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Type: Prelims Only

  • Judicial Reforms

    New ‘Lady Justice’ Statue

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: ‘Lady Justice’ Statue

    justice

    Why in the News?

    • The Chief Justice of India unveiled a new ‘lady justice’ statue at the Supreme Court.
      • This new statue replaces the previous version and is clothed in a saree, holds scales in one hand, and the Indian Constitution in the other, with its eyes uncovered—symbolizing that justice sees all equally.

    About the Lady Justice Statue:

    Details
    History
    • Introduced during colonial rule, becoming a common feature in Indian courthouses.
    • Depicted in the Calcutta High Court (1872) and the Bombay High Court, with variations in blindfold status.
    Modern Depiction In 2024, a new 6-foot statue was unveiled by the Supreme Court of India, created by Vinod Goswami.
    Symbolism Absence of the blindfold signifies that “law is not blind,” promoting the idea of equality in justice.
    Origins Traces back to Greek mythology with Themis and Roman mythology with Justitia, traditionally depicted with a blindfold, scales, and a sword.
    Notable Changes
    • Symbolizes that “the law is not blind,” emphasizing equality in justice.
    • Adorned in a Saree, reflecting Indian heritage and tradition.
    • Holds a copy of the Indian Constitution instead of a sword, representing rights and fairness.
    • Continues to hold scales, emphasizing the need for balance in weighing evidence and arguments.
    • Breaks free from colonial influences, aligning with contemporary Indian values.
    • Signifies a justice system that is aware, inclusive, and rooted in constitutional principles.
    • Positioned in the Judges’ Library of the Supreme Court, highlighting its significance in Indian jurisprudence.

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  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    Minority Institutions

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Minority Institutions, Article 30

    Why in the News?

    • The Supreme Court stated that laws regulating institutions run by religious or linguistic minorities do not inherently violate the principle of secularism.
      • The CJI made this observation while hearing a challenge to the Allahabad High Court’s decision to strike down the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madrasa Education Act, 2004.

    Why do we need to discuss this?

    • The 2004 Act regulated madrasas in Uttar Pradesh, and the High Court concluded that it violated secular principles.
    • It had ordered the transfer of madrasa students to regular schools, which affected nearly 17 lakh students across 16,000 madrasas in the state.
      • Petitioners pointed out that the High Court believed that madrasas violated Article 28 of the Constitution, which prohibits religious instruction in institutions fully funded by the State.

    Key Observations made by the SC:

    • A law regulating a minority institution does not, by itself, violate secularism.
    • The CJI referred to the Hindu Religious Endowments and Charitable Institutions Act, which regulates the administration of religious institutions in many states, from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu.
    • The CJI emphasized that the State has the right to legislate to improve the quality of education in government-aided minority-run institutions.
    • He noted that children attending madrasas need a broad-based education to learn essential subjects required to lead a proper life and become worthy citizens.

    About Minority Educational Institutions in India:

    Details
    Constitutional Provision Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India grants linguistic and religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    Legislative Framework National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 safeguards the educational rights of minorities as per Article 30(1).
    Definition A “Minority Educational Institution” is defined as a college or institution established or maintained by a person or group from amongst the minorities (Section 2(g) of the Act).
    Judicial Precedent In T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that minority status is determined by state demographics, not national population.
    Rights of Minority Institutions Article 29 protects the interests of minorities by allowing them to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture.

    • Minority institutions do not have an absolute right to appoint staff;
    • This was upheld in the context of the West Bengal Madrasah Service Commission Act, 2008.
    Recognized Minority Communities Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians (Parsis) are recognized as minority communities under the National Commission for Minorities Act of 1992.
    Significance Minority educational institutions play a crucial role in preserving the cultural and linguistic heritage of minority communities while providing access to education.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to?

    1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.

    2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.

    3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Zika Virus Outbreak

    West Nile Virus

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: West Nile Virus, Its host, transmission and treatment

    Why in news?

    Ukraine is currently dealing with a serious outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV), with health officials raising alarms as the death toll rises.

    About West Nile Virus

    Details
    Virus Type Member of the flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae
    First Isolated 1937 in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda
    Geographical Distribution Commonly found in Africa, Europe, Middle East, North America, and West Asia
    Transmission Primarily transmitted through infected mosquito bites; mosquitoes become infected by feeding on infected birds. Can also spread through infected animal tissues.
    Symptoms – Asymptomatic: ~80% of infected individuals show no symptoms
    – West Nile Fever: ~20% develop symptoms like fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and occasional skin rash.
    Peak Infection Period Typically spikes between June and September (summer to autumn)
    Reported Outbreaks 19 countries have reported outbreaks, including Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Türkiye, and Kosovo.
    Treatment No vaccine available; supportive treatments provided for neuroinvasive WNV patients

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Consider the following statements:

    1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.

