Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Stocktake (GST)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Bonn Climate Change Conference was held from 5 to 15 June 2023.
- Building on the mandates that emerged from COP 27 in Egypt last year, the conference hosted a large number of mandated events and continue discussions on issues of critical importance.
- It is expected to make progress on these and other important issues and prepare draft decisions for adoption at COP 28 / CMP 18 / CMA 5 in the UAE in December 2023.
Key ideas discussed
- Some progress was made on the global stocktake (GST) discussions.
- However, the issues of historical responsibility and finance remained contentious, hindering the strengthening of climate actions.
What is Global Stocktake (GST)?
- GST is a process established under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
- It serves as a mechanism to assess global progress in addressing climate change and to enhance collective climate action.
- The GST aims to review the implementation of the Paris Agreement’s goals and targets and identify areas where additional efforts are needed to meet those objectives.
Key aspects of the Global Stocktake include:
- Timing: The Paris Agreement mandates that the GST be conducted every five years, starting in 2023. This regular assessment allows for tracking progress and adjusting strategies accordingly.
- Assessment of Collective Efforts: GST evaluates the collective efforts of all countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and providing support to developing nations.
- Review of Goals and Targets: It assesses the effectiveness of countries’ actions in meeting the long-term temperature goals outlined in the Paris Agreement, primarily the goal to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
- Transparency and Accountability: The GST promotes transparency and accountability by encouraging countries to report on their progress and actions taken toward achieving their climate goals. This allows for a comprehensive and objective assessment of global climate action.
- Identification of Gaps and Opportunities: The stocktake identifies gaps in collective efforts, including finance, technology transfer, and capacity-building support, and explores opportunities for enhanced actions to bridge those gaps.
- Decision-Making: The findings and recommendations from the GST inform future decision-making, including the setting of new targets and the adjustment of national climate plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Challenges in Climate Negotiations
- Disputes and Delayed Agendas: Developed and developing countries engaged in disagreements, leading to delays in agreeing on meeting agendas.
- Historical Responsibility Debate: Australia’s attempt to diminish the historical responsibility of developed nations in causing global warming sparked controversy.
- Developing Countries’ Perspective: Developing nations emphasized the importance of acknowledging historical responsibility in addressing climate change.
- Potential Conflict at COP28: The issue of historical responsibility is expected to resurface at COP28, posing challenges to reaching consensus.
Finance and Technology Transfer
- Disparity in Support: Developing countries expressed concerns about inadequate financial and technological support from developed nations.
- Burden of Implementation: Insufficient funds hinder the ability of developing countries to implement robust climate action plans.
Future Outlook
(1) Bridging Adequacy Gap:
- Developed Nations’ Perspective: Australia and the United States questioned the sole responsibility of developed countries in bridging the adequacy gap.
- Developing Nations’ Concerns: Developing countries emphasized the need for financial support and technology transfers to enhance their climate actions.
- Value Addition: Bridging the adequacy gap requires global cooperation, equitable burden-sharing, and increased financial assistance for developing countries.
(2) Financing Climate Action:
- Insufficient Funds: Current financial commitments fall short of the required resources for implementing climate action plans.
- Summit for a New Global Financial Pact: A Paris summit aims to redirect global financial flows and raise new funds for climate change initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Cable Projects
Mains level: Undersea Fibre Optic Cables
Central Idea
- The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has issued recommendations on rules governing undersea cables connecting Indian telecom networks to the global internet.
- These recommendations address concerns raised by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) regarding the participation of Indian firms in undersea cable projects and related regulatory clearances.
What are Undersea Cables?
- Undersea cables, also known as submarine cables, are fiber optic strands enclosed in protective layers laid on the ocean floor.
- They are essential for global connectivity, transmitting data and communication signals between continents and nations.
- These cables form the backbone of international communications infrastructure, ensuring reliable internet connectivity and supporting seamless communication worldwide.
- They play a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration, trade, and socio-cultural interactions on a global scale.
Key Recommendation by TRAI
(A) Ownership Requirements for Undersea Cables:
- Proof of Ownership: TRAI recommends that all Indian telecom companies operating undersea cables must demonstrate ownership of the portion of cables located in Indian waters.
- Significance: This requirement ensures that Indian firms have a stake in undersea cable infrastructure and fosters their active participation in global connectivity.
(B) Distinction between Cable Landing Stations and Points of Presence (PoPs):
- Differentiation of Facilities: TRAI suggests distinguishing between cable landing stations and PoPs, which are further connected to the stations.
- Regulatory Simplification: Owners of PoPs would be exempted from multiple clearance requirements but would need to comply with lawful interception regulations.
- Significance: This differentiation streamlines the regulatory process for telecom companies and promotes ease of doing business.
(C) Allowance for Dark Fiber and Stubs:
- Dark Fiber Usage: TRAI recommends permitting the use of dark fiber (unused optical fiber) on existing cable landing stations.
- Use of Stubs: TRAI suggests allowing the installation of stubs, short cables in Indian waters, for potential future expansion and use.
- Significance: Allowing dark fiber usage and stub installations enhances the flexibility and scalability of undersea cable infrastructure in India.
(D) Financial Viability Models for Repair Vessels
- Commissioning Indian Flagged Ships: TRAI proposes that a government committee explore financial viability models for commissioning Indian flagged ships for the repair and maintenance of undersea cables.
- Significance: This promotes indigenous capabilities and supports the growth of the domestic maritime industry.
(E) Domestic Traffic and Terrestrial Networks
- Permission for Domestic Traffic: TRAI recommends explicitly permitting the carrying of domestic traffic on undersea cables, allowing for connectivity between domestic locations.
- Extension through Terrestrial Networks: The regulator suggests enabling undersea cable systems to extend further inland through terrestrial networks to facilitate the flow of international traffic.
- Significance: This improves efficiency and promotes seamless communication within India.
Critical Information Infrastructure Protection
- Notification of Critical Infrastructure: TRAI proposes notifying undersea cables as critical information infrastructure, making them eligible for protection by the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC).
- Significance: Recognizing undersea cables as critical infrastructure strengthens their security and safeguards against potential cyber threats.
India’s Cable Projects and Future Expansion
- India-Asia Xpress (IAX) and India-Europe Xpress (IEX): Reliance Jio is leading these projects, connecting India to Singapore, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. The capacity is around 200 Tbps, with funding from a consortium including Facebook and Google.
- MIST: This cable will link Mumbai and Cochin in India to Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. It has a capacity of 218 Tbps and is scheduled for operation in 2024.
- Blue-Raman: Connecting Italy, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and India, this cable bypasses the Egyptian chokepoint. It has a capacity of over 200 Tbps and is funded by a consortium led by Google.
- SEA-ME-WE 6: Upgrading the link from Singapore to Marseille, this cable spans 19,200 km with a capacity of 126 Tbps. It is scheduled to be operational in 2025 and involves a consortium of telecommunications companies.
- 2 Africa Pearl: Extending from India and Pakistan, this cable orbits Africa, connecting 33 nations across three continents. It has a capacity of 180 Tbps and is funded by a consortium that includes Facebook and China Mobile.
India’s Significance in Undersea Connectivity
- Growing digital economy: India’s rapidly expanding digital market and high data usage make it a significant consumer and provider of global data connectivity.
- Strategic location: Situated at the crossroads of major regions, India serves as a vital link connecting Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East through undersea cable networks.
- Technical expertise: India boasts a large pool of skilled professionals in the tech industry, enabling it to actively participate in the development, deployment, and maintenance of undersea cables.
- Rising global influence: With its projected economic growth, population size, and geopolitical significance, India’s increasing influence positions it as a key player in shaping the future of undersea cable connectivity.
- Connectivity expansion: India’s efforts to enhance domestic and international connectivity, coupled with its focus on improving infrastructure and regulatory frameworks, contribute to its importance in undersea cable networks.
Conclusion
- TRAI’s recommendations on undersea cables aim to enhance the participation of Indian firms, simplify regulatory processes, and strengthen the security and efficiency of undersea cable infrastructure in India.
- These recommendations promote the growth of the telecom industry and support the country’s digital connectivity goals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: pro-Khalistani events and glorification of violence in Canada and its impact on bilateral relations
Central Idea
- The recent pro-Khalistani parade in Brampton, Canada, featuring a tableau depicting the assassination of former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, has raised concerns about the glorification of violence and its impact on Indo-Canadian relations.
The Offensive Float: Glorifying Violence
- Depiction of Indira Gandhi: The float featured a tableau depicting a lady dressed in a white sari, symbolizing India’s former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The portrayal of her in a bloodied state aimed to evoke a sense of violence and brutality.
- Soldiers Training Guns: The tableau included two soldiers pointing their guns at the depicted figure of Indira Gandhi. This imagery conveys a message of aggression and threat towards a political leader.
- Board Text: The float had a board behind the figure of Indira Gandhi, reading “Revenge of attack on Shri Darbar Sahib.” This text suggests a desire for revenge for the attack on the Golden Temple (Shri Darbar Sahib) and implies a justification for violence.
- “Never forget 1984”: The side of the float carried the words “Never forget 1984.” This phrase refers to the anti-Sikh riots that took place in 1984 following Indira Gandhi’s assassination, further emphasizing the glorification of a violent event in history.
Indian Response
- External Affairs Minister’s Comments: During a media conference on June 8, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar indirectly addressed the offensive float. While he did not directly mention the incident, he referred to the larger issue of Canada providing space to separatists, extremists, and those advocating violence. He emphasized that such a stance is detrimental to the bilateral relationship between India and Canada.
- Condemning Hypocrisy: Jaishankar criticized Canada’s hypocritical approaches to human rights issues and its historical disregard for India’s territorial integrity. He pointed out the need for Canada to reassess its policies and give due consideration to the impact of its actions on the relationship between the two nations.
- Omission of Direct Mention: Although Mr. Jaishankar spoke out against the offensive float and Canada’s permissive environment for separatists, it is notable that he did not directly mention the name of the former Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.
- Canadian High Commissioner’s Statement: While Mr. Jaishankar refrained from naming Indira Gandhi, the Canadian High Commissioner to India, Cameron Mackay, explicitly denounced the event through a tweet. He expressed his appallment at reports of an event in Canada that celebrated the assassination of the late Indian Prime Minister.
Concerns about the glorification of violence
- Promotion of Hatred and Conflict: Glorifying violence perpetuates a culture of animosity, division, and hatred. It can fuel tensions between different communities or groups, leading to further conflicts and hostility.
- Erosion of Social Cohesion: The glorification of violence undermines social cohesion and harmony within societies. It deepens divisions, exacerbates grievances, and creates an environment conducive to violence and social unrest.
- Undermining Rule of Law: Glorifying violence goes against the principles of the rule of law and peaceful resolution of conflicts. It encourages a mindset that justifies resorting to violence as a means to address grievances, disregarding established legal frameworks and peaceful mechanisms for dispute resolution.
- Impact on National Identity: The glorification of violence can tarnish the image and identity of a nation. It reinforces negative stereotypes, perpetuates cycles of violence, and can lead to emotional distress for individuals or communities associated with the affected events.
- Impediment to Reconciliation: Glorifying violence hampers efforts towards reconciliation and healing. It deepens wounds from past conflicts, making it harder to foster understanding and dialogue between different groups or communities.
