society where people of all religions, caste, race and gender feel wanted and at home.
- Environment sustainability and focus on green economy is also part of nurturing economy.
- We should strive to create a society that respects knowledge, science and technology, and culture.
Threefold crisis emerging out of our exploitative behaviours
- The outcome of our exploitative behaviour is a threefold crisis which describes India’s current predicament.
- 1) Rising poverty and unemployment despite abundance.
- 2) Rising intolerance and violence.
- 3) Environmental catastrophe.
Consider the question “Pandemic and the predicament of migrant labours has highlighted the lack of inclusive growth in our economy. And we must look for the solution to such shortcomings in our approach. In light of this, suggest the changes that our economy must embrace to ensure inclusive growth.”
Conclusion
Our ambition should not be to make India the richest nation in the world. India should be an example of an equitable society, where people are not abandoned without income and work, where no one feels the insecurity of being a minority, and of being discriminated against.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ladakh and its topography
Mains level: India-China border disputes
This article from IE discusses this cold, dry, high altitude territory with its extremely scarce vegetation that makes it a point of disagreement between India and China.
Practice question for mains:
Q. India’s boundary disputes with its neighbourhood are the legacy of its colonial past. Analyse.
Ladakh: The Cold Desert of India
- Ladakh is the highest plateau in India with much of it being over 3,000 m.
- It extends from the Himalayan to the Kunlun Ranges and includes the upper Indus River valley.
- The importance of Ladakh is rooted in complicated historical processes that led to the territory becoming part of the state of J&K, and China’s interest in it post the occupation of Tibet in 1950.
Beginning of the Chinese claim
- In July 1958, an official monthly magazine in China published a map of the country that would in the next few months become a bone of contention between India and its East Asian neighbour.
- The map in question showed large parts of the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) and the Himalayan territory of Ladakh as part of China.
- Soon after ‘China pictorial’ came out with the new Chinese map, the leaders of both countries began writing to each other frequently regarding Ladakh.
- The exchange of letters between Jawaharlal Nehru and his Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai was followed by the Sino-Indian war of 1962.
- The war also led to the formation of the loosely demarcated Line of Actual Control (LAC) running through Ladakh.
The Integration of Ladakh into India
- Historically and culturally the state was intrinsically linked to neighbouring Tibet.
- Language and religion linked Ladakh and Tibet; politically too, they shared a common history.
- Ladakh was part of the Tibetan empire which broke up after the assassination of King Langdarma in 742 CE.
- Up until the Dogra invasion of 1834, Ladakh was an independent Himalayan state, much the same way as Bhutan and Sikkim.
- As the Sikhs acquired Kashmir in 1819, Emperor Ranjit Singh turned his ambition towards Ladakh.
- But it was Gulab Singh, the Dogra feudatory of the Sikhs in Jammu, who went ahead with the task of integrating Ladakh into Jammu and Kashmir.
British interests in Ladakh
- The British East India Company, which was by now steadily establishing itself in India, had lacked interest in Ladakh initially.
- However, it did show enthusiasm for the Dogra invasion of the area, with the hope that as a consequence, a large portion of Tibetan trade would be diverted to its holdings.
- The state of J&K was essentially a British creation, formed as a buffer zone where they could meet the Russians.
The Sino-Sikh War
- In May 1841, Tibet under the Qing dynasty of China invaded Ladakh with the hope of adding it to the imperial Chinese dominions, leading to the Sino-Sikh war.
- However, the Sino-Tibetan army was defeated, and the Treaty of Chushul was signed that agreed on no further transgressions or interference in the other country’s frontiers.
- After the first Anglo-Sikh war of 1845-46, the state of J&K, including Ladakh, was taken out of the Sikh empire and brought under British suzerainty.
Chinese interest in Ladakh after the occupation of Tibet in 1950
- The annexation of Tibet by China in 1950 sparked a newfound interest in Ladakh, and particularly so after the 1959 Tibetan uprising that erupted in Lhasa with Dalai Lama’s political asylum in India.
- In attempting to crush the Tibetan revolt while at the same time denying its existence, the Chinese have used methods which have brought China and India into sharp conflict.
- To begin with, the road that the Chinese built across Ladakh in 1956-57 was important for the maintenance of their control over Tibet.
- The building of the road through Ladakh upset Nehru’s government. The diplomatic negotiations failed, and the war of 1962 followed.
Why conflict has flared up again?
- There are two layers to this. First, up to 2013, India’s infrastructural development in that area was minimal.
- From 2013, India started pushing for infrastructure projects there and by 2015; it became a major defence priority.
