From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Right to privacy and judicial review
Mains level: Paper 2- Balancing the fundamental rights of the citizens with national security concerns
Context
When the bench of the Chief Justice of India passed an order appointing a committee in the Pegasus matter, it served the interest of every Indian.
What led to the appointment of committee by the Supreme Court
Pegasus has allegedly been used against politicians and individuals across the globe, including against politicians, journalists and other private individuals in India.
The issue rocked Parliament, but the government was not willing to share any information pertaining to the software or its use, citing national security as a reason.
The alleged victims of the software turned to the Supreme Court, and prayed for setting up of an independent enquiry.
The government, on being called upon by the Supreme Court, cited national security, contending that any information it let out would become a matter of public debate, which could be used by terror groups to hamper national security.
Its unrelenting stand left the court with no option but to take a call on whether to blindly accept the government’s refusal to share no information whatsoever, or lean in favour of a citizen’s right to privacy, a fundamental right guaranteed under the Constitution.
The Supreme Court chose the latter course.
Balancing the fundamental rights nad judicial review with national security
The Supreme Court has observed that “the state cannot get a free pass every time the spectre of national security is raised”.
It goes on to say that national security “cannot be the bugbear that the judiciary shies away from, by virtue of its mere mentioning. Although this court should be circumspect in encroaching upon the domain of national security, no omnibus prohibition can be called for against judicial review”.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panchamrita
Mains level: India's INDC
PM Modi has proposed a five-fold strategy called the ‘Panchamrita’ for India to play its part in helping the world get closer to 1.5 degrees Celsius on the first day of the global climate meeting in Glasgow.
What is Panchamrita?
‘Panchamrita’ is a traditional method of mixing five natural foods — milk, ghee, curd, honey and jaggery. These are used in Hindu and Jain worship rituals. It is also used as a technique in Ayurveda.
The PM euphemistically termed his scheme as ‘Panchamrita’ meaning the ‘five ambrosia’.
Under Panchamrita’, India will:
Get its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 gigawatts by 2030
Meet 50 per cent of its energy requirements till 2030 with renewable energy
Reduce its projected carbon emission by one billion tonnes by 2030
Reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by 45 per cent by 2030
Achieve net zero by 2070
Key takeaways of PM’s speech
(a) Commitment for climate action
India consists of 17 per cent of the world’s population but contribute only five per cent of emissions.
Yet, it has left no stone unturned in doing our bit to fight climate change.
At Paris, India was making promises not to the world but to itself and 1.3 billion Indians, PM said.
(b) Climate finance
The 2015 Paris CoP where the Paris Agreement was signed was not a summit but a sentiment.
The promises made till now on climate finance were useless.
When we all are increasing our ambitions on climate action, the world’s ambition could not stay the same on climate finance as was agreed at the time of Paris.
(c) India’s track record
India was fourth as far as installed renewable energy capacity was concerned.
The Indian Railways has pledged to make itself net-zero by 2030. This will result in an annual 60 million tonnes reduction in emissions.
India initiated the International Solar Alliance for solar energy.
It has also set up the coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure for climate adaptation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BASIC Countries, Copenhagen Accord
Mains level: Not Much
The Union Environment Minister has delivered the statement on behalf of the BASIC group of countries at the UN Climate Change Conference underway at Glasgow.
Who are the BASIC Countries?
The BASIC countries (also Basic countries or BASIC) are a bloc of four large newly industrialized countries – Brazil, South Africa, India and China.
It was formed by an agreement on 28 November 2009.
The four committed to act jointly at the Copenhagen climate summit, including a possible united walk-out if their common minimum position was not met by the developed nations.
This emerging geopolitical alliance, initiated and led by China, then brokered the final Copenhagen Accord with the United States.
What is the Copenhagen Accord?
The Copenhagen Accord is a document signed at COP 15 to the UNFCCC on 18 December 2009.
The Accord states that global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F).
It does not specify what the baseline is for these temperature targets (e.g., relative to pre-industrial or 1990 temperatures).
In January 2010, the Accord was described merely as a political agreement and not legally binding, as is argued by the US and Europe.
It is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
According to the UNFCCC, these targets are relative to pre-industrial temperatures.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gangetic Dolphin
Mains level: Not Much
The Jal Shakti Ministry has released a guide for the safe rescue and release of stranded Ganges River Dolphins.
Gangetic Dolphin
The Gangetic river system is home to a vast variety of aquatic life, including the Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica).
The species, whose global population is estimated at 4,000, are (nearly 80%) found in the Indian subcontinent.
It is found mainly in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems.
It is one of five species of river dolphin found around the world.
Only three species of freshwater dolphins are remaining on the earth after the functional extinction of the Chinese river Dolphin (Baiji) in 2006.
Conservation status
The GRDs have been designated the National Aquatic Animal of India since 2010.
