Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 100 years since Azad's pivotal speech
Mains level: commitment to the values of unity
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: gene and cell therapy
Mains level: gene and cell therapy
Central idea
The article underscores the transformative potential of gene and cell therapy in addressing India’s healthcare challenges, particularly genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. It emphasizes the imperative for a paradigm shift, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts, regulatory frameworks, and increased awareness to integrate these therapies into mainstream healthcare.
Key Highlights:
- Genetic Disorders in India: Over 40 million individuals in India suffer from genetic disorders, emphasizing the urgent need for advanced treatments like gene therapy.
- Haemoglobinopathies: Conditions like Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anaemia affect millions, and gene therapy offers a potential cure by addressing the root genetic mutations.
- Cancer Treatment: With 1.16 million new cancer cases annually, gene and cell therapy, especially CAR-T therapy, present precision medicine solutions tailored to individual genetic profiles.
- Infectious Diseases: Gene therapy shows promise in treating infectious diseases, including potential applications against viral threats like dengue, HIV/AIDS, and others.
- Future Vision: Gene and cell therapies anticipate a future of precise and personalized treatments, reducing economic burdens associated with chronic conditions.
Key Challenges:
- Infrastructure Limitations: Integrating gene and cell therapy into mainstream healthcare faces challenges related to infrastructure readiness.
- Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of gene therapy, including issues of consent and long-term consequences, pose challenges to widespread adoption.
- Awareness Gap: Limited awareness among healthcare professionals and the public about gene and cell therapy hinders successful integration.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Precision Medicine: Tailored medical approaches considering the unique genetic makeup of each patient.
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T): Modifying a patient’s immune cells to target cancer cells, exemplifying precision medicine.
- mRNA Vaccines: Groundbreaking gene-therapy products, as seen in Covid-19 vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): A genetic disorder potentially treatable with gene therapy to restore normal immune function.
Key Quotes:
- “Gene therapy is not just about managing symptoms — it is about rewriting the genetic code that underlies these conditions.”
- “The imperative lies in investing in research and infrastructure to make these transformative therapies accessible to those who need them.”
- “Gene and cell therapy are not just treatments; they are the future of healthcare.”
Key Examples and References:
- Haemoglobinopathies Impact: Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anaemia affecting 40 million individuals in India.
- Cancer Cases: Over 1.16 million new cancer cases annually, highlighting the demand for advanced treatments.
- mRNA Vaccines: Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines as groundbreaking gene-therapy products.
Key Facts and Data:
- Demographic Impact: Genetic disorders affect millions in India, necessitating advanced treatments.
- Cancer Statistics: Over 1.16 million new cancer cases reported annually in India.
- Economic Burden: Gene therapy’s potential to reduce long-term healthcare costs for chronic genetic conditions.
Critical Analysis:
- Integration Challenges: Infrastructural and ethical challenges pose hurdles to the mainstream integration of gene and cell therapy.
- Opportunities for Collaboration: Challenges present opportunities for collaborative efforts among scientific communities, industries, policymakers, and healthcare providers.
- Need for Awareness: Limited awareness emphasizes the importance of enhancing awareness among healthcare professionals and the public for successful integration.
Way Forward:
- Collaborative Efforts: Encourage collaboration between scientific communities, industries, policymakers, and healthcare providers to overcome challenges.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Develop regulatory frameworks balancing innovation with ethical considerations to guide gene therapy integration.
- Research and Development: Invest in research and development to advance gene and cell therapy, addressing infrastructure limitations and ethical concerns.
- Public Awareness: Foster awareness among healthcare professionals and the public to ensure successful integration into the broader healthcare landscape.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key Facts and Data, Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR)
Mains level: India's growth prospects amidst global challenges
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kesavananda Bharati Case
Mains level: Basic Structure
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Israel’s “right to defend”
Central idea
The article explores the tragic situation in Palestine, emphasizing the West’s complicity in enabling Israel’s actions. It highlights the suppression of freedom of expression, media bias, and challenges in Europe, calling for an exposé of Western democracies’ hypocrisies and a truthful reckoning to address the root causes of Palestinian oppression.
Key Highlights:
- Tragic Toll: The passage reveals the staggering death toll of over 17,000 Gazans since October 7, underscoring the magnitude of the ongoing tragedy.
- West’s Enabling Role: The West is implicated in enabling Israel’s actions through support, framing the conflict, and reducing Palestine to the actions of Hamas.
Key Challenges:
- Freedom of Expression Suppression: Western societies, despite professing democracy, are suppressing freedom of expression, particularly in universities, where pro-Palestine advocates face public exposure.
- Media Bias: The media, a significant influencer, is criticized for its overwhelming bias towards Israel, neglecting the historical roots and international illegality of Israeli occupation.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Zionism and Apartheid: These terms highlight ideological aspects and the discriminatory nature of certain Israeli policies.
- Genocidal Intent and Settler Colonialism: These phrases emphasize the severity of actions and the historical context of Israeli actions in Palestinian territories.
Key Quotes:
- “The West has shockingly enabled this [tragedy] in various ways,” pointing to the culpability of Western nations.
- “The media has been key in framing the Palestine-Israel conflict for 75 years,” exposing the media’s role in shaping public perception.
Key Examples and References:
- University Actions: Instances of Harvard and Columbia exposing details of pro-Palestine students highlight the suppression faced by advocates.
- European Countries’ Stance: The passage cites bans on pro-Palestinian protests in countries like the U.K., France, Germany, and Italy as concrete examples of European support for Israel.
Key Facts and Data:
- Death Toll: Over 17,000 Gazans killed since October 7, quantifying the scale of the tragedy.