- The second layer is the August 5, 2019 decision (to remove the special status of J&K and downgrade the state into two Union Territories).
- From the Chinese point of view, they would have assumed that if India makes Ladakh a Union Territory, they would be reasserting its control over the entire state.
- Moreover, it is also important to note that over time, Xinjiang which is part of Aksai Chin, has become very important to China for their internal reasons.
The dispute
- The British legacy of the map of the territory continued to remain the ground upon which India laid its claim on the area.
- India insisted that the border was, for the most part, recognised and assured by treaty and tradition; the Chinese argued it had never really been delimited.
- The claims of both governments rested in part on the legacy of imperialism; British imperialism (for India), and Chinese imperialism (over Tibet) for China.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNSC, NORMS
Mains level: Significance of UNSC membership for India
India gets re-elected as Non-permanent Members of UNSC with 184 out of the 192 valid votes polled in its favour.
Practice question for mains:
Q. United Nations is in need of structural reforms suiting to the needs of present times. Discuss.
What are ‘non-permanent seats’ at the UNSC?
- The UNSC is composed of 15 members: five permanent members — China, France, Russian Federation, the US, and the UK — and 10 non-permanent members who are elected by the General Assembly.
- The non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms — so every year, the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members out of the total 10.
- Even if a country is a “clean slate” candidate and has been endorsed by its group, it still needs to secure the votes of two-thirds of the members present and voting at the General Assembly session — which is a minimum of 129 votes, if all 193 member states participate.
Sharing of seats
- These 10 seats are distributed among the regions of the world: five seats for African and Asian countries; one for Eastern European countries; two for Latin American and Caribbean countries; and two for Western European and Other Countries.
- Of the five seats for Africa and Asia, three are for Africa and two for Asia.
- Also, there is an informal understanding between the two groups to reserve one seat for an Arab country.
- The Africa and Asia Pacific group takes turns every two years to put up an Arab candidate.
- Elections for terms beginning in even-numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, the Asia Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Terms beginning in odd-numbered years consist of two West European and Other members, and one each from the Asia Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
Current members as on today
- The current non-permanent members of the Security Council are Belgium, Dominican Republic, Germany, Indonesia, and South Africa, all of whose terms end this year; and Estonia, Niger, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tunisia, and Vietnam, whose terms end in 2021.
- India begins its term at the beginning of 2021 and will hold the position until the end of 2022.
Has India been in the UNSC earlier?
- India’s term on the 15-member Council will be it’s eighth.
- India has earlier been a non-permanent member of the Security Council in 1950-51, 1967-68, 1972-73, 1977-78, 1984-85, 1991-92 and 2011-12.
- For the 2011-12 terms, India won 187 of 190 votes after Kazakhstan stood down from its candidacy.
- Unlike Africa, which has formalized a system of rotation of its three seats, the Asia Pacific grouping has often seen contests for seats. In 2018, there was a contest between the Maldives and Indonesia.
- On the occasions when there is a contest, the elections for non-permanent seats can go on for several rounds.
- Back in 1975, there was a contest between India and Pakistan, which went into eight rounds, with Pakistan finally winning the seat. And in 1996, India lost a contest to Japan.
Significance
- Terming India’s winning of a non-permanent seat of the UN Security Council one of its best performances” ever, the Union government said.
- The strong support by almost the entire U.N. membership demonstrates the goodwill that India enjoys in the U.N. and the confidence that the international community has reposed in India.
- India’s EAM gave India’s overall objective during its forthcoming UNSC tenure as an acronym ‘NORMS’ — New Orientation for a Reformed Multilateral System.
- NORMS includes the push for expanding the UNSC permanent membership.
Back2Basics: United Nations Security Council
- The UNSC is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security.
- Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions.
- It is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states.
- The Security Council consists of fifteen members. Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, and the United States—serve as the body’s five permanent members.
- These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary-General.
- The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two-year terms. The body’s presidency rotates monthly among its members.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Civil Services Board and its functions
Mains level: Civil services reforms
Punjab government notifying Civil Services Board providing for a fixed tenure of IAS officers has left its leaders in the state upset.
Practice questions for mains:
Q. Discuss how fixed tenure for Civil Servants helps provide better administration.
What is the Civil Services Board (CSB)?
- Civil Services Board is responsible for the entry-level recruitment and subsequent job promotions below the rank of Joint Secretary.
- As per a state government notification dated June 2, CSB will be headed by Chief Secretary, with Personnel Secretary, and either Financial Commissioner (Revenue) or Home Secretary (who so ever is senior in the pecking order) as its members.