- Strained International Relations: The glorification of violence can strain relations between countries, particularly when it involves controversial historical events or political figures. It can lead to diplomatic tensions, a breakdown of trust, and hinder cooperation and collaboration in various domains
Implications for Indo-Canadian relations
- Diplomatic Strains: The incident can strain bilateral relations between India and Canada. The portrayal of violence and the glorification of a historical event that caused significant pain and turmoil within India can lead to a breakdown of trust and cooperation between the two countries.
- Perception of Insensitivity: If Canada is perceived as not taking appropriate action to address and condemn the glorification of violence, it may be viewed as insensitive to India’s concerns. This perception can damage the mutual understanding and goodwill that are essential for fostering strong bilateral relations.
- Impact on People-to-People Connections: The glorification of violence can negatively affect people-to-people connections between India and Canada. It may deepen divisions and breed resentment among different communities, hindering social cohesion and understanding.
- Economic and Trade Consequences: In extreme cases, if tensions escalate due to incidents like the offensive float, it can have economic and trade consequences. Trade and investment flows may be affected, hampering economic cooperation and growth between the two nations.
- Cultural Exchanges and Cooperation: Glorifying violence can hamper cultural exchanges and cooperation between India and Canada. It may discourage collaborations in areas such as education, arts, tourism, and other forms of cultural exchange, limiting opportunities for mutual understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures.
Way forward
- Dialogue and Diplomacy: Both countries should engage in open and constructive dialogue at various levels, including government officials, diplomats, and civil society organizations. This dialogue should aim to address concerns, clarify misunderstandings, and find common ground for cooperation.
- Condemnation of Violence: It is important for both India and Canada to unequivocally condemn the glorification of violence and any acts that undermine peace, harmony, and social cohesion. Clear statements from government officials and community leaders can send a strong message against violence and promote a culture of non-violence.
- Cultural Exchanges and Understanding: Encouraging cultural exchanges, educational programs, and people-to-people interactions can foster greater understanding and appreciation between the two nations. Efforts should be made to showcase the rich cultural diversity of both countries and emphasize shared values of respect, tolerance, and harmony.
- Enhanced Cooperation: Exploring opportunities for enhanced cooperation in various fields, including trade, investment, technology, and research, can strengthen the bilateral relationship. Collaborative projects, joint initiatives, and mutually beneficial partnerships can foster closer ties and promote shared prosperity.
- Promoting Mutual Respect: It is crucial to uphold the principles of mutual respect, sovereignty, and territorial integrity in bilateral relations. Both countries should demonstrate respect for each other’s historical narratives, sensitivities, and concerns, while working towards resolving differences through peaceful and diplomatic means.
- Engagement with the Indian Diaspora: Canada should ensure that its policies and actions do not provide support or platforms for separatist or extremist elements. Engaging positively with the Indian diaspora in Canada, which includes Sikhs and other communities, can help build bridges and promote a better understanding of India’s diverse perspectives.
Conclusion
- While the Brampton parade highlights the need for Canada to address its hypocritical stance on separatism and violence, and for India to navigate its engagement with the diaspora sensitively. Both countries must strive to strengthen their relationship while respecting each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Day of Yoga and Initiatives taken by India
Mains level: Yoga, its significance, benefits and India's wisdom of Yoga
Central Idea
- The International Day of Yoga (IDY), initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, holds immense significance this year as it is being celebrated at the UN headquarters in New York. Over the past nine years, the IDY has gained tremendous popularity, raising awareness about the physical, mental, and emotional benefits of practicing yoga.
What is Yoga?
- Yoga is a holistic practice that originated in ancient India. It encompasses physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), meditation, and ethical principles.
- The word “yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit word yuj, which means to unite or join.
- The practice of yoga aims to harmonize the body, mind, and spirit, promoting overall well-being and inner transformation
Significance and Benefits of Yoga
- Physical Health: Yoga promotes physical well-being by improving flexibility, strength, balance, and overall fitness. Regular practice can help prevent and manage various physical ailments, enhance immune function, increase energy levels, and improve overall vitality.
- Mental and Emotional Well-being: Yoga is known for its positive effects on mental and emotional health. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, and depression by promoting relaxation, calming the mind, and cultivating mindfulness. Yoga practices such as meditation and breath control can enhance mental clarity, focus, and emotional resilience.
- Holistic Approach: Unlike many other forms of exercise, yoga takes a holistic approach, addressing the interconnectedness of the body, mind, and spirit. It recognizes that physical health is deeply intertwined with mental and emotional well-being, promoting a balanced and integrated approach to overall wellness.
- Self-Discovery and Self-Transformation: Yoga provides a path for self-exploration and self-realization. Through self-reflection and introspection, practitioners gain a deeper understanding of themselves, their thoughts, emotions, and patterns of behavior. This process of self-discovery can lead to personal growth, self-acceptance, and a greater sense of purpose in life.
- Stress Reduction and Relaxation: In today’s fast-paced and stressful world, yoga offers valuable tools for managing stress and promoting relaxation. Breathing techniques, meditation, and specific yoga poses help activate the body’s relaxation response, reducing the harmful effects of chronic stress and promoting a sense of calm and well-being.
- Cultivation of Mindfulness: Mindfulness, the practice of being fully present in the moment, is a core component of yoga. By cultivating mindfulness during yoga practice, individuals learn to bring that same awareness and presence into their daily lives. This fosters greater attention, focus, and an increased ability to engage fully in each moment.
- Spiritual Growth: For those seeking spiritual growth and connection, yoga provides a pathway. It offers practices and philosophies that explore deeper aspects of the self and the universe. Yoga’s ancient wisdom and teachings encourage individuals to seek a higher purpose, expand their consciousness, and experience a sense of unity with all of existence.
How India is Promoting Yoga?
- International Day of Yoga (IDY): The IDY, initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has been a significant platform for promoting yoga globally. India organizes and celebrates the IDY with great enthusiasm, showcasing yoga’s cultural and health benefits to the world.
- Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR): The ICCR, under the Ministry of External Affairs, plays a crucial role in promoting yoga internationally. It organizes international conferences, seminars, and workshops to foster a deeper understanding of yoga’s holistic nature and its connections with other traditional wellness practices.
- Ministry of AYUSH: The Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) has been at the forefront of promoting yoga in India. It implements various initiatives and schemes to support the development and promotion of yoga, including research, education, and awareness campaigns.
- Swami Vivekananda District Yoga Health Centres: In the aftermath of the International Day of Yoga in 2015, the Government of India established 150 Swami Vivekananda District Yoga Health Centres across the country. These centers offer yoga training, workshops, and therapy to promote yoga’s health benefits at the grassroots level.
- AYUSH Health & Wellness Centres: As part of the government’s efforts to integrate yoga into the healthcare system, 1,25,000 AYUSH Health & Wellness Centres have been established. These centers provide traditional healthcare services, including yoga and Ayurveda, to rural and underserved communities.
- Tele Yoga Advisory: The Department of AYUSH, in collaboration with the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) and S-VYASA University, has developed a Tele Yoga Advisory. This initiative utilizes telemedicine technology to provide yoga guidance and therapy remotely, making it accessible to a wider population.
- Yoga Education in Universities: Several universities in India have started dedicated departments and academic programs focused on yoga. Six central universities offer full-fledged departments of yoga, while over 30% of private, state, and deemed universities have introduced certificate, diploma, or undergraduate/postgraduate programs in yoga.
- International Collaborations: India collaborates with various countries and international organizations to promote yoga globally. These collaborations include joint research projects, cultural exchanges, and organizing international yoga conferences and festivals.
- Standards and Certification: India is working towards establishing standards and certification processes for yoga accessories and practices. The Bureau of Indian Standards, under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, is involved in creating quality standards for yoga accessories to ensure good industrial practices.
- National Yogasana Sport Federation: India has taken the lead in establishing the National Yogasana Sport Federation, which aims to standardize and introduce yogasana-based competitions at the national level. This initiative helps promote yogasanas as a competitive sport, encouraging more people to engage with yoga.
How the IDY has Transformed Yoga into a Global Phenomenon?
- Global Recognition and Celebration: The IDY, initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, gained recognition at the international level when it was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2014. This official recognition brought global attention to yoga as a valuable practice for holistic well-being.
- Increased Awareness and Accessibility: The IDY has created greater awareness about the benefits of yoga for physical, mental, and emotional health. It has highlighted yoga as a practice that is accessible to people of all ages, abilities, and cultural backgrounds. This has encouraged individuals worldwide to explore and embrace yoga as part of their wellness routines.
- Cross-cultural Exchange: The IDY has facilitated cross-cultural exchange by encouraging participation from people of diverse cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. This celebration of yoga as a universal practice has fostered understanding, respect, and unity among different communities worldwide.
- International Participation: The IDY has seen enthusiastic participation from a large number of countries, including 192 countries in the first celebration in 2015. The participation of 44 Islamic countries in the IDY demonstrates that yoga has transcended religious and cultural boundaries, gaining acceptance and popularity worldwide.
- Promotion by Indian Government: The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and the Ministry of External Affairs, with the support of the Ministry of AYUSH, have actively promoted yoga through various initiatives. These efforts have included organizing international conferences, fostering collaborations, and promoting the holistic nature of yoga.
- Research and Health Benefits: The IDY has encouraged research in yoga and its therapeutic benefits. This has resulted in a growing body of scientific evidence supporting the positive impact of yoga on physical and mental health. The WHO in collaboration with the Ministry of AYUSH, has developed resources and initiatives to educate people about the therapeutic benefits of yoga.
- Integration into Healthcare Systems: Many countries have recognized the value of yoga in promoting wellness and have incorporated it into their healthcare systems. Yoga has been integrated into rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management, mental health interventions, and overall preventive healthcare strategies.
- Cultural Exchange and Yoga Tourism: The IDY has promoted cultural exchange by encouraging people to explore yoga’s roots in India. This has led to an increase in yoga tourism, with people visiting India to experience authentic yoga practices, learn from experienced teachers, and immerse themselves in the country’s rich yoga heritage.
Way Forward: Preserving the Essence of Yoga
- Respect for Traditional Roots: Emphasize the importance of understanding and respecting the traditional roots of yoga. Encourage practitioners and teachers to explore the philosophical and historical aspects of yoga, studying ancient texts, and learning from experienced teachers who have deep knowledge of yoga’s traditions.
- Authentic Teacher Training: Promote rigorous and comprehensive teacher training programs that uphold the values, principles, and ethics of yoga. Ensure that teacher trainings include a deep study of yogic philosophy, anatomy, teaching methodologies, and practical experience under the guidance of qualified and experienced instructors.
- Continuing Education: Encourage yoga teachers to engage in continuous learning and professional development. Encourage them to attend workshops, seminars, and conferences to deepen their understanding of yoga and stay updated on the latest research and practices. Continuing education helps teachers refine their skills and maintain the authenticity of their teachings.
- Emphasis on Personal Practice: Encourage practitioners and teachers to prioritize their personal practice. Regular and dedicated personal practice helps individuals embody the essence of yoga and deepen their understanding of its transformative power. It also allows them to share their own authentic experiences with others.