It is listed as:
Endangered under IUCN Red List
Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972)
Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
About the guidelines
The document has been prepared by the Turtle Survival Alliance, India Program and Environment, Forest and Climate Change Department (EFCCD), Uttar Pradesh.
The guide has been drawn from years of experience of the organization while rescuing 25 Ganges River Dolphins (GRDs) stranded in irrigation canals.
Various threats
They often accidentally enter canal channels in northern India and are often entrapped, and die as they are unable to swim up against the gradient.
They are eventually harassed by the locals.
Opportunistic poaching for meat and oil in certain pockets of the country is another big threat.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 3- Coal shortage issue
Context
The blame cannot be placed on the doors of any one entity or ministry for the shortage of coal.
Ministries linked with coal shortage issue
The Ministry of Coal and Coal India must certainly accept that they slipped up somewhere — whether in managing the production process, planning supplies or leaving vacant crucial leadership positions.
The Ministry of Power/NTPC should also accept responsibility as they allowed coal inventories to fall below the recommended minimum in an effort to better manage their working capital.
But they can claim they had no other option because the state government electricity distribution companies do not pay their dues on time or fully.
The discoms will point a finger at their political bosses, who compel them to sell electricity to residential and agricultural sector consumers at subsidised tariffs.
Structural issues
There is no one public body at the central or state government level with executive oversight, responsibility and accountability for the entirety of the coal value chain.
This is a lacuna that afflicts the entire energy sector.
It will need to be filled to not only prevent a recurrence of another coal crisis but also for the country to realise its “green” ambition.
The word “energy” is not part of the political or administrative lexicon.
At least not formally. As a result, there is no energy strategy with the imprimatur of executive authority.
The NITI Aayog may well challenge this statement.
For they have produced an energy strategy.
Suggestions
Energy act: The government should pass an Act (possibly) captioned “The Energy Responsibility and Security Act.”
This Act should elevate the significance of energy by granting it constitutional sanctity; it should embed in law, India’s responsibility to provide citizens access to secure, affordable and clean energy.
The law should lay out measurable metrics for monitoring the progress towards the achievement of energy independence, energy security, energy efficiency and “green” energy.
Ministry of energy: Towards the fulfillment of this mandate, the government should redesign the existing architecture of decision-making for energy.
Preference would be for the creation of an omnibus Ministry of Energy to oversee the currently siloed verticals of the ministries of petroleum, coal, renewables and power.
The department would have a narrower remit than the other energy departments but by virtue of its location within the PMO, it would, de facto, be the most powerful executive body with ultimate responsibility for navigating the “green transition”.
Benefits
It is important to stress the positive impact the above redesign will have on investor sentiment.
Several corporates have signaled their intent to invest mega bucks in clean energy.
Reliance has committed $10 billion, Adani $ 70 billion over 10 years; Tata Power, ReNew Power and Acme Solar have also placed their stakes in the ground.
Conclusion
Energy sector will be immensely benefited if the current fragmented and opaque regulatory, fiscal and commercial systems and processes were replaced by a transparent and single-point executive decision-making body for energy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pegasus software
Mains level: Paper 2- Pegasus issue
Context
The Supreme Court of India appointed an independent committee to inquire into charges that the Union government had used the mobile phone spyware Pegasus to invade, access, and snoop into devices used by India’s citizens.
Background
The petitioners before the Supreme Court relied on an investigation conducted by a consortium of global media.
These reports revealed that hundreds of phone numbers from India had appeared on a global list of more than 50,000 numbers that were selected for surveillance by clients of the Israeli firm, the NSO Group.
The NSO has since confirmed that its spyware is sold only to governments, chiefly for the purposes of fighting terrorism.
Government’s defence
In response to the allegations made against it, the Government invoked national security.
What is more, according to it, the very adoption of this argument virtually forbade the Court from probing further.
In matters purportedly involving national security, the Court has shown an extraordinary level of deference to the executive.
The cases also posed another hurdle: a contest over facts.
The petitioners were asserting the occurrence of illegal surveillance.
The Government was offering no explicit response to their claims.
Now, to some degree, in its order appointing a committee, the Court has bucked the trend of absolute deference.
The Court has held that there is no magic formula to the Government’s incantation of national security, that its power of judicial review is not denuded merely because the state asserts that the country’s safety is at stake.
Accountability on part of the government
The order recognises, correctly, that spying on an individual, whether by the state or by an outside agency, amounts to an infraction of privacy.
This is not to suggest that all surveillance is illegal.
In holding thus, the Court has effectively recognised that an act of surveillance must be tested on four grounds:
First, the action must be supported by legislation.
Second, the state must show the Court that the restriction made is aimed at a legitimate governmental end.
Third, the state must demonstrate that there are no less intrusive means available to it to achieve the same objective;
Finally, the state must establish that there is a rational nexus between the limitation imposed and the aims underlying the measure.