- The board provides for the state to follow the Centre’s guidelines on giving a fixed tenure of at least two years for cadre officers.
- They cannot be transferred before that and if anyone recommends their transfer then the board will examine and affect it.
- The final authority is the Chief Minister.
Why had the previous government in the state declined to follow the Centre’s guidelines?
- The previous government had refused to follow the guidelines on the argument that appointment and transfer of IAS officers are a prerogative of the state.
- If their term is fixed, it had argued, it will not only create functional and administrative problems but also overstep the authority and jurisdiction of the state government.
Why are the leaders upset?
- The political leadership of the ruling party in the state has usually always had a say in postings and transfers of district officials in the state.
- The opposition has been known to lend supremacy to its leadership over bureaucrats in the state.
- But ever since the ruling government has taken over, the grouse of its leaders has been that they do not get due respect in their own regime.
- This has led to several confrontations in the past.
- With the fixed tenure rule and Chief Secretary’s board having all power to examine a recommendation for a transfer, the leaders feel their influence has been reduced to nought and all power handed to the CS.
How do they see the board to be lending officer’s supremacy over them?
- If any officer is to be transferred before completing his minimum tenure, the board will record the reasons for the transfer.
- It will seek views from the concerned officer and then give a judgement on whether the tenure of the officer is to be ended mid-way.
- The final authority will be the CM.
What is the government’s argument in its favour?
- It says if the officials have a fixed tenure they will be able to provide better administration.
- They will also feel safe and try to stick to the rules instead of pleasing political bosses.
- It says every official requires 3-6 months to get into the groove at his new place of posting.
- If he stays there for two years, it would mean better delivery and stable tenure to people.
What do the officials say?
- They feel the rules will not be followed in letter and spirit unless a few officers go to the courts and ensure that the guidelines are followed.
- They say that neighbouring Haryana had the board in place but the guidelines were not followed.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rule of Law Index
Mains level: Rule of Law in India
The Supreme Court has asked the government to treat a writ petition for setting up expert panels to boost India’s prospects in the Rule of Law Index.
Note the various factors/sub-indices on which the index is measured. There can be a direct question on these in line with:
Q. Which one of the following is not a sub-index of the World Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business Index’? CSP 2019
(a) Maintenance of law and order
(b) Paying taxes
(c) Registering property
(d) Dealing with construction permits
Why in news again?
- The cause of action for the petition accrued when the World Justice Project ranked India in the 69th position in its Rule of Law Index.
- India has never been ranked even among top 50 in the Index, but successive governments did nothing to improve the international ranking of India, said the petition.
- Poor rule of law has a devastating effect on the right to life, liberty, economic justice, fraternity, individual dignity and national integration.
What is the Rule of Law Index?
- The Rule of Law Index is a quantitative assessment tool by the World Justice Project (WJP) designed to offer a detailed and comprehensive picture of the extent to which countries adhere to the rule of law in practice.
- It measures countries’ rule of law performance across eight factors:
(1) Constraints on Government Powers, (2) Absence of Corruption, (3) Open Government, (4) Fundamental Rights, (5) Order and Security, (6) Regulatory Enforcement, (7) Civil Justice, and (8) Criminal Justice
WJP definition of Rule of Law
The World Justice Project defines the rule of law system as one in which the following four universal principles are upheld:
- The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law.
- The laws are clear, publicized, stable and fair, and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property.
- The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, efficient, and fair.
- Justice is delivered by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Megaliths
Mains level: Not Much
The Kodumanal excavation in Erode Dist. of Tamil Nadu has threw light on burial rituals and the concept of afterlife in megalithic culture.
Must read:
Chapter 1 | Stone Age – Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic
About these sites
- The researchers have identified 250 cairn-circles at the village in Erode district.
- Earlier excavations revealed that the site served as a trade-cum-industrial centre from 5th century BCE to 1st century BCE.
- The rectangular chambered cists, each two metres long and six metres wide, are made of stone slabs, and the entire grave is surrounded by boulders that form a circle.
- The grave could be of a village head or the head of the community as the size of two boulders, each facing east and west, are bigger than other boulders.
- Believing that the deceased person will get a new life after death, pots and bowls filled with grains were placed outside the chambers.
What are Megaliths?
- Megaliths are the earliest surviving man-made monuments we know of—derived from the Latin mega (large) and lith (stone).
- Megaliths were constructed either as burial sites or commemorative (non-sepulchral) memorials.