- Harvard’s Philanthropy Dependency: Highlighting that 45% of Harvard’s revenue in 2022 came from philanthropy underscores the potential influence of donors.
Critical Analysis:
- Suppression of Free Speech: The critical analysis underscores the severe impact of suppressing freedom of expression on informed dialogue.
- Media’s Role: Emphasizing media bias prompts reflection on the potential manipulation of public opinion.
Way Forward:
- Expose Hypocrisies: Advocates for change should actively expose the hypocrisies of Western democracy, challenging the status quo.
- Acknowledge Complicity: A call to acknowledge Western complicity in Palestinian oppression encourages introspection and accountability.
- Listen to Dissenting Voices: Encouraging the acknowledgment of dissenting voices, including Jewish dissenters, fosters a more inclusive dialogue.
- Truthful Reckoning: Highlighting the need for a truthful reckoning emphasizes the importance of understanding historical roots and actions for a sustainable resolution.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement
Mains level: Sri Lanka's land connectivity with India for regional economic integration
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
Mains level: RBI's use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity
Central idea
The RBI’s recent monetary policy decision maintains a cautious stance, driven by concerns over persistent food inflation and global central banks signaling higher interest rates. Despite a positive economic outlook, challenges include incomplete transmission of past rate hikes and potential risks from interconnectedness between banks and non-banks.
Key Highlights:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its pause on monetary policy and retained the withdrawal-of-accommodation stance.
- Reasons for the decision include ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items, despite a recent decrease.
- Influences from systemically important central banks, such as the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, impact India’s monetary policy.
Key Challenges:
- Persistent risks from food inflation, driven by factors like an uneven monsoon and global food supply uncertainties.
- Impact of higher interest rates signaled by central banks like the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank on India’s economy.
- Incomplete transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates poses challenges for the RBI.
Key Terms:
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): A committee responsible for framing India’s monetary policy.
- Core CPI Inflation: Consumer Price Index inflation excluding volatile food and fuel components.
- Macroprudential Tools: Measures used by central banks to ensure the stability of the financial system.
Key Phrases:
- “The battle against inflation is far from over.”
- “Systemically important central banks signal higher-for-longer interest rates.”
- “Transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates remains incomplete.”
Key Quotes:
- “The RBI expects consumer inflation at 5.4 per cent this fiscal, while our forecast is slightly higher at 5.5 per cent.” (Authors)
- “The RBI Governor flagged increasing interconnectedness between banks and non-banks, raising the possibility of stress contagion.” (RBI Governor)
Key Statements:
- “Despite rate increases, bank credit growth has sustained over 15 per cent this fiscal, unchanged from last year.”
- “India will continue to be a growth outperformer among large economies this fiscal.”
Key Examples and References:
- Influence of US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank’s higher interest rates on global monetary policies.
- RBI’s use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity.
Key Facts and Data:
- RBI’s forecast for consumer inflation: 5.4 per cent.
- GDP growth forecast lifted to 7 per cent for the fiscal year.
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasizes ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items.
- Highlights the impact of global central banks’ policies on India’s monetary decisions.
- Raises the challenge of incomplete transmission of rate hikes into lending rates.
Way Forward:
- Monitor and address risks related to food inflation and global interest rate dynamics.
- Continue using measures like liquidity management and macroprudential tools for financial stability.
- Assess and manage potential challenges arising from the interconnectedness of banks and non-banks.
- Anticipate and address the impact of rising interest rates on India’s economy.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Mains level: safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products
Central idea
The study reveals a startling prevalence of unapproved and banned Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) of antibiotics in India, posing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The pharmaceutical industry’s exploitation of FDCs to evade regulations, coupled with regulatory inefficiencies, calls for urgent interventions to safeguard public health
Key Highlights:
- Alarming Prevalence: In 2020, 60.5% of antibiotics in India were unapproved FDCs, with an additional 9.9% banned, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance.
- Patient Compliance vs. Risks: FDCs, aimed at improving patient adherence, pose risks due to potential interactions between combined drugs, necessitating a stringent approval process.
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Strategy: Exploitation of FDCs allows the industry to evade drug price regulations, contributing to the proliferation of irrational combinations.
Key Challenges:
- Regulatory Framework Inefficiency: Continued sale of unapproved FDCs highlights regulatory inefficiency, allowing non-compliance despite existing legal provisions.
- Reactive Regulatory Measures: Reliance on Section 26A orders reveals a reactive rather than proactive regulatory approach, indicating systemic challenges.
Key Terms:
- Fixed Dose Combination (FDC): Combinations of multiple drugs in a single dosage form, potentially affecting drug interactions and therapeutic efficacy.
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of medications, posing a global health threat.
Key Phrases:
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Exploitation: The strategic use of FDCs to avoid regulatory scrutiny undermines the integrity of drug pricing and quality.
- Ineffectiveness of Regulatory Measures: Despite legal provisions, the regulatory system relies on reactive prohibitions rather than proactive prevention.
Key Quotes:
- “Unapproved FDCs may contribute to the AMR problem in India.”
- “The pharmaceutical industry gets to provide its own standards for government testing of FDCs.”
Key Statements:
- Extent of the Issue: The study underscores the alarming prevalence of unapproved and banned FDCs in India, emphasizing the urgent need for regulatory intervention.
- Industry Motives: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s profit-driven motives, exposing the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Key Examples and References:
- Academic Study: Reference to the academic study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice (2023) highlighting the extent of unapproved FDCs.
- Historical Context: Tracing the issue back to 1978 and subsequent regulatory amendments provides context to the ongoing challenges.