The test provides a clear path to holding the Government accountable.
Way forward
The absence of a categorical denial from the Government, the order holds, ought to lead to a prima facie belief, if nothing else, that there is truth in the petitioners’ claims.
Having held thus, one might have expected the Court to frame a set of specific questions demanding answers from the state.
If answers to these questions were still not forthcoming, elementary principles of evidence law allow the Court to draw what is known as an “adverse inference”.
A party that fails to answer questions put to it will only risk the Court drawing a conclusion of fact against it.
If, on this basis, the petitioners’ case is taken as true, there can be little doubt that there has been an illegitimate violation of a fundamental right.
It is, therefore, unclear why we need a committee at all.
Ultimately, in the future, the Court must think more carefully about questions of proof and rules of evidence.
Conclusion
Ad hoc committees — sterling as their members might be — cannot be the solution. Far too many cases are consigned to the back burner on the appointment of external panels, and, in the process, civil liberties are compromised.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 2- Mismatch between education aspirations and job availability
Context
There is a huge pool of unemployed university graduates with unfulfilled aspirations. This group of dissatisfied, disgruntled youth can lead to disastrous consequences for our society.
Enhanced enrollment
Reservation: The extension of reservations to OBCs and EWS increased the enrollment of students from these socio-economic backgrounds.
Increased education institutions: In addition, the massive increase in the number of higher education institutions has led to an enlargement of the number of available seats — there are more than 45,000 universities and colleges in the country.
The Gross Enrollment Ratio for higher education, which is the percentage of the population between the ages of 18-23 who are enrolled, is now 27 per cent.
Issues of employment opportunities
Unfortunately, the spectacular increase in enrollment in recent years has not been matched by a concomitant increase in jobs.
Employment opportunities in the government have not increased proportionately and may, in fact, have decreased with increased contractualisation.
Even in the private sector, though the jobs have increased with economic growth, most of the jobs are contractual.
Worse, the highest increase in jobs is at the lowest end, especially in the services sector — delivery boys for e-commerce or fast food for instance.
Thus what we see is a huge pool of unemployed university graduates with unfulfilled aspirations.
This group of dissatisfied, disgruntled youth can lead to disastrous consequences for our society, some of which we are already witnessing.
Way forward
A reduction in the rate of increase of universities and colleges might not be politically feasible given the huge demand for higher education.
Increase vocation institutions: A concurrent increase in the number of high-quality vocational institutions is something that can be done.
There are upwards of 15,000 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) in the country currently.
Upgrading the existing ITIs, opening many more new ones with high-quality infrastructure and updated curriculum is something which should be done urgently.
There is a scheme to upgrade some ITIs to model ITIs.
However, what is required is not a selective approach but a more broad-based one that uplifts the standards of all of them besides adding many more new ones.
Industry might be more than willing to pitch in with funding (via the CSR route) as well as equipment, training for the faculty and internships for students.
Conclusion
These steps could help mitigate the mismatch between employment opportunities and the increasing number of educated youth in the country.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MGNREGA
Mains level: Issues in MGNREGA
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) faces a negative net balance of Rs. 8,686 crores, including payments due.
About MGNREGA
It stands for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005.
This is labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the ‘Right to Work’.
The act was first proposed in 1991 by P.V. Narasimha Rao.
The objectives of the MGNREGA are:
To enhance the livelihood security of the rural poor by generating wage employment opportunities.
To create a rural asset base that would enhance productive ways of employment, augment and sustain a rural household income.
Features of MGNREGA
MGNREGA is unique in not only ensuring at least 100 days of employment to the willing unskilled workers, but also in ensuring an enforceable commitment on the implementing machinery i.e., the State Governments, and providing a bargaining power to the labourers.
The failure of provision for employment within 15 days of the receipt of job application from a prospective household will result in the payment of unemployment allowance to the job seekers.
Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant’s residence, and minimum wages are to be paid.
Thus, employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement.
News: MGNREGS runs out of fund
The MGNREGS has run out of funds halfway through the financial year.
Supplementary budgetary allocations will not come until the next Parliamentary session begins.
Implications on laborers
Delayed payment: Due to this, payments for MGNREGA workers as well as material costs will be delayed, unless States dip into their own funds.
Livelihood loss: MGNREGA data shows that 13% of households who demanded work under the scheme were not provided work.
Halt of work: Many workers are simply turned away by officials when they demand work, without their demand being registered at all.
Fall in demands: This has led to stop the generation of work. There is an artificial squeezing of demand.
Why has MGNREGS acquired so much importance?
The MGNREGA, a demand-driven scheme, has provided many returnees relief during the covid imposed a lockdown for a year.
During last year’s COVID-19 lockdown it has provided a critical lifeline for a record 11 crore workers.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Which principle among the following was added to the Directive Principles of State Policy by the 42nd Amendment to the constitution?
