Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SDGs report 2023
Mains level: NEP 2020 and Its Alignment with SDGs and the significant role of Universities
What’s the news?
- Though it has been eight years since the inception of these goals, the SDGs Report 2023 flagged slow progress and painted a grim picture.
Central idea
- The SDGs Report 2023 highlights sluggish progress exacerbated by the lingering effects of COVID-19, climate change impacts, geopolitical conflicts, and a fragile global economy. This universal struggle is particularly pronounced in the least developed countries, including India. Despite India’s resilience in facing global crises, achieving the SDGs remains a challenge.
About SDGs
- The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a global commitment to address pressing socio-economic and environmental challenges.
- These 17 goals with 169 targets, unanimously agreed upon by all 193 UN member states, aim to eradicate poverty, enhance education, reduce inequality, and stimulate economic growth by 2030.
NEP 2020 and Its Alignment with SDGs
- India’s commitment to realizing the SDGs is evident through recent actions and policies.
- The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in India closely aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG4, which focuses on quality education.
Here’s how NEP 2020 aligns with the SDGs:
- Quality Education and Lifelong Learning (SDG4): NEP 2020 emphasizes quality education for all in India, addressing disparities and promoting inclusivity, in alignment with SDG4. It also recognizes the importance of lifelong learning, supporting SDG4’s objective of inclusive and equitable quality education throughout one’s life.
- Gender Equality (SDG5): The policy promotes gender equality in education, ensuring equal opportunities for girls and women. It aims to eliminate gender-based discrimination and stereotypes in education, aligning with SDG5’s objective.
- Employability and Skills Development (SDG8): NEP 2020 focuses on equipping students with practical skills and knowledge, making them more employable. This aligns with SDG8’s goal of promoting sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
- Environmental Sustainability (SDG 13): The policy acknowledges the significance of environmental education and sustainability. It encourages eco-friendly practices and awareness of environmental issues among students, aligning with SDG 13’s objective of combating climate change.
- Research and Innovation (SDG9): NEP 2020 underscores the importance of research and innovation in higher education. It seeks to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, aligning with SDG 9’s goal of promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation.
- Global Partnerships for Development (SDG17): The policy promotes international collaboration in higher education and research. It aims to establish partnerships with global institutions, foster knowledge exchange, and align with SDG17’s objective of strengthening global partnerships for sustainable development.
Enhancing the Role of Universities
- Research-Teaching Nexus: Universities should strengthen the connection between research and teaching in higher education. By bridging the gap between research and teaching, universities can provide students with real-world insights and solutions to global challenges.
- Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Education: Universities should promote multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to education. Such systems produce well-rounded individuals capable of conducting research and finding innovative solutions to complex issues.
- Innovative Solutions and Start-ups: Collaboration with private companies and the development of innovative solutions and start-ups should be encouraged. Universities can serve as hubs for innovation and entrepreneurship, contributing to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).
- Value-Based Education (VBE): Introducing value-based education can help instill a sense of responsibility in citizens towards themselves, society, and the planet. This values-based approach can align with SDG 15 (Life on Land) by fostering a deeper connection between individuals and the environment.
Suggestions for the Universities
- Mapping Operations with SDGs: NEP 2020 should guide Indian higher education institutions to align their daily operations with the SDGs.
- Ranking according to SDGs: While ranking universities based on SDG achievement is commendable, it should be bolstered with comprehensive measures to meet the SDG deadline.
- Stakeholder Education and Orientation: All stakeholders in higher education should be educated and oriented to ensure no activities neglect the SDGs. Collaboration among the 56,205 higher educational institutions and universities in India is essential.
- Community Engagement: Universities should actively engage with their local communities, focusing on community health, energy conservation, efficient resource allocation, waste reduction, and skill development. Sharing resources and infrastructure with other universities and external partners should become the norm.
- Institutional Strategies: Sustainability and SDGs should be integrated into the core institutional strategies of universities, influencing daily administration, teaching, and research.
- Socio-economic Integration: Higher education must be closely integrated with socio-economic development to ensure meaningful and multiple impacts on the SDGs. Universities should contribute directly to the well-being and nation-building of every citizen.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to the SDGs, particularly in higher education through NEP 2020, is a positive step towards achieving the 2030 agenda. To accelerate progress, universities must embrace sustainability as a guiding principle and incorporate the SDGs into their daily operations. By doing so, they can play a pivotal role in addressing pressing global challenges and ensuring a better future for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change, green energy initiatives
Mains level: Climate change: a global crisis, Challenges, global commitments, India's remarkable progress and initiatives, Challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- In the face of mounting global concerns about climate change, India is firmly committed to reducing emissions and championing green energy initiatives
Central idea
- In recent years, environmentalists have expressed growing concern about the deteriorating state of our planet. Their apprehensions are substantiated by a century-long analysis of temperature data, revealing a significant 1.10°C increase in Earth’s temperature from 1880 to 2022. This upward trend in temperatures has dire implications, with experts predicting severe social, economic, and environmental consequences.
Climate change challenges
- Temperature Rise: Earth’s temperature increased by approximately 1.10 degrees Celsius from 1880 to 2022. This temperature rise is expected to result in major social, economic, and environmental problems.
- Extreme Weather Events: More frequent climate-related disasters, including droughts, forest fires, ice melting, rising sea levels, flooding, and cyclones, are occurring globally. These events significantly impact people’s lives and livelihoods.
- Climate Refugees: Rising sea levels, coastal erosion, and other climate-induced events are leading to the migration of communities.
- Agricultural Disruption: Climate change disrupts agricultural production, potentially leading to food shortages, rising commodity prices, and increased poverty.
- Resource Conflicts: Climate change can exacerbate conflicts over limited resources such as water and arable land as competition intensifies in resource-scarce areas.
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas, contributes significantly to climate problems. These activities generate greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane), which trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming.
- Global Warming: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb heat, preventing it from being adequately reflected into space. This phenomenon intensifies global warming.
The role of green energy
- Green Energy Definition: Green power is electricity produced from sources such as wind, sun, biomass, geothermal, biogas, and low-impact small hydropower projects.
- Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Green energy is a major solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as it doesn’t produce significant carbon dioxide or other pollutants during electricity generation.
- Diverse Green Energy Sources:
- Wind Energy: Generated using turbines harnessing wind power.
- Solar Energy: Produced from sunlight using solar panels.
- Biomass: Utilizes organic material like wood and agricultural residue for energy.
- Geothermal: Extracts heat from the Earth’s core for power generation.
- Biogas: Captures methane from decomposing organic matter.
- Low-Impact Small Hydropower: Uses natural water flow for electricity generation with minimal environmental impact.
- Reducing Fossil Fuel Dependence: Transitioning to green energy reduces reliance on conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, thereby curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Sustainable and Renewable: Green energy sources are sustainable, relying on replenishable natural processes for long-term energy production while minimizing environmental harm.
Environmentally Friendly Practices
- Promotion of Public Transport: Encouraging the use of public transportation to reduce carbon emissions from individual vehicles.
- Electric Vehicles (EVs): Advocating for the adoption of electric vehicles as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional combustion engine vehicles.
- Non-Motorized Transport: Promoting non-motorized transport options, such as walking and cycling, to reduce the reliance on motorized vehicles.
- Energy-Efficient Gadgets: Encouraging the use of energy-efficient electronic devices and appliances to reduce energy consumption.
- Sustainable Diet: Highlighting concerns about the consumption of non-vegetarian food, especially red meat, due to its resource-intensive nature.
- Reduce, Reuse, Repair, and Recycle: Advocating for practices that reduce waste generation, including reusing and recycling products and resources like water and waste materials.
International Commitments
- UN Call for Net-Zero Emissions: The United Nations (UN) has called upon world leaders to achieve net-zero emissions by the year 2050.
- Climate Finance Support: Industrialized countries have been asked to provide $100 billion annually as climate finance to support developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
India’s Role in Emission Reduction
- Commitment to Renewable Energy: India has made substantial commitments to expanding its renewable energy capacity. The country aims to achieve 50% of its power generation from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 and reach net-zero emissions by 2070.
- Solar Energy Expansion: India has been actively promoting solar energy through initiatives like the National Solar Mission. By the end of 2022, India had installed 63.30 gigawatts of solar power capacity. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Karnataka have made significant progress in this regard.
- Bio-Energy Programs: The National Bio-energy Programme focuses on generating energy from biomass, such as agricultural residue, wood, and solid waste. Over 800 biomass plants have been installed in various states, contributing to 10.73 gigawatts of installed capacity.
- Green Hydrogen Mission: India launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission in 2023, with the goal of producing about 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2030. This initiative is a step towards clean energy generation.
- Wind and Hydro Energy: India also emphasizes wind energy, wind-solar hybrid projects, and small hydro projects, which together contribute significantly to its renewable energy capacity.
- Government Support: The Indian government allocates significant funds to support renewable energy projects. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) allocated substantial funding in 2023-24, prioritizing solar and wind energy initiatives.
Hold On! Don’t Scroll Past This
Local success stories
- Solar Rooftop Infrastructure in Coimbatore and Salem:
- Solar rooftop infrastructure was installed in Coimbatore and Salem to meet the local electricity demand.
- This initiative improved access to affordable and reliable electricity supplies for citizens and benefited supply agencies through energy savings.
- Floating Solar Plants in Chandigarh:
- Floating solar plants were established at waterworks in Chandigarh, contributing to meeting local energy demand and reducing power bills.
- Bio-CNG Plant in Indore:
- Indore set up a bio-CNG plant that treats segregated wet waste.
- The biogas produced is utilized to power city transport buses, contributing to sustainable transportation and waste management.
- Household and Institutional Green Energy Generation:
- Various households and institutions across different parts of India have adopted green energy generation, primarily through solar power, at a local level.
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Challenges
- Continued Reliance on Fossil Fuels: India still heavily depends on fossil fuels, with about 60 percent of installed capacity coming from conventional sources.
- Energy Import Dependency: A significant portion of oil (about 85 percent) and gas (about 45 percent) is imported annually, posing challenges related to energy security.
- Rising Energy Demand: Meeting the growing energy demands driven by urbanization, infrastructure expansion, and industrial production is a pressing challenge.
Way Forward
- Reducing Dependency on Non-Renewables: India must decrease its reliance on non-renewable resources, particularly fossil fuels, to mitigate emissions and environmental impact.
- Self-Reliance in Green Energy: Achieving self-reliance in green energy production is vital to meeting future energy needs sustainably.
- Effective Implementation of Green Initiatives: Ensuring the successful implementation of green energy initiatives and the maintenance of green assets created is crucial.
- Affordable and Efficient Alternatives: Providing cost-effective and efficient alternatives, such as renewable energy solutions and energy-efficient technologies, can facilitate the adoption of green practices.
- Shift in Habits and Attitudes: Encouraging changes in consumption patterns and fostering a more environmentally responsible mindset among the public is imperative for a successful transition to green energy and sustainability.
Conclusion
- Climate change is a global crisis that demands immediate action. India’s commitment to green energy initiatives is a significant step toward mitigating the effects of climate change. However, a concerted effort is required from governments, industries, and individuals to transition to sustainable practices and secure a greener future for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: key findings of the Reports
Mains level: Women's labour force participation In India, existing challenges, Government Initiatives and way forward
What’s the news?
- In a concerning revelation, India grapples with one of the world’s lowest female labor force participation rates, while rural women face widening gender wage gaps and continue to make substantial, often unpaid, contributions to the economy.
Central idea
- As the International Day of Rural Women approaches, it is essential to shed light on the grim reality that India is grappling with. India not only records one of the lowest female labor force participation rates (LFPR) globally, but also ranks lower than most South Asian nations, trailing only Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Rural Women’s Employment Landscape
- India has one of the lowest female LFPRs globally. The LFPR for women in the working-age group (15–59 years) is just 35.6 percent, and this figure varies significantly between rural and urban areas.
- In rural regions, the LFPR is comparatively higher at 39.3 percent, while in urban areas, it is much lower at 26.5 percent, according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data for 2021–22.
- Self-Employment and Agriculture:
- A significant portion of rural women in India are engaged in self-employment, particularly in agriculture and allied activities.
- Nearly three-fourths of rural working women are involved in these sectors, which include crop cultivation, livestock rearing, and related tasks.