Critical Analysis:
- Industry Practices: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s motives, highlighting the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Way Forward:
- Urgent Regulatory Actions: Emphasizes the need for regulatory actions to address the menace of unapproved and banned FDCs, preventing potential contributions to antimicrobial resistance.
- Proactive Regulatory Framework: Calls for a proactive regulatory framework that prioritizes public health over industry interests and plugs existing legal loopholes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: history to be a continual process rather than an aggregate of disparate tranches
.png)
Central idea
The article talks about how historians divided history into ancient, medieval, and modern times, mostly influenced by European ideas. It questions these divisions and suggests we rethink history as a continuous story. The key point is that there isn’t just one way to be “modern,” and we should consider different perspectives in understanding history.
Key Highlights:
- The article critiques the conventional historical periodization of ancient, medieval, and modern eras, tracing its origins to European concepts.
- It explores the imposition of this triad on global history through colonialism and challenges the Eurocentric narrative.
- The author questions the dichotomies inherent in periodization, such as change versus continuity and stages of development.
- The notion of modernity is central to periodization, with the article highlighting the evolving understanding of “modernities” in contemporary discourse.
- The transformation from viewing modernity as an objective reality to a subjective, context-specific concept is emphasized.
Key Challenges:
- The article confronts the challenge of reevaluating historical narratives deeply entrenched in Eurocentrism.
- It challenges the dichotomous framework of periodization, urging historians to consider continuity within apparent changes.
- The author grapples with the resistance to viewing history as a universal entity, urging a shift from fragmented tranches to a continual process.
Key Terms:
- Periodization: Dividing history into distinct periods for analysis and understanding.
- Modernity: The quality or condition of being modern; contemporary social and cultural features.
- Eurocentrism: The dominance or undue focus on European culture, history, and values.
Key Phrases:
- “Theft of History”: Refers to the imposition of European historical concepts on non-European societies through colonial power dynamics.
- “Dark Age”: The Eurocentric portrayal of the medieval period as a time of irrationality, regression, and superstition.
- “Modernities”: Acknowledges the diverse and context-specific manifestations of modernity in different regions.
Key Quotes:
- “The modern world that we inhabit was thus essentially the West’s creation.”
- “Modernity that had for long been accepted as an objective reality ‘out there’… has become subjective in each variant context.”
- “This calls for the treatment of history as a universal entity of which regions form constituents.”
Key Statements:
- The triad of ancient, medieval, and modern periods originated in Europe and was imposed globally through colonialism.
- The article challenges the dichotomies of periodization and urges a reconsideration of history as a continual process.
- The evolving understanding of modernity reflects a shift from a singular, Eurocentric perspective to recognizing diverse “modernities.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to James Mill introducing the triad in Indian history to legitimize British rule.
- Mention of Jack Goody’s concept of “The Theft of History” in the unequal power relationship between Europe and its colonies.
Key Facts and Data:
- The triad of ancient, medieval, and modern periodization originated in Europe in the 16th-17th centuries.
- The article emphasizes the need to reconsider history as a universal entity, acknowledging contributions from all civilizations.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically examines the Eurocentric biases embedded in historical periodization.
- It challenges the binary thinking of periodization and encourages a nuanced understanding of historical processes.
- The evolving nature of the concept of modernity is analyzed, highlighting its subjectivity in diverse contexts.
Way Forward:
- The article suggests a shift from fragmented tranches to a more holistic and continual approach to history.
- Encourages historians to explore emerging areas of research such as climate, planetary history, and reevaluation of pre-history and archaeology.
- Calls for a more inclusive and diverse narrative that recognizes the contributions of all societies to the world’s historical development.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: positive impact of humor in parliamentary debates, emphasizing recent instances of wit in economic discussions
Central idea
The article celebrates the infusion of wit and humor in parliamentary debates, highlighting instances of playful banter among politicians. It emphasizes the positive impact of humor in diffusing tension and fostering a lighter atmosphere in the political arena. The ironic touch is noted as the article points out the absence of a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on the Rajya Sabha website.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction: The article explores the positive impact of humor in parliamentary debates, emphasizing recent instances of wit in economic discussions.
- Historical Perspective: Various anecdotes showcase the witty exchanges among prominent politicians, such as Piloo Mody, Madhavrao Scindia, and Ram Manohar Lohia.
- Current Scenario: The article humorously notes the absence of a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on the Rajya Sabha website, highlighting an ironic aspect of parliamentary proceedings.
Key Terms:
- Parliamentary debates
- Wit and humour
- Playful banter
- Political discourse
- Rajya Sabha
- Economic parameters
Key Phrases:
- “State of the country’s economy”
- “Friendly banter”
- “Cutthroat political colosseum”
- “Bring back some wit”
- “Lighter side of political debates”
- “Positive impact of humor”
- “Diffusing tension”
- “Ironic touch”
Key Quotes:
- “It is because you had a good governor for three years.” – Chairman of the House
- “Let me confirm, sir, that is the only reason all this (progress) happened in Bengal.” – Response to the Chairman’s remark
- “‘Wit and Humour’ page on the Rajya Sabha website reads ‘Feature under Development.'”
Anecdotes:
- Piloo Mody’s witty response to disagreeing with a minister’s speech.
- Madhavrao Scindia’s comment on the Janata government’s performance.
- Ram Manohar Lohia’s anecdote about Nehru’s grandfather being a chaprasi in the Mughal court.
- Mahavir Tyagi’s humorous remark on Nehru’s statement about Aksai Chin.
Key Statements:
- “In the cutthroat political colosseum, let’s bring back some wit into Parliamentary debates.”
- “Nothing like friendly banter to cool off a heated exchange.”