- The former are sites with actual burial remains, such as dolmenoid cists (box-shaped stone burial chambers), cairn circles (stone circles with defined peripheries) and capstones (distinctive mushroom-shaped burial chambers found mainly in Kerala).
- The urn or the sarcophagus containing the mortal remains was usually made of terracotta.
- Non-sepulchral megaliths include memorial sites such as menhirs. (The line separating the two is a bit blurry, since remains have been discovered underneath otherwise non-sepulchral sites, and vice versa.)
- In India, archaeologists trace the majority of the megaliths to the Iron Age (1500 BC to 500 BC), though some sites precede the Iron Age, extending up to 2000 BC.
Megaliths in India
- Megaliths are spread across the Indian subcontinent, though the bulk of them are found in peninsular India, concentrated in the states of Maharashtra (mainly in Vidarbha), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
- According to archaeologists around 2,200 megalithic sites can be found in peninsular India itself, most of them unexcavated.
- Even today, a living megalithic culture endures among some tribes such as the Gonds of central India and the Khasis of Meghalaya.
Literary sources
- Megalithic culture finds several references in ancient Tamil Sangam literature. For instance, menhirs are referred to as nadukal.
- Ancient Sangam texts lay out, in detail, a step-by-step procedure for laying a memorial stone or nadukal in honour of a fallen hero.
- Manimekalai (5th century AD), the famous Sangam epic, refers to the various kinds of burials namely cremation (cuṭuvōr), post excarnation burial (iṭuvōr), burying the deceased in a pit (toṭukuḻip paṭuvōr), rock chamber or cist burial (tāḻvāyiṉ aṭaippōr), urn burial encapped with lid (tāḻiyiṟ kavippōr).
- Even in the Sangam age (when kingship and a well-ordained society had emerged) the above modes of burials survived.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Treaties with Nepal and Bhutan.
Mains level: Paper 2- India-China relations
In the changing circumstances, there is a need for recalibration of foreign policy when dealing with China. This article draws on a policy approach adopted by Nehru and suggests 4 areas to focus on while devising the foreign policy.
India must pay attention to “five fingers”
- The deadly clashes at Galwan and the ongoing standoff between India and China on the ridges or “fingers” around the Pangong Tso are a metaphor for the wider conflict between the two countries.
- The metaphor refers to all the areas that Chinese strategy refers to as the “five fingers of the Tibetan palm”.
- According to the construct, attributed to Mao and cited in the 1950s by Chinese officials, Xizang (Tibet) was China’s right palm, and it was its responsibility to “liberate” the fingers.
- Fiver fingers are defined as Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA, or Arunachal Pradesh).
- Sixty years ago, India began to set about ensuring that quite the reverse ensued, and all five fingers were more closely attached to India, not China.
- As the government of India grapples with its next steps at the Line of Actual Control (LAC), it must cast a similarly grand strategy, to renew its compact with each of those areas today.
Chines propaganda before 1962 War
- In the 1950s, even after India and China signed the Panchsheel agreement in 1954.
- And before the 1962 China-India war, the Nehru government had begun to worry about some of China’s proclamations.
- Especially after the flight of the Dalai Lama to India in 1959, China began to demand “self-determination in Kashmir”, wrote former Foreign Secretary T.N. Kaul in his memoirs.
- More importantly, school textbooks there began to depict the “five fingers” as a part of China.
India’s three-pronged foreign policy form past
- India’s defeat in the 1962 war has been studied in great detail, what is perhaps not so well understood is the three-pronged foreign policy New Delhi set into motion at the time, that provided an effective counter to Mao’s five finger policy over the course of the century.
Following are the 3 elements that also formed the part of past policy, with the addition of Jammu and Kashmir status change.
1. Focus on border infrastructure and governance
- The first was a push for building border infrastructure and governance.
- In the mid-1950s the government piloted a project to build the Indian Frontier Administrative Services (IFAS) for overseeing NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh) and other areas along the India-China frontier.
- The Foreign secretary was the Chair of the IFAS selection board.
- And many who enlisted in the cadre overlapped between the Indian Foreign Service, the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service, and rotated between postings in the most remote tribal areas and embassies in the region.
- A special desk was created in the Ministry of External Affairs for officers who would tour all the regions from NEFA to Ladakh in order to make suggestions for the rapid development of these areas.
- While India’s border infrastructure is only now catching up with the infrastructure China built in the course of the next few decades, its base was made during the brief period the IFAS existed, before it was wound up in 1968.
- An idea before its time, the IFAS’s role has since been transferred to the Indian Army and the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
Idea worth revisiting: IFAS
- IFAS is an idea worth revisiting, especially as areas along the frontier continue to complain of neglect and a lack of focus from the Centre.