- Agriculture remains a crucial source of livelihood for many rural women.
Gender Wage Gap in Rural India
- Higher Gender Wage Gap in Rural Areas: Rural women working as regular and casual wage laborers face a more pronounced gender wage gap compared to their urban counterparts. This wage disparity is particularly significant in the rural employment sector.
- Self-Employed Women’s Earnings: Self-employed rural women, particularly those engaged in agriculture and related activities, earn significantly less than self-employed men in similar roles. The self-employed rural women earn less than half of what self-employed men earn, indicating a substantial gender earning gap.
- Worsening of the Gender Wage Gap: The gender wage gap for self-employed women has deteriorated from 2017 to 2021. This means that the income divide between rural men and women is widening over time.
Unpaid and underpaid labor
- Unpaid Domestic Chores: A significant portion of rural women’s work involves unpaid domestic chores. While there has been a decline in the proportion of women engaged in these chores from 60 percent in 2017–18 to 46 percent in 2021–22, one-third of rural women will still remain involved in unpaid domestic chores in 2021–22.
- Time Allocation: The Time Use Survey conducted in 2019 reveals that, on average, rural women spend over five hours daily in unpaid domestic services and more than two hours in unpaid caregiving services. This is substantially more than the time men spend on these activities, highlighting the unequal distribution of domestic and caregiving responsibilities.
- Contribution to Agriculture: Rural women also make substantial unpaid contributions to agriculture. They spend over seven hours daily growing crops for both household use and the market in 2019, which is a critical but unpaid aspect of their work.
Land Ownership Disparity
- Women face a substantial gender disparity in land ownership in rural areas.
- The agriculture census of 2015–16 revealed that only 14.7 percent of operational landholdings were owned by women.
- Moreover, women’s landownership is concentrated in the marginal and small holding categories.
Government Initiatives in the Context of Rural Women’s Employment
- MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act): MGNREGA is a significant government initiative aimed at providing rural women with income-generating opportunities. It guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households, helping increase the labor force participation of rural women.
- PM-SYM (Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan): This scheme is designed to offer financial security to unorganized sector workers, including rural women. It encourages them to save for retirement by providing a pension after the age of 60, thereby ensuring economic well-being in their later years.
- PMJDY (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana): PMJDY promotes financial inclusion among rural women by encouraging them to open bank accounts. This initiative allows women to save money, receive government benefits directly, and access credit facilities for income-generating activities.
- PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana): PMKVY focuses on skill development for rural youth, including women, to enhance employability. It offers training programs in various sectors to equip them with the necessary skills for job opportunities.
- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: This campaign encourages the education and welfare of girls in rural areas, indirectly empowering rural women by reducing gender disparities and promoting education among girls.
- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM): NRLM aims to reduce poverty among rural women by promoting self-employment and entrepreneurship. It provides training, financial support, and market access, empowering women to start and run their own businesses.
- Support for Training and Employment Programs for Women (STEP): STEP is another initiative focused on skill development and employment for disadvantaged women in rural areas. It offers training in various trades to enhance their employability.
Addressing the issue of unpaid labor in rural India requires a multi-faceted approach
- Recognition: There is a need to recognize and value the significant contributions of rural women to unpaid domestic chores and agriculture. Acknowledging this work is crucial for appreciating its economic and societal importance.
- Gender Equity: Promoting gender equity in domestic and caregiving responsibilities is essential to reducing the burden on rural women. Encouraging men to share these responsibilities can free up women’s time for productive activities.
- Economic Empowerment: Empowering rural women through education, skill development, and access to income-generating opportunities can help them transition from unpaid to paid work, improving their economic status.
- Policy Support: Government policies should be designed to address the gender disparities in unpaid labor and provide support mechanisms, such as access to affordable childcare and elderly care facilities, to reduce the time spent on unpaid caregiving.
Conclusion
- The contributions of rural women in India, whether unpaid, unaccounted, or underpaid, are the backbone of the country’s rural economy. Only by acknowledging the hidden work of rural women and bridging the gender gap in land ownership and access to support schemes can we truly empower the rural women of India and pave the way for a more equitable future.
Also read:
Women and India’s Labour force: Bridging the Gap
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Diabetes and related facts
Mains level: India's Diabetes stress, Factors behind, exploitative marketing, measures
What’s the news?
- In June 2023, a study conducted by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation in collaboration with the ICMR and the Union Health Ministry revealed alarming statistics about India’s diabetes crisis.
Central idea
- According to the study, 11.4% of India’s population, approximately 10.13 crore people, are living with diabetes. According to the WHO, a major reason for this is the consumption of unhealthy, ultra-processed foods and beverages. These statistics demand immediate attention and concrete actions to address the root causes of this public health crisis.
Key findings of the study
- Living with diabetes: 4% of India’s population, or 10.13 crore people, are living with diabetes.
- Pre-diabetic: 3% of the population, or an additional 13.6 crore people, are pre-diabetic.
- Obese Population: 6% of the population would be considered obese as per the BMI measure.
The consumption of ultra-processed foods: a significant contributor
- Contents of Ultra-Processed Foods:
- Ultra-processed foods encompass a wide range of products, including carbonated drinks, instant cereals, chips, fruit-flavored drinks, instant noodles, cookies, ice cream, bakery items, energy bars, sweetened yogurts, pizzas, processed meat products, and powdered infant formulas.
- These items are often characterized by their convenience and long shelf life.
- Increased Risk of Diabetes with Scientific Evidence:
- A concerning statistic reveals that a mere 10% increase in daily consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with a 15% higher risk of type-2 diabetes among adults.
- These foods are often high in sugar, fat, and salt, all of which contribute to insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar levels.
- Ultra-processed foods are engineered to be hyper-palatable. They often contain combinations of sugars, fats, and artificial additives that stimulate the appetite and lead to overconsumption.
- This excessive calorie intake can result in weight gain, a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
- When food undergoes extensive processing, its original structure is often destroyed. Cosmetic additives, colors, and flavors are added to enhance taste and appeal.
- This altered structure and excessive processing can disrupt the body’s natural regulation of hunger and satiety, leading individuals to eat more and gain weight.
- Association with Cardiovascular Risks:
- The negative effects of ultra-processed foods extend beyond diabetes. Obesity and diabetes are key risk factors for heart disease and premature mortality.
- Research indicates that those who consume more than four servings of ultra-processed foods per day face a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to those who consume fewer than two servings per day.
- A similar trend is observed for all-cause mortality.
Exploitative marketing practices
- Shifting Focus to Low- and Middle-Income Countries:
- In many high-income countries, the sale of sugar-sweetened beverages has declined over the past two decades due to growing awareness of their health impacts.
- To compensate for this loss of sales, food companies have shifted their attention to low- and middle-income countries, where there may be less stringent regulations and a growing consumer base.
- Aggressive Marketing and Advertising:
- These companies invest substantial amounts of money in marketing and advertising ultra-processed food and beverages in countries like India.
- These aggressive marketing campaigns often target vulnerable populations, including children and the emerging middle class.
- Techniques like the use of cartoon characters, incentives, gifts, and celebrity endorsements are employed to make these products more appealing.
- Blaming Individuals vs. Addressing Systemic Issues:
- The food industry tends to place blame on individuals, suggesting that personal choices are responsible for unhealthy dietary habits.
- However, the environment created by aggressive marketing and the easy accessibility of ultra-processed foods play a significant role in shaping these choices.
- The consequences of these marketing strategies are severe. They contribute to a deepening public health crisis, with diabetes being a ticking time bomb.
- Sugar-sweetened beverages, in particular, are highlighted as a major source of added sugar in diets, putting people at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other health issues.
The need for regulatory intervention
- Industry Opposition: The food industry resists marketing restrictions, citing economic concerns and portraying themselves as stakeholders.
- False Promises: Some industry initiatives, like ‘Eat Right,’ may appear health-focused but could divert attention from unhealthy product impacts.
- Impact on Regulation: Industry partnerships can hinder strong regulatory policies aimed at reducing ultra-processed food consumption.
- Role of Regulatory Authorities: Lackluster responses and industry dominance in regulatory bodies may impede effective public health regulations.
- Complementary Efforts: While exercise is essential, it should complement regulatory policies addressing marketing and warning labels on unhealthy foods.
- Balancing Interests: Governments must prioritize citizens’ health, striking a balance between industry interests and public well-being when implementing evidence-based, transparent regulations.
Strategy to safeguard: Mandatory Provisions
- To protect the public from the manipulative strategies of the food industry, the government must establish a legal framework or even an ordinance under Article 123 of the Constitution.
- This framework should focus on reducing or halting the consumption of ultra-processed foods and could include:
- Defining ‘healthy food’
- Implementing warning labels on unhealthy food
- Imposing restrictions on the promotion and marketing tactics of unhealthy food and beverages
- Raising public awareness about the risks associated with consuming such foods
Global Examples
- Several countries, including South Africa, Norway, and Mexico, have recently taken similar actions to regulate food labeling and marketing.
- The Indian government has the opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to public health by enacting similar laws.
- Much like the Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles, and Infant Foods Act, which successfully regulated commercial baby food, this proposed legislation could make significant strides in curbing the consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages.
Conclusion
- India stands at a critical juncture in its battle against diabetes and a food industry that prioritizes profits over public health. The time has come for the government to implement robust regulations. By taking decisive action, India can protect the well-being of its citizens and set a precedent for responsible food regulation in the global context.
Also read:
Is India a Diabetes capital of the world?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glacial lakes, GLOF
Mains level: Imminent threat of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in the Himalayan region, Impact and initiatives
What’s the news?
- On October 4th, in a tragic turn of events, Sikkim witnessed a devastating incident where the South Lhonak Lake ruptured due to incessant rainfall, resulting in the loss of fourteen lives and the disappearance of 102 individuals, including 23 Army personnel.
Central idea
- Sikkim, nestled in the Himalayas, faces the aftermath of a catastrophic Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) triggered by incessant rainfall. The South Lhonak Lake, perched at 17,000 feet in the state’s northwest, burst, inundating four districts—Mangan, Gangtok, Pakyong, and Namchi.
What are glacial lakes?
- Glacial lakes are large bodies of water that are typically located in proximity to, on top of, or beneath glaciers.
- These lakes are primarily formed as a result of glacial processes, such as the melting of ice and the accumulation of meltwater in depressions or basins created by the glacier’s movement.
Concept: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF)
- A Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is a sudden and often catastrophic release of water from a glacial lake, typically caused by the breach or failure of the natural dams that contain the lake.
- GLOFs occur in regions with glaciers, where meltwater accumulates in depressions or basins created by the glacier’s movement.
- These floods can have severe and far-reaching consequences for downstream communities and environments.
Causes: GLOFs can be triggered by various factors
- Melting Glaciers: Rapid glacier melt due to rising temperatures can increase the volume of water in glacial lakes.
- Avalanches: Snow or ice avalanches can impact the lake, dislodging ice and debris into the water.
- Earthquakes: Seismic activity can destabilize the natural dams or trigger avalanches.
- Rainfall: Heavy rainfall can contribute additional water to the lake and weaken natural dams.
- Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic activity can lead to the rapid melting of glaciers and the formation of glacial lakes.
Destruction and Impact
- Flooding: Downstream areas can experience rapid and extensive flooding, with water levels rising quickly.
- Destruction of Infrastructure: GLOFs can damage or destroy roads, bridges, buildings, and farmland.
- Loss of Life: GLOFs often result in the loss of human lives as well as harm to livestock and wildlife.
- Environmental Damage: The floodwaters and debris can severely impact the natural environment, including forests, wetlands, and river ecosystems.
Notable GLOF events
- Some GLOF events in the past have resulted in significant loss of life and damage to infrastructure.
- The horrifying 2013 flash floods in Uttarakhand’s Kedarnath serve as a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of GLOFs.
- This calamity was compounded by a GLOF event originating from the Chorabari Tal glacial lake, leading to the loss of thousands of lives.
The Sikkim Calamity: South Lhonak Lake’s Susceptibility to GLOF
- Glacial Melting: Rising global temperatures have accelerated the melting of glaciers in the Sikkim Himalayas, including the glacier feeding South Lhonak Lake. This increased meltwater contributes to the lake’s water volume, making it more susceptible to GLOFs.