Key Examples and References:
- Instances of witty exchanges involving Piloo Mody, Madhavrao Scindia, Ram Manohar Lohia, Mahavir Tyagi, and others.
- The absence of a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on the Rajya Sabha website.
Critical Analysis:
- While the article positively highlights the role of humor, a more critical analysis could explore potential drawbacks or criticisms associated with the use of wit in parliamentary discussions.
Way Forward:
- Encourage more friendly banter and wit in parliamentary discussions to foster a congenial atmosphere.
- Consider developing a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on parliamentary websites to showcase the lighter side of politics.
- Conduct a more in-depth analysis of the impact of humor on political discourse, addressing potential challenges or criticisms.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: focus on reducing anti-India sentiments
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chief Secretary
Mains level: balance between administrative decisions and judicial scrutiny
Central idea
The Supreme Court’s approval of a six-month extension for Delhi’s Chief Secretary, Naresh Kumar, sparks debates on judicial intervention in administrative decisions. Amid corruption allegations and public scrutiny, the extension raises broader questions about retirement age and the need for transparent benchmarks in recognizing exemplary service.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Compressed Biogas (CBG)
Mains level: capacity-building initiatives in the CBG sector
Central idea
Entrepreneurs in India’s Compressed Biogas (CBG) sector face challenges in feedstock disparities, operational complexities, and financial vulnerabilities. The three-day training by the Centre for Science and Environment highlights the sector’s need for robust mechanisms in feedstock pricing, market creation, and sustainable practices.
Key Highlights:
- Budding entrepreneurs in the compressed biogas (CBG) space in India are grappling with the viability of the sector despite government support.
- The CBG industry faces challenges such as feedstock availability, varying prices, and complex plant operations due to multiplicity of feedstock.
- The profitability of CBG production is impacted by fixed or one-off take prices irrespective of feedstock prices, leading to financial vulnerability.
- A fair and robust pricing mechanism for feedstock is crucial for the long-term availability and sustainability of the CBG sector.
- Sustainability involves creating a market for CBG and ensuring the sustainable disposal of the by-product, fermented organic manure (FOM).
Key Challenges:
- Feedstock Availability: Disparities in feedstock availability across regions pose a challenge, leading to the exploration of growing dedicated energy crops.
- Multiplicity of Feedstock: Handling multiple feedstocks adds complexity to plant operations, increasing capital and operating costs.
- Varying Feedstock Prices: The fixed or one-off take price of CBG regardless of feedstock prices makes the business financially volatile.
- Market Creation for FOM: Sustainability requires creating a market for FOM, the by-product, necessitating innovation in market development.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Compressed Biogas (CBG)
- Feedstock Pricing Mechanism
- Fermented Organic Manure (FOM)
- Market Development Assistance
- Anaerobic Digestion
- Technology Selection
- Multiplicity of Feedstock
- Cluster Approach
- Community-Driven Models
- Voluntary Carbon Market
Key Quotes and Anecdotes:
- “Choice and availability of feedstock is one among many concerns, with entrepreneurs exploring the possibility of growing dedicated energy crops.”
- “Multiplicity of feedstock adds to the complexities in plant operation, resulting in larger investments towards capital and operating costs.”
- “Fair and robust pricing mechanism for feedstock is needed for the long-term availability and visibility of the feedstock supply chain.”
- “Sustainability involves creating a market for CBG and equally important sustainable disposal of the by-product, fermented organic manure (FOM).”
Key Statements:
- The CBG sector struggles with challenges such as feedstock availability, varying prices, and complex plant operations due to multiplicity of feedstock.
- The industry needs to shift from being cost-sensitive to cost-aware for long-term viability and operational sustainability.
- A proactive approach by industry stakeholders is crucial to developing a robust mechanism for feedstock pricing, off-take, and market creation for FOM.
Key Examples and References:
- The state of Uttar Pradesh is implementing a catchment area approach for CBG units, defining specific areas for supply chain coordination.
Key Facts and Data:
- The CBG sector requires a collective approach to address challenges and create a healthy competition among stakeholders.
- Entrepreneurs in the CBG sector need to exercise caution in technology and feedstock selection to ensure sustainability.
Critical Analysis:
- The CBG sector’s complexity lies in numerous variables along the value chain, requiring a shift from cost sensitivity to cost awareness for long-term viability. A fair feedstock pricing mechanism and innovative market development for by-products are essential for sustainability. Capacity-building initiatives are crucial for entrepreneurs to make informed decisions in this evolving sector.
Way Forward:
- Collaborative Approach: Industry stakeholders should collaborate to develop robust mechanisms for feedstock pricing, off-take, and FOM market creation.
- Cluster Approach: Adopting a cluster approach can provide visibility to feedstock availability, eliminating competing demands from neighboring CBG producers.
- Community-Driven Models: Community engagement and ownership of feedstock suppliers, such as farmer-producer organizations, can enhance sustainability.
- Technological Awareness: Entrepreneurs must prioritize awareness and proper guidance in technology selection to avoid compromising plant performance and product quality.
- Sustainability Focus: The CBG industry needs to focus on sustainable disposal and application of by-products to prevent environmental challenges and ensure further expansion.
The training program successfully achieved its objective of providing necessary considerations to entrepreneurs, indicating a need for more capacity-building initiatives in the CBG sector.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: beauty queens who face body-shaming and criticism
Central idea
The article reflects on the author’s childhood fascination with beauty contests and the absence of plus-size representation, celebrating the recent participation of Miss Nepal as a pivotal moment challenging traditional beauty standards. It critically analyzes the persistent norms in the beauty industry, advocates for a transformative shift towards inclusivity, and emphasizes the empowering impact on children’s dreams, urging a redefinition of beauty beyond conventional ideals.