    2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Pharma Sector – Drug Pricing, NPPA, FDC, Generics, etc.

    Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB)

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and its functions

    Why in the News?

    The Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), the highest statutory body on technical drug-related matters in India, has recommended including all antibiotics under the definition of ‘New Drugs’ in the New Drugs and Clinical Trial (NDCT) Rules, 2019.

    What are ‘New Drugs’?

    • According to Rule 122 E of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, a new drug is one that:
      • Has not been used in the country.
      • Has not been recognized as effective and safe by the licensing authority.
      • May also be an already approved drug with modified claims such as new indications, dosages, or routes of administration.

    Implications of Including Antibiotics in the New Drug Category:

    • If antibiotics are classified as new drugs:
      • Their manufacturing, marketing, and sale will be documented.
      • Clearance for manufacturing and marketing will need to be obtained from the Central government instead of State drug administrations.
      • Antibiotics will only be sold to patients on prescription.

    Additional Recommendations:

    • The board is considering amending the labelling rules under the Drugs Rules, 1945, by adding a blue strip or box for antimicrobial products.
    • It has recommended that antimicrobials should not be sold to non-pharmaceutical industries unless they have the necessary licences.

    About the Drugs Technical Advisory Board:

    Details
    Authority Highest statutory decision-making body on technical matters related to drugs in India
    Establishment Constituted under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
    Affiliation Part of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
    Nodal Ministry Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
    Functions – Advises the Central and State Governments on technical matters related to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
    – Carries out functions assigned by the Act
    Role of CDSCO – Approval of drugs
    – Conduct of clinical trials
    – Establishing standards for drugs
    – Quality control of imported drugs
    – Coordination with State Drug Control Organizations
    Specialized Licenses Responsible for granting licenses for critical categories of drugs, including blood products, IV fluids, vaccines, and sera
    Decision-Making Provides expert advice and technical recommendations to ensure drug safety, efficacy, and quality

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?

    1. Genetic predisposition of some people
    2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
    3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
    4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1, 3 and 4
    (d) 2, 3 and 4

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  • Women Safety Issues – Marital Rape, Domestic Violence, Swadhar, Nirbhaya Fund, etc.

    What is the ‘Doctrine of Coverture’ in English common law?

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Doctrine of Coverture

    Why in the News?

    The Marital Rape Exception (MRE), rooted in the doctrine of coverture from English common law, has long sparked debates about the legal autonomy of women within marriage.

    Marital Rape Exception (MRE): What is it?

    • The MRE is found in Exception 2 to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, and its equivalent, Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023.
      • According to these provisions, sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his wife do not constitute rape if the wife is above 18 years of age.

    Why discuss this?

    • This legal immunity for husbands has been challenged for violating fundamental rights, and now, a three-judge Bench led by CJI D.Y. Chandrachud is set to examine the constitutional validity of this exception.
    • The outcome of this case could redefine the boundaries of consent and bodily autonomy within the institution of marriage in India.

     

    Split Verdict by the Delhi High Court in 2022:

    1. Justice Rajiv Shakdher’s Opinion:

    • Declared the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) unconstitutional.
    • Argued that the MRE violates a woman’s bodily autonomy and expression.
    • Criticized the exception as being rooted in patriarchy and misogyny.
    • Held that the classification of marital rape as different from rape outside marriage is unreasonable and arbitrary.
    • Emphasized that forced sex outside marriage is treated as “real rape,” while the same act within marriage is not.

    2. Justice C. Hari Shankar’s Opinion:

    • Upheld the Marital Rape Exception, considering it legal within the framework of marriage.
    • Argued that sexual relations within marriage are a legitimate expectation.
    • Expressed concerns that allowing prosecution of husbands for non-consensual sex would be antithetical to the institution of marriage as understood in Indian society.
    • Believed that introducing the possibility of husbands being seen as rapists within marriage would undermine the institution of marriage.