- Glacial Lake Expansion: The South Lhonak Lake’s area has significantly increased over the past five decades. It has grown nearly 1.5 times, while its neighbor, North Lhonak, has expanded nearly 2.5 times its initial size in 1989. This expansion is a direct result of glacier retreat and melt, exacerbating the lake’s vulnerability.
- Seismic Activity: The region around South Lhonak Lake is prone to seismic activity. Earthquakes can destabilize the natural dams or trigger avalanches, which can lead to a sudden release of water from the lake, potentially causing a GLOF event.
- Past Earthquakes: Seismic events occurred in the region, such as an earthquake of magnitude 4.9 in 1991 near the parent glacier feeding South Lhonak Lake and another earthquake of magnitude 6.9 in 2011, approximately 70 km from the lakes. These past earthquakes and the potential for future seismic activity increase the risk of GLOFs in the area.
Government interventions
- Syphoning Off Lake Water: In 2016, the Sikkim government, in collaboration with various agencies including the Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority and Sikkim’s Department of Science and Technology and Climate Change, took proactive measures to mitigate the risk associated with South Lhonak Lake. They decided to syphon off water from the lake.
- Innovative Approach: The technique employed for syphoning off lake water was innovative and effective. Under the supervision of innovator Sonam Wangchuk, authorities installed three eight-inch-wide and 130-140-meter-long High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in the lake. These pipes were used to extract water from the lake.
- Water Extraction Rate: The initiative successfully extracted 150 liters of water per second from South Lhonak Lake, which was a substantial volume. This action aimed to reduce the water level in the lake, thus mitigating the risk of a potential GLOF.
Way forward: Warning and Mitigation
- Lake Monitoring: Regular monitoring of glacial lakes to assess changes in water levels and the stability of natural dams
- Early Warning Systems: Implementing systems to detect and warn downstream communities of potential GLOFs
- Infrastructure: constructing protective infrastructure, such as dams or diversion channels, to manage floodwaters
- Land-Use Planning: Implementing land-use planning and zoning to restrict construction in high-risk areas
Conclusion
- The recent calamity in Sikkim underscores the imminent threat of GLOFs in the Himalayan region. While government initiatives are commendable, continued monitoring, research, and disaster preparedness are vital to safeguarding vulnerable communities in the face of the expanding glacial lakes and the looming specter of GLOFs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached article
Mains level: The impact of the Bihar caste survey on reservation and welfare initiatives
What’s the news?
- The Bihar government’s recent release of the ‘Bihar Caste-based Survey 2022’ has brought to light some crucial insights into the state’s demographic landscape.
Central idea
- The Bihar Caste-based Survey 2022 survey reveals that extremely backward classes (EBCs) and other backward classes (OBCs) together constitute nearly 63% of Bihar’s 13-crore population, making them the largest caste group in the state. The implications of this survey are far-reaching, affecting politics, reservation quotas, and welfare schemes.
Background
- The demand for a caste-based survey in Bihar was first raised by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, an OBC Kurmi caste member, in 2019.
- The Bihar legislature passed resolutions in 2019 and 2020 unanimously supporting a caste census.
- However, when the Union government declined to conduct a caste-wise census, Bihar proceeded with its own survey in June 2022, allocating ₹500 crore from its contingency fund for the exercise.
- The two-phase survey involved 2.64 lakh enumerators, documenting the details of 29 million registered households.
Key Findings
- EBCs, comprising 112 castes, represent 36.01% of the population.
- OBCs, with 29 castes, constitute 27.12% of the population.
- The Yadavs, within the OBC group, dominate with a 14.26% share.
- Scheduled castes account for 19.65% of the population.
- The general unreserved population stands at 15.52%.
The impact of the Survey on reservation quotas in Bihar
- Adjustment Based on Population Share: The ruling coalition alliance party, RJD, has asserted that reservation quotas should be increased in line with the population proportions revealed in the survey. This means that communities with larger populations, such as EBCs and OBCs, may see an increase in their share of reserved seats and government jobs.
- Reevaluation of Reservation Ceiling: The survey’s results could potentially lead to a reevaluation of the 50% ceiling on reservation imposed by the Supreme Court. If the population data suggests that certain communities deserve a larger share of reservations, it may prompt legal and political discussions on whether the reservation limit should be revised.
- Political Divisions: The impact of the survey on reservation quotas has created divisions among political parties. While the RJD and other alliance parties support increasing reservations, the BJP, which initially supported the caste survey, has raised concerns about its accuracy and potential consequences.
- Electoral Implications: With general elections on the horizon, the debate over reservation quotas and their adjustment based on the survey’s findings is likely to play a crucial role in political campaigns. Parties may need to tailor their promises and platforms to address the expectations of various caste groups.
Potential impact on welfare initiatives in the state
- Increased Focus on Marginalized Communities: The survey’s findings reveal that a significant portion of Bihar’s population belongs to marginalized communities, including EBCs, OBCs, SCs, and STs, constituting 85% of the total population. This data is likely to compel political parties and the government to pay greater attention to the welfare needs of these communities.
- Competitive Welfare Announcements: In anticipation of elections and to secure the support of these marginalized communities, political parties may engage in competitive welfare scheme announcements. This competition could lead to a wave of promises and initiatives aimed at improving the living conditions and opportunities for these groups.
- Review of Existing Schemes: The government may also undertake a review of existing welfare schemes to ensure that they are effectively reaching the intended beneficiaries. There could be a reallocation of resources and a reassessment of the impact of ongoing programs.
- Data-Driven Policy Formulation: The survey provides valuable data on the socio-economic profile of various caste groups in Bihar. This data can serve as a basis for evidence-based policy formulation, ensuring that welfare initiatives are targeted and effective.
- Potential for Inclusivity: The survey has the potential to foster inclusivity in policy planning, ensuring that the most marginalized and underprivileged sections of society receive the attention and support they need for their socio-economic development.
Conclusion
- The ‘Bihar Caste-based Survey 2022’ has set the stage for significant changes in Bihar’s political landscape, reservation policies, and welfare programs. Its findings underscore the importance of addressing the needs of marginalized communities and could redefine the political discourse in the state.
Also read:
Takeaways from Bihar caste survey
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Terms- climate polycrisis, polysolution, Carbon Accounting
Mains level: Climate polycrisis, National Carbon Accounting and its benefits
What’s the news?
- In a bid to address the complex and interrelated challenges of climate change, the concept of National Carbon Accounting (NCA) is gaining prominence.
Central idea
- The term ‘climate polycrisis,’ popularized by Adam Tooze, highlights the intricate web of climate change-related crises that impact diverse sectors and domains worldwide. In India, the interplay of climate change is evident. Recognizing this complexity, it is imperative to develop a holistic approach.
Polycrisis
- The term polycrisis refers to the multitude of crises arising from climate change, encompassing not only physical impacts like rising temperatures and extreme weather events but also the societal, economic, and political challenges that result from these impacts.
The Call for a Deep Transformation
- Addressing the climate crisis demands more than sectoral responses; it necessitates a profound transformation, laying the foundation for a planet-sensitive economy.
- This transformation calls for the establishment of ‘carbon infrastructure’ akin to digital infrastructure, considering carbon flows in policymaking at all levels.
Measurement as the First Step
- The initial step towards this transformation is measurement.
- To account for carbon, we must measure carbon emissions at individual and national levels.
- Once we have robust measurement systems in place, we can create accounting mechanisms to track our carbon footprints.
What is National Carbon Accounting (NCA)?
- The NCA is a critical system for tracking and managing carbon emissions at the national level.
- It involves measuring and accounting for the release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, as well as efforts to remove carbon from the atmosphere.
- The primary objective of NCA is to gain a comprehensive understanding of a country’s carbon footprint and its role in contributing to global climate change.
Benefits of National Carbon Accounting
- Progress Tracking: NCA allows for the monitoring of progress toward emission reduction targets over time. It helps assess the effectiveness of climate policies and initiatives, allowing for necessary adjustments.
- Identification of High-Emission Sectors: NCA identifies sectors that contribute significantly to carbon emissions. This information is vital for targeting interventions and allocating resources to the most substantial emission sources.
- Environmental Impact Assessment: NCA allows for the assessment of the environmental impact of carbon emissions. It helps evaluate the ecological consequences of emissions and informs conservation efforts.
- Carbon Offsetting: NCA supports carbon offset programs by quantifying carbon removal activities. These programs enable organizations and individuals to compensate for their emissions by investing in projects that remove or reduce an equivalent amount of carbon from the atmosphere.
- New Economic Opportunities: NCA can encourage the development of new economic sectors and technologies focused on reducing carbon emissions and enhancing carbon removal. This can lead to job creation and economic growth in green industries.
- Global Climate Commitments: NCA helps countries fulfill their international climate commitments, such as those under the Paris Agreement. It ensures that nations have the data necessary to demonstrate their progress in reducing emissions.
Carbon accounting vs. Money accounting
| Aspect |
Carbon Accounting |
Money Accounting |
| Focus |
Measurement and tracking of carbon emissions |
Monitoring and management of financial transactions |
| Purpose |
Quantify carbon footprints, identify emission sources, and reduce emissions to combat climate change. |
Monitor financial flows, allocate resources, and ensure financial stability in an economy. |
| Granularity |
Detailed, from individual to sector and national levels |
Broad, covering various financial activities from individual to corporate and economic levels. |
| Measurement |
Precise measurement and reporting of carbon emissions, standardized methodologies |
Accurate financial record-keeping ensures the proper accounting of monetary resources and financial activities. |
| Policy Implications |
Informs the development of climate policies and strategies and guides climate change mitigation efforts. |
Supports economic policies and monetary management and influences factors like interest rates, inflation, and overall economic stability. |
| Taxation |
May lead to carbon taxes, taxing entities based on carbon emissions |
Typically targets income, consumption, or other financial transactions, not directly tied to carbon emissions. |
A Polysolution to a Polycrisis
- A Polysolution Defined: The term polysolution emphasizes the comprehensive and multifaceted nature of NCA as a tool to combat climate polycrisis. Instead of relying on single, isolated solutions, NCA encompasses various dimensions and aspects of the climate challenge.
- Meeting Climate Commitments: The NCA can assist India in meeting its commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. This underscores the potential of the NCA to support countries in fulfilling their international climate pledges.
- Reimagining the Economy and Society: NCA, if adopted globally, could lead to the reorganization of economies and societies. By making carbon footprints transparent, NCA encourages a new form of public discourse. This shift can promote sustainable practices and guide the alignment of development with ecological sustainability goals.
- Alternative to GDP Growth: While traditional measures like GDP growth are well understood, the article suggests that NCA introduces an alternative metric—carbon footprint—as a key indicator of progress. This aligns with the broader goal of measuring development not only in economic terms but also in terms of environmental and ecological impacts.
- Promoting Public Discourse: The transparency of carbon footprints can lead to more informed public discourse. It allows citizens and policymakers to consider the environmental impact of various activities, fostering discussions on sustainability and climate action.
Conclusion
- Addressing the climate polycrisis demands innovative solutions that account for the interconnectedness of climate change impacts. National Carbon Accounting emerges as a pivotal tool to measure, track, and manage carbon emissions, fostering a sustainable and resilient future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circular Migration
Mains level: Concept- Circular Migration, Circular Migration in India, advantages and challenges and measures
What’s the news?
- Circular migration gained prominence in the wake of globalization and technological advancements, facilitating easier mobility. As the world grapples with migration challenges, circular migration emerges as a balanced approach.
Central idea
- Circular migration, characterized by the cyclical movement of people between their country of origin and a destination country in search of seasonal employment, has gained significance in the global context. It offers unique opportunities and challenges in the realm of migration policy and development.
Defining Circular Migration
- Philippe Fargues defines circular migration based on specific criteria, including temporary residence, multiple entries into the destination country, freedom of movement between origin and destination, legal rights for migrants, protection of their rights, and a demand for temporary labor in the destination country.
- A key aspect is the completion of at least two loops between two countries, signifying repeated movement.
- For instance, if a migrant moves from country A to B and back to A, they are considered a return migrant. However, if they continue to country B again, they have completed two loops, earning them the label of a circular migrant.