- In 2019, the Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram called for the resurrection of the IFAS.
2. Outreach and treaties
- The second prong were a series of treaties that were signed around that time with neighbours such as Nepal and Bhutan.
- And the consolidation of control, militarily and administratively, of other territories that acceded to India, including Ladakh as a part of Jammu and Kashmir (1947), and NEFA (1951).
- In 1950, India signed a treaty with Sikkim that made it a “protectorate”.
- By 1975 the Indira Gandhi Government had annexed Sikkim and made it the 22nd State of India.
- Each of these treaties built unique relationships with New Delhi, tying countries such as Nepal and Bhutan in ways that were seen as a “win-win” for both sides at the time.
Treaties outliving their utility
- Over time, the treaties have outlived their utility.
- And the benefits of unique ties with Nepal and Bhutan, including open borders and ease of movement, jobs and education for their youth as well as India’s influential support on the world stage, have waned in public memory.
What explains difference in Nepal and Bhutan for India
- One of the reasons that China has been able to make inroads into Nepal and not with Bhutan, is that the government renegotiated its 1949 Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship with Bhutan.
- The India-Bhutan 1949 Treaty was replaced with the India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty in 2007.
- 2007 treaty dropped an article that had committed Bhutan “to beguided” by India on its external affairs policy.
- This has held India and Bhutan ties in good stead thus far, even during the Doklam stand-off between India and China in 2017 in the face of severe pressure from China.
- However, despite years of requests from Kathmandu, New Delhi has dragged its feet on reviewing its 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the Government of India and the Government of Nepal.
- and on accepting a report the Eminent Persons’ Group (EPG) on Nepal-India relations has produced that recommends a new treaty.
- New treaties may not, in themselves reduce India’s security threat from China in its neighbourhood.
- But they create space for a more mutually responsive diplomacy that is necessary to nurture special relationships.
3. Tibet strategy: India must chart a more prominent role
- For the third prong, India’s policy towards the “palm” or Tibet, itself should be looked at more closely as well.
- While New Delhi’s decision to shelter the Dalai Lama and lakhs of his followers since 1959 is a policy that is lauded.
- But it does not change the need for New Delhi to look into the future of its relationship, both with the Tibetan refugee community in India, which has lived here in limbo for decades, as well as with its future leadership.
- At present, the Dalai Lama has the loyalty of Tibetans worldwide, but in the future, the question over who will take up the political leadership of the community looms large.
- The Karmapa Lama, who lived in India after his flight from China in 2000, and was groomed as a possible political successor, has now taken the citizenship of another country and lives mostly in the United States.
- Meanwhile, China will, without doubt, try to force its own choice on the community as well.
- Given that it is home to so many Tibetans, India must chart a more prominent role in this discourse.
4. Introspection of reorganisation in Jammu and Kashmir
- Finally, it is necessary to introspect on how India’s own reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019 has changed the security matrix and threat parameters for India, and its neighbours.
- While Pakistan’s extreme reaction to the move was expected, China’s reaction was perhaps not studied enough.
- Beijing issued a statement decrying the impact on Jammu and Kashmir, and another one specifically on Ladakh.
- In the statement, China called it an attempt to “undermine China’s territorial sovereignty by unilaterally changing its domestic law”.
- And warned that the move was “unacceptable and will not come into force”.
Consider the question “India’s relations with China has always had to factor in the border dispute. But the incidents in recent necessitated a relook at the foreign policy towards China.” In light of this, examine the factors that must form the basis of foreign policy.
Conclusion
The impact of the new map of Jammu and Kashmir on ties with Nepal as well, is no coincidence. There is proof enough that now more than ever, as the government readies its hand on dealing with China, it must not lose sight of every finger in play.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WIPO, UNIDO
Mains level: Paper 2-Multilateralism in the post-Covid world
What is the future of multilateralism? This is the question we have come across many times recently. Given the chaos that we are witnessing in the global order, multilateral seems to be headed for either collapse or capture by China. But, the author of this article suggests that it would be a mistake to consider the choice as binary. Between the collapse and the capture, there are many stakeholders working for its sustenance. So, multilateralism will endure.
International institutions performing below par
- The COVID-19 outbreak has placed all international institutions under a magnifying glass.
- By any measure, most have performed below par.
- Such is the caution espoused that multilateralism today seems to have reverted to its version 0.1.
- The General Assembly now passes resolutions through no-objection procedure.
- The Security Council has been found wanting in no small measure.