    Doctrine of Coverture from English Common Law:

    • The doctrine states that upon marriage, a woman’s legal existence was essentially merged with that of her husband.
    • The married woman was legally dependent on her husband, losing autonomy over her legal rights and property.
    • Impact on Women’s Rights:
      • Under this doctrine, a wife had no independent legal identity during marriage.
      • Women could not own property, enter contracts, or bring legal claims without their husband’s approval.
      • The husband had control over the wife’s body and actions, including sexual relations.
    • Influence on Marital Rape Exception:
      • The doctrine formed the basis for the original Marital Rape Exception in British common law.
      • It implied that a wife gave permanent consent to sexual relations upon marriage, which could not be withdrawn.
      • This legal reasoning was adopted in many British colonies, including India, and continues to influence Indian law today.
    • Modern Rejection:
      • England abolished the Marital Rape Exception in 1991 in the case of R v. R, recognizing that the doctrine of coverture no longer reflected the status of women in modern society.
      • Despite this, the doctrine’s influence persists in India’s legal system, particularly through the Marital Rape Exception in BNS.

    PYQ:

    [2024] The soul of new law, Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system. 

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    HAL becomes 14th Maharatna Company in India

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: HAL, Maharatna Status

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has upgraded the status of PSU Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) as Maharatna Company (from earlier Navratna Status).

    About Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL): Key Facts

    • HAL was founded in 1940 in Bangalore as Hindustan Aircraft Limited, merging with Aeronautics India Limited in 1964 to become HAL.
    • It is a state-owned company under the Ministry of Defence.
    • Headquarters are in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
    • Operates 20 production and R&D centers across India, including Bangalore, Nashik, Koraput, and Lucknow.
    • Focuses on design, development, manufacture, and maintenance of aircraft, helicopters, engines, avionics, and aerospace equipment.
    • Produces fighter aircraft like Tejas LCA, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Jaguar, and Hawk.
      • Manufactures helicopters including Dhruv ALH, Rudra, Cheetah, Chetak, and LCH.
    • Collaborates with Boeing, Airbus, Rosoboronexport, and Safran on aircraft production and tech transfer.
    • Listed on BSE and NSE in 2018, allowing public investment.
    • Expanded exports, supplying aircraft and helicopter parts to countries like Vietnam, Mauritius, and Ecuador.
      • Recent projects include AMCA, IMRH, and Tejas Mk2, boosting India’s indigenous defense capabilities.

    About Maharatna Companies 

    Details
    What is it? • Recognition granted to select Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India.
    • Provides greater financial and operational autonomy compared to Navratna and Miniratna PSUs.
    Eligibility • Annual Turnover: Over ₹25,000 crore in the last three years.
    • Net Worth: More than ₹15,000 crore over the last three years.
    • Net Profit: Minimum of ₹5,000 crore for three consecutive years.
    • Must have significant global operations or international presence.
    Autonomy • Can invest up to ₹5,000 crore or 15% of their net worth in a single project without government approval.
    • Authorized to make equity investments for strategic resources or collaborations in India and abroad.
    Purpose • Aims to foster more flexibility in operations and encourage expansion, especially in international markets.
    • Helps companies to become global players.
    Examples • Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
    • Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
    • Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
    • Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
    Significance • Enhances the ability of PSUs to compete globally.
    • Allows quicker decision-making and reduces bureaucratic hurdles.
    • Promotes growth and competitiveness in the international arena.

    Benefits of Maharatna Status for HAL

    • HAL can now invest up to ₹5,000 crore (from earlier ₹1000 cr) or 15% of its net worth (whichever is applicable) in a single project without needing government approval.
    • As a Maharatna company, HAL has the freedom to engage in mergers, acquisitions, and strategic investments, both domestically and internationally.

    PYQ:

    [2011] Why is the Government of India disinvesting its equity in the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)?

    1. The Government intends to use the revenue earned from the disinvestment mainly to pay back the external debt.

    2. The Government no longer intends to retain the management control of the CPSEs.

    Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    [pib] International Abhidhamma Divas

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Abhidhamma Divas

    Why in the News?

    PM has participated in the celebration of International Abhidhamma Divas and recognition of Pali as a classical language.

    What is Abhidhamma?

    • Abhidhamma means “Higher Teaching” or “Special Teaching” in Pali, one of the three main divisions of the Tripitaka (Abhidhamma Pitaka) of Theravada Buddhism.
    • It offers a systematic and analytical exploration of mind and matter, delving deeper into Buddhist philosophy than the Sutta Pitaka.
    • The Abhidhamma explores mental states, consciousness, and psychological processes, providing a framework for understanding reality.
    • It is known for its technical and specialized vocabulary in Pali, such as:
      • Chitta (consciousness)
      • Chetasika (mental factors)
      • Rupa (materiality)
      • Nibbana (final liberation).
    • Abhidhamma Pitaka contains seven treatises, with Pannhana being one of the most notable for its analysis of causal relationships.
    • Traditionally, Buddha is believed to have taught the Abhidhamma to the gods in the Tavatimsa heaven, later sharing the teachings with his disciple Sariputta.