Circular Migration as Public Policy
- For countries of origin: Remittances from circular migrants boost the domestic economy, fostering infrastructure development and improving living standards. However, it also poses the risk of losing skilled individuals to other nations.
- For destination countries: Circular migration provides a source of low-skilled labor while minimizing permanent population growth
The Advantages of Circular Migration in India
- Rural to Urban Migration:
- The growth of jobs in sectors like manufacturing, construction, and services has driven a substantial flow of migrants from rural areas to urban cities.
- This trend has been particularly pronounced between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 when the construction sector witnessed a significant increase in employment, especially for rural males.
- This movement has provided rural populations with access to urban employment opportunities.
- Uneven development following liberalization policies has led to inter-State migration. States like West Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar have witnessed high rates of out-migration.
- While Delhi was historically a prominent destination, recent trends indicate an increased flow of migrants to southern States as well.
- Migrants often transition from agricultural jobs in their home states to low-skill jobs in destination states.
- This shift typically results in increased income, with daily wage laborers in Kerala earning substantially more compared to their counterparts in states like West Bengal.
- Household Welfare: Circular migration contributes to better household welfare through remittances sent back by migrants. These funds support improved nutrition, enhanced access to education and healthcare, and an overall increase in the standard of living for migrant families.
- Empowerment of Women: The absence of male family members due to migration often leads to increased autonomy and decision-making power for women in migrant households. This shift in gender dynamics can have positive social and cultural implications.
Challenges
- Exploitation and Unsafe Conditions: Migrants, especially in southern States, often find themselves vulnerable to exploitation by middlemen or brokers. They may be subjected to unhygienic and unsafe working conditions, often without protective equipment.
- Language Barriers: Language differences pose a significant obstacle for migrants, particularly when migrating to regions where the local language differs from their native tongue.
- Resentment and Wage Disputes: Indigenous wage groups and labor unions may resent circular migrants, viewing them as competitors willing to work for lower wages. This can lead to wage disputes and conflicts.
- Subsistence Migration: Many circular migrants engage in subsistence-level employment, with limited opportunities for savings or asset creation. Jobs are often seasonal and irregular, contributing to economic precarity.
- Return Migration during Crises: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of circular migrants. When a lockdown was imposed in 2020, many migrants embarked on long journeys back to their hometowns due to the lack of job opportunities in the host States.
The Way Forward: Measures to fully unlock the potential of circular migration
- Ensuring Migrant Rights: Robust protection of migrant rights is crucial to address exploitation and abuse.
- Skills Training: Providing migrants with skills training and language proficiency programs can enhance their employability and integration into host communities.
- Safety Nets: Establishing social safety nets for circular migrants during times of crisis, such as the pandemic, is essential to prevent humanitarian disasters.
- Integration Efforts: Encouraging integration initiatives in destination areas can help migrants feel more included and less marginalized.
- Data Collection and Research: Governments should invest in data collection and research to better understand the extent and dynamics of circular migration.
Conclusion
- Circular migration presents a viable pathway to balance the needs of development and individual economic advancement. As circular migration continues to shape the global landscape, it is imperative that governments and policymakers adapt their strategies to harness its potential for the greater good.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAG
Mains level: Key challenges faced by the CAG in auditing AI system and The Need for AI Regulation in India
What’s the news?
- The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), Girish Chandra Murmu, who chairs the Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of the G20, has raised a crucial concern regarding the increasing reliance on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for auditing purposes
Central idea
- The CAG has warned that the absolute dependence on AI may result in inaccurate audit findings and emphasized the significance of ethics as the foundation of responsible AI. In the realm of auditing, where transparency, objectivity, fairness, and bias avoidance are paramount, addressing these challenges is imperative.
The Imperative of Responsible and Ethical AI
- Credibility and Trust in Auditing: The credibility and trustworthiness of audit findings hinge on responsible AI practices. Without ethical AI, there is a risk of generating inaccurate audit results, which could undermine trust in the auditing process.
- Data Integrity: The utmost importance is placed on data integrity in AI auditing. Responsible AI dictates that audit data must be complete, accurate, and relevant. Ensuring data integrity is paramount to prevent potentially misleading audit findings.
- Ethical Data Usage: Responsible AI practices demand the use of data only from authorized and reputable sources. Leveraging data from unverified or unauthorized sources, such as social media, introduces biases and threatens the audit process’s integrity.
- Regulation in India: It is imperative to address the need for AI regulation in India, drawing inspiration from the European Union’s AI Act as a pioneering example. Such regulations are seen as essential for promoting responsible and ethical AI use across various domains, including auditing.
- Challenges for Auditors: Auditors at the CAG face an array of challenges when auditing AI systems. These include the imperative for data standardization, regulatory compliance, and the development of auditor expertise. These challenges underscore the significance of adhering to ethical AI practices.
- International Audit Framework: The establishment of a common international audit framework for AI is deemed crucial. Such a framework would provide auditors with guidance on navigating the complexities of AI auditing while ensuring ethical standards are upheld.
| EU AI Act as a Pioneering Example
The approval of the EU AI Act by the European Parliament serves as a pioneering example of comprehensive AI regulation.
It introduces stringent restrictions and scrutiny for generative AI tools, like ChatGPT.
India can learn from the EU’s approach to regulate AI technologies effectively. |
Challenges faced by the CAG in auditing AI systems
- AI Regulation and Data Standardization: Establishing effective AI regulations and data standardization for consistent and accurate AI audits.
- Data Source Authentication: Verifying the authenticity and reliability of data sources, especially those from unauthorized origins, impacting audit accuracy.
- Data Integration and Cross-Referencing: Managing the complexity of integrating and cross-referencing data from diverse government sources and platforms, affecting audit efficiency.
- Data Platform Synchronization: Achieving synchronization of data platforms across government entities through IT policies to streamline the audit process.
- Digitalization Challenges: Addressing security concerns associated with digitalization initiatives, particularly in defense audits.
- Lack of Precedents for AI Audits: Adapting existing IT frameworks and regulations for AI audits due to the absence of established precedents, adding complexity to the process.
Compliance Issues in Auditing AI Systems
- Variety of AI Auditing Frameworks: Global organizations have developed multiple AI auditing frameworks, including the COBIT framework for AI audit, the US Government Accountability Office framework, and the COSO ERM Framework. These diverse frameworks can lead to challenges in standardization and consistency in AI auditing practices.
- Draft Guidance from the U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office: The U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office has published draft guidance on the AI auditing framework. While this guidance is a step forward, it may not provide comprehensive and universally accepted standards, leading to potential inconsistencies in AI audits.
- Data Protection Impact Assessments: Organizations are legally required to conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments when using AI systems that process personal data. Ensuring compliance with these assessments adds complexity to AI audits, particularly regarding data privacy and security.
Measures to Address these Challenges
- Establish Clear AI Regulations and Data Standards: Advocate for the development and implementation of clear and comprehensive AI regulations and data standards to ensure audit consistency.
- Implement Robust Data Verification Procedures: Implement robust data verification procedures and protocols, emphasizing the use of reliable and authorized data sources.
- Develop Standardized Data Integration Methods: Develop standardized data integration methods and tools to simplify the process of cross-referencing data from various sources.
- Enforce Data Platform Synchronization: Prioritize the synchronization of data platforms across government entities through the formulation and enforcement of IT policies.
- Enhance Security Measures for Digitalization: Continuously assess and enhance security measures for digitalization initiatives, especially when dealing with sensitive data in defense audits.
- Engage with Stakeholders to Develop AI-Specific Frameworks: Engage with relevant stakeholders, including government agencies and AI experts, to develop AI-specific auditing frameworks and standards, adapting existing IT frameworks as needed.
The Need for AI Regulation in India
- Ensuring Accuracy and Fair Use of Data: AI-generated content may raise issues related to copyright infringement and intellectual property rights. Regulatory frameworks can address these concerns and establish guidelines for the ethical and lawful use of data and content generated by AI systems.
- Mitigating AI Bias: AI bias, which often stems from human bias in training data, poses inherent risks. Regulations can stipulate measures to mitigate bias and promote fairness in AI algorithms and decision-making processes.
- Protection of Privacy: As AI technologies increasingly interact with personal data, privacy concerns arise. Regulatory frameworks can establish clear guidelines for data protection and privacy, safeguarding individuals’ personal information.
- Consumer Protection: Regulations can protect consumers from AI-driven practices that may be deceptive or harmful. This includes measures to ensure transparency and fairness in AI-powered products and services.
- Harmonious Fusion of Technology and Ethics: Achieving a harmonious fusion of technological progress and ethical considerations, as envisioned by Elon Musk, requires a multifaceted approach. Regulations can provide a structured framework for achieving this balance.
What else?
- Innovations in Ethical AI: Innovations like Elon Musk’s “Truth GPT,” aimed at creating a “maximum truth-seeking AI,” underscore the need for ethical AI development. Regulations can encourage and guide such innovations to align with ethical considerations and safety standards.
- Global Trend Towards AI Regulation: Prominent global leaders, including the U.K. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, are actively pursuing AI safety regulation. India can follow suit to ensure that it remains aligned with international AI standards and fosters collaboration in AI safety measures.
Conclusion
- As AI continues to play an increasingly significant role in auditing, the CAG must navigate complex challenges to ensure the credibility and accuracy of audit findings. India, too, needs to consider robust AI regulation while upholding ethics and data integrity to safeguard the integrity of the audit process and maintain public trust.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Milk Production
Mains level: Milk crisis in India, factors behind and consequences
What’s the news?
- India, the world’s leading milk producer for decades, faces a concerning dilemma as milk prices soar to all-time highs.
Central Idea
- India is grappling with an unprecedented milk crisis, despite accounting for a quarter of global milk production. In 2021–22, the country produced a staggering 221 million tonnes of milk, as reported by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). However, the situation on the ground paints a different picture, with milk prices reaching record highs.
The price surge
- The Department of Consumer Affairs reveals a sharp 18.08 percent increase in the average retail price of milk over the past two years.
- A liter of milk, once priced at Rs 49.18 in 2021, now costs upwards of Rs 58. This dramatic price rise, commencing in 2022–23, has been the chief driver of food inflation across the nation, as highlighted by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
Underlying factors behind India’s milk crisis
- Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD):
- One of the primary factors contributing to the milk crisis is the outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) among cattle and buffaloes.
- This disease, first reported in Odisha in 2019, has since spread to almost all states in India. Between July 2022 and 2023, more than 3.2 million cattle and buffaloes contracted LSD, with 0.2 million of them succumbing to the disease.
- LSD has not only caused significant mortality but has also led to a substantial drop in milk production, ranging from 20 to 50 percent, depending on the breed.
- COVID-19 Pandemic Impact:
- The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on India’s dairy sector. During the lockdowns, many farmers reduced the size of their herds in response to disrupted milk demand.
- This exodus of dairy farmers, even during the flush season from October to March, when animals naturally produce more milk, has affected the country’s overall milk production.
- Dairy farmers who continued their operations despite the pandemic faced an acute shortage of dry fodder in 2022. This shortage was partly caused by a decline in wheat stocks due to an unusually hot March in 2022.
- As a result, farmers have been grappling with steadily rising fodder prices, affecting both the quantity and quality of the feed provided to their cattle.
- Dairy farmers are increasingly opting for crossbred cows over buffaloes.
- While buffalo milk typically has a higher fat content (7–10 percent), crossbred cows have a higher milk yield, averaging 8.52 kg per day in 2021–22, compared to a buffalo’s average of 5.96 kg per day.
- This shift in preference has led to a significant increase in the population of crossbred cows, while the population of female buffalo and indigenous cows has grown at a slower rate.
- Buffaloes tend to be more expensive than cows, with the average cost of a good-breed buffalo ranging from Rs 1.5 lakh to Rs 3 lakh.
- In cases where dairy farming experiences losses, it becomes challenging for farmers to recover their investments.
- Additionally, buffaloes have been perceived as less productive compared to cows in certain scenarios, particularly when it comes to maintaining consistent milk production.
Hidden Crisis: Artificial Insemination
- Role of Artificial Insemination:
- Artificial insemination plays a pivotal role in enhancing milk production in India.
- While the adoption rate of this technology in the country is around 30 percent, it has led to the development of high-yield crossbreeds and improved indigenous breeds.
- These high-yield animals significantly contribute to the overall growth of the dairy sector.