- Integrity in Teaching: Encourage teachers to uphold the integrity of yoga by teaching with clarity, respect, and authenticity. Emphasize the importance of honoring individual differences, providing modifications and variations, and creating a safe and inclusive environment for practitioners.
- Collaboration with Traditional Practitioners: Foster collaborations between modern yoga practitioners and traditional yoga masters. Create opportunities for dialogue, exchange of knowledge, and mutual learning. By bridging the gap between ancient traditions and contemporary practices, we can preserve and integrate the essence of yoga.
- Mindful Innovation: While it is important to honor tradition, allow space for mindful innovation within the practice of yoga. Encourage exploration and adaptation of yoga to suit the needs of diverse populations, while maintaining the core principles and values of yoga
Conclusion
- The International Day of Yoga has played a vital role in promoting the practice worldwide, creating awareness about its numerous benefits, and fostering research and standardization efforts. As yoga continues to evolve globally, it is essential to protect its integrity and ensure its preservation for future generations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UPI, Internationalization of UPI and other digital payment ecosystem
Mains level: proliferation of UPI transactions in India, advantages and challenges faced by the Banks
Central Idea
- The rapid increase in United Payments Interface (UPI) transactions in India has attracted attention due to the various daily limits imposed by apps and banks. These limitations, both in terms of value and volume, have created a complex landscape.
What is Unified Payments Interface (UPI)?
- UPI is India’s mobile-based fast payment system, which facilitates customers to make round-the-clock payments instantly, using a Virtual Payment Address (VPA) created by the customer.
- It eliminates the risk of sharing bank account details by the remitter.
- UPI supports both Person-to-Person (P2P) and Person-to-Merchant (P2M) payments and it also enables a user to send or receive money.
Factors Behind the Surge in UPI Transactions
- Increased Adoption: UPI transactions have witnessed a significant surge in adoption by Indian consumers. The ease of use, convenience, and widespread acceptance of UPI as a payment method have contributed to its popularity.
- Post-Demonetization Boost: The demonetization drive in India, implemented in November 2016, played a crucial role in promoting digital payments. UPI emerged as a viable alternative to cash transactions, leading to a surge in its usage.
- Rising Smartphone Penetration: With the increasing affordability and accessibility of smartphones, more people in India have gained access to UPI-enabled apps. This has facilitated a higher number of UPI transactions, as users can conveniently make payments using their smartphones.
- Government Initiatives: The Indian government has actively promoted digital payments and cashless transactions. Initiatives such as the Digital India campaign and the introduction of UPI by the National Payments Corporation of India (NCPI) have encouraged the adoption of UPI among both businesses and individuals.
- Merchant Acceptance: The expansion of UPI acceptance among merchants, including small businesses, street vendors, and online platforms, has contributed to the surge in transactions. The availability of UPI as a payment option in various retail outlets has increased its usage significantly.
- Ease of Use and Seamless Integration: UPI offers a user-friendly interface, making it easy for individuals to link their bank accounts and initiate transactions. Moreover, UPI integrates seamlessly with various apps, allowing users to make payments directly from their bank accounts without the need for multiple intermediaries.
- Cashback Offers and Discounts: Many UPI-enabled apps and platforms offer attractive cashback offers, discounts, and incentives for using UPI as a payment method. These promotional activities have incentivized users to opt for UPI transactions, further contributing to the surge in usage.
- Government-Backed Initiatives: Government-backed schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) have promoted the use of UPI for disbursing welfare benefits and subsidies. This has significantly increased the volume of UPI transactions.
- Expansion of UPI Ecosystem: The UPI ecosystem has witnessed continuous expansion with the addition of more banks, financial institutions, and UPI-enabled apps. This has widened the reach and accessibility of UPI, leading to a surge in transactions.
- Peer-to-Peer Transactions: UPI’s peer-to-peer (P2P) transaction capability has been a key driver behind its growth. Users can easily transfer funds to friends, family, or vendors using just their mobile numbers or UPI IDs, eliminating the need for traditional banking details.
Challenges Faced by Banks with Rising Demand for UPI and the Apps
- Infrastructure Upgrade: Banks need to continually upgrade their banking infrastructure to handle the increasing volume of UPI transactions. This includes investing in robust technology systems, server capacity, and network bandwidth to ensure seamless and efficient transaction processing.
- Scalability Issues: The rapid surge in UPI transactions can strain banks’ existing systems, leading to scalability issues. Banks must scale up their infrastructure to accommodate the growing transaction volume and ensure smooth processing without disruptions or delays.
- Technical Limitations: Banks may face technical limitations within their systems that hinder their ability to handle the high volume of UPI transactions. Outdated or inadequate technology systems may result in transaction failures, errors, or processing delays, impacting the user experience.
- Transaction Failures: As the demand for UPI transactions increases, there is a higher risk of transaction failures due to system overload or technical glitches. Banks must address these issues promptly to minimize transaction failures and provide a reliable payment experience to users.
- Competing with Popular Apps: Certain UPI-enabled apps, such as PhonePe and GPay, have gained significant market dominance and user adoption. Banks may find it challenging to compete with these popular apps and attract users to their own UPI platforms, which can impact their transaction volumes.
- Disparity in Transaction Limits: Different banks and apps may have varying transaction limits imposed on UPI transactions. This creates a complex landscape where users may need to navigate through different limits set by different banks, leading to confusion and inconvenience.
- Balancing Security and User Experience: Banks must strike a balance between ensuring robust security measures for UPI transactions and providing a seamless user experience. Enhancing security protocols without compromising user convenience can be a challenge, especially with the evolving nature of cybersecurity threats.
- Regulatory Compliance: Banks must comply with regulatory guidelines set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other authorities to ensure adherence to UPI standards and data privacy regulations. Meeting these compliance requirements while managing the increasing transaction volume can pose additional challenges for banks.
- Innovation and Stay Ahead: Banks need to continuously innovate to keep pace with evolving customer expectations and industry trends. They must introduce new features, enhance user experience, and offer competitive services to stay relevant in the UPI ecosystem.
- Collaborating with Remitter Banks: Banks that are not dominant remitter banks may face challenges in collaborating with these dominant players to facilitate UPI transactions effectively. Establishing partnerships and ensuring interoperability between banks and apps can be crucial for seamless transaction processing.
Way Forward
- Infrastructure Enhancement: Banks should prioritize investments in upgrading their infrastructure to handle the increasing volume of UPI transactions. This includes improving server capacity, network bandwidth, and robust technology systems to ensure scalability and efficient transaction processing.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Banks can collaborate with popular UPI-enabled apps to enhance their reach and user base. Partnering with these apps can provide access to a larger customer segment and help banks stay competitive in the UPI ecosystem.
- Seamless User Experience: Banks should focus on providing a seamless and user-friendly experience for UPI transactions. This involves investing in user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design, ensuring smooth transaction flows, and offering personalized services to attract and retain customers.
- Innovation and Feature Development: Banks need to continuously innovate and introduce new features and functionalities to differentiate themselves in the UPI ecosystem. This could include incorporating advanced security measures, enhancing transaction speeds, and introducing value-added services to enhance the overall customer experience.
- Emphasis on Security: Maintaining robust security measures is crucial to building trust among users. Banks should invest in advanced security technologies such as multi-factor authentication, encryption, and fraud detection systems to ensure the safety and integrity of UPI transactions.
- Regulatory Compliance: Banks must stay updated with the regulatory guidelines set by the RBI and other relevant authorities. They should ensure compliance with data privacy regulations, customer protection measures, and UPI standards to maintain trust and regulatory compliance.
- Interoperability and Standardization: Banks should work towards establishing seamless interoperability between different UPI-enabled apps and remitter banks. This allows users to have a unified experience across various platforms and reduces confusion and inconvenience associated with different transaction limits or processes.
Conclusion
- The proliferation of UPI transactions in India has revolutionized the digital payments landscape. Despite the impressive surge in transaction volume, there has been a decline in the average value per transaction. As certain apps and remitter banks dominate the UPI ecosystem, further developments in the UPI framework and banking systems are necessary to ensure a seamless and efficient payment experience for all users.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semiconductor and its applications
Mains level: Significance and challenges of semiconductor technology and fabrication processes in India
Central Idea
- Setting up a semiconductor fabrication plant in India holds immense significance, driven by both market opportunities and strategic considerations. With India’s growing dependence on semiconductor imports, the nation becomes vulnerable to coercion. Recognizing these challenges, the Indian government’s 2022 Semiconductor Mission deserves commendation. However, uncertainties persist regarding the establishment of a fab in India.
What are Semiconductors?
- Semiconductors are materials that have properties that are in between those of conductors (such as copper) and insulators (such as rubber).
- They have the ability to conduct electricity under certain conditions, but not under others.
- The conductivity of semiconductors can be manipulated through the introduction of impurities or doping with other materials. This process alters the electronic properties of the material and creates regions of excess or deficit of electrons, called p-type and n-type regions respectively.
India’s Previous Attempts to Establish a Semiconductor Fabrication Plant
- Special Incentive Package (SIP) in 2007: India’s first serious attempt to establish a semiconductor fabrication plant through this package did not yield any response from potential investors.
- Modified SIP in 2012: The second attempt involved a modified version of the Special Incentive Package. After extensive outreach efforts, two consortia were approved by the Cabinet. One consortium was led by Jaiprakash Associates in partnership with IBM and TowerJazz, while the other was led by Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation along with ST Microelectronics. However, despite finalizing locations and allocating land, both consortia failed to mobilize the necessary resources for the fabrication plant
Significance of Establishing Semiconductor Fabrication Plants for India
- Market Potential: India is experiencing a growing demand for semiconductors driven by various sectors, including electronics, telecommunications, automotive, healthcare, and consumer goods. Establishing semiconductor fabrication plants in India would enable the domestic production of semiconductors, reducing dependence on imports and capturing a significant portion of the expanding market.
- Strategic Independence: Dependence on imported semiconductors makes India vulnerable to coercion and supply chain disruptions. Establishing domestic semiconductor fabrication plants would enhance India’s strategic independence by reducing reliance on external sources, ensuring a secure and consistent supply of critical technology components.
- Job Creation and Skill Development: Semiconductor fabrication plants have the potential to generate a substantial number of high-skilled jobs. These plants require a skilled workforce in areas such as engineering, manufacturing, research and development, and technical support. Establishing such plants in India would drive job creation and contribute to the development of a skilled labor force.
- Technological Advancement: Semiconductor fabrication plants foster technological advancements and innovation. By establishing these plants, India can build its expertise in semiconductor manufacturing, drive research and development in the field, and contribute to technological advancements in various industries. This would enhance India’s competitiveness on the global stage and position it as a technology leader.
- Economic Growth and Investment: Semiconductor fabrication plants have a significant economic impact, contributing to GDP growth and attracting investments. These plants create a multiplier effect, stimulating the growth of ancillary industries and supporting sectors. Moreover, establishing semiconductor fabrication plants would attract foreign direct investment and promote collaborations with global semiconductor companies.
- Ecosystem Development: Setting up semiconductor fabrication plants requires the development of a comprehensive ecosystem, including supply chains, research institutions, testing facilities, and supportive infrastructure. This ecosystem development would have positive ripple effects, fostering the growth of related industries, supporting technological advancements, and nurturing innovation in the semiconductor sector.