(a) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women
(b) Participation of workers in the management of industries
(c) Right to work, education and public assistance
(d) Securing living wage and human conditions of work to workers
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Katol L6, Interior of Earth
Mains level: Hypothesis of planetary system formation
Last month, researchers from the Geological Survey of India collected some meteorite fragments near the town of Katol in Nagpur in 2012. Studying this, IIT Kgp researchers have unravelled the composition expected to be present in the Earth’s lower mantle which is at about 660 km deep.
Katol L6
Initial studies revealed that the host rock was mainly composed of olivine, an olive-green mineral.
Olivine is the most abundant phase in our Earth’s upper mantle.
Our Earth is composed of different layers including the outer crust, followed by the mantle and then the inner core.
Key findings: Presence of Bridgmanite
The study reported for the first time, presence of veins of the mineral bridgmanite, which is the most abundant mineral in the interior of the Earth, within the Katol L6 Chondrite meteorite.
Bridgmanite consists of magnesium, iron, calcium aluminium oxide and has a perovskite structure. It is the most volumetrically abundant mineral of the Earth’s interior.
It is present in the lower mantle (from 660 to 2700 km), and it is important to understand its formation mechanism to better comprehend the origin and evolution of planetary interiors.
What is the hypothesis of moon-formation?
The discovery of Bridgmanite in Katol L6 adds evidence to the Moon-forming giant impact hypothesis.
The Moon-forming giant impact hypothesis occurred nearly 4.5 billion years ago.
The Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars named Thela.
The force of this impact was so huge as to melt the Earth down from the surface to a depth of 750 km to 1,100 km.
The hypothesis goes that this caused the Earth to be bathed in a magma ocean, and the ejecta from the collision led to the formation of the Moon.
Note: Earth was an ocean of magma in the past. The heavier iron and nickel went to the core while the lighter silicates stayed in the mantle.
Future prospect of the study
This finding could help investigations of high-pressure phase transformation mechanisms in the deep Earth.
Back2Basics: Interior of Earth
Earths Structure
The earth is made up of three different layers: the crust, the mantle and the core.
The crust
This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly basalt and granite. There are two types of crust; oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner and mainly composed of basalt. Continental crust is less dense, thicker, and mainly composed of granite.
The mantle
The mantle lies below the crust and is up to 2900 km thick. It consists of hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich solid rock. The crust and the upper part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, which is broken into plates, both large and small.
The core
The core is the centre of the earth and is made up of two parts: the liquid outer core and solid inner core. The outer core is made of nickel, iron and molten rock. Temperatures here can reach up to 50,000 C.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Nanak Dev
Mains level: Not Much
The Punjab Police has proposed that the birth anniversary (Gurpurab) of Sikhism founder Guru Nanak Dev be declared as ‘World Pedestrian Day’.
Why is Guru Nanak Dev considered the world’s most notable and revered pedestrian?
The founder of Sikhism, Shri Guru Nanak Dev had traveled far and wide during the 15th and 16th centuries.
It is believed that Nanak Dev, along with his companion Bhai Mardana, undertook most part of his journeys on foot.
He aimed to spread the message of oneness and to break barriers across faiths by engaging in spiritual dialogues.
Places visited by him
From Mecca to Haridwar, from Sylhet to Mount Kailash, Guru Nanak visited hundreds of interfaith sites related to Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, and Jainism.
His journeys are referred are also called udaasis. At some sites, gurdwaras were constructed to commemorate his visit.
Later his travels were documented in texts called ‘janamsakhis’.
These sites are now spread across nine nations as per current geographical divisions — India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, China (Tibet), Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan.
Motive behind Punjab Police’s proposal
The idea is to spread awareness on road safety for pedestrians by introducing Guru Nanak Dev’s own life as an inspiration.
The best results are achieved only when the community is mobilized for a cause.
Walking is a universal form of travel. It is the best way which convey equality amongst all.
Try answering this PYQ:
Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints:
Dadu Dayal
Guru Nanak
Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over? (CSP 2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: M. Thevar, Forward Bloc
Mains level: Not Much
The Prime Minister has recalled the rich contributions of Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar on Thevar Jayanthi.
Who was M. Thevar (1908-1963)?
Muthuramalingam was a politician and a patriarch of Thevar community in the state of Tamil Nadu.
He was elected three times to the national Parliamentary Constituency.
His legacy:
(a) Association with INC
Thevar attended the 52nd annual session of the Indian National Congress, held in Tripuri in March 1939.
At this meeting the presidency of Subhas Chandra Bose was challenged by Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Sitaramayya had the active support of Gandhi.
Bose was elected president again over Gandhi’s preferred candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
Thevar strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute and joined the Forward Bloc.
(b) Opposition to the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA)
The CTA had been enacted in 1920 by the government of the Madras Presidency and was subsequently implemented in a piecemeal fashion.
CTA criminalized entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals.