- Missed artificial insemination:
- The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns and restrictions had a profound impact on the practice of artificial insemination.
- Between 2020 and 2022, as lockdowns and movement restrictions were imposed, India likely missed conducting approximately 16.84 million artificial insemination.
- This represents a significant setback in efforts to improve breed productivity.
- Impact on Milk Production:
- The missed artificial insemination have had a cascading impact on milk production.
- Before the pandemic, India was steadily increasing its adoption of artificial insemination, with over 80 million insemination conducted in 2019–20.
- However, the subsequent drop in insemination numbers means that India potentially missed the chance to add 2.97 million high-yield female cattle to its livestock inventory between 2020 and 2022.
- Each missed artificial insemination results in both milk loss and additional maintenance costs until a successful conception occurs.
- The estimated loss per missed conception is approximately Rs 7,948.50. This loss quickly accumulates, resulting in a national loss of Rs 824 crore in just the month of April 2020.
Far-reaching Consequences of India’s Milk Crisis
- Economic Impact: The sharp rise in milk prices coupled with supply constraints can lead to reduced incomes for dairy farmers, potentially pushing many into financial distress.
- Food Inflation: As milk and dairy products are dietary staples for a considerable portion of the population, their increased prices can strain household budgets and lead to higher food costs for consumers.
- Nutrition and Food Security: Milk is a vital source of nutrition, particularly for children. Rising milk prices can reduce access to this nutritious food source for vulnerable populations, potentially affecting the nutritional status and food security of millions.
- Rural Livelihoods: Dairy farming serves as a primary source of income for numerous rural households in India. The ongoing crisis directly impacts the livelihoods of these families, causing economic instability and necessitating alternative income sources.
- Agricultural Productivity: Dairy farming often complements crop production, so disruptions in the dairy sector can have ripple effects on overall agricultural performance.
- Global Trade: As one of the world’s major milk producers, India’s domestic dairy challenges can have implications for the global dairy market. Disruptions in production and trade can impact international dairy prices and trade dynamics.
Way forward
- Disease Control: Implement robust disease control measures, including vaccination programs, quarantine protocols, and veterinary support, to prevent the further spread of diseases like lumpy skin disease (LSD) affecting livestock.
- Fodder Management: Develop strategies to increase fodder production, conservation, and distribution to ensure a consistent supply for dairy cattle and buffaloes, addressing challenges posed by fodder shortages.
- Artificial Insemination Programs: Renew the focus on artificial insemination programs to recover from the setbacks caused by missed insemination during the pandemic. This includes technology adoption, training for insemination technicians, and incentives for farmers.
- Genetic Improvement: Continue efforts in genetic improvement through artificial insemination to boost milk production, focusing on enhancing the productivity of high-yield dairy cattle and buffaloes.
- Price Stabilization: Consider measures to stabilize milk prices, potentially involving price support mechanisms or policies to balance supply and demand.
- Government Policy Review: Assess and update existing government initiatives in the dairy sector as necessary, making policy adjustments to address evolving challenges faced by dairy farmers.
Conclusion
- India’s dairy sector, once a beacon of success, now faces multifaceted challenges that threaten its stability. As the nation endeavors to restore its dairy glory, policymakers, researchers, and farmers must collaborate to navigate these challenging times and secure the future of India’s dairy industry.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bihar Caste Census
Mains level: Bihar caste survey, rationale, Key findings, significance, issues and implications
What’s the news?
- The Bihar caste survey was released by the state government on October 2.
Central idea
- The recent release of the Bihar caste survey results has unveiled a complex tapestry of demographics in the state, bringing to the forefront the intricate interplay of caste politics. With EBCs and OBCs cumulatively constituting more than 63% of the population, the dynamics of political representation and reservation are poised for transformation.
- A caste-based survey is a comprehensive data collection initiative launched by the Bihar state government in India.
- The primary objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the living conditions and economic status of different communities, especially those that have historically faced marginalization and socio-economic disadvantage.
Key Findings of the Survey
- Demographic Breakdown:
- The survey reveals a diverse demographic landscape in Bihar.
- The EBCs, comprising 36.01% of the population, emerge as the largest social group,
- Followed by OBCs at 27.12% and
- Scheduled Castes (SCs) at 19.65%.
- Scheduled Tribes (STs) account for a mere 1.68%, primarily due to the bifurcation of Jharkhand in 2000.
- The unreserved category constitutes 15.52% of the population.
- Religious Composition:
- Bihar’s population, according to the survey, stands at 13,07,25,310, compared to the 10.41 crore recorded in the 2011 census.
- Hindus make up 81.99% of the population, while Muslims account for 17.72%. Other religious denominations have minuscule populations.
Survey Execution
- The survey was undertaken following unanimous agreement among political parties in Bihar.
- It was conducted in two phases.
- The first phase involved a household count from January 7 to 21.
- The second phase, initiated on April 15, aimed to collect data on castes, religions, economic backgrounds, and family size.
- The survey faced legal challenges initially but was allowed to proceed after being labeled a survey rather than a census.
Significance of Survey Findings
- Changing Political Landscape: The survey highlights the evolving political landscape, where identity politics based on reservation and backward caste assertion is losing its grip. This shift has been influenced by the BJP’s outreach to OBCs through Hindutva and welfare measures.
- Opportunity for Opposition: The survey results could provide an opportunity for the JD(U)-RJD alliance and other opposition parties to mobilize backward classes, potentially pressuring the BJP to conduct a nationwide caste census.
- Demand for Quotas: The survey data may fuel demands to increase the OBC quota beyond 27% and introduce a quota within a quota for EBCs, especially in light of the Justice Rohini Commission’s pending recommendations.
- Reservation Ceiling Debate: The survey’s findings could reignite the long-standing debate over the 50% reservation ceiling imposed by the Supreme Court, which has hindered states from expanding reservations.
Impact on Upcoming Elections
- The caste survey findings are likely to have a significant impact on the upcoming Lok Sabha and Bihar Assembly elections.
- With EBCs, OBCs, and SCs representing over 82% of Bihar’s population, these groups will be key electoral battlegrounds.
- Leaders like Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar are still seen as primary representatives of these communities, while the BJP faces the challenge of navigating Bihar’s complex caste dynamics.
Rationale Behind a Caste Census
- Incomplete Data: The standard Census focuses solely on SC and ST data, leaving a substantial void in comprehending the socio-economic aspects of OBCs and their subdivisions.
- Targeted Policies: A lack of comprehensive data obstructs the creation of effective policies tailored to the distinct requirements of different caste groups.
- Equitable Development: The caste census has the potential to reveal disparities within various castes, enabling customized development strategies for historically marginalized communities.
- Historical and Contemporary Insights: With deep historical roots, the caste system’s evolution can be better understood through a comprehensive census that captures both historical and contemporary dynamics.
- Constitutional Clarification: Legal scrutiny over caste surveys provides clarity on the authority to conduct such initiatives, delineating roles between state and central governments.
- Evidence-Based Decision-Making: In a data-centric era, decisions grounded in concrete socio-economic data hold greater potential for equitable and effective governance.
Conclusion
- The Bihar caste survey has unveiled a complex web of caste demographics that will shape the state’s political landscape. It has the potential to rekindle debates on reservation policies, mobilize backward classes, and influence electoral outcomes. As Bihar prepares for crucial elections, the survey’s impact on political strategies and alliances remains to be seen.
Also read:
The Caste Census and Mandal Politics: Analysis
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basic concepts
Mains level: India's growth prospects and decline FDI flows to India, concerns reasons and way forward
What’s the news?
- The Indian economy grew at 7.8 percent in the first quarter of the ongoing financial year. There is a decline in FDI.
Central idea
- Projections by experts, including the RBI and the IMF, indicate a prospective annual growth rate of 6–6.5 percent, reaffirming India’s status as a global growth powerhouse. However, beneath this optimistic narrative lies a concerning trend: foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has been steadily declining.
India’s growth prospects
- India is likely to grow at around 6–6.5 percent over the full year.
- Medium-term assessments, such as those by the IMF, peg growth at roughly 6 percent between 2023 and 2028.
- This momentum positions India as a formidable player in global growth, potentially rivaling China.
- Multinationals are increasingly eyeing India as an alternative investment destination, capitalizing on shifting geopolitical dynamics.
Declining trend in FDI in India
- FDI Decline: FDI inflows into India have been declining. In the fiscal year 2022–23, FDI stood at $71.3 billion, which marked a 16 percent decrease compared to the previous fiscal year (2021–22). This trend of decline continued in the first four months of the current fiscal year, with a 26 percent drop in FDI inflows compared to the same period the previous year.
- Equity Flows: A substantial portion of the decline has been in fresh equity flows. Equity flows decreased from approximately $59.6 billion in 2021–22 to around $47.6 billion in 2022–23. In the first four months of the current year, equity flows further plummeted to $13.9 billion, down from $22 billion the previous year.
- Policy Uncertainty: One possible explanation for the decline in FDI is the presence of policy uncertainty in India. An uncertain business environment, an uneven playing field, and the fear of arbitrary changes to rules and regulations may be acting as deterrents to foreign investors.
- Trade Agreements: India’s absence from major trading blocks, such as the RCEP agreement, and the lack of trade agreements with entities like the European Union can disadvantage India in the global manufacturing ecosystem. Comprehensive trade agreements with lower tariffs and other benefits can incentivize foreign investment.
- Comparative Analysis: Despite rising interest rates in developed economies, countries like Vietnam and Indonesia have managed to maintain or increase their FDI inflows.
Key sectors affected by the decline in FDI
- Automobile Industry: The decline in FDI has had an impact on the automobile industry in India. This sector plays a crucial role in the country’s manufacturing landscape and contributes significantly to both economic growth and employment.
- Construction (Infrastructure Activities): Infrastructure development is essential for India’s economic growth. The decline in FDI may slow down construction and infrastructure activities, potentially affecting the country’s development.
- Metallurgical Industries: Metallurgical industries, which include sectors like steel production, are also mentioned in the article as being affected by the decline in FDI. These industries are vital for various manufacturing processes and contribute to both domestic consumption and exports.
Areas that India might need to address to reverse this trend
- FDI Decline in Multiple Sectors: The decline in FDI is not limited to a specific sector but has affected various industries, including technology, the automobile industry, construction, and metallurgical industries. This broad-based decline underscores the need for comprehensive solutions.
- Navigating Policy Uncertainty: To attract foreign investors, India needs to provide a stable and predictable business environment, reduce regulatory uncertainty, and ensure a level playing field.
- Global Investment Landscape: India’s FDI decline is notable when compared to countries like Vietnam and Indonesia, which have managed to maintain stable FDI inflows. This highlights the need for India to remain competitive in the global investment landscape.
- The Trade Agreement Imperative: The absence of India from major trading blocks, such as the RCEP agreement, could be a factor contributing to the FDI decline. India may benefit from pursuing trade agreements that lower trade barriers and enhance market access.
Conclusion
- The decline in FDI flows to India raises pertinent questions about the country’s attractiveness as an investment destination. While India’s growth story appears promising, investors seek stability, policy clarity, and access to global trade networks. Addressing these concerns and leveraging India’s potential as a China plus one option requires a comprehensive strategy to reinvigorate FDI inflows and capitalize on its growth prospects.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 15th BRICS summit and key outcomes
Mains level: BRICS: Potential, Expansion and its Significance
What’s the news?
- The recent BRICS summit held in South Africa introduced six new members to the grouping, drawing mixed reactions regarding its productivity.
“If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICS economies together could be larger than the G6 in U.S. dollar terms.” Goldman Sachs in 2003”
Central idea
- The recent BRICS summit held in South Africa may not have yielded immediate tangible results, but it’s essential to view BRICS through its evolving dynamics rather than a single meeting’s outcomes.
Background: Economic Compulsion
- BRICS, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, emerged primarily out of economic compulsion.
- Unlike military alliances or security coalitions, BRICS focuses on economic cooperation and mutual benefit.
- With a combined GDP representing 36% of the global GDP and a population projected to reach 47% of the world’s total by 2050, BRICS possesses immense long-term potential.
- Furthermore, expanding its membership could challenge the dominance of the G7 countries.
The significance of BRICS as an economic powerhouse
- Economic Size: The BRICS, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, collectively represent 36% of the global GDP. This substantial economic size gives the group considerable influence in global economic matters.