Key Highlights:
- Personal Reflection on Beauty Contests: The author reflects on childhood memories of watching beauty contests, idolizing winners like Sushmita Sen and Lara Dutta, and the absence of plus-size representation in such contests.
- Evolution of Body Positivity: Over the years, there has been a shift in societal acceptance of diverse body sizes, with the fashion industry offering more inclusive options for plus-sized individuals.
Key Challenges:
- Traditional Beauty Standards: The beauty and glamour industry continues to uphold traditional standards, requiring women, especially pageant participants, to conform to wafer-thin ideals, perpetuating unrealistic beauty norms.
- Ongoing Scrutiny: Even after winning prestigious titles, beauty queens like Miss Universe 2021, Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu, face public scrutiny and body-shaming, highlighting the persistent pressure to maintain certain body standards.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Chubby Girl Stigma: The author describes her childhood perception that beauty contests were not for her due to societal perceptions of beauty and body size.
- Plus-Size Representation: The article celebrates Miss Nepal, Jane Dipika Garrett, as a significant step toward inclusivity, breaking the mold of traditional beauty standards in beauty pageants.
Key Quotes:
- “In the beauty and glamour industry, things remained the same.”
- “And that it came in the form of a South Asian woman makes it even more special.”
Key Statements:
- Evolution of Fashion Industry: While life has become easier for plus-sized individuals in terms of clothing options, the beauty and glamour industry has been slow to embrace inclusivity, maintaining stringent beauty standards.
- Significance of Miss Nepal’s Participation: Miss Nepal’s confident presence at the Miss Universe stage is hailed as a major step towards inclusivity, breaking the norm of conventional body standards in beauty contests.
Key Examples and References:
- Childhood Influences: The author reminisces about childhood memories of watching beauty contests and the impact of societal beauty standards on her perception.
- Miss Universe 2021 Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu: Highlights the trolling faced by the current Miss Universe for her supposed weight gain, emphasizing the challenges faced by beauty queens even after winning titles.
Key Facts and Data:
- Miss Nepal’s Participation: Miss Nepal, Jane Dipika Garrett, is acknowledged for confidently participating in the Miss Universe contest, challenging conventional beauty norms.
Critical Analysis:
- Evolution of Beauty Standards: The article critically evaluates the persistence of traditional beauty standards within the glamour industry, noting that while progress has been made in the fashion sector, beauty contests remain slow to adapt. It underscores the need for a more dynamic and inclusive definition of beauty, challenging the industry’s resistance to change.
- Impact of Plus-Size Representation: The inclusion of Miss Nepal, Jane Dipika Garrett, is recognized as a significant breakthrough, challenging the long-standing norms of beauty pageants. The analysis delves into the potential ripple effect of her participation, sparking conversations about body diversity and fostering a more inclusive environment within the beauty industry.
- Continued Body-Shaming: The critique extends to the ongoing challenges faced by beauty queens like Miss Universe 2021, Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu, who experiences body-shaming despite her achievements. This highlights the paradox wherein even accomplished individuals in the industry are not immune to societal pressure, emphasizing the need for a cultural shift.
- Empowering Children’s Dreams: The article makes a compelling argument for allowing children, particularly young girls, to dream without restrictive societal norms. It suggests that dismantling conventional beauty ideals is crucial for fostering a generation that embraces diverse forms of beauty and self-expression.
Way Forward:
- Industry-Wide Reform: Advocates for a comprehensive reform within the beauty and glamour industry, urging stakeholders to redefine beauty standards and embrace diversity. This involves challenging established norms, fostering inclusivity in casting, and celebrating a range of body sizes and appearances.
- Educational Initiatives: Proposes educational initiatives that promote body positivity and self-acceptance, targeting both industry professionals and the wider public. By fostering a cultural shift in perceptions of beauty, these initiatives can contribute to dismantling harmful stereotypes and promoting a more accepting society.
- Advocacy for Inclusivity: Encourages influencers, celebrities, and industry leaders to actively advocate for inclusivity, leveraging their platforms to challenge beauty norms. This advocacy is seen as instrumental in driving change within the industry and influencing societal attitudes toward diverse representations of beauty.
- Policy Changes: Calls for the formulation and implementation of policies within the beauty industry that mandate diverse representation, ensuring that beauty contests actively include participants of various body sizes. This structural change aims to create a more equitable and welcoming space for individuals irrespective of their physique.
- Support for Beauty Queens: Stresses the importance of providing ongoing support and protection for beauty queens who face body-shaming and criticism. This includes implementing measures to counter cyberbullying and creating an environment that empowers individuals to embrace their bodies without fear of judgment.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Mains level: nuclear and AI revolutions and the shared challenges in governance, geopolitical dynamics
Central idea
The article explores parallels between the nuclear and AI revolutions, emphasizing the shared challenges in governance, geopolitical dynamics, and the need for international cooperation. It underscores the importance of learning from India’s nuclear history to navigate the AI landscape, highlighting potential pitfalls such as exceptionalism.
Key Highlights:
- Historical Parallels: Drawing comparisons between the nuclear and AI revolutions.
- Global Challenges: Identifying shared issues in managing geopolitical rivalry and preventing misuse.
- US-China Dynamics: Highlighting the significance of agreements between the superpowers in AI governance.
- International Governance Proposals: Discussing the idea of an “International Agency for Artificial Intelligence” (IAAI) and the role of the Global Partnership for Artificial Intelligence (GPAI).
- Lessons for India: Emphasizing the importance of learning from India’s nuclear history in navigating the AI landscape.
Key Challenges:
- Advancements Amid Concerns: Addressing the rapid progress in AI despite calls for restrictions.