Adult males of the groups were forced to report weekly to local police, and had restrictions on their movement imposed.
Thevar mobilised resistance to it, touring villages in the affected areas and leading protest rallies for the rights of the individuals registered under it.
(c) Temple entry movement
The Temple Entry Authorisation and Indemnity Act was passed by the government of C. Rajagopalachari in 1939.
This removed restrictions prohibiting Dalits from entering Hindu temples.
Thevar supported this reform and on 8 July 1939 he helped the activist A. Vaidyanatha Iyer take Dalits to Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Types of farming mentioned in news
Mains level: NA
A paper has recently published in the US has found that Integrated farming with intercropping increases food production while reducing environmental footprint.
What is the finding?
This work found that:
Relay planting enhances yield
Within-field rotation or strip rotation allowing strips for planting other plants (such as grass, fruits) besides the major crop was more fruitful
Soil munching that is, available means such as crop straw, in addition to the major crop such as wheat or rice, and
No-tillor reduced tillage, which increases the annual crop yield up by 15.6% to 49.9%, and decreasing the environmental footprint by 17.3%, compared with traditional monoculture cropping
Various terms mentioned
[A] Relay planting
Relay planting means the planting of different crops in the same plot, one right after another, in the same season.
Examples of such relay cropping would be planting rice (or wheat), cauliflower, onion, and summer gourd (or potato onion, lady’s fingers and maize), in the same season.
Benefits: It is less risk since you do not have to depend on one crop alone. It also means better distribution of labour, insects spread less, and any legumes actually add nitrogen to the soil.
[B] Strip cropping
Strip cropping has been used in the U.S. (where the fields are larger than those in India), where they grow wheat, along with corn and soybean, in the same farm in an alternative manner.
However, this needs large lands. The land is divided into strips, and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
Benefits: Planting of trees to create shelters has helped in stabilising the desert in Western India.
[C] Soil mulching and no-till
Soil mulching requires keeping all bare soil covered with straw, leaves, and the like, even when the land is in use.
Benefits: Erosion is curtailed, moisture retained, and beneficial organisms, such as earthworms, kept in place. The same set of benefits are also offered by not tilling the soil.
Significance of the findings
This research has led to the conclusion that small farm holders can grow more food and have reduced environmental footprint.
Current statistics reveal that our country has a significant population of small farmers, many owning less than 2 hectares of land.
About 70% of its rural households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82% of farmers being small and marginal.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 2- Equality in democracy
Context
The sharp turns away from democracy seen recently in the country must jolt citizens into stopping the descent.
Equality in democracy
The central edifice of a democracy, or what makes it a revolutionary idea, is equality, or that it accords an equal status to all its people.
The promise of the far-sighted Indian Constitution was of equal rights to all.
If any benefit was accorded to smaller groups, religious or linguistic minorities or Dalits, it was in order to achieve substantive equality.
Faith as a differentiator
The basis of citizenship under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019, allowing for non-Muslims from three countries to fast-track their citizenship, was the most serious push to introduce religion into citizenship.
Impact on marital choice: In terms of marital choices, laws in the country in States where the national ruling party holds sway have drawn harsh attention on inter-faith couples.
The Gujarat law criminalising inter-faith marriages has been called out by the Gujarat High Court.
But the ordinance introduced in Uttar Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020) is now a law.
Food has been criminalised: Stringent laws on cattle end up penalising those who have a certain diet, namely beef. The mood in the country created and abetted by people close to the powers that be, has led to lynchings.
State governments and the Union government have mostly ignored the Supreme Court’s directions in 2018 to set up fast track courts, advice to take steps to stop hate messages on social media, or compensation to victims, or bringing in an anti-mob lynching law.
Circumscribe where on can reside: The Gujarat Prohibition of Transfer of Immovable Property and Provision for Protection of Tenants from Eviction from Premises in Disturbed Areas Act, popularly known as the Disturbed Areas Act, circumscribes where one can reside.
The act was brought in an atmosphere where there was communal rioting and forced displacement, to ostensibly protect communities from distress sales, the twist accorded to it over the years firmly makes the forced separation of communities. evident.
Hostile environment
Scholars like Thomas Blom Hansen and Paul Brass have unhesitatingly pointed to the role of violence that has historically been acceptable in Indian society and politics.
Scholars like Christophe Jaffrelot have pointed out that there will not be a seamless transition to an “ethnic democracy”.
The Indian nation is one formed on the promise of shared and participatory kinship, which recognised Indian nationalism as being distinct from the faith you practised at home.
Prioritising any one identity will have disastrous consequences and history provides enough evidence of this.
Conclusion
The mobs read together with actions of the Union government and that of State governments mark a sharp turn away from the democracy India claims it is. That must jolt us into recognising the distance we have already travelled down the wrong path. That may be the first step to try to wrest the descent into the darkness of an apartheid state.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 3- Designing technology with public in mind
Context
Despite the push for the adoption of digital technologies, large segments of Indians still can’t access or haven’t learned to trust digital artefacts.