- National Security: Establishing domestic semiconductor fabrication plants enhances national security by reducing dependence on foreign sources for critical technology components. It strengthens self-reliance and safeguards against potential disruptions in the global supply chain due to geopolitical or economic factors, ensuring the availability of essential technology components for strategic applications.
Challenges in Establishing a Semiconductor Fabrication Plant
- High Risk and Capital Intensive: Investing in a semiconductor fabrication plant involves significant financial risk and requires substantial capital investment. Billions of dollars need to be recovered before the technology becomes obsolete. This poses a challenge in terms of securing the necessary funding and ensuring a return on investment.
- Economic Viability and Production Volumes: Semiconductor fabs require large production volumes to achieve economic viability. The production levels often need to meet global demand rather than just the domestic market. Achieving the necessary economies of scale can be challenging, especially for a new fab in a competitive market.
- Ecosystem Development: Establishing a semiconductor fabrication plant involves developing a complex ecosystem. This includes securing a reliable supply chain for hundreds of chemicals and gases required for chip fabrication, setting up the necessary infrastructure for cleanrooms and equipment, and training a skilled workforce. Building this ecosystem from scratch can be a significant challenge.
- Quality and Yield: The semiconductor industry requires high-quality manufacturing processes and yields to ensure profitability. Poor quality and low yields can lead to significant losses and render a fab economically unviable. Maintaining consistent quality and optimizing yields pose challenges in the fabrication process.
- Technological Complexity: Semiconductor fabrication is a highly complex process that requires advanced technologies and expertise. Keeping up with the latest advancements, staying at the cutting edge of technology, and ensuring access to state-of-the-art equipment and techniques can be challenging.
- Strategic Competition: The global semiconductor industry is highly competitive, with countries like China, the United States, and the European Union investing heavily in chip manufacturing. Competing with established players and navigating strategic challenges, such as technology transfers and market dominance, can be a significant hurdle for India or any new entrant in the industry.
- Environmental Considerations: Semiconductor fabrication processes involve the use of hazardous chemicals and generate waste. Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations, managing waste disposal, and adopting sustainable practices present challenges in terms of environmental impact and sustainability.
Alternative Approaches for Semiconductor Fabrication
- Acquisition of Existing Fabs: Instead of establishing a new fab from scratch, a viable alternative is to acquire existing semiconductor fabrication facilities. This approach offers advantages such as access to stabilized technology, an established supply chain ecosystem, existing product lines, and an established market presence.
- Focus on Assembly, Testing, Packaging, and Marking (ATMP): Setting up ATMP facilities can be a relatively easier and cost-effective option for developing the semiconductor ecosystem. ATMP facilities specialize in the packaging, testing, and marking of chips, rather than their actual fabrication.
- Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations: Collaborating with established semiconductor companies, research institutions, and global technology leaders can help overcome the challenges of building a semiconductor fabrication plant independently. Strategic partnerships can facilitate technology transfer, access to expertise, and shared resources, thereby accelerating the development of the semiconductor ecosystem in India.
- Government Support and Incentives: Governments can play a crucial role in supporting the establishment of semiconductor fabs by providing financial incentives, tax benefits, infrastructure support, and policy frameworks conducive to the growth of the industry.
- Research and Development Focus: Emphasizing research and development efforts in semiconductor technology and fabrication processes is crucial. Investing in advanced R&D can help develop cutting-edge technologies, improve yields, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness in the global semiconductor market.
- Skill Development and Education: Developing a skilled workforce is essential for the success of the semiconductor industry. Investing in education and skill development programs focused on semiconductor technology, fabrication processes, and related disciplines can ensure the availability of qualified personnel to support the growth of fabs and the overall ecosystem.
Lessons from China in Semiconductor Fabrication
- Acquiring Existing Fabs: China’s success in the semiconductor industry involved acquiring existing, loss-making fabs from around the world. This approach allowed China to access established technologies, supply chains, product lines, and markets. Acquiring existing fabs can provide a head start and a foundation for building a semiconductor ecosystem.
- Government Financial Support: China’s semiconductor industry growth was backed by massive government financial support over the last two decades. Investing substantial funds in the sector enabled the development of infrastructure, research and development, and the creation of a favorable environment for chip manufacturing.
- Lower Manufacturing Costs: China’s lower manufacturing costs played a significant role in its success. By leveraging economies of scale, cost efficiency, and competitive pricing, China became a major player in chip production. Exploring cost-effective manufacturing strategies can be a valuable lesson for other countries.
- Rare Earth Control: China’s strategic advantage in chip-making was bolstered by its control over rare earth minerals. These minerals are essential for chip production. By securing a reliable supply of rare earths, China gained a strategic edge in the semiconductor industry. Assessing and securing critical resources can be crucial for long-term success.
- Building Ecosystem and Training Human Resources: China focused on developing a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem. This involved not only establishing fabs but also investing in the necessary infrastructure, supply chains, and training skilled personnel. Building a strong ecosystem and nurturing human resources are vital for a sustainable semiconductor industry.
- Balancing Subsidies and R&D Investment: China’s approach involved allocating funds saved from acquiring existing fabs towards advanced research and development (R&D) in fab technologies. This allowed for continuous innovation, improved capabilities, and the potential to develop state-of-the-art fabs in the future.
- Leveraging ATMP Facilities: China’s semiconductor journey included the establishment of over 100 Assembly, Testing, Packaging, and Marking (ATMP) facilities. While ATMP facilities may not contribute directly to chip fabrication, they provide a stepping stone in developing the semiconductor ecosystem, training personnel, and nurturing supporting industries
Conclusion
- India’s pursuit of semiconductor fabrication requires careful consideration of past failures and exploration of alternative approaches. Acquiring existing fabs, as demonstrated by China, offers a viable path to develop the fab ecosystem and save on subsidies. Furthermore, investing in ATMPs can help nurture the required infrastructure. By leveraging lessons learned, fostering innovation, and securing strategic alliances, India can establish itself as a key player in the global semiconductor industry.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Research and Analysis Wing (RandAW)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) appointed senior IPS officer Ravi Sinha as Secretary, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the country’s external intelligence agency.
About Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
- Foreign Intelligence: R&AW’s primary function is to gather foreign intelligence, focusing on counter-terrorism, counter-proliferation, and advancing India’s foreign strategic interests.
- National Security: It also plays a role in safeguarding India’s nuclear program and advising policymakers on matters related to national security.
- Social and Political Events: R&AW has been involved in major events, such as the accession of the state of Sikkim to India in 1975.
History and Establishment
- Background: Prior to R&AW, intelligence collection was the responsibility of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) during the British Raj.
- Need for a Dedicated Agency: The failure of intelligence during the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 led to the establishment of a separate foreign intelligence agency.
- Formation: R&AW was officially formed in 1968, with Rameshwar Nath Kao appointed as its first chief.
- Organizational Structure: R&AW’s structure is modeled after the CIA, and it reports to the Prime Minister without parliamentary oversight.
- Additional Child Agencies: Over the years, R&AW added agencies like the Radio Research Center, Electronics & Tech. Services, Aviation Research Centre, and Special Frontier Force to enhance its capabilities.
Operations and Activities:
- Global Operations: R&AW carries out operations and intelligence activities in various countries, focusing on political, military, economic, and scientific developments that affect India’s national security.
- Liaison with Foreign Agencies: R&AW maintains active relationships and coordination with intelligence agencies of other countries, including Russia’s SVR, Afghanistan’s NDS, Israel’s Mossad, Germany’s BND, the CIA, and MI6.
- Field Formations: R&AW has ten field formations, known as Special Bureaus, strategically located along India’s borders.
- Recruitment and Training: R&AW recruits personnel from various civil services, armed forces, and universities. Training involves both basic and advanced levels, covering areas such as intelligence techniques, espionage, and self-defence.
Challenges and Controversies
- Staff Shortage: R&AW faces a significant shortage of employees, with a deficit of 40% below the sanctioned strength.
- Criticisms and Controversies: R&AW has faced criticism over bureaucratic issues, favoritism in promotions, corruption allegations, inter-departmental rivalries, and ethnic imbalances in the officer level.
- Legal Status and Accountability: R&AW is not answerable to the Parliament of India and is exempt from the Right to Information Act, which has raised concerns about transparency and accountability.
Impact and Significance
- National Security and Foreign Policy: R&AW plays a crucial role in safeguarding India’s national security, shaping foreign policy, and countering threats to the country.
- Counter-Terrorism Operations: R&AW is actively involved in anti-terror operations, neutralizing elements posing a threat to India’s security.
- International Cooperation: R&AW collaborates with intelligence agencies from various countries, sharing intelligence and coordinating efforts to address common challenges.
Major Operations
|
Description |
| Operation Smiling Buddha |
R&AW assisted in monitoring and managing India’s first nuclear test in 1974. |
| Operation Topaz |
R&AW supported the merger of Sikkim with India in 1975, ensuring a smooth transition. |
| Liberation of Bangladesh (1971) |
R&AW played a significant role in supporting the liberation movement in Bangladesh. It provided training, intelligence, and ammunition to the Bangladeshi guerrilla organization Mukti Bahini. R&AW’s assistance was instrumental in the successful creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation. |
| Operation Kahuta |
R&AW gathered intelligence on Pakistan’s nuclear program by infiltrating the Kahuta Research Labs. |
| Operation Chanakya |
R&AW provided support to the Tamil militant group LTTE during the Sri Lankan Civil War. |
| Operation Leech |
R&AW targeted Burmese rebel groups, particularly the Kachin Independence Army. |
| Counterintelligence Operations |
R&AW actively count |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The International Gandhi Peace Prize
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Gita Press, located in Gorakhpur is awarded the prestigious Gandhi Peace Prize for 2021.
- The jury, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, unanimously selects Gita Press for this honor.
The International Gandhi Peace Prize
|
| Establishment |
1995 |
| Award Details |
Cash prize of ₹1 crore (US$130,000), which can be converted into any currency worldwide
Includes a plaque and a citation |
| Jury composition |
PM (Chair), Leader of the Opposition, Chief Justice, Speaker, and Eminent person |
| Evaluation |
Evaluation based on contributions to non-violence and Gandhian methods
Nominees are considered from competent individuals
Award can be withheld if no deserving candidate is found |
| Recent laureates |
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangladesh Founder) was posthumously awarded in 2020 |
Significance of the Prize
- The International Gandhi Peace Prize pays tribute to Mahatma Gandhi and his philosophy.
- The award recognizes outstanding contributions to social, economic, and political transformation through non-violence and Gandhian methods.
About Gita Press
- Founding and Establishment: Gita Press was officially founded in 1923 by Jaydayal Goyandka, a businessman from Bankura, West Bengal.
- Authenticity of texts: Goyandka’s extensive travels as a businessman led him to form satsangs with like-minded individuals in various towns.
- Translation work: The group desired an authentic translation and commentary of the Bhagavad Gita, which led to the establishment of Gita Press.
- Publication: Gita Press emerged as a prominent publisher with the launch of its monthly magazine, Kalyan, in 1926.
- Versatility: It offers over 1,850 religious books in 15 languages, with approximately 93 crore copies sold.
Pioneering work by the Press
- Promotion of Hindi: It played a pivotal role in the consolidation of Hindi as a language of masses.