- Population: BRICS countries house nearly half of the world’s population, and this demographic advantage provides a significant consumer market and labor force, contributing to their economic significance.
- Rapid Growth: Two BRICS members, China and India, are among the fastest-growing economies globally. They are expected to rank among the world’s top three economies by 2030, further enhancing the economic clout of the BRICS.
- Investment Opportunities: BRICS nations are seen as attractive investment destinations, with governments encouraging both domestic and foreign investments. The growth prospects in these countries make them appealing to investors.
- Infrastructure Development: BRICS countries are investing heavily in infrastructure development, including transportation, energy, and technology projects. These investments create opportunities for businesses and stimulate economic growth.
- Collective Economic Initiatives: BRICS nations have established institutions like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), aimed at enhancing financial cooperation and stability within the group.
China and India’s Role
- Two BRICS members, China and India, collectively account for one-third of the world’s population. Both nations are rapidly growing economies, poised to become top-three global economies by 2030.
- Despite occasional political tensions, their economic cooperation continues to flourish. Trade between India and China is evidence that economic interests often outweigh political differences, emphasizing the pivotal role of economics in international relations.
BRICS as an alternative to an increasingly polarized world
- Global polarization has led to concerns about the U.S.’s aggressive stance toward China. Many countries seek alternatives, including China.
- Within the BRICS, China is a member but not the dominant player, providing a counterbalance with democratic countries like India, South Africa, and Brazil.
- In an increasingly interconnected world, countries are looking for alternatives to mitigate their dependence on a single superpower.
- Dollar Dominance and Digital Currencies:
- The U.S. dollar has long been the dominant global currency, but the rise of digital platforms presents a shift toward digital currencies. India and China are leading in this transition, advocating for increased trade and investment in their own currencies.
- Through BRICS, they can collectively promote their currencies as alternatives to the dollar, further converging their interests.
- Diversified opportunities:
- The search for alternatives extends beyond BRICS to movements like the Non-Aligned Movement, which offers a new approach to global challenges.
- As BRICS expands, it will create numerous trade, business, and investment protocols, akin to other free trade arrangements and economic blocs, providing diversified opportunities for member nations.
Africa: The Continent of the Future
- Africa is poised for significant economic growth in the 21st century.
- The negative image of Europe, marked by interventions and migrant treatment, has driven Africans to explore China’s development more closely.
- African countries aspire to have the freedom to choose their investment and trade partners, and BRICS, especially India, seeks to strengthen its ties with the African Union, recognizing the continent’s potential.
Conclusion
- BRICS may not always make headlines, but each summit contributes to building a foundation for future networks and collaborations. As Goldman Sachs foresaw in 2003, “If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICS economies together could be larger than the G6 in U.S. dollar terms.” The future of BRICS lies in its ability to harness its economic might for the benefit of its members and the world.
Also read:
The implications of the expansion of BRICS
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune diseases and the Concept of Inverse Vaccine
Mains level: Autoimmune diseases, Potential Applications of Inverse Vaccine and
What’s the news?
- Breakthrough Inverse vaccines offer hope for treating autoimmune diseases.
Central idea
- In the quest to combat autoimmune diseases, scientists are exploring a groundbreaking approach: inverse vaccines. While still in the developmental stage and yet to be tested on humans, this novel concept holds the potential to revolutionize the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
What are autoimmune diseases?
- Autoimmune diseases are a group of medical conditions in which the body’s immune system, which is designed to protect against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues.
- Normally, the immune system can differentiate between the body’s own cells (self) and foreign substances (non-self), but in autoimmune diseases, this ability is disrupted, leading to immune responses directed against the body’s own tissues.
Key Facts
- There are more than 80 known autoimmune diseases, and they can affect virtually any part of the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, organs, and various systems like the nervous system or endocrine system.
- The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is often complex and not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors is believed to contribute to their development.
- These diseases can vary in severity and may have periods of remission and flare-ups.
- Treatment typically involves managing symptoms, suppressing the immune response, and, in some cases, using medications to control inflammation or modulate the immune system.
- Autoimmune diseases can be chronic and require ongoing medical management.
- Some common autoimmune diseases include Type 1 Diabetes, Psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
The Concept of Inverse Vaccine
- Conventional vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. For instance, COVID-19 vaccines teach the immune system to identify the spike protein of the virus and neutralize it.
- In contrast, inverse vaccines do the opposite. They prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells by retraining it to spare them.
- Inverse vaccines add a do not attack signal to healthy cells.
Table 1: Traditional Vaccines vs Inverse Vaccines
| Aspect |
Traditional Vaccines |
Inverse Vaccines |
| Primary Purpose |
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens (e.g., viruses or bacteria) |
To prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues in autoimmune diseases |
| Components |
Contain weakened or inactivated pathogens, proteins, or fragments derived from pathogens |
May contain markers or signals to modify the immune response and prevent attacks on healthy cells |
| Immune Response |
Elicits an immune response targeting specific pathogens, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells |
Modifies or suppresses the immune response in cases of autoimmune diseases, reducing attacks on healthy tissues |
| Application |
Used to prevent infections by training the immune system to recognize and respond to specific threats |
Investigated for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by retraining the immune system to tolerate healthy cells |
| Protection Mechanism |
Provides protection against specific pathogens by building immunity |
Preserves the body’s healthy cells by preventing autoimmune attacks |
| Examples |
Vaccines for diseases like measles, polio, and influenza |
Experimental vaccines for autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis |
| Status |
Widely used and established in preventive medicine |
Still in experimental stages, undergoing research and development |
Potential Applications of Inverse Vaccines
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Inverse vaccines may offer a new approach to managing MS by preventing immune cells from attacking cells in the brain and spinal cord.
- Type I Diabetes: These vaccines could potentially help protect insulin-producing cells in the pancreas from immune attacks, offering a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes.
- Celiac Disease: Early safety trials are underway to test the use of inverse vaccines in celiac disease, a condition associated with gluten intolerance. These vaccines may help individuals respond better to gluten and manage the disease more effectively.
- Allergic Asthma: Inverse vaccines are under investigation for managing allergic asthma by modifying the immune response to allergens, potentially reducing asthma symptoms.
- Food Allergies: There is potential for inverse vaccines to improve tolerance to allergenic foods, making it safer for individuals with food allergies to consume these foods.
- Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Inverse vaccines may find applications in managing chronic inflammatory conditions like Crohn’s disease, offering a targeted approach to modulating the immune response.
- Transplantation: Researchers are exploring the potential of inverse vaccines in organ transplantation to reduce the risk of organ rejection. These vaccines may help the recipient’s immune system tolerate the transplanted organ more effectively.
Adaptability to Different Diseases
- The concept of an inverse vaccine is not new. It was pioneered by Stanford researcher Lawrence Steinman in the early 2000s.
- Recent research led by Jeffrey Hubbell has opened the door to creating tailored inverse vaccines for various autoimmune diseases.
- This adaptability allows for precision in addressing specific conditions, enhancing their effectiveness.
Progress and Future Prospects
- Current Stage: Inverse vaccines are still in the experimental phase and have not yet been tested in human trials, as mentioned in the article.
- Safety Trials: Early safety trials are underway, including trials related to their use in celiac disease and Phase 1 safety trials for multiple sclerosis (MS).
- Potential Transformative Impact: Early indications of success, particularly in treating celiac disease, offer hope for transformative treatments.
- Development in the Field: Researchers anticipate more developments in the field of inverse vaccines in the next five to ten years.
- Adjustable Vaccines: The researchers are working on creating adjustable inverse vaccines tailored to different autoimmune diseases. This adaptability is expected to enhance their effectiveness.
- Broader Applications: While the primary focus is on autoimmune diseases, researchers are also exploring potential applications of inverse vaccines in managing food allergies and allergic asthma.
Conclusion
- Inverse vaccines represent a promising avenue for treating autoimmune diseases without compromising the overall immune response. As research continues, the prospect of bringing inverse vaccines from the lab to the clinic is an exciting possibility on the horizon.
Also read:
Tuberculosis (TB) Should No Longer Exists in the 21st Century: India can lead the way
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TB and elimination strategy
Mains level: India's TB Prevalence, Challenges and responsibilities and measures,
What’s the news?
- TB, which affects over 25 lakh Indians every year and kills at least 1,000 every day, As India is on the cusp of a demographic shift, with the elderly population set to comprise a substantial portion of society, it is imperative to invest in the health of our elderly population and pay attention to their unique needs.
Central idea
- Advances in healthcare and increased life expectancy are propelling India’s demographic transition, with the elderly projected to constitute 12.5% of the population by 2030, up from 9% in 2011. This underscores the urgent need for age-responsive healthcare systems to address the complexities of TB care among the elderly, aligning opportunity with responsibility.
- TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.
- TB is transmitted through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. When inhaled by others, these droplets can lead to infection.
The Burden of TB among the Elderly
- Recent findings from India’s National TB Prevalence Survey in 2021 reveal a concerning trend: the prevalence of TB among individuals aged 55 and above stands at 588 per one lakh population, significantly higher than the national average of 316.
- This alarming disparity necessitates a dedicated focus on TB among the elderly and the formulation of age-specific TB guidelines.
Challenges faced by elderly TB patients
- Delayed Diagnosis: TB symptoms, including cough, fatigue, and weight loss, are often misinterpreted as signs of old age or other illnesses. Consequently, TB diagnoses among the elderly are frequently delayed or overlooked.
- Comorbidities: Many elderly TB patients have multiple comorbidities, especially diabetes, which complicates TB management. This leads to a higher pill count and an increased likelihood of side effects, affecting treatment adherence and outcomes.
- Access to Healthcare: Elderly individuals, particularly those in rural and hilly areas, struggle to access healthcare facilities due to mobility challenges. This can lead to delays in seeking medical care.
- Limited Information: Older individuals may have restricted access to reliable health information, as their social networks tend to shrink with age. This lack of information hampers their ability to recognize TB symptoms and seek timely medical attention.
- Economic Dependence: Most individuals over the age of 60 are retired and financially dependent on savings or family. While there are some social welfare schemes for the elderly, they often have limitations and may not provide adequate financial support.
- Stigma and Mental Health: TB-related stigma is a concern among the elderly, contributing to social isolation. Many elderly TB patients experience loneliness, anxiety, and a sense of purposelessness, negatively impacting their mental health.
Strategies to address these challenges and provide elder-friendly TB care
- Holistic Care Models: Transition from disease-specific care to holistic models that reduce the need for elderly patients to interact with multiple healthcare providers and facilities.
- Health Professional Training: Build the capacity of healthcare professionals at all levels to better understand TB in the elderly and manage multiple comorbidities effectively.
- Improved Case-Finding: Enhance case-finding mechanisms through effective sputum collection and transportation systems, mobile diagnostic vans, and active case-finding at geriatric OPDs and residential homes.
- Technical Protocols: Develop technical and operational protocols that guide the diagnosis and treatment of TB in the elderly, including sample extraction, comorbidity assessment, and drug dosage adjustments.
- Socio-Economic Support: Design and implement support protocols in consultation with elderly TB patients, including community care models, doorstep medicine delivery, peer support, counseling, and assistance with accessing social support schemes.
- Data Collection and Analysis: Ensure rigorous gender and age-disaggregated data collection and analysis to identify TB trends among the elderly, with a dedicated age category in all TB reports.
- Strengthen Collaboration: Foster collaboration within the healthcare system to build elderly-friendly care systems effectively.
- Research Agenda: Promote research focused on TB in the elderly, exploring state-specific trends, substance use, drug resistance, co-morbidity patterns, TB preventive therapy uptake, and intersectionality with other equity aspects.
Conclusion
- On this International Day of Older Persons, India must reaffirm its commitment to the well-being of its elderly citizens. By implementing age-responsive TB care models, strengthening healthcare systems, and conducting focused research, we can pave the way for a healthier, more inclusive future for our aging population.
Also read:
India’s diabetes epidemic is making its widespread TB problem worse
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aadhaar
Mains level: Aadhaar, rationale behind and Concerns with its Use in welfare
What’s the news?