Issue of exclusion
Recognising the power of technology to drive inclusion at a massive scale, the state is doubling down on technology to reach more citizens and serve them better.
However, often the paradigm of technology for such services is built around the “elite” citizen, who is comfortable with technology.
Often, this imagined citizen is male, urban, upper class.
Large segments of Indians still can’t access or haven’t learned to trust digital artefacts.
Many among marginalised groups struggle to access digital civic platforms, and instead rely on trusted human intermediaries.
Suggestions to make digital space truly public
1) Design with the citizen
Encouraging human-centric design, and mandating user-assessments prior to roll out of GovTech platforms should be a key priority.
This is a shift from the default “build first and then disseminate” approach.
For example, formative research and human-centric design was informative in the creation of the first UPI payments app, BHIM.
BHIM’s simple interface and onboarding, use of relatable iconography and multi-language capabilities played an important role in early adoption of UPI among non “digital natives”.
Similarly, as the “Human Account” project demonstrated, it is possible to start with users in designing pro-poor fintech products, like the “Postman Savings” product which India Post Payments Bank designed for the rural poor.
2) Harness trusted human interface to serve those who are not comfortable with technology
Local intermediaries, such as formal and informal community leaders and civil society organisations, can play a key role in bridging the digital divide.
Working with existing networks (for example ASHAs) or carefully setting them up (such as the Andhra Pradesh Ward Secretariat programme), where pre-existing trust, community knowledge, and embeddedness can play a significant role, should be prioritised.
3) Institutionalise an anchor entity that brings together innovators, policy makers and researchers
Such an entity will help to push the frontier on citizen-centricity in GovTech.
Such a platform — like the Citizen Lab in Denmark — can play a role in generating formative research.
Embedding this research in practice by partnering with the government as well as market innovators, and working with civil society organisations to enhance access to GovTech.
Conclusion
As India makes rapid strides in its digitalisation journey, it is timely to invoke Gandhiji’s talisman and ensure that GovTech can serve its highest and greatest purpose, that is, serving those who are last in line.
| Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ONDC Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
The department for the promotion of industry and internal trade (DPIIT) in the ministry of commerce and industry is building an open network for digital commerce (ONDC), designed to curb digital monopolies and standardize the onboarding of retailers on e-commerce sites.
What does the ONDC aim to achieve?
The Unified Payment Interface (UPI) has disrupted the digital payments domain. ONDC seeks to achieve something similar for e-commerce.
It aims to “democratize” digital commerce, moving it away from platform-centric models like Amazon and Flipkart to an open network.
ONDC may enable more sellers to be digitally visible. The transactions will be executed through an open network.
The system may empower merchants and consumers.
It will eventually touch every business, from retail goods and food to mobility.
How would ONDC work?
The ONDC is still work in progress and the details are not public.
But what we know so far is the network may make it easier for a small retailer to be discovered.
A boon for retailers
Once a retailer lists its products or services using the ONDC’s open protocol, the business can be discovered by consumers on e-commerce platforms that follow the same protocol.
A consumer searching for the product can see the location of the seller and opt to buy from the neighbourhood shop that can deliver faster compared to an e-commerce company.
This may promote hyperlocal delivery of goods such as groceries, directly from sellers to consumers.
What are the next steps?
A private sector-led non-profit unit will be set up to fast-track its roll-out.
It is expected to provide a startup mindset enabled by a management with a futuristic vision, deep understanding of commerce and comfort with cutting edge technology.
A non-profit company structure removes any incentive for profit maxi-mization,
It would keep focus on ethical and responsible behaviour while providing for trust, rigorous norms of governance, accountability and transparency.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Gambling and betting: Legal issues
Last month, the Karnataka legislature passed a legislation to amend the Karnataka Police Act, 1963, making all forms of gambling, including online, a cognisable and non-bailable offence.
Gambling Law
The Karnataka Police (Amendment) Act, 2021 was notified and came into force.
It is aimed for broadening the scope of gambling beyond what has been defined by law.
It was passed despite similar laws introduced in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Telangana having faced legal challenges.
What forms of gambling does the new law cover?
The amended law covers all forms of wagering or betting “in connection with any game of chance” with the exception of horse racing and lotteries.
It also puts betting on the skills of others in the category of gambling.
It provides an exception only to any pure game of skill and not to “wagering by persons taking part in such game of skill”.
Penalties prescribed
It enhances maximum punishment for owners of gambling centres from one year to three years of imprisonment and fines from Rs 1,000 to Rs 1 lakh.
The minimum punishment proposed is six months instead of the current one month and the fine is Rs 10,000 instead of Rs 500.
Implications of the law
Since the new law came into effect, several online gaming firms have geo-locked their apps and sites in Karnataka to prevent attracting police action if customers access the sites.