    About International Abhidhamma Divas

    • It is celebrated Ashwin Purnima (Full Moon), to commemorate Buddha’s descent from Tavatimsa-devaloka (a celestial realm) to Sankassiya (Sankisa Basantapur, UP).
      • It actually marks the conclusion of a 3-month rain retreat, known as Varsavasa or Vasa, during which monks remain in a single location for meditation and prayer.
    • The celebration involves Dhamma discourses, academic sessions, and exhibitions that connect ancient wisdom with modern spiritual practices.
    • Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, hosts the event, organized by the Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).

    Teachings of Abhidhamma

    • The Abhidhamma provides a detailed framework for understanding the mind, matter, and existence.
    • It addresses complex concepts like birth, death, and mental phenomena in a precise and abstract manner.
    • Abhidhamma is known for its analytical approach:
      • It categorizes mental states and emotions.
      • It explains causal relationships that determine mental and material phenomena.
    • The teachings cover topics like:
      • Moral and mental states
      • Aggregates (components of existence)
      • Causal links
      • Path to enlightenment.

    Historical Background and Significance

    • Abhidhamma Divas commemorates the day when Lord Buddha returned to earth after teaching the Abhidhamma in the Tavatimsa realm.
    • The descent is marked by the Ashokan Elephant Pillar at Sankassiya, highlighting its historical significance.
    • The celebration coincides with the end of the Rainy Retreat (Vassa), a period of monastic seclusion, and the Pavarana festival, a time of mutual reflection among monks.

    Classical Status to Pali Language

    • In 2024, the event holds special significance due to the recognition of Pali as a Classical Language by the Indian government.
    • Pali is the ancient language in which much of Buddhist canonical literature is written, including the Tipitaka.
    • Recognized as a Classical Language by the Government of India in 2024, alongside Marathi, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
    • Pali’s significance lies in its role as the medium for delivering Buddha’s teachings, especially the Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
    • The Tipitaka is composed of:
      • Vinaya Pitaka: Ethical rules for monks and nuns.
      • Sutta Pitaka: Discourses and teachings of Buddha.
      • Abhidhamma Pitaka: Detailed analysis of mental and physical phenomena.
    • Pali has a rich tradition of commentaries such as Atthasalini and Sammohavinodani, which aid in understanding Abhidhamma concepts.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:

    1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
    2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
    3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [2016] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:

    1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
    2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to Enlightenment.
    3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 2 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary 

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary

    Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary 

    Why in the News?

    • The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has approved 5 crucial roads, including 4 that pass through the Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary near the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
      • These include a route to Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO), India’s northernmost military outpost in Ladakh, which also houses the country’s highest airstrip.

    About Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary:

    Details
    Location Ladakh, India, situated in the eastern part of the Karakoram Range.
    Area 5,000 sq km (approximately), making it one of the largest high-altitude protected areas in India.
    Altitude Range Ranges from about 4,200m to over 7,500m at the peak of Saltoro Kangri.
    Climate
    • Characterized by a cold desert climate, with harsh winters, low temperatures, and limited vegetation.
    • The region experiences snowfall during winter and temperatures can drop below -20°C (-4°F).
    • Summer temperatures are also low, typically ranging between 5°C to 20°C (41°F to 68°F).
    Biodiversity Home to species like the snow leopard, Tibetan antelope (chiru), Tibetan wild ass (kiang), ibex, and blue sheep (Bharal). The sanctuary also supports migratory bird species during certain times of the year.
    Flora Sparse vegetation, with cold desert flora, including hardy grasses, shrubs, and medicinal plants.
    Rivers Shyok and Nubra Rivers flow through the Ladakh region, providing crucial water sources for the sanctuary.
    Significance Part of the larger trans-Himalayan ecosystem, offering a habitat for some of the rarest and most endangered species in the world.
    Conservation Challenges Harsh climatic conditions, limited accessibility, and poaching threats to species like the chiru, whose undercoat is highly prized.
    Tourism and Access Restricted due to its proximity to the international border with China. Special permits are required for researchers and travelers.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?