- Bridging Divisions: Gita Press strategically focused on emotional cultivation and avoided highlighting differences between various Hindu sects, fostering unity among the Hindu community.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earth's Axis and Rotation
Mains level: Not Much
Central Ideas
- A recent study conducted by scientists at Seoul National University has revealed that the extraction of groundwater from the earth has caused a shift in the planet’s axis, tilting it nearly 80 cm to the east.
- This phenomenon, along with the movement of water through melting ice caps and glaciers, has implications for both the earth’s rotation, sea-level rise, and the distribution of water resources.
Earth’s Axis and Rotation
- The Earth’s axis and rotation play significant roles in shaping our planet’s climate, seasons, and day-night cycles.
- Here are some key points about Earth’s axis and rotation:
- Axis: The axis is an imaginary line that extends between the North Pole and the South Pole and is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane around the Sun. This tilt is responsible for Earth’s seasons.
- Rotation: Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, completing one full rotation in approximately 24 hours. This rotation is what gives us the cycle of day and night. The side of the Earth facing the Sun experiences daylight, while the opposite side experiences darkness, resulting in day and night.
- Polar Regions: The axis of the Earth is inclined with respect to its orbital plane. This inclination causes the Polar Regions to experience variations in daylight throughout the year. During the summer solstice (around June 21), the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, resulting in 24 hours of continuous daylight in the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of darkness in the Antarctic Circle. The opposite occurs during the winter solstice (around December 21).
- Equator: The equator is an imaginary line equidistant from the poles and divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The equator experiences relatively consistent day and night lengths throughout the year, with two equinoxes occurring when the Sun is directly above the equator. During the equinoxes (around March 21 and September 21), day and night are approximately equal in length worldwide.
- Precession (Cyclic Wobble): In addition to its axial tilt, Earth experiences a slow, cyclic wobble called precession. This wobble causes the orientation of Earth’s axis to change slightly over a period of approximately 26,000 years. Precession does not affect the tilt or the length of the seasons but does influence the positions of the celestial poles and the timing of Earth’s closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) and farthest point (aphelion).
Why in news?
- Unlike a stable rotating globe, the earth’s axis experiences a wobble due to various factors such as weather, seasonal changes, the molten core, and natural events like hurricanes.
- Scientists track this motion relative to astronomical phenomena, but the role of water movement, including groundwater extraction, had not been fully considered until now.
- The earth’s axis wobbles in a circular pattern several meters wide every year.
Study Findings
- Researchers at Seoul National University built a climate model linking the earth’s axis shift with water movement, including the melting of ice caps and glaciers.
- Initially, the model did not match the observed drift of the axis until groundwater extraction was added to the equation.
- Groundwater pumping accounted for the unexplained cause of the rotation pole drift.
- The shift in the earth’s axis due to groundwater extraction was measured at nearly 80 cm tilt to the east.
Implications for Sea-Level Rise
- The study revealed that approximately 2,150 billion tonnes of groundwater were pumped and drained into the oceans between 1993 and 2010, contributing to a sea-level rise of 6.24 mm.
- Groundwater depletion plays a significant role in the location and magnitude of the axis drift.
- Mid-latitude regions, particularly northwest India and western North America, showed the most significant groundwater redistribution effects.
Impact on Water Resources
- Groundwater extraction for human activities, including irrigation, is affecting the distribution and availability of water resources.
- Excessive groundwater pumping has led to a significant redistribution of water, altering the balance between surface water and groundwater reserves.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Orvakallu Rock Paintings
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A recent discovery by D. Kanna Babu, former Superintending Archaeologist, reveals a Mesolithic period rock painting in Orvakallu village, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.
- The painting depicts a person tilling land, shedding light on the social life and culture of the ancient inhabitants.
Orvakallu Rock Paintings
- The researchers while conducting a survey of the lower River Krishna Valley, identified a new prehistoric rock painting in Orvakallu.
- The painting was found on the walls and ceiling of natural rock shelters on a hillock.
- The site consists of five caves, two of which exhibit distinct depictions of rock paintings from the Mesolithic Age (approximately 5000 BC).
Composition and Condition of the Paintings
- The paintings were created using natural white kaolin and red ochre pigments.
- The passage of time and exposure to air and wind have significantly damaged most of the paintings.
- Despite the deterioration, some sketches and outlines remain visible for visitors.
Significance of the Find
- The discovery sheds light on the social life and culture of the people who inhabited the area during the Mesolithic Age.
- One painting depicts a man catching a wild goat while holding a hooklike implement.
- Another painting portrays two couples with raised hands, accompanied by a child.
- Notably, a painted figure shows a man holding a plough, suggesting a semisettled life pattern and agricultural practices.
Understanding the Painted Figures
- The depiction of a man tilling land indicates the cultivation of crops and a semi-settled lifestyle.
- The paintings offer valuable insights into the daily activities, occupations, and interactions with the environment of the ancient community.
Back2Basics:
|
Paleolithic |
Mesolithic |
Neolithic |
Bronze Age |
Iron Age |
| Time Period |
2.6 million 10,000 BCE |
10,000 6,000 BCE |
6,000 2,000 BCE |
3,300 1,200 BCE |
1,200 500 BCE |
| Characteristics |
Use of crude stone tools |
Transition from hunter-gatherer to settled lifestyle |
Agriculture and farming practices become more prominent |
Introduction of bronze, a metal alloy made of copper and tin |
Transition from bronze to iron as the dominant metal |
| Animals in use |
Hunter gatherer lifestyle |
Domestication of plants and animals |
Domestication of animals |
Advanced metallurgical techniques |
Increased trade and warfare |
| Economy |
Nomadic existence |
Emergence of early agriculture and semi-permanent settlements |
Development of pottery and weaving techniques |
Rise of complex societies and city-states |
Emergence of empires and large scale political systems |
| Artistic Development |
Cave paintings and engravings |
Advanced stone tools, including micro-liths |
Establishment of permanent settlements and early civilizations |
Development of writing systems and recorded history |
Flourishing of art, literature, and technology |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum computing technology applications
Mains level: Quantum computing's potential to transform carbon capture technology
Central Idea
- In a significant breakthrough within the field of quantum computing, researchers from the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and the University of Kentucky have developed an algorithm that holds great promise for advancing carbon capture technology. This cutting-edge algorithm, which can be implemented on existing quantum computers, has the potential to revolutionize the reduction of carbon emissions.
Global Warming: A Pressing Concern
- Global warming has emerged as a pressing concern for humanity, primarily caused by the escalating levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere resulting from extensive fossil fuel consumption.
- Atmospheric CO2 has risen by nearly 50 percent from pre-industrial levels, and recent data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reveals a steady increase in global surface average CO2 levels.
- To counteract global warming, one approach is atmospheric carbon capture, wherein specific compounds, such as amines like ammonia (NH3), are used to chemically bind with CO2 and remove it from the atmosphere. However, current carbon capture reactions tend to be expensive and inefficient.
Role of Quantum Computing in Carbon Capture
- Simulating Molecular Interactions: Quantum computers have the capability to simulate and analyze the molecular interactions involved in carbon capture reactions at a quantum scale. Classical computers are limited in their ability to handle such complex calculations, whereas quantum computers excel in solving quantum mechanical problems.
- Optimization of Carbon Capture Reactions: Quantum computing algorithms, such as the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE), can be used to optimize and improve the efficiency of carbon capture reactions. By leveraging the power of quantum computers, researchers can find optimal conditions and compounds that enhance the effectiveness of capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
- Overcoming Computational Challenges: Quantum computers can overcome computational challenges that hinder classical computers in simulating and predicting the behavior of molecules. These challenges include the exponential scaling of computational resources required for larger and more complex molecules. Quantum algorithms provide a more efficient approach to solving such problems.
- Accelerating Research and Development: Quantum computing speeds up the research and development process in carbon capture technology by drastically reducing the time required for complex calculations. Quantum computers can explore a vast number of potential solutions and configurations, enabling researchers to identify effective carbon capture methods more quickly.
- Quantum Chemistry Applications: Quantum computing has broader applications in quantum chemistry, enabling the study of various chemical reactions beyond carbon capture. This opens up possibilities for advancements in fields such as biology, medicine, and materials science, where understanding molecular interactions is critical.
- Future Potential: As quantum computing technology continues to evolve and mature, it holds the potential to revolutionize carbon capture by addressing challenges such as limited qubits and noise in quantum algorithms. Continued research and investment in quantum computing will likely lead to more efficient and practical solutions for carbon capture in the future.
India Leveraging quantum Computing Technology to Combat Global Warming
- Carbon Emission Reduction: India is one of the largest contributors to global carbon emissions. By investing in quantum computing technology, India can accelerate the development and implementation of advanced carbon capture methods, leading to a significant reduction in carbon emissions.
- Renewable Energy Optimization: Quantum computing can be utilized to optimize the deployment and management of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind farms. Quantum algorithms can analyze complex energy data and optimize energy generation and distribution systems, maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of renewable energy solutions.
- Policy and Planning: Quantum computing can aid in developing sophisticated models and simulations for climate change policy and planning. It can assist policymakers in assessing the impact of various interventions, optimizing resource allocation, and devising effective strategies to mitigate climate change.
- Scientific Research and Collaboration: Quantum computing fosters collaboration between Indian scientific institutions, universities, and international organizations. India can collaborate with leading research institutions to advance quantum computing applications in climate science, carbon capture, and other related fields. This collaboration enables knowledge exchange, enhances research capabilities, and drives innovation.
- Technological Advancement: Quantum computing requires advanced infrastructure and research facilities. By investing in quantum technology, India can develop its technological capabilities, attract top talent, and foster innovation in related industries. This, in turn, can contribute to India’s overall technological advancement and competitiveness on the global stage.
- Economic Opportunities: Quantum computing has the potential to create new industries and business opportunities. By investing in quantum technology, India can position itself as a hub for quantum computing research and development, attracting investment and fostering a quantum technology ecosystem. This can lead to job creation, economic growth, and technological leadership in the field of quantum computing.
- Sustainable Development Goals: Combating global warming aligns with India’s commitment to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Quantum computing can support various SDGs, including affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17), by providing innovative solutions to address climate change challenges.
Potential challenges in India’s Efforts to Leverage Quantum Computing
- Technology Readiness: Quantum computing is still an emerging technology, and practical implementations for carbon capture and other climate-related applications are in the early stages. The development of quantum computers with sufficient qubits, stability, and error correction capabilities may take time, and it is uncertain when these technologies will become mature enough for widespread use.
- Research and Development Funding: Quantum computing research and development require substantial investments in infrastructure, talent, and equipment. Ensuring adequate funding for quantum research, including building and maintaining quantum computing facilities, can be a challenge.
- Skilled Workforce: Quantum computing is a highly specialized field that requires expertise in quantum physics, computer science, and algorithms. Developing a skilled workforce capable of working with quantum technologies is essential.
- Infrastructure and Access: Quantum computing infrastructure, including quantum computers and supporting technologies, is limited. Ensuring widespread access to quantum computing resources, particularly for researchers and scientists working on climate-related challenges, may pose logistical and resource challenges.