- The 75th session’s ‘leaders week’ runs the risk of being reduced to a video playback session.
Pursuit of change by threatening to leave
- It is true that functioning of multilateral institutions requires reform.
- They need to adapt to new realities.
- However, the pursuit of change by threatening to leave multilateral institutions is a phenomenon we witnessed only during the period of the League of Nations.
- One state followed another in bidding goodbye, until the League’s final demise.
Why post Second World War institutions survived departures
- The post Second World War multilateral institutions have survived such departures.
- The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris and the Human Rights Council in Geneva have survived the departure of the U.S.
- The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in Vienna continues despite the withdrawal of the U.S. and many others.
- The World Health Organization (WHO), notwithstanding its visible shortcomings, will survive U.S. threats.
- The reasons are simple.
- Multilateral organisations serve desperately felt global needs of the vast membership.
- The pandemic has reinforced the desire for greater global cooperation amongst most states.
So, will the current multi-lateral order survive China’s onslaught?
- It is true that Chinese nationals head four multilateral organisations.
- It is also true that Chinese nationals have failed in campaigns to head UNESCO and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
- Despite contributing nearly 10% of the UN’s budget, Chinese nationals are not exactly over-represented in terms of staff positions.
- China has certainly risen up the multilateral pantheon and is able to better promote its interests.
- It has warded off attacks against it in multilateral fora, at times with the aid of the heads of these organisations.
- However, it is yet to display an ability to set the multilateral agenda and dominate the discourse on an array of issues, in the manner that the U.S. once indispensably did.
- China’s flagship venture, the Belt and Road Initiative, remains only on the fringes of multilateral fora.
- Neither in monetary terms nor in substantive inputs are there portents of a ‘Chinese takeover’.
- Amidst this, multilateral bodies are populated by a plethora of small and middle states quietly working to restore equilibrium, when the balance tends to shift.
- The capture of the existing multilateral order by a new hegemon is antithetical to the ethos of multilateralism.
- Multilateralism thrives on the notion of the Lilliputians tying up Gulliver — old or new.
Evolving multilateralism is not a choice between collapse and capture
- Between collapse and capture, there are other pathways.
- Multilateral architecture places a premium on structures over functions, processes over substance.
- It slows down the change of any sort.
- The same processes that have stalled change in the past will militate against a takeover in the future.
- Does that mean that multilateralism will meander meaninglessly?
- It will meander, but perhaps not meaninglessly.
- The ‘pluri-laterals’ and the emerging ‘mini-laterals’ each have their place in terms of international agenda-setting, but global norm-setting requires inclusivity that they lack.
Opportunity for India
- Being able to shape the discourse at an incipient stage is a good perch to be on.
- Issue-specific ‘coalitions of the willing’ are catalysts.
- As a growing power, India needs to avail of such avenues.
- However, by themselves, these will not do justice to the depth and variety of India’s interests and our stakes in global cooperation.
- Also, they are not holistic solutions in ensuring global acceptance of norms.
Understanding the essence of multilateralism
- Responses of states during the COVID-19 crisis point to more emphasis on sovereign decision making than before.
- The imprimatur for acting on behalf of the global community is not going to be available easily.
- On myriad issues, from sustainable development to the environment, from climate change to pandemics and cyberspace to outer space, the demands for ‘nothing about us without us’ are likely to increase.
- Since stakeholders perceive that their stakes have risen, they will call for enhanced engagement.
- Convening such stakeholders in pursuit of global goals is the essence of multilateralism.
Consider the question “In the world afflicted by Covid, multilateralism seems to be headed for collapse or capture by a hegemon. Critically examine.”
Conclusion
We need to patiently promote reforms while building partnerships to avail opportunities which may arise for more fundamental change. We need to bide our time without hiding our intent.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DMZ, Armstice Agreement
Mains level: Read the attached story
North Korea blew up the joint liaison office with South Korea in Kaesong, an industrial township on its side of the border, becoming one of the most serious incidents to have occurred between the two countries, without them actually going to war.
Must read:
What is the Korean Armistice Agreement?
Practice question for mains:
Q. What is the Korean Armstice Agreement? Discuss the concept of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)?
What is this liaison office?
- In 2003, North Korea and South Korea jointly set up a liaison office at Kaesong in North Korea.
- It was set up in 2018 to facilitate communication between North Korea and South Korea.
- The Kaesong Industrial Complex is a joint industrial zone where factories are operated and run by both North Koreans and South Koreans.
- At its height, approximately 120 factories were operating in this industrial zone with more than 50,000 North Korean employees and several hundred managers.