- On September 21, Moody’s Investor Service released a report advocating for decentralized digital identity systems over centralized biometric systems like India’s Aadhaar
Central idea
- India has reacted strongly to the report released by Moody’s Investor Service, which advocates for decentralized digital identity systems over central biometric systems like Aadhaar. The government has refuted the claims made in the report and defended the Aadhaar system as the most trusted digital ID in the world.
What is Aadhaar?
- Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identification number issued to all Indian residents by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).
- It is based on biometric and demographic data, including fingerprints and iris scans, and serves as a standardized and secure means of identity verification.
The Rationale for Aadhaar
- Unique Identification: Aadhaar assigns a unique ID to every Indian resident, ensuring distinct and verifiable identities.
- Corruption Reduction: Aadhaar combats welfare fraud by verifying recipients, reducing ghost and fake beneficiaries.
- Efficient Services: Simplifies access to government services, enhancing efficiency and accuracy.
- Financial Inclusion: Links Aadhaar to bank accounts, promoting banking services in underserved areas.
- Digital Transformation: Enables secure online authentication for e-services, e-commerce, and payments.
- Data Security: Emphasizes data security and privacy measures, including encryption and authentication protocols.
- Integration: Supports government database integration, enhancing governance and policy implementation.
- Welfare Savings: Eliminates duplicates, leading to substantial savings and improved subsidy targeting.
Role in cash withdrawals
- Aadhaar and Job Card Linking: First, a worker’s Aadhaar number must be linked to their job card, which is associated with the employment program, such as MGNREGA.
- Aadhaar and Bank Account Linking: Second, the worker’s Aadhaar must be linked to their bank account. This linkage ensures that the Aadhaar number serves as the unique identifier for transactions related to this account.
- Mapping with NPCI: The Aadhaar number must be correctly linked through the worker’s bank branch with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). The NPCI acts as a clearing house for Aadhaar-based payments.
- Cash Deposits: Once these linkages are established, any cash transferred by the government for benefits or payments gets deposited directly into the individual’s last Aadhaar-linked bank account.
- Cash Withdrawals: Individuals can then withdraw money from their Aadhaar-linked bank account through private banking kiosks or by using private banking correspondents’ point of sale (PoS) machines. These transactions involve biometric authentication to confirm the individual’s identity.
Concerns with Aadhaar’s Use
- Ineffectiveness Against Quantity Fraud: Aadhaar does not address quantity fraud, a prevalent form of corruption in ration distribution, where beneficiaries receive less than their entitled amount. The system focuses on identity verification but lacks mechanisms to prevent this type of fraud.
- Authentication Challenges: In rural areas, authentication can be challenging due to unreliable internet, fading fingerprints, and limited phone connectivity for one-time passwords (OTPs). Multiple trips to ration shops may be necessary, leading to delays and uncertainty.
- Lack of Transparency: The lack of public data on authentication attempts and failures raises transparency and accountability issues. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) highlighted the absence of a system to analyze authentication errors.
- Payment Failures: Any error in the Aadhaar-based payment process can result in payment failures. Issues like spelling discrepancies between job cards and Aadhaar databases can lead to authentication failures.
- Coercion and Misdirection: Workers are often coerced into linking their Aadhaar with bank accounts without their consent, leading to wage diversion to unknown accounts. Misdirected payments, such as redirection to Airtel wallets, are challenging to detect and resolve.
- Savings Claims: Claims of government savings through Aadhaar implementation have been questioned by researchers like Jean Drèze, Reetika Khera, Rahul Lahoti, and Anand Venkatnarayanan. They argue that the government’s assertions may be misleading and not supported by data.
- Delays in Wage Payments: Despite government claims of reduced delays in wage payments under MGNREGA due to Aadhaar, recent research using extensive wage transaction data found no statistical evidence of these claims. Insufficient funds were suggested as a primary reason for payment delays
Security Concerns with Aadhaar
- Lack of Accountability: Banking correspondents operating the Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) often lack a robust accountability framework, raising the risk of misuse or unauthorized access to individuals’ bank accounts.
- Unauthorized Biometric Authentication: Some banking correspondents may ask individuals to undergo multiple biometric authentications, potentially granting them unauthorized access to individuals’ bank accounts.
- Misuse of Aadhaar-Enabled Transactions: Reports and studies have highlighted cases where individuals’ money was withdrawn without consent through AePS, or they were enrolled in government insurance programs against their will.
- Security Breaches: Instances like the ₹10 crore scholarship scam in Jharkhand in 2020 exemplify security breaches and fraudulent activities associated with Aadhaar-based systems.
Way forward
- Data Security and Privacy: Strengthen data security measures to protect Aadhaar information. Ensure strict enforcement of data protection regulations and privacy standards.
- Authentication Reliability: Improve the reliability of biometric authentication, especially in areas with limited connectivity. Develop backup authentication methods.
- Process Streamlining: Simplify the process of linking Aadhaar with bank accounts and other services to reduce errors and misdirected payments. Provide clear information to individuals about the status and usage of their Aadhaar-linked accounts.
- Addressing Corruption: Monitor and evaluate the impact of Aadhaar on reducing corruption in welfare programs. Implement additional measures to tackle specific forms of corruption, such as quantity fraud.
- Independent Research and Evaluation: Support independent research to assess Aadhaar’s effectiveness and impact in various government programs. Use evidence-based findings to make informed policy decisions and improvements.
- Accountability for Misuse: Establish mechanisms for holding individuals or organizations accountable for any misuse of Aadhaar data or fraudulent activities.
Conclusion
- Moody’s report has sparked a debate about the effectiveness and security of Aadhaar. While it has brought some benefits in streamlining welfare programs, it falls short in addressing key issues and poses significant security risks. The government must address these concerns and work towards a more secure and efficient digital identity system, considering decentralized alternatives as suggested by Moody’s.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Poona Pact and other related facts
Mains level: Gandhi and Ambedkar dynamic: critical roles in shaping India's social landscape.
What’s the news?
- Prominent figures Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s historic collaboration on the Poona Pact, addressing caste and social injustice, remains relevant in contemporary India’s ongoing debates.
Central idea
- Gandhi is indispensable. You may love him or hate him, but you can’t ignore him. As world leaders gathered for the G-20 summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the timeless importance of Gandhi’s ideals in shaping a harmonious global future. Gandhi’s persona transcended ideologies, making him a creed unto himself.
Gandhi’s Profound Persona
- Gandhi’s persona transcended ideologies, becoming a creed in itself. To truly appreciate his legacy, we must approach it with an open mind, free from preconceived biases. His extensive literary contributions, spanning over a hundred volumes, offer insights into his complex worldview and philosophy.
Gandhi’s Humility and Self-Reflection
- One admirable aspect of Gandhi was his recognition of his own fallibility.
- He encouraged readers to choose the interpretation of his writings that resonated with them, demonstrating courage and humility.
- His continual self-growth was evident, emphasizing his commitment to his principles.
The Gandhi-Ambedkar Dynamic
- October holds significance for both Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, known for their opposing views on social issues like varna and caste.
- Despite their differences, they reached a historic agreement known as the Poona Pact, which played a pivotal role in shaping India’s social landscape.
The Poona Pact: An Agreement for Inclusivity
- Historic Agreement: The Poona Pact was a significant development in Indian history. It marked an agreement reached between Gandhi and Ambedkar in Pune, India, during a period of intense discussions and debates about political representation for the depressed classes (Dalits), who were formerly known as untouchables.
- Background: Before the Poona Pact, there was a demand for separate electorates for Dalits, a move advocated by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. This demand led to divisions and tensions within Indian society.
- Gandhi’s Fast Unto Death: Mahatma Gandhi, opposed to the idea of separate electorates, embarked on a fast unto death in protest. This fast put immense pressure on the political leaders and created a crisis situation.
- Outcome: The Poona Pact was the result of negotiations between Gandhi and Ambedkar. It led to the abandonment of the demand for separate electorates for Dalits. Instead, it introduced the concept of reserved seats (quotas) for the depressed classes within the general electorate.
- Significance: The Poona Pact aimed to secure political representation for Dalits while maintaining the unity of the Hindu community. It was seen as a compromise that prevented further division within Indian society.
- Legacy: The Poona Pact’s legacy is still felt in modern India. It introduced the system of reserved seats for Dalits in provincial legislatures and other political bodies. This system, known as scheduled castes, continues to ensure political representation for Dalits in India.
Unity Amidst Differences
- Though Gandhi and Ambedkar held divergent philosophical views on the foundation of caste, they both agreed on the need to eradicate untouchability and uplift the depressed classes.
- Gandhi advocated for treating untouchables on par with caste Hindus, while Ambedkar sought to eliminate the varna system entirely.
- Gandhi’s Support for the Varna System: Gandhi, inspired by Swami Dayananda Saraswati’s teachings, supported the Vedic varna system, where an individual’s qualities, actions, and nature determined their varna. He considered it a beneficent law, separate from untouchability.
- Ambedkar’s Rejection of Varna Dharma: Ambedkar vehemently opposed the Varna system, viewing it as the root of the problem. He challenged the idea that caste and untouchability were distinct issues, arguing that they were inseparable.
Ongoing Debate
- The debates surrounding caste, varna, and Sanatan Dharma (the traditional Hindu way of life) are still actively discussed in India.
- Despite the Poona Pact and other social reforms, India grapples with issues related to caste discrimination and untouchability.
- The ongoing debate reflects the complexity of India’s social fabric, with differing perspectives on how to address these issues.
Conclusion
- Gandhi and Ambedkar, despite their differences, played critical roles in shaping India’s social landscape. Their historic collaboration in the Poona Pact demonstrated a shared commitment to inclusivity and justice. The debates they ignited still resonate in contemporary Indian society, underscoring the enduring relevance of their ideas and ideals.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WTO and Appellate Review Mechanisms
Mains level: WTO's Dispute Settlement Crisis, ISDS and India's stand on Appellate Review Mechanisms
What’s the news?
- The recently concluded G-20 Declaration, among its many commitments, reiterated the need to pursue reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Central idea
- Reforming international dispute settlement mechanisms is imperative for global trade and investment stability. The G-20 Declaration emphasizes WTO reform by 2024, yet uncertainties persist in the dispute resolution process, given ongoing US opposition.
WTO’s Dispute Settlement System: A Crisis Since 2019
- The WTO’s dispute settlement system, known for its two-tier panel cum appellate body structure, has been in turmoil since 2019 when the United States blocked the appointment of appellate body members.
- Despite being hailed as the crown jewel of the WTO, this system is currently hamstrung, jeopardizing its ability to issue coherent and predictable rulings.
- The G-20’s commitment to improving this system is commendable, but uncertainties persist, especially due to the U.S.’s reluctance towards an appellate review process.
What is Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)?
- ISDS is a mechanism used to resolve disputes between foreign investors and host countries’ governments in the context of international investment agreements.
- It is a ubiquitous component of bilateral investment treaties (BITs).
- The ISDS today is the principal means to settle international investment law disputes.
- As of January 1, 2023, 1,257 ISDS cases have been initiated. India has had a chequered history with ISDS, with five adverse awards: four in favor and several pending claims.
The Role of Appellate Review in International Trade Law
- An appellate review process is essential at the international level, just as it is in national courts. It acts as a crucial check on the interpretation and application of the law, ensuring consistency.
- The absence of such a mechanism can lead to inconsistencies and incoherent decisions, as seen in international investment law through ISDS.
UNCITRAL’s Working Group III
- Discussions are ongoing at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) regarding ISDS reforms and the creation of an appellate review mechanism.
- Key issues include the form of the mechanism, review standards, timeframes, and decision effects. These discussions hold the promise of addressing the current deficiencies in ISDS.
Benefits of an appellate review mechanism
- Error Correction: Appellate review corrects legal mistakes in WTO and ISDS decisions, ensuring the accurate application of rules.
- Consistency and Confidence: It maintains a uniform interpretation of trade and investment laws, promoting stability and predictability. A functional appellate body boosts trust in the WTO, encouraging nations to resolve trade disputes peacefully.
- Harmonization and Stability: ISDS appellate review aligns diverse treaty interpretations, reducing legal disparities. It also fosters investor-state predictability, attracts investments, and promotes economic growth.
- Reducing Uncertainty: Appellate review clarifies investment treaty rights and obligations, reducing ambiguity.
- Credibility: Its presence enhances ISDS credibility, making it more appealing for states and investors.