Legal issues raised by the amended laws
One of the primary grounds on which the new gaming laws in these states has been challenged is:
Games of skill: This been clubbed along with games of chance in the definition of gaming, if the games of skill are played for prizes or bets.
Violation of FR: Gaming companies have argued — successfully that competitive games of skill are business activities protected under Article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution.
Other examples: Rummy and horse racing have been classified by the courts as games of skill that do not come under the purview of gaming laws.
Competence of the state: It has been argued that states do not have “legislative competence” to prohibit games of skill and that only games of chance can be regulated for gambling and betting.
Why has Karnataka amended the law?
Ban on online gambling: The statement of objects and reasons justify that the new law is needed to make gambling a cognisable and non-bailable offence (gambling in public streets remains cognisable and bailable).
More power to Police: Other reasons cited is that police cannot raid gambling dens without a formal written order from a magistrate, since gambling is a non-cognisable and bailable offence.
Public demands for ban: Recent public interest litigations seeking a ban on online gaming and betting, too, have been a trigger for the amendments.
Illicit use of cyber-space: The new law has also been introduced to include the use of cyberspace as defined in the IT Act 2000 to curb the menace of gaming through internet.
Will these amendments stand the test of law?
As mentioned, a similar law in Tamil Nadu was struck down by the Madras High Court as being ultra vires after it was challenged by online gaming firms.
The court ruled that- Games and sporting activities in the physical form cannot be equated with games conducted in virtual mode or in cyberspace.
However, when it comes to card games or board games such as chess or Scrabble, there is no distinction between the skill involved in the physical form of the activity or in the virtual form.
The HC said both rummy and poker are games of skill.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NCRB
Mains level: Farmers suicides in India
The number of agricultural labourers who died by suicide in 2020 was 18% higher than the previous year, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report.
Farmers suicide in 2020
In 2020, 5,098 of these agricultural labourers died by suicide, an 18% rise from the 4,324 who died last year.
Overall, 10,677 people engaged in the farm sector died by suicide in 2020, slightly higher than the 10,281 who died in 2019.
They made up 7% of all suicides in the country.
Most of these deaths were among those whose primary work and main source of income comes from labour activities in agriculture or horticulture.
However, among farmers who cultivate their own land, with or without the help of other workers, the number of suicides dropped 3.7% from 5,129 to 4,940.
Among tenant farmers who cultivate leased land, there was a 23% drop in suicides from 828 to 639.
State-wise data
The worst among States continues to be Maharashtra, with 4,006 suicides in the farm sector, including a 15% increase in farm worker suicides.
Other States with a poor record include Karnataka (2016), Andhra Pradesh (889) and Madhya Pradesh (735).
Tamil Nadu also bucked the national trend; although the total number of farm suicides in the State was slightly higher.
Why more suicides despite a boom?
The farm sector was one of the few bright spots in the Indian economy since a year.
It recorded growth on the back of a healthy monsoon and the continuation of agricultural activities during a lockdown that crippled other sectors.
Hence, suicides among landowning farmers dropped slightly during the pandemic year.
Landless agricultural labourers who did not benefit from income support schemes such as PM Kisan may have faced higher levels of distress during the pandemic.
General causes of farmers suicides in India
Suicide victims are motivated by more than one cause however the primer reason is the inability to repay loans.
Debt trap: Major causes reportedly are bankruptcy/indebtedness, problems in the families, crop failure, illness and alcohol/substance abuse.
Lack of credit: Low access to credit, irrigation and technology worsens their ability to make a comfortable living.
Responsibility burden: In other words, debt to stress and family responsibilities as reasons were significantly higher than fertilizers and crop failure.
Disguised unemployment: This remains high. Fragmentation of land holdings has left far too many farmers with farms that are too small to be remunerative.
Mental health: One of the major causes behind suicidal intent is depression. Farmers are often subjected to fear of boycott due to societal pressures.
The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL).
It is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
It was set-up in 1986 to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.
It was set up based on the recommendation of the Task force, 1985 and National Police Commission, 197.
It merged the Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC), Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI and Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PCV
Mains level: Not Much
Union Health Minister has launched a nationwide expansion of Pneumococcal 13-valent Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP).
Why such drive?
Pneumonia was a leading cause of death among children under five, globally and in India.
Pneumonia caused by pneumococcus is the most common cause of severe pneumonia in children.
Around 16% of deaths in children occur due to pneumonia in India.
The nationwide roll-out of PCV will reduce child mortality by around 60%.
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)
The PCV is a mix of several bacteria of the pneumococci family, which are known to cause pneumonia—hence ‘conjugate’ is included in the name of the vaccine.
PCV prevents pneumococcal disease. It can protect both children and adults from pneumococcal disease.
Such conjugate vaccines are made using a combination of two different components.