Why did Pyongyang demolish it?
- Since the past week, tensions between the two countries had increased after Pyongyang objected to activists and defectors in South Korea sending anti-North Korean propaganda leaflets, rice and Bibles using balloons.
- Experts believe that these moves come after North Korea’s frustrations at South Korea’s inability to revive inter-Korean economic projects under pressure from the US, along with UN sanctions.
What’s next?
- The demolition occurred just days after North Korean leader Kim Jong Un’s sister Kim Yo Jong had threatened to destroy the liaison office.
- Following the demolition, North Korean said that it would be deploying troops in demilitarized areas, including in the Kaesong industrial zone.
Are they heading towards war?
- Observers say that these actions by North Korea have been the most provocative in recent years.
- Experts believe these provocations may have occurred because Pyongyang is hoping to pressure Seoul into giving it more concessions that would be economically beneficial for North Korea that has been hit hard by sanctions.
- Experts believe these actions, however provocative, are not severe enough for Seoul to contemplate military aggression in retaliation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ECA, APMC Act
Mains level: Paper 3- Agri-marketing and issues with it
Following the announcement of reforms in the agri-sector, the government issued ordinances to make good on its promise. These ordinances deal with- ECA-1955, APMC Act and Contract farming. The author in this article examines whether these ordinances deliver on the promises made or not.
1) Ordinance for amendment of APMC Act
- ‘Farming Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion & Facilitation) Ordinance 2020.’ seek to address the problems farmers face in selling their produce.
- Due to the unionisation of middlemen (arhatias) and their financial clout, politicians in the states have been reluctant to amend agriculture marketing laws which are exploitative and don’t allow farmers to receive a fair price.
- Rather than coax the states financially to correct the markets, an unregulated marketplace has been created where 15 crore farmers will be exposed to the skulduggery of traders.
- Imagine the mayhem in stock markets if ROC and SEBI were similarly made redundant.
Issues and benefits
- Rather than replicate Punjab’s successful agriculture mandi model, now states will lose vital revenue to even upgrade and repair rural infrastructure.
- The ordinance may be challenged by the states for its constitutional overreach.
- But, on the flip side, over time, the largest informal sector in the country will begin to get formalised and new business models will develop.
- A different breed of aggregators will create the much-needed competition to the existing monopoly of local traders.
- Additionally, henceforth, when farmers sell agricultural produce outside of APMC market yards, they cannot legally be charged commission on the sale of farm produce.
- To survive, the APMCs across the nation will have to radically standardise and rationalise their mandi fee structure and limit the commission charged by traders on sale of farmers’ produce.
2) ECA 1955: Not enough has been done
- Here, the amendment was supposed to allay the genuine fears of traders emitting from the bureaucracy’s draconian powers to arbitrarily evoke stockholding limits etc.
- Rather than forego its own powers for the larger good, the amendment’s fine print makes it ambiguous and leaves space for whimsical interpretations as before.
- The trader’s uncertainty is compounded by the arbitrary import-export policy decisions which dilute the purpose of the amendment itself.
3) Ordinance on Contract farming
- “The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Ordinance 2020” tries to placate the fears of both the farmer and the contractor when they sign an agreement.
- For the farmer, the legal recourse is never a practical choice as the persuasive powers of the aggregators’ deep pockets cast a dark shadow over the redressal process.
- Likewise, the tediously stretched legal proceedings are dissuasion enough to either not seek redressal or settle for unfavourable terms.
- That produce derived from contract farming operations will not be subject to any obstructionist laws is a very good step.
- Farmer-producer organisations and new aggregators will get a boost with these laws, and become harbingers of prosperity in some small corners of the countryside.
- There are green shoots in the ordinances, but the downside dwarfs the upside.
So, what are the implications of these 3 reforms?
- The union of the three ordinances appears to be a precursor to implementing the Shanta Kumar Committee recommendations to dilute and dismantle FCI, MSP & PDS which will push farmers from the frying into the fire.
- It may also be interpreted to mean that now the sugar industry needn’t pay farmers the central government FRP or the state government SAP price for sugarcane.
Consider the question ” There was a mention of reforms related to agri-sector in the recently announced stimulus package. Examine the issues with segments of agri-sector which necessitated these reforms.”
Conclusion
The reforms in these 3 areas if carried out earnestly could go a long way in helping the farmers get out of the misery and help achieve the goal of doubling of farmers income in the set time frame.
Back2Basics: Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee Regulation (APMC) Act.
- All wholesale markets for agricultural produce in states that have adopted the Agricultural Produce Market Regulation Act (APMRA) are termed as “regulated markets”.