- US-China Competition: Exploring the impact of US measures to slow China’s AI development.
- Exceptionalism Risks: Warning against India’s tendency to adopt a “third way” and claim exceptionalism in AI development.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Geopolitics of AI: Examining the political dynamics surrounding artificial intelligence.
- Arms Control Agreements: Exploring proposals for limiting military applications of AI.
- Private Sector Role: Recognizing the increasing importance of the private sector in AI research.
- S&T Sector Reform: Addressing efforts to reform Science and Technology sectors in India.
Key Quotes:
- “The AI revolution threatens an even bigger catastrophe — machines taking over from humanity and enslaving them.”
- “US-China agreements on AI are viewed as critical for the management of the new technological revolution.”
- “Building strong domestic capabilities in AI is critical to making the best out of international cooperation.”
Key Statements:
- Disarmament Realities: Acknowledging the shift from disarmament idealism in nuclear weapons to the challenges of AI governance.
- Strategic Partnerships: Emphasizing the need for India to capitalize on its partnership momentum with the US in critical technologies.
- Caution Against Exceptionalism: Highlighting the risks of India proclaiming exceptionalism in AI development.
Key Examples and References:
- Superpower Dominance: Drawing parallels between the US-Soviet dominance in the nuclear age and the current US-China dominance in AI.
- International Agencies: Referencing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the proposed International Agency for Artificial Intelligence (IAAI).
- Missed Opportunities: Citing historical instances of India missing opportunities in technological cooperation with the US.
Key Facts and Data:
- GPAI Membership: Noting that the Global Partnership for Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) comprises 28 members.
- India’s Hosting Role: Highlighting India’s role in hosting the GPAI summit in Delhi.
- IAEA Establishment: Providing the year of establishment for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as 1957.
Critical Analysis:
- Learning from History: Encouraging India to reflect on historical mistakes and actively engage in the global AI landscape.
- Balancing Progress and Ethics: Acknowledging the challenges of balancing technological progress with ethical considerations and international cooperation.
- Provocative Perspectives: Recognizing the thought-provoking comparison between the nuclear and AI revolutions.
Way Forward:
- Leveraging Partnerships: Encouraging India to leverage its partnership with the US in AI and emerging technologies.
- Strengthening Domestic Capabilities: Advocating for a focus on building robust domestic capabilities in AI, involving the private sector.
- Avoiding Exceptionalism: Advising against the temptation of adopting a “third way” and promoting international cooperation and norms in AI development.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Judicial Review
Mains level: constructive dialogue between the legal and political spheres
Central idea
The article discusses the challenge of legislators practicing law, particularly the dual role of legislator-lawyers, raising concerns about potential conflicts and the normalization of political intervention in the judiciary. It criticizes Kapil Sibal’s confrontational approach, citing its impact on judicial independence, and emphasizes the delicate balance needed for an independent judiciary amid intertwining political and legal roles.
Key Highlights:
- Dual Roles of Legislator-Lawyers: Legislators practicing law face a dilemma, mixing politics with the legal profession, raising concerns about potential conflicts of interest.
- Normalization of Political Intervention: Allegations by Kapil Sibal suggest a trend of normalizing political intervention in the judiciary, using claims like “courts being on trial” to influence decisions.
- False Equivalence with Emergency Era: Critique based on a false equivalence between the 1975 Emergency and present times, disregarding the unique historical context and the active role of the judiciary.
Key Challenges:
- Political-legal Nexus: The intertwining of political and legal roles, especially in the case of legislator-lawyers, poses challenges to the independence and integrity of the judiciary.
- Confrontational Criticism: Sibal’s confrontational criticism, accusing the judiciary of undergoing a radical shift under external pressures, raises concerns about the impact on public trust and institutional respect.
- Undermining Judicial Independence: Multi-layered actions that undermine judicial independence can erode public faith in legal institutions and potentially influence future verdicts.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Constitutional Amendments: Reference to the numerous constitutional amendments during the 1975 Emergency.
- Judicial Review: The Supreme Court’s expanded role in reviewing legislation on grounds like constitutional morality, manifest arbitrariness, and transformative constitutionalism.
- Impeachment Proceedings: Mention of the threat of impeachment proceedings against Chief Justice Dipak Misra, perceived as an attempt to pressure the judiciary.
Key Quotes:
- “Courts being on trial” – Described as a sophisticated tool to easily deride any unfavorable decision and question the judiciary’s independence.
- “Institutional sabotage” – Sibal’s comments on institutional sabotage are deemed wildly inaccurate and speculative.
Key Statements:
- False Equivalence Critique: The critique based on a false equivalence between the 1975 Emergency and present times, emphasizing the active role of the judiciary in the current era.
- Confrontational Criticism Impact: Sibal’s confrontational criticism may have a chilling effect on the judiciary’s functioning, potentially influencing future verdicts and legal processes.
- Delicate Balance: Emphasizing the need to respect the delicate balance between political advocacy and judicial independence, especially for legislator-lawyers.
Key Examples and References:
- Defections Cases: Reference to recent Supreme Court decisions concerning defections impacting public trust in the democratic process.
- Impeachment Proceedings Threat: Mention of the perceived attempt to pressure the judiciary through the threat of impeachment proceedings against Chief Justice Dipak Misra.
- Sibal’s Role in Criticism: Highlighting Sibal’s consistent and atypical criticism of Supreme Court verdicts, raising questions about his dual roles.
Key Facts and Data:
- Supreme Court’s Intrusive Role: Acknowledgment of the Supreme Court’s more intrusive role in the past decade, impacting the role of the democratically elected legislature.