- Integration with Existing Systems: Integrating quantum computing technologies into existing computational and data analysis systems can be complex. Developing compatible software and algorithms that can effectively utilize quantum computers while seamlessly integrating with classical computing infrastructure is a significant challenge.
- Ethical and Policy Considerations: As quantum computing evolves, ethical and policy considerations surrounding its applications in carbon capture and climate-related research need to be addressed.
Way Forward
- Increased Funding: The Indian government should allocate significant funding for quantum computing research and development, specifically focusing on applications related to carbon capture and climate change.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaborate with leading international research institutions, universities, and industry partners to leverage their expertise, resources, and infrastructure.
- Skill Development: Invest in educational programs, training initiatives, and scholarships to develop a skilled workforce in quantum computing. Foster collaboration between academic institutions, research organizations, and industry to create a talent pipeline of quantum computing experts.
- Quantum Computing Infrastructure: Develop and expand quantum computing infrastructure within India. This includes building quantum computing facilities, increasing the availability of quantum computers, and providing access to quantum resources for researchers and scientists working on climate-related challenges.
- Quantum Algorithms and Software Development: Support the research and development of quantum algorithms and software specifically tailored for carbon capture and climate modeling. This involves optimizing quantum algorithms for efficiency, developing algorithms for simulating molecular interactions, and integrating quantum computing with classical computing systems.
- Policy Framework: Establish a policy framework that addresses the ethical, legal, and regulatory aspects of quantum computing in carbon capture and climate change applications. This framework should consider issues such as data privacy, security, intellectual property rights, and responsible use of quantum technologies.
Conclusion
- Quantum computing’s potential to transform carbon capture technology is a significant development in the fight against global warming. The algorithm devised by the NETL-Kentucky team demonstrates the power of combining quantum and classical computing to address complex challenges. India, as a major contributor to carbon emissions, should prioritize investment in quantum computing to accelerate the reduction of its carbon footprint.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The launch of the Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS) by the United Kingdom presents a significant opportunity for India and 65 other poor and developing nations.
Developing Countries Trading Scheme (DCTS)
- The DCTS is a preferential trading program introduced by the United Kingdom.
- It replaces similar arrangements that were in place during the UK’s membership in the European Union.
- The scheme aims to support trade and economic growth for 65 poor and developing countries.
Key Features:
- Tariff Reduction: DCTS removes or reduces tariffs on imports from eligible countries.
- Simplified Trading Rules: The scheme simplifies trade procedures to facilitate smoother transactions.
- Enhanced Market Access: It provides improved market access for participating countries’ products.
- Favorable Terms: UK businesses can save costs through reduced or eliminated tariffs on imports.
- Product Coverage: The scheme covers various goods, including clothing, food, and children’s toys.
Focus on Sustainability and Good Governance
- Responsible Trade Practices: Participating countries are expected to adhere to international conventions related to human rights, labor standards, anti-corruption measures, climate change, and environmental protection.
- Mutual Benefits: The scheme promotes sustainable development and creates a mutually beneficial partnership between the UK and developing countries.
Benefits for Participating Countries
- Trade Opportunities: DCTS creates opportunities for businesses and supports livelihoods.
- Job Creation: The scheme aims to generate employment by diversifying local and international supply chains.
- Economic Growth: It contributes to sustained economic growth in participating countries.
- Market Expansion: DCTS helps countries access the UK market and expand their export capacities.
Impact on India
- Trade Opportunities for India: The DCTS presents significant trade opportunities for India.
- Labour-Intensive Sectors: Indian exporters in sectors like textiles, leather goods, and metals can benefit.
- Market Access: The scheme reduces trade barriers and expands market access to the UK for Indian goods.
- Interim Measure: DCTS serves as an interim measure while negotiations for a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the UK and India continue.
- Future Potential: The DCTS sets the stage for deeper economic ties and a future FTA between the UK and India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Annna Bhagya Scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The government in Karnataka is facing challenges in procuring rice for its ambitious Anna Bhagya scheme.
- However, there is a ray of hope as Punjab has agreed in-principle to supply the required quantity of rice.
What is Anna Bhagya Scheme?
- The state government plans to enhance the free rice allocation per person in the Below Poverty Line (BPL) card from 5 kg to 10 kg.
- The scheme is estimated to cost the exchequer ₹840 crore monthly and ₹10,092 crore annually.
- It is scheduled to be launched on July 1.
Challenges Faced
- The Food Corporation of India (FCI) initially agreed to provide the required 2.28 lakh tonnes of rice but later refused to do so.
- Telangana and Andhra Pradesh expressed inability to supply, while Chhattisgarh government offered to supply 1.5 lakh tonnes.
- Karnataka is now searching for rice in other states and aims to purchase it at ₹34 per kg.
Consideration of Alternative Grains:
- If needed, the state may provide 2 kg of either ragi or jowar, which would last for six months.
- However, the government still needs to supply an additional 3 kg of rice on top of the existing 5 kg allocation.
Punjab’s Offer
- The Punjab government expressed willingness to supply rice to Karnataka in the federal spirit.
- Punjab has enough rice and wants to help mitigate the problems faced by the poor across the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Phonons
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Quantum computing and artificial intelligence are emerging fields in computing.
- IBM recently published a paper demonstrating the potential of quantum computers to solve complex problems.
- Qubits are the fundamental units of information in quantum computers.
Qubits – Basic Units of Information in Quantum Computing
- Qubits are the building blocks of quantum computers.
- Unlike classical computers, qubits can exist in superposition, representing both ‘on’ and ‘off’ states simultaneously.
- Quantum physics allows particles, such as electrons, to exhibit unique properties for qubit representation.
- The encoding of information in a quantum system enables complex calculations beyond the reach of classical computers.
- Different types of quantum computing employ various units of information, such as photons in linear optical quantum computing (LOQC).
Exploring Phonons as Qubits
- Researchers explore the possibility of using phonons as qubits.
- Phonons are packets of vibrational energy, analogous to sound.
- A recent study published in Science suggests that phonons can serve as information units in a quantum computer.
- Manipulating phonons requires new tools, leading to the development of an acoustic beam-splitter.
- Beam-splitters, widely used in optics research, split a stream of photons into two beams.
Behavior of Phonons and Interference Patterns
- Beam-splitters operate on the principles of quantum physics.
- The interaction of photons with beam-splitters creates interference patterns.
- Interference patterns also emerge when shining photons one by one, highlighting wave-particle duality.
- Phonons, like photons, exhibit wave-like behavior and exist in a superposition of states.
- When a phonon interacts with the acoustic beam-splitter, it undergoes superposition and produces interference patterns.
Experimental Study on Phonons
- Researchers developed an acoustic beam-splitter device with metal bars.
- The experiment involved a two-mm-long channel of lithium niobate with superconducting qubits at each end.
- Phonons were emitted and detected by the qubits, representing the collective vibrations of numerous atoms.
- The interaction between phonons and the beam-splitter showed similar behavior to photon interactions.
- Phonons emitted from one side were reflected or transmitted, depending on the experiment.
Implications and Future Prospects
- The study confirms that phonons behave according to quantum mechanics.
- Building a functional phonon-based quantum computer is a significant challenge.
- Researchers view this as an extension of the quantum computing toolbox.
- Future advancements and research will continue to explore the potential of phonons in quantum computing.
Conclusion
- Phonons have shown promise as potential information units for quantum computing.
- The study highlights the need for further research and development in this area.
- While a functional phonon-based quantum computer is still a distant goal, the exploration of new possibilities in quantum computing continues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-US relations
Mains level: India- US strengthening bilateral relations, new opportunities, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- India and the United States have forged a robust friendship, driven by shared interests and mutual benefits. The two nations, bound by historical ties, are increasingly reliant on each other. India’s remarkable economic growth trajectory, with its GDP reaching $3 trillion in just three years, is projected to soar to $25 trillion by 2047. Meanwhile, the US is keen on accessing the Indian market and leveraging its capital and technology, both in military and non-military spheres.
India’s Evolving Landscape
- Economic Growth: India’s economic growth has been remarkable, with the country reaching a GDP of $3 trillion in a short span of three years. It took India 63 years to achieve a $1 trillion GDP, and this accelerated growth is expected to continue. Projections suggest that India could reach a GDP of $25 trillion by 2047, marking a significant milestone 100 years after gaining independence.
- Historical Global Significance: India has a rich historical background and has played a significant role in the global economy. In 1700, India accounted for over 35% of the world’s GDP, making it the largest economy at the time. However, due to various factors, its global share decreased to almost 1% by the economic crises in 1991. Today, India’s share stands at around 4%-5% and is steadily rising.
- Demographic Advantage: By 2030, India is projected to have a working population of one billion people, surpassing the entire population of the G-8 countries. This demographic advantage presents immense potential for economic growth and development.
- Technological Advancements: India has made significant strides in technology and connectivity. The country has achieved extensive internet coverage, which is nearly on par with the coverage in the G-8 nations. Additionally, India’s per capita mobile data consumption now ranks at the top globally, surpassing that of the United States and China combined.
- Green-Friendly Initiatives: India’s infrastructure story includes a significant focus on green initiatives. The government has implemented measures such as a carbon tax on fuel, coal cess, and infrastructure development cess, which have resulted in substantial savings. The funds generated from these measures are directed towards the expansion of railways, roads, and ports, all while promoting environmentally friendly infrastructure.
- Government Reforms and Efficiency: The Indian government has undertaken reforms aimed at improving governance, transparency, and efficiency. Initiatives such as PRAGATI, a platform for reviewing government projects, have expedited decision-making processes and encouraged officials to address long-pending issues. The implementation of the Geospatial Information Systems overlayer, GatiShakti, has further streamlined infrastructure development by preventing unnecessary road and forest cutting.
- Financial Management and Digitalization: India has implemented the Public Financial Management System, which has enhanced transparency, accountability, and efficiency in government financial spending. By centralizing transactions and integrating databases with banks, direct payments to beneficiaries have become more efficient.
How India- US Bilateral Relations are strengthening?
- Strategic Partnerships: India and the US have established strategic partnerships in various areas. This includes defense and security cooperation, counterterrorism efforts, intelligence sharing, and maritime security collaborations. Regular high-level dialogues and joint military exercises have further deepened these partnerships.
- Economic Cooperation: Economic ties between India and the US have grown stronger. Bilateral trade has expanded, and efforts to promote investments and business collaborations have been undertaken. The two countries have also been engaged in discussions on trade issues to enhance economic cooperation and reduce barriers to trade and investment.
- Defense Collaboration: Defense collaboration between India and the US has witnessed significant progress. The two countries have engaged in defense technology transfers, joint production of defense equipment, and increased military-to-military engagements. The US has also designated India as a Major Defense Partner, facilitating closer defense ties and cooperation.
- Strategic Dialogues: Regular strategic dialogues at the highest levels have played a crucial role in strengthening bilateral relations. These dialogues cover a wide range of issues, including political, economic, defense, and security matters.
- Technology and Innovation: India and the US have fostered collaborations in the fields of science, technology, and innovation. This includes joint research and development projects, technology transfers, and academic exchanges. Collaboration in emerging areas such as artificial intelligence, space exploration, and renewable energy has been a focus of the partnership.
- People-to-People Exchanges: People-to-people exchanges have played a vital role in strengthening India-US relations. The two countries have encouraged educational collaborations, student exchanges, and cultural interactions. These initiatives promote mutual understanding, foster friendships, and enhance people-to-people ties.