Pneumonia vs Pneumococcal pneumonia
Pneumonia is a lung disease.
Pneumococcal pneumonia, a kind of pneumonia, can infect the upper respiratory tract and can spread to the blood, lungs, middle ear, or nervous system.
Pneumococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumonia or pneumococcus.
Most people carry pneumococcus in their nose and throat, where the bacteria do not cause any symptoms.
Take this yorker from CSP 2020:
Q.What is the importance of using Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in India?
These vaccines are effective against pneumonia as well as meningitis and sepsis.
Dependence on antibiotics that are not effective against drug-resistant bacteria can be reduced.
These vaccines have no side effects and cause no allergic reactions.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
It is designed to carry 3 persons in 2.1meter diameter Titanium Alloy Personnel Sphere with an operational endurance of 12hrs and systems to support emergency endurance up to 96hrs.
It could work at a depth between 1000 and 5500 meters.
Objectives
Samudrayan shall facilitate carrying out deep ocean exploration of the non-living resources such as polymetallic manganese nodules, gas hydrates, hydro-thermal sulphides and cobalt crusts.
The mission would carry out subsea activities such as high-resolution bathymetry, biodiversity assessment, geo-scientific observation, search activities, salvage operation and engineering support.
Focus areas of the Project
Ocean climate change advisory services
Underwater vehicles
Underwater robotics-related technologies
Deep-sea mining: Exploitation of polymetallic nodules
Components of the mission
Some of the critical subsystems of the manned submersibles are:
Development of Titanium Alloy Personnel Sphere, Human support and safety system in enclosed space, low density buoyancy modules, Ballast and Trim System
Pressure compensated batteries and propulsion system, control and communication systems and Launching and Recovery System.
Progress till date
The preliminary design of the manned submersible MATSYA 6000 is completed.
Sea trials of 500 metre rated shallow water version of the manned submersible are expected to take place in the last quarter of 2022 and the MATSYA 6000.
The deep-water manned submersible will be ready for trials by the second quarter of 2024.
Why need such mission?
This manned submersible mission provides a feel of direct physical presence for researchers and has better intervention capability.
With the advancing subsea technologies, the recent Fendouzhe manned submersible developed by China in 2020 has touched ~11000m water depths.
With Samudrayan, India joins the elite club of nations such as USA, Russia, Japan, France and China to have such underwater vehicles for carrying out subsea activities.
Back2Basics: India and International Seabed Authority (ISA)
The ISA, an autonomous international organization established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, allots the ‘area’ for deep-sea mining.
India was the first country to receive the status of a ‘Pioneer Investor’ in 1987 and was given an area of about 1.5 lakh sqkm in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration.
In 2002, India signed a contract with the ISA, and after a complete resource analysis of the seabed, India surrendered 50%, and the country retained an area of 75,000 sqkm.
Further studies have helped narrow the mining area to 18,000 sqkm, the ‘First Generation Mine-site’.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not much
Mains level: Paper 3- Start-up ecosystem in India
Context
Three acts of entrepreneurship from five years ago — Jio, UPI, and GST — have converged to accelerate our startup ecosystem.
Let’s look at each in more detail
Impact of JIO: India’s per GB internet data costs are just 3 per cent of those in the US.
A bold and risky $35 billion bet made by a private company transformed Indians from being data deprived to data-rich; consumption has jumped 15 times because costs fell by over 90 per cent.
The addition of millions of consumers and smartphones since Jio’s delightful five-year disruption of the market has exploded the most important universal metric in startup valuation — addressable market.
Affordable digital connectivity is transforming 75 crore of them into consumers, entrepreneurs, employees, and suppliers.
Role of UPI: Google’s letter to the US Federal Reserve suggesting America learn from India’s Universal Payments Interface (UPI) acknowledged that our real-time, low-cost, open-architecture payment plumbing is a public good.
UPI’s mobile-first architecture is a key pillar of the paperless, presenceless, and cashless framework of the Aadhaar-seeded India Stack.
Impact of GST: GST attacked complexity and incentivised law-abiding supply and distribution chains.
It was long in the making but going live needed the risk-taking of starting with a second-best architecture, accepting some unjustifiable rates, and state revenue guarantees.
The doubling of indirect tax registered enterprises since GST creates a virtuous economic cycle of higher total factor productivity for enterprises and employees.
Flourishing startup ecosystem
India now has the highest ratio of unlisted to listed companies with a $1 billion valuation.
Initial public offering documents filed by early startups like Nykaa, Paytm, Zomato and PolicyBazaar roughly average a 10x valuation rise since the triad did IPO.
Estimates suggest India’s startup ecosystem valuation will explode from $315 billion today to $1 trillion by 2025.
Conclusion
Gandhiji’s notion of democracy — where the weakest have the same opportunity as the strongest — needs an economic meritocracy only possible when entrepreneurs have all the ingredients in the right proportions.