- Rule-Based Order: Supporting appellate review aligns with India’s aim for a rule-based global system, fostering international cooperation.
India’s Position on Appellate Review Mechanisms
- Support for Appellate Review in ISDS:
- Although India has not officially articulated its stance, there is a presumption that India is supportive of the idea of an appellate review mechanism in ISDS.
- This presumption is based on the presence of Article 29 in India’s model Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), which appears to endorse the concept of appellate review.
- Alignment with India’s interests:
- India is concerned about the inconsistency and incoherence that currently characterize the ISDS system.
- Supporting an appellate review mechanism is seen as a means to address these concerns and promote greater stability and predictability in international investment law.
- Relevance to Ongoing Negotiations:
- India will likely need to take a formal position on this issue during ongoing investment treaty negotiations with the European Union (EU).
- The EU is advocating for the establishment of an appellate review mechanism for investment disputes, and India’s stance will be crucial in shaping the outcome of these negotiations.
- Quest for a Rule-Based Global Order:
- India’s broader objective is to establish a rule-based global order in international trade and investment. Supporting an appellate review mechanism, both in ISDS and within the World Trade Organization (WTO), is seen as a way to achieve this goal.
- Moreover, India should also advocate for the restoration of the WTO appellate body to ensure a fully functioning dispute settlement system at the WTO.
Conclusion
- The G-20’s commitment to revitalizing the WTO’s dispute settlement system and the ongoing discussions on establishing an appellate review mechanism in ISDS are steps in the right direction. India, as a proponent of a rule-based global order, should actively support these reforms to ensure greater confidence among states and investors in international trade and investment law.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women’s Reservation Bill
Mains level: Women reservation and representation, challenges and Imperative for Women in enforcement agencies
What’s the news?
- The 2023 Constitution Amendment Bill, passed by both Houses of Parliament, reserves one-third of seats in the House of the People, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of Delhi.
Central idea
- In the near future, women lawmakers are poised to constitute at least 33% of India’s legislative bodies. In tandem with legislative reforms, there is a pressing need for increased female representation in law enforcement agencies.
The Connection between Legislators and Law Enforcement
- The representation of women in the Indian Parliament stands at approximately 14.4%, a notable improvement compared to the 4.9% recorded in the first Lok Sabha in 1952.
- While the direct relationship between the number of legislators and the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies is not straightforward, the representation of women in these institutions reflects their alignment with the diverse society they serve.
Reservation and Representation in the Police Force
- In parallel with legislative reforms, achieving greater gender diversity within law enforcement agencies is a pressing concern.
- Several states have adopted policies mandating the allocation of 30% or 33% of vacant police positions to women, leveraging horizontal reservation.
- This approach ensures that if minimum reserved positions for SC, ST, Other Backward Classes, and unreserved categories are not filled by women candidates on merit, women are given priority.
- However, there is significant variation among states in implementing such policies, with some not having any reservation for women in their police forces.
- The data published by the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) reveals that although the total strength of state police forces grew by approximately 7.48% over five years, the representation of women in these forces increased only marginally.
Examples of Variations in Implementation
- Kerala, Mizoram, and Goa: These states, despite not having specific reservation policies for women in the police force, manage to maintain women’s representation in a commendable range between 6% and 11%.
- Bihar: Bihar allocates an impressive 35% reservation for women, with an additional 3% reserved for backward caste women. However, the actual representation of women in the force is around 17.4%, indicating challenges in the effective execution of these quotas.
- Chandigarh: Chandigarh boasts the highest percentage of women in its police force, with approximately 22% representation.
- Jammu and Kashmir: Conversely, Jammu and Kashmir have the lowest representation of women in their police force, standing at approximately 3.3%.
Challenges in Recruitment
- Low Rate of Filling Vacancies: Recruitment is conducted for only about 4% to 5% of the total vacant positions, taking into account an attrition rate of 2.5% to 3% and an annual sanction of new posts of around 1.5% to 2%. This sluggish pace of recruitment impedes efforts to increase women’s representation.
- Lack of Permanent Police Recruitment Boards: Numerous states lack permanent police recruitment boards, which makes it challenging to conduct regular recruitment cycles.
- Infrequent Recruitment: Due to these impediments, recruitment cycles often occur at infrequent intervals, further delaying the process of enhancing women’s representation.
- Reforms Implementation: Some of the key reforms aimed at enhancing women’s participation include merging women police with the regular police force and establishing police recruitment boards. However, not all states have been enthusiastic about implementing these reforms, potentially affecting their benefits.
- State Subject: Policing falls under the purview of states as per the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Therefore, implementing necessary police reforms primarily remains the responsibility of individual states.
Crime Data and the Imperative for Women in Policing
- According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, approximately 10% of the total crimes defined under the Indian Penal Code were committed against women in 2021.
- These crimes include offenses such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and crimes against women and children.
- This data underscores the pressing need for specialized handling of such cases, as they often require a nuanced and empathetic approach.
- Insufficient Representation:
- Despite the prevalence of crimes against women, only about 5.3% of total arrests in 2021 were women. This indicates that the available women police force may be insufficient to effectively address cases related to women.
- Ensuring an adequate number of women police officers is essential to handling these cases sensitively and professionally.
- Scope Enlargement: The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act has expanded the scope of women’s recruitment in the police force. This expansion acknowledges the unique skills and sensitivity that women officers can bring to cases involving children and minors.
- Versatile Capabilities: The women have demonstrated their competence in various police duties, dispelling any doubts about their ability to handle diverse assignments in a police institution. Their versatility is an asset in responding to a wide range of law enforcement challenges.
- Democracy and Representation: In a democratic country, every institution must be representative of its populace to earn the trust of the citizens it serves. Ensuring diversity, including gender diversity, within law enforcement agencies is vital to building trust and confidence among the public.
Government efforts
- Financial Incentives: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) introduced financial incentives starting in 2018–19 to encourage states to implement police reforms effectively. These incentives include reserving a portion of modernization funds, with an initial reservation of 10% in the first year, followed by 20% of total modernization funds.
- Special Initiatives: The MHA also offered a special grant to encourage states to establish a ‘women desk’ in every police station. However, there may not be sufficient women personnel to handle these desks effectively in some districts.
Way Forward: Empowering Women in Policing
- Family Quarters Satisfaction: As of January 1, 2021, the satisfaction level regarding family quarters for women police officers stood at only about 30%. Adequate family quarters are crucial for creating a conducive work environment.
- Infrastructure and Environment: Efforts should be made to provide a conducive environment and basic infrastructure to encourage more women to join the police force. This includes improving living conditions, providing separate toilets for women staff, and providing crèche facilities for children in police stations.
- Uniform Police Act: Consider implementing a uniform police act for the entire country to establish consistent standards for women in the police force.
- Recruitment: Ensure that every state has a recruitment board to oversee and facilitate regular recruitment of women into the police force.
- Special Recruitment Drive: Launch special recruitment drives in all states and union territories to actively recruit more women officers and increase their representation in the police force, similar to the Constitutional 128th Amendment for women in legislatures.
Conclusion
- The journey toward gender equality and representation in India’s legislative and law enforcement bodies is complex but essential. Bridging the gender gap in the police force is not just about equality, but also about enhancing the effectiveness and inclusivity of these vital institutions in a democratic society.
Also read:
Women’s reservation: What is the road ahead, before it can be implemented
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: generative AI and applications and latest models
Mains level: generative AI and applications, regulations, Concerns and measures
What’s the news?
- Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a potent force in the digital landscape, raising critical questions about regulation, copyright, and potential risks.
Central Idea
- In a remarkably short period, chatbots such as ChatGPT, Bard, Claude, and Pi have demonstrated the remarkable potential of generative AI applications. However, these AI marvels have also exposed their vulnerabilities, prompting policymakers and scientists worldwide to grapple with the question, whether generative AI should be subject to regulation.
What is generative AI?
- Like other forms of artificial intelligence, generative AI learns how to take actions based on past data.
- It creates brand-new content—a text, an image, even computer code—based on that training instead of simply categorizing or identifying data like other AI.
- The most famous generative AI application is ChatGPT, a chatbot that Microsoft-backed OpenAI released late last year.
- The AI powering it is known as a large language model because it takes in a text prompt and, from that, writes a human-like response.
What is the legal framework on which generative AI rests?
- U.S. Copyright Approach:
- In the United States, copyright law recognizes only humans as copyright holders.
- Consequently, AI-generated works often fall outside the scope of copyright protection.
- This situation poses challenges when it comes to attributing authorship to AI-generated content.
- India’s Ambiguity:
- India’s position on AI-generated content and copyright remains ambiguous.
- A recent case highlights this ambiguity, where a copyright application for an AI-generated work was initially rejected.
- The lack of clear guidelines in India regarding copyright protection for AI-generated content adds complexity to the legal landscape.
The European Union’s AI Act
- Individual Rights: The EU AI Act places a strong emphasis on safeguarding individual rights within the AI landscape. It seeks to protect individuals from potential AI-related harm, ensuring that their rights are upheld.
- Leveling the Playing Field: Recognizing the dominance of large tech corporations in AI development, the Act aims to foster a more competitive environment. This involves measures to reduce the concentration of AI development within a select few companies, promoting innovation and diversity.
- Transparency Obligations: The AI Act introduces transparency requirements for AI-generated content. Specifically, it mandates the labeling of AI-generated material as such and requires summaries of the training data used. These provisions aim to enhance transparency and accountability in AI systems.
Contrasting Approaches: Risk-Based vs. Relaxed Regulation
- EU’s Risk-Based Approach:
- In contrast, the European Union employs a risk-based approach to AI regulation.
- This approach involves delineating prohibitions on certain AI practices, recommending ex-ante assessments for others, and enforcing transparency requirements for low-risk AI systems.
- The EU’s approach acknowledges the multifaceted risks posed by AI and seeks to mitigate them effectively.
- U.S. Regulatory Approach:
- The United States maintains a relatively relaxed approach to AI regulation, which may be attributed to underestimating the associated risks or a general reluctance towards extensive regulation.
- This approach raises concerns, especially in sectors like education, where there is minimal control over the use of generative AI tools by students, including age and content restrictions.
- Additionally, discussions regarding the regulation of AI risks, particularly in the context of disinformation campaigns and deepfakes, are notably limited in the U.S.
- Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: India necessitates a comprehensive regulatory framework that spans both horizontal regulations applicable across sectors and vertical regulations specific to distinct industries. The absence of such regulations results in uncertainties and impediments to effectively addressing AI-related issues.
- Data Protection Clarity: The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act of 2023 plays a pivotal role in addressing data protection concerns. However, the DPDP Act exhibits certain gaps, such as legitimizing data scraping by AI companies when data is publicly available.
Challenges surrounding trade secrets and transparency in the context of AI
- Corporations frequently employ trade secrets to safeguard their AI models and training data from disclosure.
- Nevertheless, when AI systems have the potential to cause significant societal harm, there may arise a need to compel companies to divulge these particulars.
- This predicament raises questions about achieving a balance between safeguarding trade secrets and addressing the broader societal consequences of AI.
- Guaranteeing transparency in AI systems holds paramount importance, particularly when AI-generated content is disseminated.
- The societal imperative for transparency, particularly in instances where AI-generated content might be exploited for malicious purposes or cause harm,
Way forward
- Continued Dialogue: Policymakers, legal experts, industry leaders, and stakeholders should engage in ongoing discussions and collaboration to develop effective regulations and guidelines for generative AI.
- Ethical Considerations: The development and deployment of AI systems should prioritize ethical principles to ensure responsible use and mitigate potential harms.
- Transparency and Accountability: There should be efforts to promote transparency in AI systems, especially when AI-generated content is involved. Accountability mechanisms should also be in place to address issues arising from AI use.
- Comprehensive Regulation: Governments and international bodies may consider developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks that encompass various aspects of AI, including data protection, transparency, accountability, and liability.
- Public Education: Initiatives to educate the public about AI’s implications, benefits, and limitations should be developed, particularly in sectors where AI is extensively used, such as education.
Conclusion
- The global regulation of generative AI emerges as a pressing concern. Adaptive and thoughtful regulatory approaches are essential to address the evolving challenges and opportunities introduced by generative AI on a global scale.
Also read:
AI generative models and the question of Ethics
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