- With the exception of Kerala, J & K, and Manipur, all other states have enacted the APMC Act.
- It mandates that the sale/purchase of agricultural commodities notified under it are to be carried out in specified market areas, yards or sub-yards. These markets are required to have the proper infrastructure for the sale of farmers’ produce.
- Prices in them are to be determined by open auction, conducted in a transparent manner in the presence of an official of the market committee.
- Market charges for various agencies, such as commissions for commission agents (arhtiyas); statutory charges, such as market fees and taxes; and produce-handling charges, such as for cleaning of produce, and loading and unloading, are clearly defined, and no other deduction can be made from the sale proceeds of farmers.
- Market charges, costs, and taxes vary across states and commodities.
Essential Commodities Act 1955
- The ECA is an act which was established to ensure the delivery of certain commodities or products, the supply of which if obstructed owing to hoarding or black-marketing would affect the normal life of the people.
- The ECA was enacted in 1955. This includes foodstuff, drugs, fuel (petroleum products) etc.
- It has since been used by the Government to regulate the production, supply and distribution of a whole host of commodities it declares ‘essential’ in order to make them available to consumers at fair prices.
- Additionally, the government can also fix the maximum retail price (MRP) of any packaged product that it declares an “essential commodity”.
- The list of items under the Act includes drugs, fertilizers, pulses and edible oils, and petroleum and petroleum products.
- The Centre can include new commodities as and when the need arises, and takes them off the list once the situation improves.
How ECA works?
- If the Centre finds that a certain commodity is in short supply and its price is spiking, it can notify stock-holding limits on it for a specified period.
- The States act on this notification to specify limits and take steps to ensure that these are adhered to.
- Anybody trading or dealing in the commodity, be it wholesalers, retailers or even importers are prevented from stockpiling it beyond a certain quantity.
- A State can, however, choose not to impose any restrictions. But once it does, traders have to immediately sell into the market any stocks held beyond the mandated quantity.
- This improves supplies and brings down prices. As not all shopkeepers and traders comply, State agencies conduct raids to get everyone to toe the line and the errant are punished.
- The excess stocks are auctioned or sold through fair price shops.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himlayan mountain ranges
Mains level: Landslides in India
This newscard talks about the city of Dharamshala where landslides occur frequently.
Practice question for mains:
Q.“Himalayan region is more susceptible to floods and flood induced landslides than the Western Ghats”. Discuss.
Why is Dharamshala more vulnerable to landslides?
- Dharamshala has a slope varying from gentle to steep, depending on different parts of the city.
- It is located in Zone V in the earthquake hazard zoning map of India.
- The large differences in slope between different parts of the city make it more susceptible to critical hazards like landslides.
- The vulnerability of the geologically young steep slopes of Dhauladhar has increased because of anthropogenic activities and illegal construction due to the lack of availability of land.
Why do landslides occur?
- Increasing urbanisation, deforestation and encroachment of areas at high hill slopes, unscientific road cutting and water-intensive agricultural practices contributed to the increase in intensity and frequency of landslides.
- The situation is worse during the monsoon when landslide-prone areas are washed away due to exposure.
- This is due to the demand for living within the city. It is not just the difference between slopes, but also anthropogenic causes that lead to the emergence of hazards like landslides.
Why tourist spots are more vulnerable?
1) Road traffic is high
- During the peak tourist season, the road is marred with traffic jams due to continuous sinking.
- Several factors have continuously contributed to an increase in the road’s vulnerability. The first is Illegal construction and uncontrolled levelling of hillocks along the roads.
- Hillocks are flattened to accommodate housing projects, commercial establishments, etc. The informal sector often starts residing in these areas which are more vulnerable to risks.
- These areas have comparatively lower land values and fewer people come to settle here.
2) Loss in green cover
- The second is a loss in green cover, something that occurs as more people reside within the city, increasing soil erosion, risking the further vulnerability to landslides.
- Due to the loss of green cover and steep gradient of the slope, water is not absorbed in the soil and washed away very quickly.
3) Damaged topography
- The third is the unscientific manner of cutting hills for widening roads and construction.
- This causes the sinking of roads, which affects road width and causes traffic interruptions.
4) Sewage failures
- The fourth is the absence of a sewerage system in the area. Due to unavailability of sewerage systems, people construct septic tanks that are unsafe for soil strata.
- Water from septic tanks drains to the upper layer of soil that has loose soil, making areas more vulnerable to damage from landslides.
Also read
The Northern and Northeastern Mountains | Part 1
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