- Sibal’s Political Transition: Recognition of Kapil Sibal’s transition from a Congress leader to seeking political space, influencing his views and legal perspectives.
Critical Analysis:
- Intertwining Roles Challenge: The intertwining of political and legal roles challenges the delicate balance needed for an independent judiciary and erodes public trust.
- Ethical Standards for Politician-Lawyers: The need for politicians, especially legislator-lawyers, to adhere to ethical standards and maintain the delicate balance between political advocacy and judicial independence.
- Impact on Democracy: Actions perceived as undermining judicial independence can have a profound impact on democracy, influencing public perception and institutional respect.
Way Forward:
- Respect for Judicial Independence: Emphasizing the crucial need to respect the delicate balance between political advocacy and judicial independence to safeguard the credibility of legal institutions.
- Ethical Considerations: Encouraging politicians, especially those with legal acumen, to consider ethical standards in their dual roles to avoid eroding public faith in the judiciary.
- Public Perception Management: Considering how opinions are presented to manage public perception and maintain institutional respect, ensuring a constructive dialogue between the legal and political spheres.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: affirmative action policies to empower Dalit and Adivasi
Central idea
The article highlights the contrast between Babasaheb Ambedkar’s vision for inclusive post-colonial India and the current erosion of state support for Dalits and Adivasis under neo-liberalism. It calls for a redefined social justice framework aligned with Ambedkar’s principles, emphasizing inclusive integration into the economic order for marginalized groups.
Key Highlights:
- Democracy’s Vision: Modern democracy aspires to social harmony and reforms, especially for historically marginalized groups like Dalits and Adivasis.
- Ambedkar’s Vision: Babasaheb Ambedkar envisioned post-colonial India as distinct, ensuring equal opportunities for all communities in economic and political development.
- Neo-liberal Impact: Neo-liberal economic development has disrupted traditional support for Dalits and Adivasis from state institutions.
Key Challenges:
- Elite Dominance: Various sectors witness the dominance of social elites, perpetuating the control of the conventional ruling class.
- Tokenistic Representation: Socially marginalized groups experience tokenistic representation in power and privileges.
- Neglect in Neo-liberalism: Concerns of Dalits and Adivasis are neglected in the neo-liberal economic model.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Neo-liberal Economic Development
- Social Justice Policies
- Tokenistic Presence
- Exploitative Brahmanical Past
- Market Economy
- Crony Capitalist Mode
- Economic Order
- Pluralist and Cooperative Mode
Key Quotes:
- “With the ascent of neo-liberal economic development, the conventional support that Dalits and Adivasis have received from state institutions has derailed.”
- “It is an appropriate time to imagine how the worst-off social groups can become an integral and substantive part of the new economic order.”
Key Statements:
- Neo-liberal Market Critique: The neo-liberal market is alien to ethical values, celebrating the exclusive control of a few corporate bodies and businessmen.
- State’s Role: The state, in the neo-liberal realm, has become a passive associate of big business, deviating from its social responsibilities.
Key Examples and References:
- Ambedkar’s Principles: Reference to Babasaheb Ambedkar’s principles of social justice.
- Neo-liberal Impact: Mention of the neglect of Dalit and Adivasi concerns in the neo-liberal economic model.
Key Facts and Data:
- Impact on Support: Decline in traditional support for Dalits and Adivasis with the rise of neo-liberal economic development.
- Tokenistic Representation: Socially marginalized groups experience tokenistic representation in positions of power.
Critical Analysis:
- Neo-liberal Evaluation: Assessing the impact of the neo-liberal economic model on social justice policies and the neglect of marginalized groups.
- Ambedkar’s Vision: Evaluating Ambedkar’s vision as a corrective measure for making institutions more democratic and representative.
Way Forward:
- Policy Expansion: Expansion of social justice policies to the private economy for democratizing working classes and reducing poverty.
- Inclusive Integration: Integration of Dalits and Adivasis as influential contributors to the market economy.
- Affirmative Action: Adoption of affirmative action policies to empower Dalit and Adivasi groups as industrialists, market leaders, and influencers.
- Redefining Capitalism: Redefinition of capitalism as a pluralist and cooperative mode ensuring substantive participation of marginalized groups.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brent Oil
Mains level: impact of oil price fluctuations
Central idea
The article highlights the unpredictability of the international oil market, challenging conventional predictions due to a complex interplay of geopolitical, economic, and psychological factors. It underscores the significance of leaders’ personal challenges and decisions, particularly those of Netanyahu, Biden, and MBS, in shaping current market dynamics.
Key Highlights:
- Unpredictability of Oil Market: Predicting the international oil market is challenging due to factors beyond supply, demand, and geopolitics, including exchange rates, financial speculation, and human psychology.
- Recent Market Trends: Despite Middle East tensions, the oil price (Brent) did not sharply increase as expected, standing at $81 on December 1, influenced by factors like stable supply, new discoveries, and a slowdown in Chinese demand.
- Non-fundamental Drivers: The article argues that the current market conditions are shaped more by the psychology of key leaders, including Benjamin Netanyahu, Joe Biden, and Mohammed bin Salman, than the traditional fundamentals of demand and supply.
Key Challenges:
- Psychological Drivers: The dominant market drivers are identified as the personal challenges and state of mind of key leaders, potentially impacting their decisions in response to Middle East turmoil.
- Systemic Position vs. Personal Factors: While leaders hold a systemic position at the cross-section of geopolitics and geoeconomics, their current state of mind is considered more crucial in influencing the petroleum market.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Brent Oil Price: Mention of the Brent oil price standing at $81 on December 1.
- Systemic Position: Leaders’ roles at the intersection of geopolitics and geoeconomics in the international oil market.