- Global Partnerships: India and the US have collaborated on global issues and initiatives. Both countries have worked together on climate change, sustainable development, healthcare, and counterterrorism efforts. India’s participation in forums like the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) highlights the deepening strategic coordination between the two nations.
- Diplomatic Engagements: Diplomatic engagements between India and the US have been robust and frequent. Regular visits by top-level officials, including visits by the heads of state and government, have strengthened diplomatic ties.
Challenges for the Collaboration
- Trade Barriers and Market Access: Both countries may face trade barriers, including tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and regulatory complexities. Addressing these barriers and working towards greater market access can foster smoother trade relations and economic collaboration.
- Geopolitical Factors: Geopolitical dynamics and regional tensions can pose challenges to collaboration. Differing perspectives on certain international issues and conflicting geopolitical interests may need to be navigated carefully to maintain a strong bilateral relationship
- Intellectual Property Protection: Intellectual property rights protection is crucial for fostering innovation and technology collaboration. Strengthening legal frameworks and enforcing intellectual property rights can promote a conducive environment for joint research and development initiatives.
- Regulatory Frameworks and Harmonization: Aligning regulatory frameworks and standards between India and the US can be challenging. Collaboration requires efforts to harmonize regulations and ensure compatibility in areas such as trade, investment, healthcare, and technology.
- Cultural and Communication Differences: Cultural differences, language barriers, and divergent communication styles can sometimes pose challenges to effective collaboration. Efforts to bridge these gaps, promote cultural understanding, and foster effective communication channels are essential for successful partnerships.
- Political and Policy Changes: Political transitions, changes in leadership, or shifts in policy priorities can impact the trajectory of collaboration between India and the US. Building long-term and sustainable partnerships requires adaptability to changing political landscapes and consistent engagement across administrations.
Way Forward: Toward a Closer Partnership
- Enhanced Strategic Dialogue: Regular high-level strategic dialogues between the leadership of both countries can facilitate a deeper understanding of shared interests, concerns, and priorities. These dialogues can provide a platform to discuss and address key issues, align policies, and explore new avenues for collaboration.
- Strengthen Economic Ties: Both countries should prioritize efforts to enhance economic cooperation. This can be achieved by streamlining trade processes, reducing barriers, and promoting investments in key sectors. Bilateral trade agreements and economic partnerships can be explored to further facilitate economic integration.
- Defense and Security Cooperation: Strengthening defense and security ties is vital for regional stability. Expanding joint military exercises, information sharing, and defense technology transfers can deepen cooperation. Collaborating on counterterrorism efforts, cybersecurity, and maritime security can also enhance mutual security interests.
- Innovation and Technology Collaboration: Encouraging collaborations in science, technology, and innovation can drive mutual progress. Joint research initiatives, technology transfers, and partnerships between research institutions and industries can foster innovation and address common challenges such as healthcare, climate change, and sustainable development.
- Multilateral Engagement: Strengthening collaboration in multilateral forums can amplify the voice and influence of India and the US on global issues. By coordinating positions on international matters, both countries can work together to shape global agendas, address common challenges, and promote shared values.
- Consistency and Long-Term Vision: Maintaining consistency and a long-term vision is crucial for the growth of the partnership. Regardless of political transitions, both countries should prioritize the partnership and ensure that it remains a strategic priority across administrations.
Conclusion
- India and the United States find themselves at a critical juncture, where a deepening partnership can unlock immense potential and drive progress in various sectors. As India continues to grow and modernize, it is essential to leverage the expertise and resources that the United States offers. By embracing a strategic alliance, the two nations can forge a path toward mutual prosperity, elevating their relationship from friendship to a robust partnership.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Summit for a New Global Financing Pact
Mains level: Summit for a New Global Financing Pact, opportunities and challenges for sustainable financing
Central Idea
- As world leaders and finance moguls gather in Paris for the Summit for a New Global Financing Pact, the urgency to take tangible steps towards sustainable finance becomes paramount. French President Emmanuel Macron emphasizes the need to enhance “financial solidarity with the [Global]South.” India, as the president of the G20 and co-chair of the steering committee for the summit, is expected to be a strong advocate for the Global South’s interests.
What is Summit for a New Global Financing Pact?
- The Summit for a New Global Financing Pact is a high-level international gathering aimed at addressing the challenges and finding solutions for sustainable financing on a global scale.
- The summit serves as a platform for world leaders, finance moguls, policymakers, and other stakeholders to come together and discuss strategies to mobilize financial resources for sustainable development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
The specific objectives of the summit
- Increasing Financial Solidarity: The summit aims to enhance financial solidarity with the Global South, recognizing the need to address the specific challenges faced by developing countries in accessing adequate financial resources for sustainable development initiatives.
- Bridging the Funding Gap: It seeks to address the gap between the promises made by the international community and the actual funding provided for sustainable development. The focus is on finding concrete solutions to close this gap and ensure that financial commitments are fulfilled.
- Transforming Financial Architecture: The summit aims to facilitate the transformation of the international financial and development architecture to make it more equitable, predictable, and conducive to supporting sustainable development goals. This includes exploring innovative financing mechanisms, enhancing transparency, and reducing conditionalities.
- Mobilizing Private Sector Investment: The summit recognizes the importance of private sector engagement in financing sustainable development. It seeks to promote strategies and mechanisms to mobilize private investment in sustainable infrastructure, renewable energy, and other key sectors
Significance of the New Global Financing Pact
- Addressing Sustainable Development Challenges: The summit provides a platform to discuss and address the pressing challenges related to sustainable development. It focuses on mobilizing financial resources to tackle issues such as climate change, poverty eradication, social inequality, and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Bridging the Financing Gap: One of the key objectives of the summit is to bridge the gap between the promises made and the actual funding provided for sustainable development initiatives. By highlighting the discrepancy between commitments and payment, the summit aims to find concrete strategies and mechanisms to ensure that financial commitments are fulfilled and adequate funding is made available.
- Enhancing Financial Solidarity: The summit emphasizes the importance of financial solidarity, particularly with low- and middle-income countries, often referred to as the Global South. It recognizes the need to provide equitable access to financial resources and support developing countries in their sustainable development efforts.
- Transforming Financial Architecture: The summit serves as a platform to discuss and propose reforms in the international financial and development architecture. It encourages the exploration of innovative financing mechanisms, increased transparency, and reduced conditionalities to ensure more effective and efficient use of financial resources.
- Mobilizing Private Sector Engagement: The summit recognizes the crucial role of the private sector in financing sustainable development. It aims to facilitate greater private sector engagement by exploring strategies to mobilize private investment in sustainable infrastructure, renewable energy, and other key sectors.
Gap between Promises and Payment
- Insufficient Funding: Despite global commitments and pledges to support sustainable development initiatives, the actual amount of funding falls short of the targets. This includes commitments made in international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Lack of Predictability: The availability of funding for sustainable development initiatives is often unpredictable, making it difficult for countries and organizations to plan and implement long-term projects. This unpredictability hampers progress in addressing pressing global challenges.
- Regional Disparities: Funding disparities exist between different regions, with a significant portion of funds allocated to wealthier nations or specific regions, while low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the Global South, face challenges in accessing adequate financial resources.
- Conditionalities and Restrictions: Funding from international sources often comes with conditions and restrictions that limit the flexibility and sovereignty of recipient countries. These conditions may hinder the effective utilization of funds for sustainable development initiatives.
- Inadequate Implementation: Even when funding is available, the actual disbursement and implementation of funds may be delayed or ineffective. Administrative bottlenecks, bureaucratic processes, and inefficient mechanisms can contribute to delays and hinder the timely implementation of projects.
- Limited Private Sector Engagement: Mobilizing private sector investment for sustainable development is challenging due to perceived risks and inadequate returns on investment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The gap between promises and payment extends to attracting private sector participation.
Way ahead: Steps to ensure progress in sustainable financing
- Concrete Action Plans: The summit should lead to the formulation of concrete action plans and commitments from participating countries and stakeholders. These action plans should outline specific measures, timelines, and responsibilities to bridge the gap between promises and actual funding.
- Implementation and Accountability: It is crucial to ensure the effective implementation of the action plans and hold stakeholders accountable for their commitments. Regular monitoring, reporting, and review mechanisms should be established to track progress and identify areas where additional efforts are needed.
- Innovative Financing Mechanisms: The summit should encourage the exploration and implementation of innovative financing mechanisms. This includes exploring sources of funding beyond traditional development assistance, such as impact investing, green bonds, climate funds, and public-private partnerships.
- Strengthening Global Cooperation: The way ahead involves strengthening global cooperation and collaboration. This includes fostering partnerships between governments, international organizations, civil society, and the private sector to leverage their respective expertise, resources, and networks.
- Empowering Developing Countries: A crucial aspect of the way ahead is empowering developing countries, particularly those in the Global South. This can be achieved by providing technical assistance, capacity building, and knowledge transfer to enable these countries to effectively access and utilize financial resources.
- Long-term Commitment: Sustainable financing requires long-term commitment and sustained efforts. The way ahead should prioritize the establishment of multi-year funding commitments, stability in financial flows, and a predictable and enabling environment for investment.
Conclusion
- The Summit for a New Global Financing Pact presents a crucial opportunity to take concrete action towards sustainable finance. As we approach significant milestones, including the 80th anniversary of the UN, reformed finance for sustainable development should serve as the basis for inclusive and effective multilateralism. It is imperative to ensure that the dishes served at the table suit the palate of the Global South, which will contribute significantly to global growth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NIA
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The National Investigating Agency (NIA) has assumed control of the investigation into the attacks carried out by Khalistan supporters on Indian Missions in the US and Canada.
About National Investigating Agency (NIA)
(1) Establishment and Mandate
- The NIA was established in December 2008 in response to the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.
- It operates under the National Investigation Agency Act.
- It is responsible for investigating offenses related to terrorism, smuggling of arms, drugs, counterfeit currency, and cross-border infiltration.
(2) Jurisdiction and Powers
- The NIA has jurisdiction over the whole of India and extends to Indian citizens abroad, government personnel, and individuals on Indian-registered ships and aircraft.
- It possesses extensive powers to search, seize, arrest, and prosecute those involved in scheduled offenses under various acts, including the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the Indian Penal Code.
(3) Scheduled Offenses:
- The NIA investigates offenses listed under the schedule of the NIA Act, which includes acts related to explosives, hijacking, unlawful activities, terrorism, maritime navigation safety, and more.
- In 2020, the NIA was empowered to probe offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act connected to terrorism cases.
Operational Procedures of the NIA
- Referral and Direction: State governments can refer cases involving scheduled offences to the Union Home Ministry, which can then direct the NIA to take over the investigation. The Central government can also initiate investigations suo motu if it believes a scheduled offence has been committed.
- Assistance and Cooperation: State governments are required to provide full assistance to the NIA during investigations. This includes sharing information, providing logistical support, and cooperating in the arrest and prosecution of suspects. The NIA relies on the collective efforts of state and central agencies to ensure a comprehensive and effective investigation.