    (a) Kanha National Park

    (b) Manas National Park

    (c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary

    (d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary

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  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    UAE to review India’s concerns on surge in Silver, Platinum Alloy imports

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: India-UAE CEPA

    Why in the News?

    India has raised concerns over the increase in imports of silver products, platinum alloy, and dry dates from the UAE under the Free Trade Agreement (FTA).

    Issues Raised by India:

    • The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) has called for an urgent review of the India-UAE CEPA, citing concerns that the agreement allows unlimited imports of gold, silver, platinum, and diamonds with zero tariffs.
    • GTRI claims that many of these imports do not meet Rules of Origin requirements and thus should not qualify for concessions.
      • India’s gold and silver imports from the UAE increased by 210% to $10.7 billion in 2023-24.
      • India allows customs duty concessions of 7% on silver and 1% on 160 metric tonnes of gold under the agreement.
    • India also requested that the Indian Jewellery Exposition Centre in Dubai be classified as a Designated Zone to allow domestic jewellery manufacturers to benefit from concessional duties, including those not registered under UAE’s domestic regulations.
    • India also requested the UAE to grant recognition to the i-CAS (India Conformity Assessment Scheme) Halal scheme to simplify the certification process and boost exports of animal products.
    • The UAE expressed its willingness to review this request after consulting internal stakeholders, including federal tax authorities.

    India-UAE Trade Relations:

    Details
    Volume • The UAE is India’s 3rd largest trading partner with $83.65 billion in bilateral trade in 2023-24.
    • Trade between India and UAE grew from $180 million in the 1970s to $85 billion in 2022-23.
    Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) • Signed in February 2022, making India the first country to sign such an agreement with the UAE.
    • CEPA has slashed tariffs on 80% of goods and offers zero duty access to 90% of Indian exports to the UAE.
    Non-Oil Trade Target • The target of reaching $100 billion in non-oil trade by 2030 is seen as achievable given current growth trends.
    Investment from UAE • UAE’s investments in India are around $20-21 billion, with $15.5 billion as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
    • The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) has invested in projects like the NIIF Master Fund and renewable energy initiatives.
    India’s Exports to UAE • UAE is India’s 2nd largest export destination after the US, with exports worth $31.61 billion in 2022-23.
    • Key exports include petroleum products, gems, food items, textiles, and engineering goods.
    India’s Imports from UAE • UAE is a critical partner for India’s energy security.
    • India imports petroleum, gems, minerals, and chemicals from UAE.
    • UAE is India’s 4th largest crude oil supplier and 2nd largest for LNG and LPG.

     

    PYQ:

    [2022] How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? 

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    India-US conclude $3.5bn deal for 31 MQ-9B Armed UAVs

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: MQ-9B HALE UAV and its features

    India and the US concluded a $3.5 bn deal for the procurement of 31 MQ-9B armed High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).

    Why in the News?

    India and the US concluded a $3.5 bn deal for the procurement of 31 MQ-9B armed High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).

    About MQ-9B HALE UAV

    • The MQ-9B drone is a version of the MQ-9 “Reaper” and has two models: Sky Guardian and Sea Guardian.
    • It is built by the General Atomics.
    • This drone can fly over 40,000 feet high, making it useful for watching the Himalayan border areas.
    • It can stay in the air for up to 40 hours, perfect for long surveillance missions.
    • The MQ-9B has advanced features like automatic take-off and landing, a system to avoid other objects, secure GPS, and encrypted communications.
    • Deployment:
      • The MQ-9B drones are planned to be deployed at four places, including INS Rajaji near Chennai and Porbandar in Gujarat, by the Indian Navy.
      • The other two services will keep them jointly at two bases in Sarsawa and Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh at Air Force bases due to long runway requirements.

    Details of the Procurement:

    • India is planning for 15 Sea Guardians for the Indian Navy and 16 Sky Guardians (eight each for the Indian Army and Air Force).
    • The Indian Navy has leased two MQ-9As with the maiden flight taking place on November 21, 2020.
    • As part of the deal, General Atomics will establish a Global Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facility in India, contributing to offset obligations.

    Significance of the deal

    • The SeaGuardian model can help the Navy patrol large areas more economically than manned aircraft.
    • For the Army and Air Force, these drones will help monitor movements along the borders, especially with China.
    • It can offer 80% of a manned aircraft’s capabilities at 20% of the cost per hour.

    PYQ:

    [2020] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

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