- Psychology of Leaders: The impact of the personal challenges and mental states of leaders like Netanyahu, Biden, and MBS on market dynamics.
Key Quotes:
- “Dominant drivers of market conditions today are not the fundamentals of demand and supply, but the non-fundamentals, the psychology of leaders.”
- “Might we not be experiencing the deceptive calm that precedes a volatile storm?”
Key Statements:
- Fundamentals vs. Non-fundamentals: The article questions whether the current market conditions are sustainable, highlighting the potential influence of leaders’ psychology over traditional supply and demand fundamentals.
- Deceptive Calm: Raises the possibility that the calm in the oil market may be deceiving, suggesting an impending volatile shift.
Key Examples and References:
- Recent Middle East Tensions: Refers to the attack by the Al Qassam brigade and the potential impact on oil prices, contrasting with the unexpected stable market conditions.
- US Troops Casualties: Hypothetical scenario of US troops being killed in Syria and Iraq, prompting debates on military responses with implications for oil prices.
Key Facts and Data:
- Oil Discoveries: Mentions recent oil discoveries in Brazil and Guyana, along with increasing US shale oil production.
- Chinese Economic Slowdown: Highlights the slowing demand for oil due to the slackening Chinese economy.
Critical Analysis:
- Leaders’ Influence: Emphasizes the potential impact of leaders’ personal challenges and decisions on the trajectory of the petroleum market, suggesting a shift from traditional market dynamics.
- Unpredictability of Oil Market: Acknowledges the difficulty in predicting the oil market, attributing it to a combination of fundamental and non-fundamental factors.
Way Forward:
- Contingency Actions: Encourages decision-makers to contemplate contingency actions based on two alternative scenarios: rising oil prices or a significant drop, suggesting strategic petroleum reserve buildup and streamlined trading norms for arbitrage opportunities in anticipation.
- Strategic Petroleum Reserves: Given the uncertainty in the oil market, India should accelerate efforts to build and expand its strategic petroleum reserves, providing a buffer against potential supply disruptions or price volatility.
- Strategic Collaboration: Explore collaborative efforts with key oil-producing nations to strengthen energy security, fostering partnerships that ensure stable and reliable oil supplies.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: Accelerate investments in renewable energy sources to reduce dependence on volatile oil markets, promoting sustainability and environmental conservation.
- Energy Efficiency Measures: Implement stringent energy efficiency measures across industries and sectors to mitigate the impact of oil price fluctuations and contribute to a more resilient energy landscape.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NALSA
Mains level: Centre of Excellence for transgender healthcare
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNLF peace accord
Mains level: Successful peace deals in Northeastern states
Central idea
In a volatile state like Manipur, peace agreements can be challenging to implement because of the multiplicity of stakeholders and their divergent interests and grievances
Key Highlights:
- Welcoming a Milestone Accord: Recent peace accord between UNLF in Manipur and the government of India viewed positively for its potential impact on regional normalcy.
- Regional Peace Trends: Successful peace deals in Northeastern states like Mizoram, Tripura, and Shillong, along with significant progress in Assam through accords with separatist groups.
Key Challenges:
- Lurking Threat of Looted Arms: The presence of approximately 4,500 looted arms in various hands poses a substantial threat to the journey towards lasting peace.
- Complexities in UNLF Accord: Lack of clarity on the terms of the UNLF peace accord and potential complications arising from the involvement of militants in ethnic conflicts.
- Diverse Demands and Historical Grievances: Reconciling diverse demands and historical grievances from various ethnic and tribal communities in Manipur emerges as a complex challenge.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Peace Dynamics: Peace accord, insurgency, Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement.
- Challenges in Reconciliation: Multiplicity of stakeholders, ethnic conflicts, geopolitical factors.
- Key Players: Separatist groups, militant factions, political negotiations.
Key Quotes/Statements:
- “Any peace initiative is welcome — more so if it deals with a militant group abjuring arms to join the mainstream.”
- “The biggest hurdle in the road to peace remains the floating looted arms numbering around 4,500 in various hands.”
- “Diverse demands from various ethnic and/or tribal communities… making it hard to arrive at a resolution that satisfies all parties.”
Key Examples/References:
- Positive Precedents: Peace accords in Mizoram, Tripura, Shillong, and Assam leading to regional normalization.
- NSCN-IM Accord: The signing of an accord by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland — Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM) in 2015.
- Militant Factions in UNLF: Presence of factions like the Pambei faction advocating for dialogue.
Key Facts/Data:
- Ban Extension: The ban extension on nine Meiti extremist groups, including UNLF and Manipur People’s Army (MPA).
- Surrender Statistics: Tripartite accords initiated by the Centre since 2014 leading to 6,112 insurgents surrendering.
- Arms Challenge: Presence of 4,500 looted arms posing a significant challenge to peace efforts.
Critical Analysis:
- Distrust and External Influences: Challenges in implementing peace agreements due to historical distrust, external influences, and divergent interests.
- Fragility of Agreements: The fragility of peace agreements highlighted by disruptions caused by extremist factions or splinter groups.
- State’s Volatility: Manipur’s volatile state demands comprehensive efforts for lasting peace.
Way Forward:
- Addressing Arm Threat: Focus on resolving the issue of looted arms to ensure a major cause of concern is adequately addressed.
- Transparent Communication: Clearly communicate the terms of the UNLF peace accord to manage expectations and foster understanding.
- Holistic Approach: Focus on political negotiations, rehabilitation of displaced individuals, and dismantling militant-controlled zones.
- Inclusive Engagement: Engage all political parties, appoint a political negotiator, and seek a comprehensive agreement that satisfies various stakeholders.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