- Proactive Investigations: The NIA has the authority to proactively investigate cases involving scheduled offenses, taking the initiative to prevent and preempt acts of terrorism and other serious crimes. This proactive approach enables the agency to identify and neutralize threats in a timely manner, safeguarding national security.
Investigating the recent Attacks
- Attacks on Indian Missions in the US and Canada: Khalistan supporters targeted Indian Missions in the U.S. and Canada in March. A group of protesters attacked the Indian Consulate in San Francisco, breaking makeshift security barriers and placing Khalistani flags inside the premises.
- Violent Protests at Indian High Commission in London: Pro-Khalistani protestors attempted to vandalize the Indian High Commission in London and removed the national flag during their demonstrations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BIMSTEC, Bangkok Vision 2030
Mains level: Revitalizing BIMSTEC
Central Idea
- The upcoming Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) summit, scheduled to be held at the end of this year, is set to adopt the Bangkok Vision 2030.
- This comprehensive document will provide direction to the organization and guide the eminent person group.
- Additionally, the summit is expected to conclude a marine transport cooperation agreement.
What is Bangkok Vision 2030?
- The Bangkok Vision 2030, proposed by Thailand, aims to propel BIMSTEC towards a prosperous, resilient, and open region, fostering sustainable and balanced growth.
- The vision seeks to advance BIMSTEC as a prosperous, resilient, and open region.
- It emphasizes sustainable and balanced growth, adapting to rapid changes in the regional and global architecture.
Key agenda of the vision document
(1) Synergizing economy and connectivity
- Thailand, as the lead country in connectivity, aims to create a seamless network of interconnectedness.
- The 10-year master plan covers various sectors, including roads, railways, civil aviation, maritime transport, and multi-modal infrastructure.
- The recent agreement on maritime transport cooperation marks a significant milestone.
(2) Synergy with ASEAN
- Thailand emphasizes the need for synergy between the master plans of BIMSTEC and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
- This collaboration aims to promote the growth and development of the entire region.
Understanding BIMSTEC
- BIMSTEC consists of seven member countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- Its geographical scope covers the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal, creating a contiguous regional unity.
- BIMSTEC acts as a bridge between South and Southeast Asia, linking the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal.
- The organization focuses on creating an enabling environment for rapid economic development, accelerating social progress, and fostering collaboration on common interests.
Evolution and Expansion of BIMSTEC
- BIMSTEC was established in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration with four member states: Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (BIST-EC).
- The inclusion of Myanmar in 1997 led to the renaming of the organization as BIMST-EC.
- Nepal and Bhutan became members in 2004, resulting in the current name, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
Institutional Mechanisms of BIMSTEC
- BIMSTEC Summit: The highest policymaking body, comprising heads of state/government of member states.
- Ministerial Meeting: The second apex policy-making forum attended by External/Foreign Ministers.
- Senior Officials’ Meeting: Representatives from foreign ministries of member states.
- BIMSTEC Working Group: Monthly meetings attended by ambassadors or representatives at the BIMSTEC Secretariat in Dhaka.
- Business Forum & Economic Forum: Forums encouraging private sector participation.
Potential of BIMSTEC
- Reinforcement of Relations: BIMSTEC strengthens relationships between countries in South and Southeast Asia, fostering increased trade, investment, and cultural exchanges.
- Indo-Pacific Epicenter: The Bay of Bengal region has the potential to become the epicentre of the Indo-Pacific idea, facilitating dialogue and engagement among major powers from East and South Asia.
- Intra-Regional Cooperation: BIMSTEC acts as a bridge between SAARC and ASEAN, providing a platform for member countries to collaborate, promote economic integration, and develop shared goals.
- Engine of Economic Growth: BIMSTEC’s significant population (1.5 billion) and combined GDP of USD 3.8 trillion make it a driving force for economic growth and cooperation.
- Facilitating Global Trade: The Bay of Bengal region, facilitated by BIMSTEC, plays a crucial role in global trade, with approximately one-fourth of the world’s traded goods passing through the region.
- Key Connectivity Projects: BIMSTEC actively participates in projects like the Kaladan Multimodal Project, Asian Trilateral Highway, and BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement to improve connectivity and promote trade within the region.
Significance of BIMSTEC for India
- Alignment with Core Policies: BIMSTEC aligns with India’s policies of prioritizing neighboring countries, expanding engagement with Southeast Asia, and promoting the development of northeastern states.
- Countering China’s Influence: BIMSTEC provides India with a platform to counterbalance China’s growing influence in the Bay of Bengal region, ensuring a more balanced regional order.
- Alternative Engagement Platform: BIMSTEC serves as an alternative platform for India to engage with South Asian countries when progress in SAARC is hindered, fostering regional cooperation and development.
Key challenges with BIMSTEC
- Very few meetings: Limited progress due to infrequent summits and ministerial meetings.
- No key player: Varying levels of commitment among member states, with some countries focusing more on ASEAN than BIMSTEC.
- No specific goal: Balancing cooperation across 14 areas of collaboration and maintaining efficiency in specific focus areas.
- Individual differences: Addressing conflicts and crises between member nations, such as the Rohingya crisis and border conflicts.
- Parallel initiatives: Navigating the presence of the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Forum, which raises doubts about BIMSTEC’s exclusive potential.
- Deadlock over geo-economics: Challenges in achieving a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and unfinished projects hinder economic cooperation.
Way forward
- Effective Implementation: Ensure the effective implementation of the Bangkok Vision 2030, aligning national development plans and establishing monitoring mechanisms to track progress and address challenges.
- Strengthening Connectivity Initiatives: Prioritize the completion of ongoing connectivity projects like the Kaladan Multimodal Project, Asian Trilateral Highway, and BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement to enhance regional connectivity.
- Promoting Trade and Economic Cooperation: Foster a conducive environment for trade, remove barriers, and promote seamless movement of goods and services to facilitate trade and economic cooperation within BIMSTEC.
- Collaboration on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Align the Bangkok Vision 2030 with the SDGs, identify priority areas, and share best practices to promote sustainable and inclusive growth.
- Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms: Enhance the functioning of BIMSTEC’s institutional mechanisms, regularize scheduling, and strengthen the role of the BIMSTEC Secretariat.
- Collaboration with External Partners: Explore partnerships with external partners, regional organizations, and international development agencies to leverage resources and technical assistance for priority projects.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: iCET
Mains level: India-US Technological Partnership
Central Idea
- India and the US have unveiled a roadmap for enhanced collaboration in critical and emerging technologies under the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
- Its progress was recently reviewed during the second track 1.5 dialogue on iCET, held between NSA Ajit Doval and his American counterpart Jake Sullivan.
Understanding iCET
- The iCET serves as a framework for India-US cooperation in critical and emerging areas of technology.
- It was launched in January 2023 to strengthen the strategic partnership and drive technology and defence collaboration between the two countries.
- The initiative emphasizes the shared democratic values and respect for universal human rights that should shape the development, governance, and use of technology.
Focus Areas of the Initiative
The iCET initiative focuses on several key areas to foster collaboration and deepen the partnership between India and the US. These include:
- Research Agency Partnership: Establishing a research agency partnership to drive collaboration in areas like artificial intelligence.
- Defence Industrial Cooperation: Developing a new defence industrial cooperation roadmap to accelerate technological cooperation for joint development and production.
- Common Standards in AI: Developing common standards in artificial intelligence to ensure compatibility and interoperability.
- Semiconductor Ecosystem: Supporting the development of a semiconductor ecosystem to strengthen the supply chain and enhance production capabilities.
- Human Spaceflight Cooperation: Strengthening cooperation on human spaceflight to advance space exploration efforts.
- Advancing 5G and 6G: Collaborating on the development and deployment of 5G and 6G technologies.
- OpenRAN Network Technology: Promoting the adoption of OpenRAN network technology in India for a more open and secure telecommunications infrastructure.
Progress Achieved so far
India and the United States have made significant progress in various areas of collaboration under the iCET initiative. Key developments include:
- Quantum Coordination Mechanism: Implementation of the Quantum Coordination Mechanism to facilitate cooperation in quantum technologies.
- Public-Private Dialogue (PDD) on Telecommunication: Launch of a PDD focused on collaboration in OpenRAN, 5G, and 6G technologies.
- AI and Space Exchanges: Important exchanges between India and the US on artificial intelligence and space cooperation.
- Semiconductor Supply Chain: Signing of an MoU on establishing a semiconductor supply chain, paving the way for further collaboration in this critical sector.
- Defence Cooperation: Advancements in defence cooperation, including the near-conclusion of a mega jet engine deal and the launch of the India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X).
- Strategic Trade Dialogue: Establishment of a Strategic Trade Dialogue to address regulatory barriers and review export control norms for strategic technology and trade collaborations.
Future Outlook
- The India-US iCET initiative holds great promise for enhancing collaboration in critical and emerging technologies.
- By aligning their efforts in areas such as AI, quantum computing, semiconductors, and telecommunications, India and the United States aim to build trusted technology partnerships and deepen their strategic cooperation.
- Continued progress in this initiative will pave the way for innovative solutions, economic growth, and shared advancements in critical technology domains for both countries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kamala Sohoni
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- On June 18, the Google Doodle commemorated Kamala Sohonie on her 112th birth anniversary.
- Kamala Sohonie, the first Indian woman to earn a PhD in a scientific discipline, made significant contributions in the field of nutrition and fought against malnutrition among tribal children.
- Despite facing gender bias, including from Nobel laureate CV Raman, Sohonie left a lasting impact on Indian science.
Who was Kamala Sohonie?
- Kamala Sohonie (nee Bhagvat) was born on June 18, 1911, in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
- Her father and uncle were chemists who had studied at the Tata Institute of Sciences (now IISc, Bengaluru).
- Sohonie graduated in 1933 with a BSc degree in Chemistry and Physics from Bombay University, topping the merit list.
Encounter with CV Raman
- Sohonie faced rejection from CV Raman when she applied for an MSc degree at IISc.
- Determined, she confronted Raman and challenged him to allow her admission.
- Raman reluctantly agreed but imposed several conditions, including probation and restrictions on her status as a student.
Academic Achievements and Work
- Sohonie completed her course with distinction and secured admission to Cambridge University, where she completed her PhD in just 14 months.
- Her research focused on potatoes, leading to the discovery of the enzyme ‘Cytochrome C’ and its role in cellular respiration.
- Returning to India, Sohonie served as the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Lady Hardinge College, New Delhi.
- She worked at the Nutrition Research Lab, Coonoor, and the Royal Institute of Science in Mumbai, studying various food items to identify their nutrients.
Contribution to Nutrition and Social Impact
- Sohonie’s notable work revolved around ‘neera,’ a palm extract drink recommended by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first President.
- She demonstrated that ‘neera’ was a rich source of Vitamin C and other nutrients, making it beneficial for the health of malnourished tribal children and pregnant women.
- Sohonie also collaborated with the Aarey Milk project to improve milk quality.
- Beyond her scientific endeavors, she played a vital role as a founding member of the Consumer Guidance Society.
Personal Life and Legacy
- In 1947, Sohonie married MV Sohonie, an actuary, and the couple resided in Mumbai.
- Kamala Sohonie’s accomplishments broke barriers and inspired future generations of women in science.
- Her resilience against gender bias and remarkable contributions to nutrition and consumer protection remain an enduring legacy.
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